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ANNUAL REPORT 


BOARD OF REGENTS 


OF THE 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
SHOWING 
THE OPERATIONS, EXPENDITURES, AND CONDITION 
OF THE INSTITUTION 
FOR THE 
YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. 


ee Bale -©) ie E 


OF THE 


NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
| 1891. 


ViIrTy-FIRST CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION. 


Concurrent resolution adopted by the House of Representatives May 27, 1890, and by the 
Senate June 17, 1890. 


Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), That there be printed 
of the report of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum for the years ending 
June 30, 1888, and June 30, 1889, in two octavo volumes for cach year, 16,000 copies; 
of which 3,000 copies shall be for the use of the Senate, 6,000 for the use of the House 
of Representatives, and 7,000 for the use of the Smithsonian Institution. 


II 


REPORT 


OF THE 


mes NATIONAL MUSEUM 


UNDER THE DIRECTION OF 


THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 


FOR THE 


me Ask. IN DING JUNE 30, 1Sso2- 


Il 


———“‘—t~;:;S 


REPORT OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM FOR THE YEAR 
ENDING JUNE 380, 1889. 


SUBIEC IS: 


I. Report of the Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 
in charge of the National Museum, upon the condition and 
progress of the Museum. 

Il. Reports of the Curators. 
ILI. Papers illustrative of the collections in tie U.S. National Museum. 
IV. Bibliography. 

V. List of accessions. 


Bees. ss ac oie 2 ae ee 


U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 
UNDER DIRECTION OF THE 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 
Washington, December 1, 1889. 
Srr: I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the present 
condition of the U. S. National Museum and upon the work accom- 


plished in its various departments during the fiscal year ending June 


30, 1889. 
Very respectfully, 


G. BROWN GOODE, 
Assistant Secretary, in charge of U. S. National Museum. 


Prof..S. P. LANGLEY, 


Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 
VII 


CON TENTS: 


Page 
STOLE STIG TIS le GAS SBE SS SSCS, EIR oe eo en Vv 
SMEG BO MaE ON STEE A Ds tes ats chee os Seale cme: Ja we eae ee eels Sasi es VII 
“LULMTSICTO P07 OC COS FI ON Wis a Be ence a ee ee IX 
ABET MMI GIANT ON St stravea aya cies Sv epeicce aac Se eee ccc Coos Baeaiies oe aes XIII 


SEcTION I.—REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY, IN CHARGE OF THE NATIONAL 


MUSEUM. 
A-—Organization and scope of the Museum .... .2.. (201 ..50 cise ceeess sce sees 3 
PEC LOIS OL TNO VCAT o.5n1< L- we oo nian set Laeireios ee See a eaics eae cane 4 
ee SU RCICONCICIONIOL DHE COME GhIONS) -:-:<.2,<75 «22 cince os Se eee Ado ce al baebrde Se eee 6 
inereaservotibeycollectionss. = Ss. asa2-/- 2.52 Ba ces Soca eee ake eee 6 
CENSUS OmUNOLCOlleChlOUS etc -ce omnes oes Soke apse a Se eee 7 
Museum catalogues - Bree Berea eee Scotian > ceived Seen Ae Sere 8 
Catalogues of the pepariniontes in aie National Wacom Ble Are Ge 3 ve a 9 
Catalogue entries during the year ending June 30, 1889 .............- 21 
Arrangement of collections and assignment of space..........-.-.-... 22 
RM SOM ERGs o-oo le reise mae Wein oa omctcn + vie ode oeisee pumas. 26 
aa oR ENCANA S ous 3 See. he cethaede tebe. 26 
Personnel of the scientific departments ...--.......-...--.cc0 ene oes 27 
(nee Chieu yi ey aha) Ue ike eae ae a een ce Cate Rea tr Ee Re eae 28 
E.—Review of work in the scientific departments ........222..2222..2---2----- 34 
LDP] gS AIS RE a ee OE Se ee Se eS 34 
CONS PS at)! Ea ATLTTID MeN ESV) ee ey Ree ee AE Ie eo a gee ee ee 34 
IMLARePOniAnLON and ENorineerinr: 2225 5.2480 .: sss sce ches ecUbestse cues oD 
GS CHU CEITISS e  otee 2) S l ta -ey el ORE CE Ae eee te 35 
PAL PISTON Cra U ALO OLOG Vie iai2 ier ae yne Sciels See amish sake bcisees sees es 36 
PEAT INN UM set Poise ad. oo Se See eWeeeisnnoscinas aes bel akt 36 
EER EAC WSC DLO Meee ae ne Aa Ss ee Sg rs Ley hs es 37 
Wi ON De Sele de bse COCR eC Hee Ee ete nn eee ae ee eg 37 
| SHIPS) 8 oy 5 Sa 0 i ee es en, te Se ey 38 
MUO eh ene ig ses nhc Sheol, tee entnwsinaeceawniess 38 
Reptiles and batrachians..................- Ped eet ase Coe 38 
INGE Roo ee apne ae Ae ee oe ene Sele tin, viniwivae 39 
Wale) Ni Cie Se at olin = BES oe Sieg Re ee 40 
MEGS) “Se Besos elk Ope se or UE Aa anne Beste Cee ee 41 
eG LMM IINCEST COL DOR eee aa at chico ae Ne oe ora cia cise wae aioe erase te = 11 
Comparative anatomy... .--. a Rae Seed Mirae Wee aelaelalsb chalet wisi See's « 12 


X CONTENTS. 


E.—Review of work in the scientific departments—Continued. ae. 
Invertebrate fossils : 
BaleOZO1G oo. - oe eee ccna eee eater a eet a ARETE eee 43 
IMCZOZ0IG=. 555% aa SS teeta eck cra eee ee eee Ee oe ae eee 43 
BS OLIN igs Sethe we osc aie CIS oye en Se ee rae 44 
OSSTULS ya GS es Sess eee ey ae hee oe em ee ao 44 
Min Oral S52 oe Soba 2 Se ee Si a a TA STS Se nee ee ee ree 45 
itholosycand pliysi¢aleeolooyes--... ee: oc cee teens eee 45 
Metallaroy andieconomic.ceol0scys. 92. 22012522 eta e aa eee eae 46 
Gv AMIN AS a eee ce eae vate ery a Sate ene ioe te eRe eee ae 46 
B—heview or the administrative works. .5 225.0. 05..<.ce4 JoSosaee boo 47 
Progress of general and incidental work --..:..-.-..+s<0>.------ eer 47 
dW DDG cy enn re CIS Bees ar ee Om Me eae Peg ys ee Oe eS oe 47 
Transportation, storage, and distribution of duplicates ........-.- 50 
PCH AT VON Ue is aoe ee Ne ean Seu ook ele bee corns See ee eee 52 
PB DNCALONS (8-25. 4 oaoe 28 con Mens Sees oe tana ee een eee ee 54 
Publications during. thelyearas-2--~-- 24. sewer eee ee 65 
WASICONS) 22x ask ehene sc Sa ee ie cae oa eee eer 67 
Lectures/and meetings of socicties.-.--s-.2.45e-ee-e-oee a eee 69 
Sbudents Sess See eaac se as eee aie Cayce ene See en rere 70 
Property, supplies, and havouetlis Heard fate Sad MES See ee eee 72 
Preservation oft collections -.1<)- se sseo-ceeseaeaee eae aeons 72 
Morniture and texbures 2.5... fs sen ssc oo cece set ee ee 72 
Standard cases and other Museum furniture...-.......--- ecu 73 
Heatingvand lighting. 2.22.2 a. 20.isesse eek eee ee ee 75 
Mlectrical service o<.. ss 2 hace eeaicemise ae ee ee eee eee nt) 
Lastof Museum employes, 252-256 see. eee oo eee eee = 76 
List of vouchers for expenditures for preservation of collections, 
1S8E89; Hoc Sol k se ee ee a eee 77 
List of vouchers for expenditures for furniture and fixtures, 1=88—’e9 - 84 
List of vouchers for expenditures for heating and lighting, 1888~89.-.. 87 
Correspondence and reports \-- stecesces ao oe ee ena eee eee 88 
Preparation:oflabelsc 52 4 eee eae en oo ee eee 99 
Buildings and labor; police and public comfort........--...----.-.-. 100 
The work of the: Museum preparatots..- 2 -.52--sosce se ene ee eee 104 
iaxidermists;ands mod clersseeeneece eee eee cena area eee 104 
Osteological’ preparatonmessrecees epee ene eee eee eee eee 108 
Photographers. .:.: So e325 es oa-e cee aeeoe OC nee ee cena eee 109 
Colorist: 225-0 52cs% ccc Se ee geen Ce OE eee een) 
Draftisments: o2c6' lise Se oe oe re eee eee oe 111 
(Cre AC COSSIONS inh et= 5 eis aos eee eee Po RS ae are See ee eee eee ee 111 
Geographical review of the more important accessions ....--.-------- 112 
H:—Specimens sent for examination and report.---...-.--- ------------------ 127 
].—Codéperation of the Departments and Bureaus of the Government-------.- 137 
A —— Ep lOratilon ss <so2e, shoe < ce SS esas Some ees eee Oe ee ee eee 
K.—Reports upon the participation of the Smithsonian Institution and ihe 
National Museum in the Centennial Exposition of the Ohio 
Valley and Central States, held at Cincinnati, Ohio, in L888, 
(with Plates I-1v), and in the Centennial Exposition at Mari- 
etta, Ohio, in 1888 (with Appendices A and B) .--...----.--.--- 149-186 
Biographical notice of James Stevenson (Appendix C)-.....-------.--- 157 
Lists of institutions and foreign and @omestic libraries to which it is desired 
to send future publications of the National Museum (Appendix D) -..-... -- 191 
List of institutions under State control and of colleges of liberal arts to 
which it is desired to send future publications of the National Museum.... - 193 
> 


CONTENTS. XI 
Page. 

List of the principal libraries in the United States to which it is desired to 
send future publications of the National Museum ..........--..--2---.-----.- 216 

List of foreign libraries to which it is desired to send future publications of 
BI ALON a IPNLUSOMM ome esos seis oc meine ioceeivc cues see Juco at wenn cesses 268 

Srecrion I].—ReEporTs OF THE CURATORS. 
VES 0 UT SAS SE Se eee a Jo oe ea A a eee 281 
ete stRMeIUTRLUIOS rat ate a, 2 a eat ol aiele nl isieke sian Sal So 2. fant. Sse wees 239 
PAPA TA LIST aes co o nina = cee hate afol = We oar ge oe Secs Grad AAC eaten oe 293 
UG ES ES BS 2 Segre Se Se Oe a eee sae Aer en eee eae wea 301 
Prenistonic anthropology, (with Plates\ V—x0)2--.2ec.s<- oe. -c-ccke ce cccs ec cce 4 BUG 
Pee E Nc ate Scie a> Saleen ea caine dele etey arama ater aes, seen since oes ae 3 341 
2 PEESUTST Ac nk BAUR SOS ONE BOR neon SEP Geter i tae ene tae ea a eg hes a nme 343 
PREM US ete Cine ae os a Aad Lisien\vnidewisiew wae saeco eee ia Fate seiays Ciamick cates seaaee 349 
iii Re aoece S82 06s bolbpnosods SacmonoS Chde abba oe cooC Doan a neon mene Aoasmodaeod asi! 
ERR OP UN ee eee es om aie c)omn = Sein ce aoa eset cade Mc eee SpaSe mh Scsmnroce. 363 
ee aea ERS eS EE PUP AO HILENS ooh ole letarclela seid sisie eee Sates Seo Te eee ae ween asckejcues 365 
SES se SSIS ie Sc gece Ronee ae Ren 5 EROS cs fa gt Siege SOT a, te SE 369 
Maribusia (Including: Cenozoic fossils) * .-25 25.0. cceed Soars ctiolecu ese. 2ostes 371 
“lbs PU A Sten 2S Se RS ORO tes Sap ee ee ge 7/7, 
PERRIER OEUC OTE COR ra alee ie aeinnatfoey Ao as ce eis oa eee Saeee saeiee batew se cine a 381 
Comparative anatomy .................--. Sfa ae See eins wistcic Heke sittje x aso eal GOO 
Invertebrate fossils: 

IPRICOZOIC <5. -52.5..- 5525 26 iwlaisliayafaiale/a/ sletaic\alel aiatala sialaseielsinictal «isieee Se a ee OO IL 
REEMA sae Miya Ra area aie dys cra 2 aip.1al Am aaa RC oad SS ye ee 397 
Le EDI eS i ee ai Bie els oyaie te nis jee re Seta IS ae Senos = ee 399 
ot ESTAS se ge Ea ra SS a ee eee ae Ie Lg | 
eRTeEVEATIC WN VSICHIPOOIODY 22) cc sco. s hac. ade 5 5oe0h i= 22 doen Bees eb Sees 405 


Peer urs y, Ai CCONOUNG PEOlORY =... 4 3-45-0205 hele. ho vdes ven oaw sates -AI8 
MmInERITHIAI A 2s Sete en er ae a ovis chs o fas 32 Be nebo. no de calugee se eee es AIT, 


SEcTION IJI.—PapPerRs DescRIBING AND ILLUSTRATING COLLECTIONS IN THE U. S. 
NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


I. The Museums of the future. By G. Brown Goode...... ..00.c00 -ece eee 427 
Il. The Ethnology and antiquities of Easter Island (with Plates x11-Lx, 
and Figs. 1-20). By Wm. J. Thomson, paymaster, U. S. Navy ..-.-.. 447 
ILI. Aborigional skin-dressing. A study based on material in the U. S. Na- 
; tional Museum (with Plates Lx1-xci). By Otis T. Mason .......--. 553 
IV. The Puma, or American lion, Felis concolor of Linnaeus (with Plate 
OMA V AM EeOONOIG Wis) NEWB. Sc .0 <.vkjcoeeeck ss lees tacc nels she hed 591 


VY. Animals recently extinct, or threatened with extermination, as repre- 
sented in the collections of the U. S. National Museum (with Plates 
xcv-cV, Figs, 21 and 22, and Maps 1-7). By Frederic A. Lucas...... 609 
VI. The development of the American rail and track, as illustrated by the 
collection in the U. 8. National Museum (with Figs. 23-137). By J. 

RUM ME RUE ete ere on See See aa Say sowe(da Socdeulonke cece .OD1 
VII. Explorations in Newfoundland and Labrador in 1887, made in connec- 
tion with the cruise of the U. 8. Fish Commission schooner Grampus 


(withyElate:Cy1), (By Frederic A. Lucas...< . .- 2.2... ---5 o0cc secece 709 

VIII. Ona bronze Buddha in the U.S. National Museum (with Plate evi). 
(2p SUI ISS TL GCG GT Sot Sh ep a a ee oe ere 729 
Section IV.—BrisiioGrapay or Tue U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM.........---- 737 
PPR CRUMOR inGNPANNIEAUM.. oof 0s5se0.c lc. s-wcdonor.vececete\Sscelarae 789 


4q 


XII CONTENTS. 


II. Papers by officers of the Museum and other investigators whose writings 
ave based directly or indirectly on Museum material..........--..----- 
SEcTION V.—LisT OF ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR, arranged alphabetically 
O\7 WAY HOES OVE TIA OUND RS sh c6 soos ase a mSon oO cqod onan Sole kads qonG cosa seen sone 
Herdlexe Ay —— Amram eed Dyalo Ga lnt1@S) eeseret teat ee ae eee eer 
Index B.—Arranged by departments in the National Museum.......-.-.----. = 
General indexto reporti as. secctsse- See eee emcee meen ee ene aire eee 
Preliminary Hand-book of the Department of Geology in the National Mu- 
seuin, by George. Merrill (Appendix i) ears ete aerate eee neta oe 


Page. 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS* 


REPORT OF R. E. EARLL ON SMITHSONIAN EXHIBIT AT THE CINCINNATI EXPOSITION. 


Page 
PLATE I. General view of the Smithsonian Exhibit (looking north).-.........-.-.....--- 162 
II. General view of the Smithsonian Exhibit (looking south)..............2.....-- 162 
Phi MaAmmalextermin AuOn SOriOs sss sesise= clock seseis- ase nine seamen sneeeeecs oe 166 
Ves SOC HON OL DNOLOPTAD NV recar aieacee cies teas ace) eiecicu cess etic steerer cceaeen 172 
REPORT OF THOMAS WILSON. 
Wry Disiclikoamplomentsiofislatero.-s- 2-52 > <c-S2 asicee atts ee tee che oe salsa oceee 328 
VI. Stone daggers, arrow and spear heads, knives, ornaments, ete ........--.--..- 330 
Wl Rude stoneax, Side and. ed Perview sa=sasteccaisal Soe cuco nce Sec conse soaceawe 332 
Wills Stoueibeari(plaster cash). 5. ----ceeesee seas teen Sasse eee nae cac acetone 334 
IX. Figs.1and2. Stone carvings representing the llama.........-......... ----- 336 
Rew ire Mav Se RUE MOLCHEG AXGSt.. <cosn-ciceteas ince eee ere eens eee 336 
XI. Figs. 1to6. Fragment of pot-stone vessel, and specimens of tools fonnd in 
BUONO AL GUALNION oesies/ se sioaitca clown elses eee te ee niec eae peer eee 336 


THE RTHNOLOGY AND ANTIQUITY OF EASTER ISLAND. 


PLATE 
XIII. 
XIV. 
meV 

x Velie 
XVIL 
XVIII. 
D4 OE 
b.6.@ 
Rex, 
>: B.A OF 


XXIII. 
XXIV. 


XXYV. 
XXVI. 


XXVII. 
exe Vals 


XXIX. 
XXX. 
XXXII. 
XXXII. 


XXXIITI. 


D.8.:0-8 Ap 
3 O..Qp 
TODA DE 


XII. 


Group of natives in employ of Mr. Brander...........-.....-.- Berens ors Sao 
Appearance of Easter Island from the roadstead of Hanga-Roa...... ........-. 
DAO ITO fe Ee Ae ALO Se terete sare mater Sele airais eecme leila tiaratt so cise Meneame ee ome ete “fy 
Ancient stone houses at Orongo from which pictured slabs were procured .... 
Removing slabs from house at Orongo 
FATIDIONIMUOMBE Bh; OLONZ OS saeiatoak fale = 2 ae Mon ciniaseac vee ces Ge caceebe a fee 
Group of very ancient houses at the extreme end of ridge at Orongo, showing 

RORIDERTGMACOTHOSUS ts wean tenes inecims aes teion tan tenta.< a cestcis va ice wens cee. 
Samipinresdvrock sso OLONGO).os ions aw.2 2 Sas oe decks ace came secceec ceases. sl: 
Pictured slabs taken from the ancient stone-honses at Orongo.............---- 
Mutu Raukau and Mutu Nui; islands near Rapa Nui, where bird’s eggs were 

gathered 
Inside the crater of Rana Roraka, on slope below the ancient work-shops -..-- 
View of upper work-shops, on inner rim Of Rana Roraka....................-. 
Images standing at the base of outer slope of Rana Roraka 
Red LYE PPO IG ON Siete mene De are htm cipal 3 aie nines me ee eteee wc wees es twine oiucis SEE Eee ac 
OU ANE ERE LALIOMMNGON Oslo secs co nistciacdestiataa ce amen cbuccedudevehon ens eee aia ee 
Central section of the great platform of Tongariki...........-.-...2...-+-.-00- 
BiSUuWile OL patton OL CONC ALICE. cu~ tics society wins dace suse ewclsecstccesedesc 
Wistinwinp OM patton Of LON PAT tence ayia eve ades dastearcavccesladaagciane aos 
Rear view of right wing of platform of Tongariki 
Rear view of central section of platform of Tongariki.... 
Akahanga (King’s platform) No. 80, rear view 
Otverscioteisster lsjaud tablet, “Apa. o 2. sn. cs 32 een seweaeravien sev cussass 


BY WM. J. THOMSON, PAYMASTER, U. 8. NAVY, 


* The drawings from’photographs and specimens in the Musenm were made by Messrs. W. H, 
Chandler and W. H. Burger. 


XIIL 


XIV 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


IPEATH XX XeVILE. eeverse’ of Haster Island: tablet, ““Apai?iaose cee ese ren cise cessor meccnaes 


XXXVIII. 


XXXIX. 
XL. 
XLI. 
XLII. 


XLIII. 


XLIV. 


XLV. 


XLVI. 


XLVILI. 
XLVITII. 
XLIX. 


LXI. 
L¥II. 
LXIIl. 
LXIV. 
LXV. 
LXVI. 
XVII. 
LX VIII. 
LXIXx. 
LXX. 
LXXI. 
LXXII. 
LXXIII. 
LXXIV. 
LXXV. 
LXXVI. 
LXXVII. 
LXXVIII. 
LX XIX. 
LXXX. 
LXXXtT. 
LXXXIlI. 
LXXXIII. 
LXXXIV. 
LXXXV. 
LXXXVI. 
LXX XVII. 

. LXXXVIITI. 
LXXXIX. 
XC. 
XCI. 
XCII. 
XCIII. 


PLATE 


. Wooden images. 
. Stone gods. 
. Wooden clubs and paddle 
. Dancing wands and fetish-boards 
. Feather hats 
. Feather hats 
. Obsidian spear-heads 
. Stone.adzes: Obsidian’ spear-heads' << <.ce0 o- ~ asi ato osineieieelolo sclstsissteeep esc 
> Hush-hooks/of poneiand stone= =. -- cess seems eee een ae eee eee tee seer 
5 ANGI Ea) Roya ee aboonoe cs one son doco Sosa sos cooos H San ooosegocasebecorcoenesas 
. Netting-needles and fetish-stones 


Obverse of Easter Island wooden tablet, ‘‘Atua Matariri”’..............-.-.-. 
Reverse of Easter Island wooden tablet, ‘‘ Atua Matariri”.................---. 
Obverse of Easter Island wooden tablet, ‘‘ Haha to ran ariiki Kete”.......... 
Reverse of Easter Island wooden tablet, ‘‘ Eaha to ran ariiki Kete”’.......-.-- 
Obverse of wooden tablet from Easter Island, ‘‘ Ka ihi uiga.”” (From photo- 
graphs presented by George Davidson to the California Academy of Sciences. 
Reverse of wooden tablet from Easter Island, ‘‘Ka ihi uiga.” (From photo- 
graphs presented by George Davidson to the California Academy of Sciences.) 
Obverse of wooden tablet from Easter Island, ‘‘ Ate-a-renga-hokan iti Poheraa.”’ 
(From photograph by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U. 8. Navy).-.-...--..----. 
Reverse of wooden tablet from Easter Island, ‘‘ Ate-a-renga-hokan iti Po- 
heraa.” (From photograph by Paymaster Wm. J. Thomson, U.S. Navy)-.- 
Obverse and reverse of Easter Island tablet. (Froma cast lent by Parke, 
Davis & Co.) 
Reverse of Easter Island tablet, obtained by the Chilian corvette ‘‘O’ Higgins” .. 
Obverse of Easter ]sland tablet, obtained by the Chilian corvette ‘O’ Higgins”. . 
Obverse and reverse of Easter Island tablet, obtained by the Chilian corvette 
Sc OSHRG GUNG mentee es ate= ase eee sans Bacio clege Ae Ce EEE ERE aoe 


Bulrush wallet. 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING, BY OTIS T. MASON. 


Navajo Indian skinning deer. (After Shufeldt.).........-........ aosnosdasoce 
Navajo Indian removing hair from deer-skin. (After Shufeldt.).............-- 
Navajo Indian wringing the water from a deer-skin. (After Shufeldt.)...... 
Navajo Indian pulling deer-skin into shape after wringing. (After Shufeldt.). 
Navajo Indian applying brains to deer-skin to make it soft. (After Shufeldt.).. 
Navajo Indian finishing deer-skin by stretching it. (After Shufeldt.).......... 
Th Phe TER ye 10 Bicaac compe ocean sooseoses ste Sos coco cucrcesSosssoe 
Figs. 1,2,and 3. Graining tools..-...-.---.---------.---+----0-----+ 222-2202 
Figs. 1,2,and 3. Fat-scrapers.-.----.---.-----------------2-20 2202 2-+ eee eee 
Figs: 1,2,and\3. Scrapers--- <-2 22. . 2.2 -- 22 - <n nam manna onan anne Wseeeeeeee 
Wigs. land 2. Scrapers...-.. ---00--see0---2-----2 ee nn ene ce on meen ne nnn 
Scraper.--.-.-------- 2-22 eee nee ere ee cect nee renee ns cents e see e cerns eens 
Hiss. Mandi2y Scrapers occ. siec cee mam erence vie SBA tobe as oodesecadessacHases 
Figs. 1,2,and 3. Serapers..... 2... 20. eee ene n en enna n one eos onsen en enne 
Figs. 1,2,and 3. Scrapers...--..--------------- 22-2 ---- +s seen eee e nee eee -ee- 
SIE 1s) caps ci Ocoee GUE Sono Te CeHo aus SoonecicenobmecsSse0 ostodoscsoSGeSoSseessan- 
Wigs. 1,2, and'3. “SCLraPers’< oemn ~<a cn aieinle cinieis = slot een le] oininininlmie <11=='~'=teinelnleini=ls 
Wigs: Wand 2) Scrapers ee ce cme cicinw eminielo meine wleealele ein a\e rile elaine 
Figs. 1,2,and 3. Scrapers... .-------+---sceccweres cccces nese senna cena eee 
Figs. 1,2,and3. Fat-scrapers...... .--..-0ccc- cree ee n= -e cnn ee conn ee nnn sees 
Figs. 1,2,and 3. Fat-scrapers...--........----.--0-------------05 so----------- 
Bigs. ivand 2; (SCLRPOES se =~ oes qela cs atetalsle s atere ele elated ole inl 
Figs. 1,2,and 3. Serapers...-..... G disiels ole Sara ee SRC SRE See eiatncte eloneie eels staiace 
Wiggs 2, ands. (Scraperseoc sce se cetsieiciccie eee ee aati eet tele teete ia ela iei=l = = 
1 Fay LEG UPA Sia) 02) elosesciocoodine secd on ocboane cocadojanceocosocsacntbencsoctte 
Mics, 1) 2vand'$; “Scrapersies-c<)--c. oe <ce -concis eee eeeneate ae ees ima 
Wigs: Wand’ 2s WSOLAPOLS oar clam cine orien oye alone ete tele peeteeteterettata “Ae 
ies: 172, ands: |Serapers: << onc ese Pa rye ee ott vt ai we aecie oasis amie 
Mics: Jiang’? (Wat-serapers. 2:22. - vcs. o> eke eee eee piskeecjseeeae 
Figs. 1,2,8,and 4. Beaming and graining tools........---..------------------: 
Figs. land2. Adze-shaped scrapers.-..-.-..----.<-------- ccbacedeaceepsbe:casd 
Figs. land 2. Adze-shaped scrapers 
Figs. 1 and 2. Adze-shaped scrapers......-.....---.. Sboncedonote ses s6den Soose 


i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV 


THE PUMA OR AMERICAN LION, BY FREDERICK W. TRUE. 


Page. 
Piate XCIV. The Puma. (From photographof specimen presented tothe National Museum ; 
yee wISHSElIN segs) memes se cere es cabe tors oe cms ac aiwiae sense ee eke en sto cee 591 
ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT OR THREATENED WITH EXTERMINATION, BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS. 

PLATE. XCV. The West Indian Seal (Monachus tropicalis) -........ 2... .2 2222 ee ence cone cwecne 614 
XCVI. The California Sea Elephant (Macrorhinus angustirostris)................----- 616 
XCVIT Headof Pacific Walrus (Odobeenus obesus) .-. <2 202-2 oscnccncccececccccn ce 618 
XCVIII. The European Bison (Bison bonassus).........-...-..---. Bee ac cer see Leela 621 
xi Exon Stellen s Sea COWs (YUNG GUESS. << acre nen Snowe cemendeses-ndcedhesadccece 623 
C. The California Vulture (Pseudogryphus californianus)...........-..--......... 629 
Cispiiie OR OGliaIrE Odo and Punk@yet sasse <ne 1 noo acane ceicene ce see nee cae 634 
CII. The Labrador Duck (Male) (Camptalaimus labradorius) ..................-.. 636 
CII. The Great Auk (Alcea impennis) .....-. Song SUBSE OD tc GR Renn COBO ES MOSSES EAE 638 

CIV. Galapagos and Mascarene Tortoises. (Photographs of specimens of animals 
INEGUGEN RON Ale OUlOmICAl hari). saan ess cen ac Sack dated ccaoe eee 643 


CV. The Tile-fish (Lopholatilus chameleonticeps). Reproduced by chromo-lithog- 
raphy from Plate 117 of the Atlas of Plates accompanying section 1 of the 
Quato Report upon the Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States. 647 


EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR IN 1887, BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS, 
PAT em CVs Ketch Mano min Ki G ANd secs as aap onewes o's ssaeiswcce sone ee eaeee coennadceance 709 


ON A BRONZE BUDDHA IN THE-U, S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, BY CHARLES DE KAY. 


CNiil.) Bronze: Buddha; Lokugawa period =..-=--92+.-.cs.. -- eee ce + cssccne oe uee ae 729 


MIGUE RMON aLve HOUSES DUI bOf DUITUSNEB: n= en coe, oo cee cscs sconecececeaense noo ncee case eee 45 
2. Kaitae, nearest descendant of the last king of Easter Is!and..................-...... 461 
24 DIGS A GEM cee “esscooSdsssp secre Sede cng sbon Ssans Ase SaecdebooScsusneessossonces 462 
4a. Tattooing on anative woman. (Front view)-.--.-.- BEAR SSS OG SOD oon aaa seS See 466 
4b. Tattooing on a native woman. (Back view) ...........---.c.2.-.ccceescecce ececes 466 
Dm DONEGL ALONG MULAN OLON GO. ann ccc a2 = asin =, oe eee oe noe ee 478 
Jo WROTE 3 coc ssosese ga SeBe SS SE Se Sande So Oe ORE ae ee ae meyen | es Sepa Nie oe 479 
fe CMIPLULCOREOCKS NEAT OTON ED mares ace nsec ete nee ean oe ae 481 
8. Sculptured figure often reproduced on rocks at Orongo...........2..--..----.------ 482 
9. Observation tower on bluff near Anahoirangaroa Point......-..........-c.--..---.. 485 

10. Unfinished image, crater of Rana Roraka....................-.... seeenoe ta Senos ee 492 
Heels core hana ROralcar ELON G VIO W) meee cys a= ase. 2, bea va dee ewe ieee eens ot aaGk we 493 
io elinage shang Ora kal (LGAL VIOW))< eects s anic\c = nin dniitocia ss wnijeneeceecCeccsiccecconcus 493 
Hom BnMed image ClracerOf Wana OLA) os. n.c <-5---cocdces Gas cs dackbeccecencece sabe 494 
14. Image standing inside the crater of Rana Roraka..-..................--.--- seseoo ses 494 
Hodes NEY OCH eI AYO, Mand OLAK As won clas «owe anne Serwes sinks tect tant uc cones onbe 495 
16. The mutilated image ‘‘ Hiara,”’ outside of crater of Rana Roraka................... 495 
17. Platform No.3, image restored.-.... ..... SEA ES 2 She SSDs CSC OnE See eo a aoe 500 
18. Showing general plan of construction of platforms, also plan of house construction 

PEE dU LS ete etetrtee font a eset eince Sacre mia ae rae f ae teireoa elec comme a ee eee loncies oe 502 
ADSI DEINE CLOCK iN F185 AON soci w\ai-<'n- wot rives wes een aehusenecsasceceeteae ene 510 
POEMS ONIN LO AVANS NU. c.c).cnccrocccccmivic smcr case Sicisieineteecsisoncwetee ay FIDO DSD ASSES 512 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT OR THREATENED WITH EXTERMINATION, BY FREDERIC A, LUCAS. 


FicurE 21. Steller’sSea Cow. Facsimile of figure on chart compiled by Lieutenant Waxell, nay- 
TP LO Ta tes OriN uM NAN Verena ao) akin = aaa arte sence oe Seater OER ci aae eae aeons 627 
PP HACEMNLOM ELIS. S UC ULO! Of tHe DI0U0 ve cee w occu cee stew cotreue eC lec coast ows 632 


THR DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK, AS ILLUSTRATED BY THE COLLECTION IN THE 
U. 58. NATIONAL MUSEUM, BY J. ELFRETH WATKINS. 


BIGURRa Ae Esso eS PALeNUeOge Mall: (1789) cao. ce cscs te rems. caccwaenwcececeuccescuvecenescses 657 
24. Edge rails, Lawson Colliery, New Castle-on-Tyne. (1797).........--- -----eeeeeeeee 657 
25. Wyatt’s hexagonal rail, Bangor, North Wales. (1802) ..............-...--.ceeeeeeee 658 
POMUEAUUrAlOusTey at witver (L800)icc asccoe sauces cue ve ccese scadey nce cvcwedcacccavtcas 658 
27. Woodhouse’s patent concave rail for wagons...-.. 2.2.2... cene nnn ne cence necerceccee 658 
28. Tram rail, Pennydarren works to Glamorgan Canal, Wales. (1804)-...-..-..-- Bh eae 659 
29, Tram rail, designed by Chavles Le Cann, Llannelly, Wales. (1801) ...............-- 659 


XVI 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

FiGurE 30. Edge rail, patented by Losh & Stephenson, laid on Stockton and Darlington Rail- 
aap aie <( PNK) ho esocesacodoct sae cocodac EGaseocoG, Soodcads GuCEnb eSsoesoodesoud 660 
31. Lord Carlisle’s wrought iron rail. (1811) .........--.2---25 ----00----- 5-2 enneee eee 660 
32. Wrought-iron rail patented by John Birkenshaw. (1820)..-........--------------- 660 

33. Fish-belly rail, designed by George Stephenson and laid on the Manchester and 
IfieqoOl emia: = (IPH) S6- S455. cates doe ebose secon cnynccocbposaeconeepadeocones 661 

34. English rolled rail, Clarence pattern, laid on the Old Postage Railway of Pennsy1- 
WUC ARERR Re © oo) a Goo 5 nocd obd oda Socmnudceondsag So an mcncoaSasenduoranaegueces 66L 
35. English fish-belly rail, laid on the New Jersey Railros ud near Newark, 1832......... 662 
36. Wooden stringer and strap rail, Albany and Schenectady Railroad, 1837.--...-..--- 664 
37. Stone stringer and strap rail, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1833 ......-------.-----+ 664 
38. Thick rectangular rail, laid on the Baltimore and Port Deposit Railroad, 1838.. 665 

39. Stevens rail rolled with convex top and base, designed by Robert L. Stevens, 
AB30; nccsee ss cee ees cecceic seta c eee ee aden era Nee eeeeeeet meee omen cc alcier. 668 

40. Standard track of the Comden and Se hy Railroad, 1837. (From a drawing in the 

collection made from an engraving in, ‘‘ Engineering in North America,” by G. 
Stevenson, ond ons sl 83am sete tate ere ae te ae eee etter 669 

41. Track of the Camden and Amboy Railroad. Rails laid on piling through marshes, 
967 RSE CORE te oaton CEC near ane eS SRS er ocnEennn abe capac aco sdEouaHSnecHOenADScade 669 
42. First rail rolled in America, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1844 .........-...-..----- 671 

43. The Stevens rail snpported by cast-iron chair. Philadelphia and Reading Rail- 
nT Yo bet KB Y/ Sm eoeo roB ose GUSE eae REED SAL Saab ome Smna 5s Sec sosaccagscnaquoucnusGecnn4 672 

44. The Stevens rail as laid on the Vicksburg and Jackson Railroad, in Mississippi, 
USAW Fas sais metes civic cre Se lela ova late epetelcjeinisie siiaiels Dario ee sfeleisiomiatetatotslapalnte wintalafeinistasslore(etelatas 672 
45. T-rail, Boston and Wieeeni on Railroad: 22-22 sssoeese-eenes Br oie tie ebinas ease aia ercie's 673 
46. T-rail, Hempstead Branck, Long Island Railroad, 1855...........--....------------- 673 
47. 92-pound rail, 7 inches high, Camden and Amboy Railroad, 1848.....----.--.---.---- 674 
4925liPcarheadedirails. 18552 .0.c ec a-24aee< aecieee cee eee raat cee eae Renae nemeeeem—itel=r= 675 
52. Erie rail with ends stamped for Adams’ cast-iron bracket splice, 1857...-...--.---- 676 
53. 73-pound rail, Pennsylvania Railroad, Mountain Division -........--.--.-------++--: 676 
54. 62-pound pear-headed rail, Boston and Lowell Railroad . ..-....-.-.-.--------------- 677 

55. Compound rail, wood and iron. Destgned by B. H. Latrobe, 1841, for Baltimore 
and Obio Railroad! saiayc sense aioe ee ee ae eee ease le rare eles teee ere ettlatese ro) etter 677 
56. Compound rail, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 1848.....---.--......- Sap hoconosdeonyod 678 
57. Compound rail, New York Central Railroad, 1855 ............--------+-----20+0---- 678 
58-61. Compound rails, New York Central and Troy Union Railroads, 1855 sagondonosrootTe 679 
6263; “Aishbelewrelehyranl si 6 Giese tar ytetaias te ote) stale tae ates ep= ere tela =e eee eee eee tebetslate mia tetelarnioc 680 
64; Rails;proposed by, O; Chanute; 1874.2. 2c eee oe ete e em tele eae etele elie le)iel=ioin iar 681 
65. ‘‘ Box rail,” Great Western Railway of England, 1858...........-.-.------+-0------- 681 
66. Great Western Railway, of Canaday W805 eee mee ee nesses cisterel-e)-teseleieeimiele eeeeininlel= 681 
67-)Barlow7s| ‘Saddle Back rail 1856 eereeeeee ne ecm esse sees eee eee eer 682 

68. Triangular wooden stringer capped with iron, Great Western Railway of England, 
1h (See ee eee Ree Roo Rote Searaccnone cacctoesougossesa0 Tau see oaacBopaboossacen 682 

69. Rails for New Orleans, Memphis and Chattanooga Railroad, rolled at Dowlais, 
Wiales: 1869: 32. sacSinnas Secon tee eerie Cee ee eee ere Noles eiceiate ents ae eiieeinsereee te iat 683 
"0-75. eennsylvania Railroad standarderailae-ceeceteceeeeteenen eee emcee cere eneeaeaieee 624, 685 

76-79. Standard Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company’s standard rails. 
(From chart furnished by Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad) --..-.....--- 685 

80. Rail rolled by the Bethlehem Iron Company, Ashbel Welch pattern, 62 pound. 
1866. (From chart furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Company)..-...--------.---- 686 
81. Rail rolled by the Bethlehem Iron Company, C. V. and W. Railroad pattern, 50 5 
pounds, 1870. (From chart furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Company) .-.--..--- 686 

82. Rail rolled by the Bethlehem Iron Company, Lehigh Valley Railroad pattern, 40 


86. 


87. 


pounds, 1875. (From chart furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Company).-.--.-.--. 686 


3. Rail rolled by the Bethlehem Iron Company, St. Louis and Santa Fé Railroad 


pattern, 52 pounds, 1879. (From chart furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Com- 


PANY) She ns sei wees - eee iias tore a oe Niele ateic win oe aretelat sss alc heim ares eee een late tore a lereiier= 686 
Rail rolled by the Bepnionen Tron Company, Missouri Pacifie Railroad pattern, 
52 pounds, 1881. (From chart furnished by the Bethlehem Tron Company).--..- 686 
. Rail rolled by the Bethlehem Iron Company, Philadelphia and Reading pattern, 
90 pounds, 1886. (From chart furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Company) ...--- 686 
Rail rolled by the Bethlehem Iron Company, ‘‘Meat-Yard pattern,” 1884 (From 
chart furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Company) ....-.-...----------+-------0-- 686 
Stevens rail laid on Great Western Railway of England (longitudinal system), 
B98. 2s. poe ee tener eee eee tenes tee e es eee ee escent eres teersereteeerseescgsens ve. 687 


LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XVII 


Page 
FicurRE 88. Stevens rail adopted by the Royal Railway of Sweden, 1854.......... ei BCS OS CSE 687 
89. Stevens rail in use on the Western Railway of France, 1855 ...................-.. 687 
90. Stevens rail, Chemin de fer du Nord, France, 1888. (Called the Vignole rail in 
EONONO Me tase ata aire ss naan ee aamiae Saicicaem. nc cis dees ea aa ase =SicisieeUcice scviee ects 688 
91. Standard rail of Belgian Government Railways, 1889. Sandberg section......... 688 
92. Bull-headed rail, Strasbourg Railway, 1858... ... .--- 2. .-- 252 -s-scece acne nee ncones 689 
93. Bull-headed rail, Avignon and Marseilles Railway, 1858 .-.....--......-.-.-..--.- 659 
94, Bull-headed rail, Bath Branch, Great Western of England, 1858.-..............--. 689 
95. Bull-headed rail, London and Northwestern Railway, 1889....................---- 689 
Sia NOSS GlO—— Pil Gi QUALI ODY asics sides a aaron wicemicnc ec slesiae closiisies dericio ae cele se ciaSes 690 
SPOOR Ute PTCA Al OD eet its cra es oleae ase seCaanid case cktncicn ce s> aceon ecene 690 
PES ETOsS-L1e—= WiNOle LOS NEw DOU SIG ER) sec sioe neni w qaiwain a wimje'niesiac ee oo ceseitinieceaaese 690 
99. Steel tie and permanent way, London and Northwestern Railway, 1885........... 691 
120. Metal track, London and Northwestern Railway of rea NSS OMe eA ae cee ee 692 
101. Metal track, Midland Railway of England, 1889 ........°.....-.....2-.e-seeecese-- 692 
102. Metal track, Normanton line, Queensland, 1889 ..-........-..-...--e02--seeneeeeee 692 
103. Metal ‘‘ Pot” tie system, Midland Railway of India, 1889 ......................22. 692 
HOSE VOU A UraO ke Olin Cues ORG eblOn LSB seen sate on canis cnt;lefaicisfacicaisamaleeuie victoaceeerce 693 
105. Metal track, Great Central Railway of Belgium, 1889.............. .....-2..00.-- 693 
106. Bergh and Marche metal track system, Elberfeld Railway, Germany, 1889........ 693 
107. Haarman longitudinal metal track, Right-Bank-of-the-Rhine Railway, 1889...... 694 
108., Metal track, Vautherin system, France, 1889... -.-. 2.2.22 cee e cece ame ee snes eeene 694 
109. Metal track, Egyptian Agricultural Railway, 1889........-...-...--2..-..eensee-- 694 
110. Metal track, Bilbao and Las Arenas, Spain, 1889... ....-...s-cccee0sceccecanecces 695 
111. Metal track, Central Railway, Argentine Republic, 1889.-.........-........2-.-. 695 
112. Half lap joint, Hetton rail, 18?4......-. ssejateinicte cies is sizes eeiae sianansaosestcied aeees 695 
113,113 a. Joint chair and wedge, O!d Postage Railroad, 1832-...-.....2.....---.ececsseeeen. 696 
114. Stone block, rail, and joint tongue laid on Camden and Amboy Railroad in 1831... 696 
115. Single splice bar for rail, rolled by the Phenix Iron Company, 1855. (From 
chart furnished by the Phenix Iron Company) .----..--..--.---..--------------- 697 
116,117. Double splice bars for rail, rolled by the Phenix Iron Company, 1856. (From 
charts furnished by the Phenix:Iron Company): ..2.- -2<-22-0-s-«5beseseuececee 697 
118. Plain splice bar, Pennsylvania Railroad, 1870..........-.......2--2-0- ae netatos=ie 698 
119. Wooden joint block, New Jersey Railroad, about 1860 ............--.-.-2.eee-- ee 698 
120. Ring, joint, and wedge used on the West Jersey Railroad ............-..--..2---- 699 
fel loss-Anplesplice Dares... = sosee asccncis acces ween sonics ane scaaech cots sawemeceauceete 700, 701 
129. Double angle Sayre-Fitz splice bar, Lehigh Valley Railroad, 1890 ..............-.- 704 
130; Joint fixtureused on western railroads, 1869 ...---.....---..0...2--cccesecencwcrs 705 
131. Fisher & Norris joint fixture as improved by Clark Fisher, 1888 ......... Sener 785 
132. (\ Staple iron used as a makeshift tor a frog, Camden and Amboy Railroad, 1831. 706 
Js MLOPS. COME VATAMNOAIS (OL MN PLAN, 1829) .c.n we 1s cece cnc vcm conte cect tweecsa cecaee 706 
13d Prove, Old’ Postage hallrodd about 18s... conosco asa c ene vena ceioccces vsccee ese. 706 
135. Rail frog, invented by Joseph Wood, New Jersey, 1859.........-.----seeeeeeeeeee 707 
Job Witches Micoliery rallroagds, Hnpland, 1820... cece scm nie ee sv cciesenence ese sear 707 
LST MUG HEN LON’ PALL D COUNTCLW CLL UG cs sw c'nala ne dees sccciten seainiate <ac ea teletaenieceas 708 
ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT OR THREATENED WITH EXTERMINATION, BY FREDERIC A. LUCAS. 
REISE ON OL GUE) Wiest LNGIAN SEAL: ..aec.cceics ec sc ocr site vinmrcleciamle s\n eels Vee! ences 615 
Zest DU LOM OL tLe mUS GIO Wsacecosse.cics.cnn' wa cece ocacancens baics cecsinosesceeceses 624 
SPLINE MUTE ON OLM DO LOU IDUS fanaa cinerea cise em wicieeie deesa we spe oss sOtineinr = cements 631 
SP UUATADMMOM- Ole Ure beA UG. ec .ccine vole niancckowsmem esc tciitwesc sccm cess ceccmaes 639 
Pepsin OL aad © OM OLAMt <cJcce cove net dete a care eis ewels elec dwaiecic ebleieielie an’ 641 
6. Distribution of Galapagos Tortoises .......... ASO ROCs Ao QU Er noAtoe oases See Saosc 644 
7. Showing area of destruction of Tile-fish..... Ae aenanatees was AS EECIMROCO DME Er: 648 


H. Mis, 224, pt. 2——11 


SEC PRION. LE. 


Ren Oe 


UPON THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 
DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889, 


BY 


Ge BROWN, GOODE, 


Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of U. 8. National Museum. 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——1 


pCO PDS ele 


KEP. ORE 


UPON THE CONDITION AND PROGRESS OF THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 
DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889, 


By G. BROWN GOODE, 
Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institution, in charge of U. S. National Museum. 


A.—ORGANIZATION AND SCOPE OF THE MUSEUM. 


The National Museum is under the charge of the.Smithsonian In- 
stitution, and its operations are supervised by the Board of Regents of 
the Institution. 

The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is by law the keeper of 
the collections. 

In the act of Congress establishing the Smithsonian Institution are 
contained the following provisions concerning the scope of the museum 
to be placed under its charge: 

(1) The law specifies certain classes of objects which shall come 
into the custody of the Institution, viz: All objects of art; all objects 
of foreign and curious research (7. e., ethnological collections); all 
objects of natural history; all plants; all geological and mineralog- 
ical specimens belonging or hereafter to belong to the United States, 
which may be in the city of Washington—including the “ National 
Cabinet of Curiosities,” at that time in one of the halls of the Patent 
Office building—in whosesoever custody they may be. 

(2) It provides that in proportion as suitable arrangements can be 
made for their reception these objects shall be delivered to such per- 
sons’as may be authorized by the Board of Regents to receive them. 

(3) It provides that they shall be arranged in such order and so 
classed as best to facilitate their examination and study. 

(4) It provides that they shall thus be arranged in the building to be 
inclosed for the institution. 

(5) It authorizes the Regents to obtain new specimens, by exchange 
of duplicate specimens, and by gift, and directs that they shall be also 
appropriately classed and arranged, 

(6) It constitutes the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution the 


keeper of the museum. 
3 


4 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


PRINCIPAL SOURCES OF COLLECTIONS. 


The coilections of the Museum are made up, in large part, of the fol- 
lowing materials: 

(1) The natural history and anthropological collections accumulated 
since 1850 by the efforts of the officers and correspondents of the Smith- 
sonian Institution. 

(2) The collections of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, the Perry ex- 
pedition to Japan, and other naval expeditions. 

(3) The collections of the scientific officers of the Pacific Railroad 
survey, the Mexican boundary survey, and of the surveys carried on by 
the Engineer Corps of the Army. 

(4) The collections of the United States geological surveys under the 
direction of the United States geologists, Hayden, King, and Powell. 

(5) The collections of the U. 8. Fish Commission. 

(6) The gifts by foreign Governments to the Museum or to the Pres- 
ident or other public officers of the United States, who are forbidden by 
law to retain such gifts in their private possession. 

(7) The collections made by the United States to illustrate the ani- 
mal and mineral resources, the fisheries, and the ethnology of the na- 
tive races of the country, on the occasion of the International Exhibi- 
tion at Piiiladelphia in 1876, and the fishery collections displayed by 
the United States in the International Fisheries Exhibition at Berlin 
in 1880 and at London in 1883. . 

(8) The collections given by the Governments of the several foreign 
nations, thirty in number, which participated in the exhibition at Phila- 
delphia. 

(9) The industrial collections given by numerous manufacturing and 
commercial houses of Europe and America, at the time of the Phila- 
delphia Exhibition and subsequently. 

(10) The material received in exchange for duplicate specimens 
from the museums in Europe and America, at the time of the Phila- 
delphia Exhibition and subsequently. 


B.—_SPECIAL TOPICS OF THE YEAR. 
CLASSIFIED SERVICE OF THE MUSEUM. 


A schedule representing the present actual needs of the service was, 
in response to a Senate resolution, submitted by the Secretary of the 
Smithsonian Institution. By this it was shown that the sum of $200,000 
at least was required to pay the salaries of the necessary scientific 
assistants, the clerical force, mechanics, and laborers, for the construc- 
tion of suitable cases, and for the employés connected with the heating, 
lighting, electrical, and telephonic service. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. gy 


A COLLECTION OF BUSTS OF STATE GOVERNORS IN 1860. 


A collection of thirty-two busts, including one of James Buchanan, 
has been presented to the Museum by Mrs. Anna E. Douglass. The 
busts were executed by Mr. Henry Dexter, of Cambridge. After the 
series was completed in plaster, it was placed on exhibition in the Doric 
Hall of the State House at Boston. The lapse of time and the celeb- 
rity of several of the governors have made this collection of great value 
from an historical stand-point. It is also probable that the sculptor’s 
efforts indicate the best work of the kind produced i in the United States . 
up to the year 1860. 


AERONAUTIC COLLECTION. 


It is intended to establish in the Museum a Department of Aero- 
nauties, in which will be established (1) balloons and apparatus lighter 
than air, and (2) models of aerostats heavier than air. The co-operation 
of the Aeronautic Society of Great Britain has been invited by the 
Secretary of the Institution, who is especially interested in the subject. 


INCREASE OF THE COLLECTIONS. 


A careful estimate of the number of specimens in all the departments 
of the Museum places the total at 2,864,244. In 1882 the total was 
estimated at about 192,000. At that time, however, some of the largest 
collections in the Museum, such as the ethnological collection, had not 
been brought under control, and no estimate of their extent was then 
possible; so that the difference between the totals for 1882 and 1889 
can not be accounted for solely by the number of specimens received 
during these years, but includes also the material which was already 
in the possession of the Museum, but which had not been a at 
the time of the first census of the collections in 1882, 


AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The American Historical Association was founded in 1884 for the pro- 
omotion of historical studies, for the collection and preservation of his- 
torical manuscripts, and for kindred purposes in the interest of Amer- 
ican history. By an act of Congress approved January 4, 1889, the 
regents of the Smithsonian Institution are authorized to permit the 
American Historical Association to deposit its collections, manuscripts, 
books, etc., in the keeping of the Smithsonian Institution. Under this 
Act the American Historical Association reports annually to the Secre- 
tary of the Smithsonian Institution concerning its proceedings and the 
condition of historical study in America. 


VISITORS DURING INAUGURATION SEASON, 


On March 2 and 5 the Museum and Smithsonian buildings were vis- 
ited by 106,075 people. 


6 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


CINCINNATI EXPOSITION. 


The Exposition closed on November 8, 1888. The appropriation 
available for the use of the Museum was $40,000. The space occu- 
pied by the Museum exhibits was 12,000 square feet. Sixteen depart- 
ments of the Museum prepared exhibits. The total attendance at the 
Exposition was 1,055,276, the daily average being 9,595. 


TRANSFER OF DISBURSEMENT OF MUSEUM APPROPRIATIONS. 


A statement relating to this matter is made on page 20 of the report 
for last year. Congress has sanctioned the proposed transfer, and the 
Museum appropriations will henceforth be disbursed under the direc- 
tion of the Smithsonian Institution. 


FORMATION OF A FORESTRY COLLECTION. 


Through the courtesy of the Secretary of Agriculture Dr. B. E Fer- 
. now, Chief of the Forestry Division of the Department of Agriculture, 
has accepted the charge of the Section of Forestry in the National Mu- 
seum. The Section of Forestry was established in April, 1889. 


C.—THE CONDITION OF THE COLLECTIONS. 
INCREASE OF THE COLLECTIONS. 


The total number of specimens as estimated in the appended table 
is now not far from three millions. The increase during this year is 
much smaller than in any previous year since the completion of the 
Museum building. At the close of 1882 there were about 192,000 speci- 
mens in the collections. The increase during 1883 was about 170,000; 
during 1884, more than 1,200,006. It was during this year that the 
extent of the ethnological collection was first estimated and also of the 
collections of mollusks, insects, aboriginal pottery, birds’ eggs, reptiles 
and batrachians, and mesozoic fossils. During 1835 no estimate was 
made, this being the year when the fiscal year was adopted in place of 
the calendar year, and the report for 1885 covered only six months. 
In 1886 a careful estimate showed a further increase of about 950,000. 
In 1887 the increase was nearly 250,000, and in 1888 nearly 140,000. 
The increase during the fiscal year covered by this report is only 
60,000. This may be accounted for to a large degree by the fact that, 
the exhibition halls and storage rooms being filled to their utmost ca- 
pacity, it has become necessary to cease to a large degree the eus- 
tomary efforts for the increase of the collections. 

In order that the tabulated results here presented may not be mis- 
leading, it is proper to repeat what has elsewhere been alluded to, 
namely, that the classification of some of the largest collections, such as 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 7 


the ethnological collection, had not been made in 1882, and that there- 
fore no figures appear under the head of ethnology for that year or for 
1883, although the ethnological collection was at that time probably 
half as large as itis now. Some of the other collections had not been 
classified, and thus an increase in the collections more apparent than 
real appears to have taken place in 1885-86. 


CENSUS OF THE COLLECTIONS 


Table showing the estimated number of specimens in the Museum in 1882 and each year 
since. 


{No census of collection taken in 1885. } 


Name of department. | 1882. | 1883. | 1884. | 1885-86. 1886-'87. | 1887-'88. | 1888-89. 
== SS eee _| =| ae 
Arts and industries: | | 
Materia medica............-. borstme's wate | 4,000 | 4,442 | 4, 850 | 5, 516 5, 762 5, 942 
Ta 1a Se ela One eg 1,244 1, 580 | 822 877 877 911 
axtiles =o: ae eee ele ements | 2,000] 3,063 3, 144 3, 144 3, 222 
RSH OMIGd ease eee weno: beeen cs eee Pee 5,000| 9,870 10,078 10,078) 10,078 
Animal products. .......---..|--.-.--- Eee oes 1,000} 2,792 | - 2,822] 2, 822 | 2, 948 
Naval architecture........--. Weer cheers [eietsteces ne GOOH|ESt 5 eel tS | Pee oee 600 
Historical relics....... see] En cna aaheroo pooceO cae 1, 002 i 13, 634 14, 640 14, 990 
Coins,medals, paper money,etc|.--..--.|.---.--.|---------- 1, 005 
Musical instruments. .....-.- ese tte ae a ie ee 400 417 | 427 427 
Modern pottery, porcelain, | | Z 
and bronzes ........-..----- Ci Se See eee RM een 2, 278 2,238 | 3,011 3, O11 
Paints and dyes..........-.-. peat, kas Fs oy lid ss aed 77 100 | 100 | 109 
_ “The Catlin Gallery ”....... pesenred peeeenen [eee ee. 500 | 500 | 500 500 
Physical apparatus........-. oe net See ag See areas 250 251 | 251 | 251 
mearneniitpatnny ee eo | oes aec Wi ayaa 197 | 198 | 198 213 
HOMNCAEDLOCUC iss sacee ae alee sea - |S: aos e| ieee ale = oe 659 | 661 661 | 688 
ToT) Peay Seen eaten ec See eee Cee ners | 200,090 | 500,000 | 503,764 505,464 | 508, 324 
American aboriginal pottery.....|.....-..|.---.--. 12,000) 25,000} 26,022 | 27,122) 28, 222 
MenErialrantinitipess sss). cess lets. eel os sec ees lnees soc sns | Ses cree hee Ee Sr, ees 850 
Prehistoric anthropology.....-... 35, 512 | 40, 491 45,252 | 65.314 101,659 | 108, 631 116, 472 
Mammals (skins and alcoholies)..| 4,660 | 4, 920 5, 694 | 7, 451 7, 811 | 8, 058 8, 275 
SIR ae Acosta Suc cste ce wh eos | 44,354 | 47,246 | 50,350| 55,945| 54,987| 56,484| 7,974 
Lo Ce ego | rN 40,072 | 44,163| 48,173 50,055 50, 173 
Reptiles and batrachians ........ ais ah hh la ah at 23,495 | 25,344} 27,542 | 27,664 | 28, 405 
TA UTH ioe ae ere ee ee 50,000 | 65,000 | 68,000 75,000 100, 000 | 101, 350 107, 350 
JUS Se Os ae OS. 375) Ice vase: 400,000 | 460,000 | 425,000 | 455, 000 | 468, 000 
HIN GAINS voce tes soa s 2 bah 600:|s.2---22 151,000 | 500,000 585,000 | 595, 000 603, 000 
Marine-invertebrates ..........-- 11, 781 | 14,825 | 200,000 | 350,000 | 450,000 | 515,000 | 515, 300 
Comparative anatomy : | | 
Osteology-....-....-- Sh bet 3,535 | 3, 640 4, 214 | ! | 
he is 70 103 3, 000 10, 210 | 11,022 | 11,558) 11,753 
ansozoietossilacc: 2 -..-sc2-2-c|c-.22<3% 20,000 | 73,000} 80,482 | 84,491 | 84,649} 91, 126 
IMps0zOle fONSIIB) <2... cose sess. [chee one [eects | 100,000 | 69,742} 70,775 | 170,925 71, 236 
Cenozoic fossils. ......-.25.5.<--- (Included with mollusks.)|.-..--.---|-.-------- [es sears eee a ca oe 
Fossil plants...... oe ee ee | 4, 624 | 7,291| 7,429| 8,462} 10,000} 10,178 
RECO PISKIR oc wasdeeas ts see te |accceci > One |Secwewccse 30, 000 32,000 | 38, 000 38, 459 
PEI ONAIRES 8 oot vuss a.) coews. eet es| oe. ook. | 14, 550 16,610 | 18,401 18, 601 21, 896 27, 690 
Lithology and physical geology .| 9,075 | 12,500} 18,000) 20,647 21,500 | 22, 500 27, 000 
Metallurgy and economic geology)..-..--. 30,000 |» 40,000) 48,000 | 49,000 | 51,412 52, 076 
TCA AMIN GIG arses Doane as oe aoa ds ous [a arerm [SEPA AAA Ne Res ocar| nee eop views 220 491 
BRoniec seer cee tS i270: 193, 362 260, 143 |1, 472, 600 |2, 420, 944 2, 666,335 2, 803,459 | 2, 864, 244 
| | I 


8 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


MUSEUM CATALOGUES.* 


The following exhaustive account of the manuscript catalogues of 
the Museum has been prepared by Mr. Randolph I. Geare: 

The catalogue system of the Museum was devised and commencea 
in April, 1839, by Professor Baird, at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, while en- 
gaged in work upon bis private collection of birds. The book in which 
the specimens in this collection were recorded is now Vol. I of the Bird 
Catalogue, and is in the custody of Mr. Ridgway, Curator of Birds. 

When Professor Baird became Assistant Secretary of the Smith- 
sonian Institution in 1850, he brought with him and presented to the Na- 
tional Museum his private collection of birds, and a large general nat- 
ural history collection, filling an entire baggage car. The bird collection 
was catalogued between 1839 and 1848. 

After Professor Baird accepted the position of Assistant Secretary 
of the Smithsonian Institution, his system of cataloguing was adopted 
for the Government collections. 

When the cataloguing of the Museum specimens was commenced, it 
was found more convenient to keep the records of the several collec- 
tions in one book. For many years allobjects other than specimens of 
natural history were entered in the “‘ Ethnology ” series. Vol. x1 of this 
Series is the first that was set apart for the entry of material of a 
specified character, and in it are recorded materia medica specimens. 
Musical instruments, fishery implements, foods, textiles, and other 
classes of specimens are also included in this volume. A catalogue for 
mineral and metallurgical specimens was opened in 1859, for fossils in 
1859, for vertebrate specimens in 1840, for birds in 1839, for mammals 
in 1852, for mollusks in 1859. This early system of cataloguing was, 
although not entirely satisfactory, under the circumstances necessary; 
but during later years every special collection has been provided with its 
own catalogue book, and in some instances the curators have found it con- 
venient to assign a different book to the several groups of objects un- 
der their custody. The total number of catalogue books in the Museum, 
entirely or partly filled, is 151, as shown in the following enumeration: 


No. of | No. of 

Series. eae | Series. ee 

books. books. 
HB PHNOLOMY! fee ce meianacisem ers eeeeemaeeee ae 31 | Marine invertebrates .---..-.----------- 12 
Mineralogy and metallurgy.............- 17 || Reptiles and batrachians ...--...-...... 4 
Mosgsilsi./ 2): Vasaaeeiss sees ee ene eee 6 | ISeE HD Nie Sons sotoccosorcssasscence 2 
PBATOS Woes cue Leek eee tok scan cee 93) 'l\Insects.2!ss ssacobeceocote scene esceeene. 1 
Wertebrates) <130-ceciscsic obec cn coecleiceniee 7 || Graphic arts). e--- 2s. ee= enn eee =e 1 
Mammal sy. -< Use ctoahineeeune weep sence 4 || Textiles and foods .......-.---.-------+: 2 
MOUbOSEG 5. (<.o cee onc sae betaae sco e cu teers 24 | Transportation and engineering -..---.. 1 
WITASMO PLS tse ac leew 4-eoeeee esac ue esos 6 || Living animals ........--...-..--------- 1 
Fishes ..... = SE UR) Pies Oe BE ees 9 || aoa 


* Catalogue entries made later than June 30,1889, are in many instances referred 
to, the preparation of this statement not having been completed until the end of the 
calendar year 1839. 


\ 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 9 


The history of the system of cataloguing in tbe various departments 
is given in the following detailed statement : 


CATALOGUES OF THE DEPARTMENTS IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
ETHNOLOGICAL SERIES. 


This series contains thirty-one volumes, with 150,400 entry spaces. 
The earlier volumes were devoted to the entry of all objects accruing 
to the Museum other than objects of natural history. 

From time to time separate volumes or portions of volumes have 
been set apart for the entry of material of a specified character. 

ol. I, Nos. 1 to 3500.—The first material entered bears date of 
March 9, 1859, and is a collection of Japanese ethnological objects, pre- 
sented by the Emperor of Japan, through Commodore Perry. 

The last entry is dated February 4, 1867.* 

Vol. II, Nos. 3501 to 8300.—This volume covers the period between 
February, 1867, and February, 1869. Many of its pages are devoted 
to the entry of material gathered by the Wilkes Exploring Expedition. 
The entries have not been carried beyond 8277, from 8278 to 8300, 
both inclusive, having been left for some reason blank.* 

Vol. ITI, Nos. 8301 to 14100.—This volume covers the period be- 
tween February, 1869, and June, 1874.* 

Vol. IV, Nos. 14101 to 19825.—This volume covers the period be- 
tween June, 1874, and March, 1875.* 

Vol. V, Nos. 19826 to 24750.—This volume covers the period between 
March, 1875, and September, 1876.* 

Vol. Vi, Nos. 24751 to 29700.—The first entry in the volume is dated 
October, 1875—a year prior to the last entry in Vol. V, and the vol- 
ume was completed a year subsequent to the opening of Vol. VII, the 
next of this series. This volume was probably set apart for the use of 
some collector in the field.* 

Vol. VII, Nos. 29701 to 34600.—This volume covers the period be- 
tween September, 1876, and January, 1879.* 

Vol. VIII, Nos. 34601 to 39500.—This volume covers the period be- 
tween January, 1879, and January, 1880.* 

Vol. LX, Nos. 39501 to 44350.—This volume covers the period between 
January, 1880, and December, 1880.* 

Vol. X, Nos. 44351 to 49225.—This volume covers the period between 
December, 1880, and January, 1881.* 

In Vol. X is the following note : 

- The two succeeding volumes of record are devoted (1) to collections under the U. 
S. Fish Commission and (2) to chemical and other artificial products. 

Vol. XI.—This volume, the first of the series set apart for the entry 

of material of a specified character, was assigned to Dr. Flint for the 


*The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, and a 
copy has been made for the Department of Ethnology. 


10 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


entry of specimens of materia medica. It covers the period between 
May, 1881, and February, 1886. The entries in this volume have been 
earried as far as 54050, although the limit provided for is No. 53925 ; 
thus duplicating to the extent of about one hundred and twenty-five 
numbers the entries in Vol. xtr. This volume is in the custody of the 
Section of Materia Medica.* 

Vol. XII, Nos. 53926 to 57950.—From January, 1881, to February, 
1883. Assigned as follows: From 53926 to 54750 is devoted to the 
entry of general ethnological objects except the following: Nos. 53926 
to54015. A collection of Japanese plants, from the University of Tokyo ; 
entered in July, 1881. This portion of the catalogue has been used in 
the Section of Fisheries. 

Nos. 54016 to 54079 embrace a collection of Chinese musical instru- 
ments from the Chinese Imperial Centennial Commission, and others. 
These entries were made in December, 1881. This portion of the cata- 
logue has been used in the Section of Fisheries. The entry of musical | 
instruments has been continued in Vol. xx of this series. 

Nos. 54080 to 54302 are devoted to the entry of general ethnological 
objects. This portion of the catalogue has been used in the Section of 
Fisheries. 

Nos. 54303 to 54525 are devoted to the entry of a large collection of 
fishing implements, models of fishing boats, etc. This material was 
entered in November, 1882, and was the nucleus of the fisheries collec- 
tion. This portion of the catalogue has been used in the Section of 
Fisheries. 

Nos. 54526 to 54750 are blank. 

Nos. 54751 to 55550 are devoted to the entry of a collection of food- 
stuffs. his is the first entry of a collection of food-stuff of any consid- 
erable extent. 

Nos. 55551 to 56425 are devoted to the entry of miscellaneous ethno- 
logical specimens, including fishing implements. (With the Section of 
Fisheries.) 

Nos. 56426 to 56774. A collection of ethnological objects from the 
Alaskan Indians. (With the Section of Fisheries.) 

Nos. 56775 to 56825 are blank. 

Nos, 56826 to 57201 are used for the entry of a collection of ship's 


* In April, 1883, Vol. xvui of the ‘‘ Ethnology series” was assigned to the curator of 
this section for the entry of such chemical specimens as could not be included under 
the head of Materia Medica. Vol. xvii was afterwards transferred to the custody of 
the Curator of Foods and Textiles, and Vol. xxx of the ‘“‘ Ethnology series” was as- 
signed to the Section of Materia Medica. Vol. xvit has served the purpose of a 
general catalogue for this section from February, 1886—the date of completion of 
Vol. xi, to May, 1888—the date of the first entry in Vol. xxx. Such entries of ma- 
teria medica specimens as had been made in Vol. xvii were transferred to Vol. Xxx, 
which is still in use in this section. To the end of the last fiscal year 5502 catalogue 
numbers had been made use of, distributed as follows: In Vol. x1, 4825 numbers, 
from 49226 to 54051, in Vol. xxx, 677 numbers, from 141201 to 141878. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. i | 


papers, fittings, and stores; fishing appliances; fishing products. 
(With the Section of Fisheries.) 

Nos. 57201 to 57229. A small collection of fibers and textiles. (With 
the peru” of Fisheries.) : 

Nos. 57230 to 57250 are blank. 

Nos. 57251 to 57628. Food-stufis, dyes, and textiles in the rough. 
(With the Section of Fisheries.) 

Nos. 57629 to 57950. Fishing implements, including boat fittings, 
ete. 

These several portions of Vol. xIr are as yet unbound. A bound 
copy of this volume, comprising all these portions, is in the Depart- 
ment of Ethnology. 

Vol. XIII, Nos. 57951 to 62750.—This volume covers the period be- 
tween June, 1881, and February, 1884. It is devoted to the entry of 
archeological material with the exception of about 170 entries of eth- 
nological specimens. A list of the ethnological material so entered has 
been appended to the copy of Vol. x11, in the Department of Ethno- 
logy. The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric An- 
thropology. 

Vol. XIV, Nos. 62751 to 67575.—This volume covers the period be- 
tween December, 1881, and November, 1882, and is occupied with en- 
tries of pottery and stone implements Sraenere 

The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthro- 
pology, and a copy is in the Department of Ethnology. 

Vol. XV, Nos. 67576 to 72375.—This volume covers the period be- 
tween November, 1882, and April, 1883, and is devoted to the entry of 
pottery, stone implements, and other archeological material. 

The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthro- 
pology, and a copy is in the Department of Ethnology. 

Vol. XVI, Nos. 72376 to 77350.—This volume covers the period be- 
tween January, 1883, and March, 1887, and is devoted to the entry of 
general ethnological material, except the following numbers: 75001 to 
75335 are set apart for the entry of a collection of historical relics, musi- 
cal intruments, and modern ceramics. 

Nos. 76001 to 76500 have been assigned for the use of the Curator of 
the Section of Naval Architecture. 

Nos. 77245 to 77351 are left blank. The original catalogue is in the 
Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, and a copy has been made for 
the Department of Ethnology. 

Vol. XVII, Nos. 77350 to 82325.—This volume covers the period be- 
tween April, 1883, and June, 1889. Originally assigned to the Depart- 
ment of Materia Medica for the entry of chemicals. Used as a general 
catalogue of the Section of Materia Medica. Transferred to the De- 
partment of Foods and Textiles. Now in use, the entries having been 
carried as far as 78067. Upon its transfer the Materia Medica speci- 


12 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


mens which had been entered in this volume, were transferred to Vol. 
Xxx of this series. 

Vol. XVITI, Nos. 82326 to 87300.—This volume covers the period be- 
tween April, 1883, and October, 1883. Devoted to the entry of poutery, 
stone nalsneni and other archeological material. 

The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthro- 
pology, and a copy isin the Department of Ethnology. 

Vol. XLX, Nos. 87301 to 92200.—This volume covers the period be- 
tween October, 1883, and September, 1884. Devoted to the entry of 
pottery, prehistoric stone implements, ete. 

The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric Anthro- 
pology, and a copy is in the Department of Ethnology. 

Vol. XX, Nos. 92201 to 97100.—Current catalogue of the section of 
musical instruments. Devoted to the entry of musical instruments, ex- 
cepting Nos. 92335 to 92654, which are devoted to the entry of the 
‘‘ Washington relics” transferred from the Patent Office. The entries 
have been carried as far as 94658. This catalogue was commenced in 
May, 1883. 

Vol. XXI, Nos. 97101 to 102000.—This volume covers tie period be- 
tween February, 1884, and April, 1887. Devoted to the entry of ma- 
terial assigned to the Department of Prehistoric Anthropology. 

Vol. XXII, Nos. 102001 to 106900.—The current volume in use by the 
Section of Fisheries. Separate parts of this volume are assigned re- 
spectively to the Sections of Fisheries and Animal Products. The 
entries in the Section of Fisheries have been carried from 102001 to 
103443; in the Section of Animal Products from 104501 to 105045. 
The first entry in the space assigned to the Section of Fisheries is dated 
March, 1884; the first in the space assigned to the Section of Animal 
Products is dated June, 1886. 

Vol. XXIII, Nos. 106901 to 111800.—From September, 1884, to May, 
1885. Devoted to the entry of specimens assigned to the Department ot 
Prehistoric American Pottery. 

Original catalogue in the Department of Prehistoric American Pot- 
tery ; a partial copy in the Department of Prehistoric Anthropology. 

Vol. XXIV, Nos. 111801 to 116700.—This catalogue covers the period 
between May, 1885, and June, 1886. Devoted to the entry of speci- 
mens assigned to the Department of Prehistoric American Pottery. 

The original catalogue is in the Department of Prehistoric American 
Pottery and a partial copy in the Department of Prehistoric Anthro- 
pology. 

Vol. XX V, Nos. 116701 to 121640.—This catalogue was assigned for 
the entry of a collection to illustrate the art of taxidermy. The first 
entry was made on February 9, 1886, and the last entry was made on 
March 9, 1886. The entries have only been carried as far as 116814. 

Vol. XX VI, Nos. 121601 to 126500.—This volume was assigned for the 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 13 


entry of historical collections and coins, and embraces the period from 
February, 1886, to October, 1889. The entries run as far as 126838, 
thus encroaching to the extent of about three hundred numbers on the 
entries of Vol. XXVII. 

Vol. XX VII, Nos. 126501 to 131400.—The current volume in use in 
the Department of Ethnology. Commenced in March, 1886. In this 
volume 300 numbers, beginning with 130000, have been set apart for 
the entry of material assigned to the Section of Oriental Antiquities. 

Vol. XX VIII, Nos. 131401 to 136300.—The current volume in use in 
the Department of Prehistoric American Pottery. Commenced in June, 
1856. 

Vol. XX LX, Nos. 136301 to 141200.—This volume is devoted to the 
entry of material assigned to the Department of Prehistoric Anthropol- 
ogy. From April, 1887, to October, 1889. 

Vol. XXX, Nos. 141201 to 145900.—Current volume in use in the See- 
tion of Materia Medica. Commenced May, 1888. 

Vol. XX XI, Nos. 145901 to 150400.—Current volume in use in the De- 
partment of Prehistoric Anthropology. Commenced in October, 1889. 


MINERALOGICAL AND METALLURGICAL SERIES. 


In the early volumes of this series are entered minerals, ores, litho- 
logical specimens, metallurgical products, and fossils. The first entry 
is dated April, 1859, and consists of a large collection of minerals, ores, 
rocks, and fossils ; collected by Lieut. J. C. Ives. There are seventeen 
volumes included in this series. Vols. I, 11, UI, 1V, and X are in the 
custody of the Department of Minerals, the other volumes of the series 
are in the Department of Geology. 

Vol. I, Nos. 1 to 3500.—Virst entry April 29, 1859; the last entry noted 
is July, 1861, but there are many entries subsequent to this period. 
This volume contains many unused numbers. 

Vol. IT, Nos. 3501 to 9200.—First entry June 16, 1862; last entry 
December 23, 1874. 

Vol. ILI, Nos. 9201 to 14,500.—First entry January 7, 1875; last entry 
February 25, 1884. On the title page is the following inscription : 

Catalogue for minerals, rocks, fossils and metallurgical products, beginning with 
No. 9201, January, 1875. 

Vol. IV, Nos. 14501 to 20300.—The first entry has no date; the last 
entry is dated June 10,1883. There is a note at the end of this volume 
stating that Nos. 20301 to 25001 were assigned to ‘“‘ Mr. Keirigs (?) col- 
lection of rocks.” On the title page is ‘‘ A catalogue of the collection 
to illustrate the mineral resources of the United States, International 
Exhibition, 1876.” There is an appendix containing many duplicate 
entries, together with additional entries made at a much later period 
than the date of completion of the volume. 


14 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


Vol. V.--This volume is devoted to the entry of lithological material. 
Nos. 20301 to 25000. Entry has been made up_to and including 
25125, thus duplicating to the extent of one hundred and twenty-five 
numbers the entries of Vol. vi. Nos. 23399 to 24000, both inclusive, 
are blank. 

Vol. V1, Nos. 25001 to 29649.--Devoted to the entry of lithological 
material. This book contains entries in 1881, 1882, 1883, and 18584. 

Vol. VII, Nos. 29651 to 34650.—This book is devoted to the entry of 
ores and metallurgical appliances and products, ete. The entries in 
this volume duplicate those of Vol. vir to the extent of about one hun- 
dred and twenty-five numbers. First entry December 12, 1882; last 
entry May 10, 13884. 

Vol. VIE, Nos. 34526 to 39400.—This volume is devoted to the entry 
of lithological material. First entry January 11, 1884; last entry May 
12, 1888. 

Vol. LX, Nos. 39401 to 44300.—This volume is devoted to the entry of 
ores, metallurgical appliances and products, ete. First entry March 
24, 1884; last entry October 19, 1885. 

Vol. X, Nos. 44301 to 49200.—This volume is devoted to the entry of 
mineralogical material. This catalogue is now in use in the Department 
of Minerals. First entry April 7,18384. Up to theend ofthe last fiscal 
year, the last entry was 48468. 

Vol. XI, Nos. 49201 to 54100.—This volume is devoted to the entry 
of ores and metallurgical appliances and products. Nos. 51674 to 54100, 
both inclusive, are left blank. The first entry in this book is dated May, 
1884, but there are entries as late as November 11, 1889. 

Vol. XIT, Nos. 54101 to 59000.—This volume is devoted to the entry 
of ores and metallurgical apphances and products, ete. First entry 
August 8, 1884; last entry February 12, 1886. 

Vol. XITI, Nos. 59001 to 63900.—Devoted to the entry of ores and 
metallurgical appliances and products. Nos. 59946 to 63900, both in- 
_clusive, are unused. First entry September 4, 1884; last entry October 
4, 1889. 

Vol. XIV, Nos. 63901 to 68800.—Devoted to the entry of ores and 
metallurgical appliances and products, ete. First entry October 19, 
1885; last entry December 18, 1889. From 66651 to the end of the 
book the numbers are unused. Uptotheend of June, 1889, the entries 
had proceeded as far as No. 66584. 

Vol. XV, Nos. 68801 to 73500.—Devoted to the entry of lithological 
material. This catalogue is now in use in the Department of Geology. 
First entry January 20, 1888; last entry January 8, 1890. From 72890 
to the end of the volume is unused. Nos. 70692 to 72889 are all entered 
under July 19, 1889. 

Vols. X VI and X VI1.—These two volumes are but partially filled by 
the re-entry of material already entered in some previous volume of 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 15 


this series. Much material already entered in the earlier volumes of 
this series has been re-entered in the later volumes. In the Depart- 
ment of Metallurgy and Economie Geology an endeavor seems to 
have been made to enter all material of a like nature in separate cata- 
logues ; thus, in the year 1889 three catalogues (Vols. XI, X1I, and XIV) 
were in use in this department. All of these books are as yet unfilled. 


INVERTEBRATE FOSSIL SERIES. 


Vol. .—The material constituting the nucleus of the Museum collec- 
tion of fossils was gathered by the various Government Surveys of the 
country west of the Mississippi. The first entry, dated April 28, 1859, 
relates to a large collection of fossils gathered by Lieut. J. C. Ives, of 
the U.S. Army. Thevolume was completed in 1863, It contains num- 
bers from 1 to 3500, both inclusive. The original is in the custody of 
the Department of Mesozoic Fossils, and a copy is with the Department 
of Paleozoic Fossils. 

Vol. IT, Nos. 3501 to 8890.—Original catalogue in the Department of 
Mesozoic Fossils, and copy with the Department of Paleozoic Fossils. 
First entry April 3, 1864; last entry March, 1880. 

Vol. IT1, Nos. 8891 to 13575 to and including 12900,—Original with 
the Department of Mesozoic Fossils, and copy with the Department of 
Paleozoic Fossils. First entry April, 1880; last entry October, 1885. 

Vol. 1V, 13576 to 18500.—Devoted to the entry of Paleozoic Fossils 
exclusively. First entry June 9, 1883; last entry December 16, 1889. 

Vol. V, Nos. 18501 to 23500.—This volume is now in use in the De- 
partment of Mesozoic Fossils. Up to the end of the last fiscal year 
the entries had been carried as far as 20262. 

Vol. VI, Nos. 23501 to 28500.—Now in use in the Department of 
Paleozoic Fossils. The entries have been carried to 23657. 


BIRD SERIES. 


This catalogue is contained in twenty-three volumes of varying sizes, 
in which up to January, 1590, 117,445 entries had been made. The first 
volume of this series is a catalogue of the private collection of William 
M. and Spencer F. Baird. The first entry in this book is dated April, 
1839, and there are entries as late as 1851. This volume includes num- 
bers from 1 to 3696. This volume also contains a short list of quad- 
rupeds. 

Vol. I1, Nos. 3697 to 7700.—There are no dates of entry, but this 
volume probably covers the period between 1851 and 1857, 

Vol. III, Nos. 7901 to 13825.—From November, 1857, to December, 
1860. 

Vol. IV, Nos. 13826 to 23400.—From August, 1857, to January, 1862. 

Vol. V, Nos. 23401 to 28400.—The title of this book is as follows : 
‘Museum Catalogue of Birds from No. 23401 to 28400, Received dur- 
ing the years 1860 to 1863, A. D.” 


16 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The entries are from December 30, 1860, to April 30, 1863. 

Vol. VI, Nos. 28401 to 33200.—Title is as follows: ‘“ Museum Cata- 
logue of Birds received during the years 1863 and 1864.” 

Vol. VII, Nos. 33201 to 38700.—From March 22, 1864, to June 12, 
1865. 

Tol. VIII, Nos. 38701 to 45500.—From June 12, 1865 to March 20, 
1867. 

Vol. 1X, Nos 45501 to 50400.—From February 19, 1867, to March 4, 
1868. 

Vol. X, Nos. 50401 to 56000.—From March 4, 1868, to January 15, 
1869. 

Vol. XI, Nos. 56001 to 61200.—From June, 1869, to May, 1871. 

Vol. XII, Nos. 61201 to 66900.—The first entry is under the year 
1872, the last is dated June 24, 1874. 

Vol. XIII, Nos. 66901 to 72800.—From June 24, 1874, to February 
15; 1877. 
Tol. XIV, Nos. 72801 to 77700.—From April 6, 1877, to April, 1879. 
Vol. XV, Nos. 77701 to 82500.—From April, 1879, to August, 1881. 
Vol. XVI, Nos. 82501 to 87320.—From June 29, 1881, to June 12, 1882. 
Vol. XVII, Nos. 87321 to 92300.—From June 12, 1882, to November 
27, 1883. 

Vol. XVIIT, Nos. 92301 to 97300.—From November 20, 1883, to 
April 8, 1884. 

Vol. XLX, Nos. 97301 to 102200.—From April 9, 1884, to January 
31, 1885. 

Vol. XX, Nos. 102201 to 107100.—From January 31, 1885, to January 
10, 1886. 

Vol. XXJI, Nos. 107101 to 112050.—From January 10, 1886, to Octo- 
ber 24, 1887. 

Vol. XXIT, Nos. 112051 to 117000. From October 24, 1887, to No- 
vember 22, 1889. 

Vol. XXITI.—Now inuse. Commenced on November 22, 1889. On 
January 18, 1890, the entries had been carried as far as 117445. 


VERTEBRATE SERIES (RECENT AND FOSSIL). 


In the earlier volumes of this series were entered vertebrate fossils, 
recent and fossil. Subsequently entire volumes, or portions of volumes, 
were set apart for skeletons of a particular kind. 

Vol. I, Nos. 1 to 3500.—Original and copy with the Department of 
Mammals. Covers the period between 1840 and 1859. 

Vol. IT, Nos. 3501 to 8850.—Original and copy with the Department 
of Mammals. From March 12, 1859, to May, 1869. 

Vol. IIT, Nos. 8851 to 15800.—With the Department of Mammals. 
From May, 1869, to December, 1877. 

Vol. IV.—The entries in this volume begin at 14501, thus duplicating 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 17 


to the extent of about thirteen hundred numbers the entries of the 
preceding volume. This volume was closed on October 26, 1888, the 
entries having been carried as far as 18330. 

Vol. V begins at No. 20751.—This volume is devoted exclusively to 
the entry of skeletons of mammals. Commenced March 14, 1882. The 
entries had been carried as far as 24951 on January 18, 1890. 

Vol. VI.—Separate parts of this volume are set apart for the entry 
of skeletons of fishes and of reptiles. The entry of skeletons of fishes 
begins at 25751, dated March 4, 1883, and had been earried as far as 
26084 on September 11, 1888. The entry of skeletons of reptiles begins 
at 29001, dated March 22, 1885, and had been carried as far as No. 
29266, on August 31, 1889. 

Vol. VII.—This is the current catalogue of the Department of Verte- 
brate Fossils. The entries begin at 30701 and on December 21, 1889, 
had been carried as far as 30950. This volume is in the custody of the 
Department of Comparative Anatomy. A card catalogue has been 
prepared of all vertebrate fossils belonging to the Museum collections, 
which have been entered in the earlier volumes of this series. 


MAMMAL SERIES. 


A separate series of books has been kept for the entry of mammal 
skins, with the exception of a few entriesin Vol. 1 of the ‘“ Bird Series, ” 
made in 1840. 

Vol. I, Nos. 1 to 2650.—Original and copy with the Department of 
Mammals. Commenced February 12, 1852, and closed prior to April, 
1857. 

Vol. II, Nos. 2651 to 7000.—Original and copy with the Department 

/of Mammals. Covers the period between April, 1857, and October, 
1863. The title of this volume is ‘“ Mammals from No. 2651 to 7050 in 
the collection of the Smithsonian {nstitution, April, 1857 to October, 
1863.” 

Vol. III, Nos. 7001 to 12250.—Original and copy with the Depart- 
ment of Mammals. Covers the period between October, 1863, and 
December, 1874. 

Vol. 1V.—Current volume in use in the Department of Mammals. 
On January 10, 1890, the entries had been carried as far as 18043. 


\ 


r MOLLUSK SURIES. 


In the Report of the National Museum for 1885* Mr. W. H. Dall, 
_ Curator of the Department of Mollusks, presents a statement of the 
registration of specimens from 1859 to 1885, from which it appears 
that 42,440 entries had been made. During the fiscal year ending June 
30, 1886, 18,638 entries were made. In the next fiscal year 10,530 
entries were recorded, the latest being No, 83534, in Vol. xvii. On 


. * Page 110. 


Ey Min; 224--=--9 


18 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


June 30, 1888, the catalogues show that 11,799 entries had been made, the 
last one being No. 98677, in Vol. xx1. From Mr. Dall’s report for 1859 
it appears that 6,323 entries had been made during the fiscal year end- 
ing June 30, 1889, the last number taken up being 102074, in Vol. xxt. 
Entries were also made during the same year in Vols. XVIII and Xx. 
During the six months ending December 31, 1889, 1,159 additional en- 
tries had been made in Vol. XXII. 

With a view to economy of time two other catalogue books are kept 
for the use of assistants working in other offices of the department. 
This series therefore comprises in all twenty-four volumes. ; 


BIRDS’ EGG SERIES. 


This catalogue comprises six volumes, containing 23,908 entries. 

Vol. 1, Nos. 15 to 2300, 1858 to 1859; Vol. m1, Nos. 2300 to 7900, 1859 
to 1864; Vol. 111, Nos. 7900 to 12900, 1864 to 1867; Vol. rv, Nos. 12900 
to 17975, 1867 to 1878; Vol. v, Nos. 17975 to 22550; Vol. vi, Nos. 
22551 to 27450. On January 15, 1890, the entries had been carried as 
far as 23908. 


FISH SERIES. 


This catalogue is contained in nine volumes. ‘The title of the first 
volume is “ Museum Catalogue of Foreign and Domestic Fish embraced 
in the collections of the Smithsonian Institution, from the years 1856 to 
1861.” 

Vol. 1, Nos. 1 to 3600, December 15, 1856 to 1861; Vol. 11, Nos. 3601 
to 8700, 1861 to 1872; Vol. 111, Nos. 8701 to 16150, 1872 to 1876; Vol. 
Iv, Nos. 16151 to 21100, 1876 to 1878; Vol. v, Nos. 21101 to 25925, 
1878 to 1880; Vol. v1, Nos. 25926 to 30725, 1880 to 1882; Vol. vi1, Nos. 
30726 to 35700, 1882 to 1884; Vol. vill, No. 35701. The last entry is 
dated April 15, 1889. Vol. 1x begins at 40601. On December 10, 1889 
(the last date of entry prior to January 20, 1890), the entries had been 
carried as far as 41594. 


MARINE INVERTEBRATE SERIES. 


In this department volumes or parts of volumes have been assigned 
to particular families or orders. The catalogue comprises about twelve 
volumes. 

Porifera and Pretozoa.—First entry February 28, 1881; last entry 
February 22, 1890. Number of entries, 6,193. 

Crustacea.—The first volume of this series ,containing Nos. 1 to 2000, 
was destroyed in the Chicago fire. The first entry in Vol. 11 is dated 
November 30, 1872, and is numbered 2001. On January 22, 1890, the 
entries had been carried as far as 14646. 

Radiata.—First entry (No. 1) is dated November 19, 1880. On Jan- 
uary 22, 1890, the entries had been carried as far as 17377. 

Bryozoa and Ascidia.—First entry (No.1) is dated February 11, 1882. 
On January 22, 1890, the entries had been carried as far as 2842. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Jie, 


Vermes.—First entry (No. 1) February 28, 1881. Number of entries 
up to January 22, 1890, 4780. 


REPTILE AND BATRACHIAN SERIES. 


Cataloguing in this department was commenced in 1856. This cata- 
logue consists of four volumes. 

Vol. 1, from 1 to 2900, covers the period between January, 1856, and 
July, 1858. 

Vol. ur, from 2901 to 7875, covers the period between July, 1850, and 
March, 1873. 

Vol. 111, from 7876 to 13885, March, 1875, to October, 1884. 

Vol. Iv, is now in use. On January 20, 1890, the entries had been 
carried as far as 15619—to the end of June, 1889, to 15525. 


INSECT SERIES. 


The Department of Insects has a special catalogue in which are 
recorded all the additions to the collections since May 18,1883. A 
single entry may include several hundred specimens. Up to the end 
of June, 1889, 486 entries had been made. No attempt has been made 
to aftix catalogue numbers to the immense amount of material belong- 
ing to the Department of Agriculture. The material has been classified 
according to relationship, the several orders, families, genera, etc., be- 
ing kept in separate trays. The force of this department is now en- 
gaged in the preparation of a catalogue based on relationship, in which 
will be indicated the number of examples of each species in the Museum 
collection. 

BOTANICAL SERIES. 


As has already been stated in connection with Vol. x11 of the Eth- 
nology series, Nos. 53926 to 54015 of that volume were taken up in 
cataloguing (July, 1881) a collection of Japanese plants received from 
the University of Tokyo. This is the first collection of plants entered 
under a consecutive series of numbers. 


RECENT PLANT SERIES. 


In 1865 the Herbarium of the Smithsonian Institution, already of 
great extent and value, which had for many years been under the care 
of Dr. John Torrey in New York City, was placed under the care of 
the Department of Agriculture, with the understanding that the 
appointment of the Botanist of the Department of Agriculture (to be 
charged with its administration) should be subject to the approval of 
the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Constant additions have 
been made to the Herbarium since that time by the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, and the collection has been also greatly increased through special 
efforts made by the Botanist of the Department of Agriculture and his 
assistants. 


20 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


In 1881, when Prof. Lester F. Ward took charge of the collection of 
fossil plants in the Museum, he found that the separation of the fossil 
plants from the recent plants caused him much inconvenience in con- 
nection with the identification of the former. Since that time, there- 
fore, it has been customary to retain in the Museum such accessions of 
recent plants as were needed by Professor Ward and other students in 
connection with their paleo-botanical work. A second collection of 
recent plants has thus been formed in the Museum building. It became 
evident that the existence of two herbaria, each a part of the National 
Herbarium, and each entirely separate in administration from the other, 
was undesirable. Dr. George Vasey, Botanist of the Department of 
Agriculture, has therefore, at the request of the Secretary of the 
Smithsonian Institution, and with the consent of the Secretary of Ag- 
riculture, accepted the position of Honorary Curator of the National 
Herbarium. The Secretary of Agriculture has also agreed to the prop- 
osition of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution that, as soon as 
proper accommodation can be afforded to the National Herbarium in 
one of the buildings of the National Museum, the portion of the Her- 
barium now in the Department of Agriculture may be transferred and 
combined with the collection now in the Museum building. 

In Dr. Vasey’s report covering the remainder of the fiscal year (March 
1 to June 30, 1889,) he states that no catalogue of the plants contained 
in the Herbarium has yet been made, but that they are properly ar- 
ranged in orders, genera, and species, and are labeled so as to be read- 
ily accessible. hs 

In March, 1889, the catalogue of recent plants received in the Na- 
tional Museum, contained 175 entries. No idea, however, of the extent 
of the collection can be formed by this statement, since the first two 
entries comprised 25,000 specimens, these representing the Ward and 
Joad collections. With the beginning of the fiscal year 1889-1890 a 
new catalogue will be opened by Dr. Vasey for the entry of recent 
plants. 

FOSSIL PLANT SERIES. 

The cataloguing of fossil plants was first systematically commenced 
in the year 1881 (?) by Prof. Leo Lesquereux, of Columbus, Ohio. 

Several entries of fossil plants are found in the early volumes of 
the “ Fossil Series ” of catalogues. 

There is an extra catalogue kept, in which is entered the material 
that had accumulated in the interval between the time at which 
Professor Lesquereux discontinued the work of cataloguing and the 
period at which it was resumed by Mr. Knowlton. This catalogue is 
only provisional, the specimens when identified being re-entered in the 
regular catalogue of the department. 


GRAPHIC ART SERIES. 


The Section of Graphic Arts has a special catalogue, in which up to 
January 7, 1890, 3,233 entries had been made. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 21 


FOOD AND TEXTILE SERIES. 


In the custody of this department are two volumes of a special cata- 
logue. In these, special series of numbers have been set apart for the 
various kinds of material placed in the department. The two volumes 
contain about 9,900 numbers, about two-thirds of which have thus far 
been utilized. It will be observed that a part of Vol. x11 of the Eth- 
nology series (Nos. 54751 to 55550) is devoted to the entry of a collection 
of foods and other specimens. This appears to have been the first set 
of numbers devoted to the cataloguing of this material. 


TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING SERIES. 


To this section a special catalogue has been assigned. The first en- 
try is dated March 10, 1885, and has reference to the locomotive “ John 
Bull,” the gift of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Up to the end 
of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889, 125 entries had been made. In 
this section the work of cataloguing has never been carried on system- 
atically, owing to the pressure of other work. 


LIVING ANIMAL SERIES. 


This department has a special catalogue. The first entry is in Octo- 
ber, 1887. On June 30, 1889, 341 entries had been made. 


FORESTRY SERIES. 


The cataloguing of specimens in the forestry collection has not yet 
been commenced. 


CATALOGUE ENTRIES DUEING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. 


A catalogue entry, as explained in previous reports, may relate to a 
single specimen or to several hundred or even several thousand speci- 
mens, as frequently happens in regard to mollusks, plants, marine in- 
vertebrates, fossil and other groups of objects. The total number of 
entries made by the curators of the several departments in the Museum 
catalogue books during the year is 23,442, as shown in the accompany- 
ing table: 


Table showing the number of catalogue entries made during the year. 


‘Total 
Departments. No. of 


entries. 
Arts and Indusiries: 
Materia: Medica). 2. - --n- ..awec cannes cnnman nec nn wenn ener n ween aren cecee nner cccescanerss 433 
Eee Ee ete ete eed aay mans me gh oneimcek hea fate nenecewcevadscdnwes 35 
SRO Nee a ee et nt Bee en Ah vient wlece wbesessnwnhacpmanteaccnacpesers 78 
Animal products ....--....--------.----- Fee Re Salts sie ac scans sine mn'ase map w.nin «<i> 22 
323 


Coins, medals, paper money, etc......--.----.--- ene e ee eee ee eee ee nee e cere cere neces 


22 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Table showing the number of catalogue of entries made during the year—Continued. 


Total 
Departments. No. of 
entries. 
JOR Wye eon cond B65 ase aOOD en DUS SAO aaa CoDSoc UOCUndeSeHe cos EcHabuoSSASs ongesoSeemonoSebtase 721 
IN irae eae he IEW MESA Soc conadgas sor coade S00 sen smo SDaU Lost obSS bono anoonasonceSccoees 634 
PrehistoricvAMthropology = ce cne cece sates eee ela aee aires ee see meeenlae ieee ee eee rae eters 1, 400 
GAH EB Sa OS geo CeOC EOC OES OS AGRA AROACOD ACE carrot Eon Sok A GoUMo paseuceswedabeadasenedad 635 
ISTE seem noacHdogeroscec b ctewecewatiee sind Spmease teens cence ssaiec oceeeet eae e eee eRe Eee er 2, 971 
IBILAS HOPS). seicie’o ice sisicis's = aisie sie leis aicielsinte- teisieieet-lno sine yews mele cisiecaslelere (eet nem er eeieeeraits 118 
Reptiles and Batrachians..-..-..-- teanss Luvciste te ave odleme ges sOeccecsebemmmme ste e ates seameres 784 
IGN OSs icaic a coves meedicie Seo ack wat cesioes tectemesinmecceace eet eee One eee eee eee ee ae eres 1, 476 
OR) Dt) 6: Wee a ee ee a Se ee a Ome Sac aias <a AGG AARC ARABSEOOOEG 6, 323 
INSECTS Se ec occ e cee eas eee Seales Se ree eee eee na inclse eect cist ee Reiser a nem ccen ere 78 
Marinewinvertopratesi acmscccecelsee aemeeaee Be he See erie t dee Saree biee oeeee eeeenee 3, 214 
Comparative AM ato my, se tctaeaai= caate ne eect sie esinicioinls sisters ele minte tele teiolaia laminas terse tetas nielatateIniaiate ieee 1, 054 
Invertebrate Fossils: 
IPAlGO2Z01C aeons aie Seen Sete eae le Ses mcieina teen eecincclotnlcles ladle ele intelee stearate aos talaletateteetes artes 583 
IMPOSOZOIG Se ois a apetereeicis ote wine ais ec lse oe ate sso mreeraimleriatetei tele ten eiale oes cele ears el aiae|= eines meteeenereeretars 178 
UNG) SH) 2 BY AIS Seo comes GOTO OC CHOC or aaaaOsigadadn csoboonans aA esabcoGadocosdenbacadesdcoucbisdse 7 
Recent Plantssoc.2.ccsnecs selec sence tos seco sia ceee see adaesectesiceseisise = ace ae eee neee Seeeeioe 24 
Minerals ,si5205 ssoeccsccsceocaecees-csessay ok bamececmias toceceeeassuieecss ou peose ee er rear eee 631 
fitholoryiand PhysicaliGeoloty ccc. sss osc se occas eee oe ee eine eee eee eet 1, 135 
MetallinoyiandsHcononric Geary cases nem ae =e ee aie see ene ee alee 4132 
Living Animals.........- ROIS OS Sa LEA OU Cnpaasicne OU GndnedoSehdcocomodaceconoaredodconcbosedsar 17 
Fe Eee SABRES OC SOSA EO ABO esc Crs GOSeROBHE OE SO SOS OSSa cH oGemat naan coop adeaadon doanHs 23, 442 


ARRANGEMENT OF COLLECTIONS AND ASSIGNMENT OF SPACE. 


The development of the collection of objects illustrating the graphic 
arts has been so rapid that it has been found necessary to enlarge the 
limits of the space assigned for its display. In 1888 one-half of the 
northwest range was assigned to this collection. During the year it 
has been found necessary to devote the entire range to the Section of 
Graphic Arts, the casts of Mexican sculptures having been removed to 
the Smithsonian building. The east side of the northwest range is de- 
voted to the technical collection, and on the west side are shown the 
methods of drawing and painting and the historical collection of relief 
engravings, intaglio engravings, and lithographs. Mr. Koehler in his 
report discusses at some length the need of additional space, in view 
of the fact that the space now provided is not sufficient for the installa- 
tion of the material already on hand. 

Mr. J. KE. Watkins, Curator of Transportation and Engineering. has 
re-arranged the collection under the following classes: (1) Objects 
and implements for burthen-bearing by man and animals; (2) Objects 
and implements of human and animal traction (street railway cars ex- 
cepted); (3) Originals, models, and drawings of stationary steam-engines; 
(4) Originals, models, and drawings of locomotives; (5) Models and 
drawings of passenger-freight cars ; (6) Originals, models, and drawings 
illustrating the development of the American rail and track; (7) Models, 
relics, and drawings showing the beginnings of the steam-boats and 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 3 


development of marine steam engineering; (8) Maps, showing the be 
ginning and extension of the American railway system; (9) Electrical 
machine ; (10) Air-ships, ete. In view of the progress which has been 
made in solving problems that have arisen in connection with electrie 
propulsion, both on land and water, during the last few years, it would 
seem proper to begin to collect objects illustrating the early history of 
the devices which have gradually been developed into the motors, ete., 
now practically successful and in commercial use. 

In February space was assigned to the Section of Oriental Antiqui- 
ties on the north side of the west hall, and Dr. Cyrus Adler, Assistant 
Curator, has commenced the installation of specimens. 

In April a section devoted to forestry collections was organized. Dr. 
B. E. Fernow, chief of the forestry division in the Department of Agri- 
culture, has been appointed Honorary Curator. He has proposed the 
following classification for the exhibition series of specimens: 

(1) Relation of forestry to other industries and conditions of life; 
(2) Description of the objects upon which forestry is to be applied, and 
of the raw material; (3) Methods of utilization and application; (4) 
Methods of production and management; (5) Bibliography. A few 
objects have already been placed on exhibition on a panel 12 feet by 14 
feet. These are described in Dr. Fernow’s report. * 

The materia medica collection is installed in the southeast range 
of the Museum, and occupies a floor space of about 1,600 square feet. 

The collection comprises the following exhibits: 

(1) Medicinal forms; to illustrate the forms in which medicinal sub- 
stances appear in commerce or are prepared for administration by the 
pharmacist. 

(2) Officinal drugs. The crude medicinal articles, and their deriva- 
tives, authorized by the pharmacopeeias, including non-official varieties 
of official drugs; the whole arranged under the following heads: 

Animal Products. Vegetable Products. Organic Chemical Prod- 
ucts. Inorganic Products. Mineral Waters and their constituents. 
Indigenous, or Domestic Drugs. Medicines of the North American 
Indians. Mexican Drugs. West Indian Drugs. South American 
Drugs. East Indian Drugs. Chinese, Japanese, and Corean Medi- 
cines. 

In the Department of Ethnology has been organized a collection of 
charts, maps, lay figures, busts, portraits, and photographs, designed 
to illustrate the spread of various types of mankind. Professor Mason, 
the Curator of this department, has also prepared an ethnographical 
collection illustrating the arts and industries of the Koloshan, Haidan, 
and Tsimshian stocks of Indians, based upon the report of Ensign A. 
P. Niblack upon the Coast Indians of Alaska, published in the Museum 
report for 1888. Mr. Walter Hough, of this department, has brought 


* Section 11, 


24 * REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


together and arranged in the exhibition hall a series of the fire-making 
tools of most of the American aborigines. The Curator has extended 
his studies on the subject of human transportation.* 

Mr. Thomas Wilson, Curator of Prehistoric Anthropology, has pro- 
posed a re-arrangement of the exhibition hall on the second floor of the 
Smithsonian building. His plans are set forth in his report.t 

Mr. True, Curator of Mammals, has continued the work of arranging 
the hall under his charge. Groups of prairie dogs and opossums have 
been thus treated during the year. Several special cases have been 
constructed for this department. Some important changes in the ar- 
rangement of the exhibition series have been effected. These are ex- 
plained in detail in the report of the Curator. 

The systematic arrangement of special bird exhibits has been accom- 
plished by Mr. Robert Ridgway, Curator. These are described at length 


in his report.t The arrangement of the collection of skins is considered’ 


by Mr. Ridgway to be exceedingly unsatisfactory, on account of the 
lack of storage room. An apartment in the south tower has been as- 
signed to this department. 

Capt. Charles E. Bendire, Curator of Birds’ Eggs, has continued the 
arrangement of the reserve series and also of the series of eggs of for- 
eign birds. 

A thorough re-arrangement of the entire collection of reptiles and 
batrachians has been found necessary, aud Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, 
Curator, has already made a beginning with the reserve series of North 


American species. Lack of proper accommodations necessarily ren- 


ders any work of this kind slow and difficult. 

The collection of fishes is very inadequately provided for. Dr. T. H. 
Bean, Curator, states that it has become necessary to place the 
jars containing the specimens on the floor, thereby putting them in 


danger of being broken, and causing much extra labor and confusion. — 


Mr. William H. Dall, Curator of Mollusks, has arranged for exhibi- 
tion the Lea collection of Unionide, and he hopes to be able to com- 
plete during the suinmer the arrangement of this magnificent collection 
of fresh water mussels. | 

In the Department of Insects there has been unusual activity in the 
arrangement and preparation of collections for exhibition. Work upon 
a general exhibition collection to be permanently placed in the Museum 
has been carried on. An additional laboratory has been completed for 
the use of this department by the construction of a room over the Pub- 


lic Comfort room. The arrangement of the reserve collection is pro-— 


gressing. The re-arrangement of the Coleoptera has been continued, 
and the family Carabidie has been entirely re-arranged, occupying sixty- 
eight boxes in the reserve collection and eighteen double boxes in the 
duplicate series. 


* See paper on this subject in the Museum report for 1887, p. 237. 
t See section II. 


| 
| 
| 


a 


Se ve 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. . 25 


Mr. Richard Rathbun, Curator of Marine Invertebrates, has care. 
fully examined the alcoholic collection, and has arranged in systematic 
order the crustaceans, worms, holothurians, ophiurans, crinoids, hy- 
droids, molluseoids, and sponges. It is his intention to bestow the 
Same care upon the other groups during next year. He has also found 
time to revise the collection of duplicate specimens. Mr. Rathbun re- 
ports the entire collection to be in an excellent state of preservation, 
and available for reference or study. 

Definite plans for the formation of an exhibition series of anatomical 
preparations of soft parts of specimens have been prepared by Mr. True, 
Acting Curator of Comparative Anatomy. It has, however, been 
found necessary to postpone the execution of this plan until next year. 
The large wall case in the exhibition hall of this department has been 
enlarged by the addition of a wing extending toward the west. This 
has made possible an improvement in the arrangement of the mounted 
skeletons of Primates and Carnivores. The arrangement of the collec- 
tion of Vertebrate Fossils has occupied a considerable portion of the 
time of the Curator and of Mr. Lucas, Assistant Curator. 

Mr. C. D. Walcott, Curator of Paleozoic Fossils, has, on account of 
his work as paleontologist of the Geological Survey, been unable to 
devote much time to the arrangement of the Museum collection. The 
space allotted to the exhibition series of this department is now nearly 
filled. The arrangement is, however, in a large measure provisional, 
and will require modification. Mr. R. R. Gurley has commenced the 
arrangement of the graptolites. Itis Mr. Walcott’s intention to arrange 
as soon as possible the large series of Lower and Middle Cambrian 
fossils which he has collected from Newfoundland. 

Dr. C. A. White, Curator of Mesozoic Fossils, states that the collec- 
tions under his care are in better shape than they have ever been be- 
fore. Early in the year 1889 this department was furnished with ten 
glass top frames. These are now filled with specimens consisting 
chiefly of types of species, descriptions of which have been published in 
the reports of the U.S. Geological Survey. 

The Herbarium is under the care of Dr. George Vasey, Botanist 
of the Department of Agriculture. He states in his report that the 
collection of herbarium specimens in the Department of Agriculture, 
forming a part of the National Herbarium, is exhibited in wall cases, 
occupying a space of about 85 running feet. This collection is mounted 
on 120,000 sheets. These are arranged according to orders, genera, 
and species, and are readily accessible. There are still a large quantity 
of specimens to be mounted and added to the collection, besides a great 
number of duplicates for distribution and exchange. 

The collection of building and ornamental stones, as now installed, 
fills thirteen door screen cases, one wall case, two pyramids, and the 
tops of three table cases. The collections of rock and rock-forming 
minerals are arranged on one pier case and seven slope-top table-cases. 


26 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The systematic arrangement of the collections of dynamic and historical 
geology has not yet been commenced, owing to the lack of cases. 

The entire southwest court is now reserved for the exhibition series 
of metals and ores. The space is still insufficient for the proper exhi- 
bition of the collection, and it has been found necessary to withdraw 
fully one-third of the specimens intended for exhibition, and divide them 
between the reserve and duplicate series. 

The wooden structure adjoining the Smithsonian building on the 
south has become so overcrowded with specimens of living animals that 
numerous offers of additional specimens have necessarily been declined. 

A room for tropical reptiles, quadrupeds, and other animals has been 
added. 

The establishment of a National Zoological Park has been authorized 
by Congress, and the specimens now exhibited in this wooden shed will 
doubtless be removed to the park as soon as the necessary arrange- 
ments for their reception shall have been completed. 

During the month of May the general storage room was removed 
from the Armory building, to make room for the offices of the U.S. 
Fish Commission, to the storage shed, west of the Armory building, 
and the storage separated into three sections. 


D.—THE MUSEUM STAFF. 


The staff of the National Museum includes two classes, scientific and 
administrative, the former consisting of curators, honorary curators, 
acting curators, assistant curators, assistants, aids; the latter consist- 
ing of chiefs of administrative departments, clerks, copyists, messen gers, 
and the superintendent of buildings, with the watchmen, mechanics, 
and laborers under his supervision. 


THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF. 


There are now thirty-four organized departments and sections under 
the care of curators. or acting curators, and assistant carators. 


DIVISION OF ANTHROPOLOGY. 


DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND INDUSTRIES: The Assistant Secretary acting as curator, 
with adjunct curatorships as follows: 
Grapuic Arts: 8. R. Koehler, Acting Curator. 
TEXTILE INDUSTRIES: Romyn Hitchcock, Acting Curator. 
TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING: J. Elfreth Watkins, Curator. 
HistoricaL CoLtiections: A. Howard Clark, Curator. 
Materia Mepica: Dr. J. M. Flint, U. 8S. Navy, Honorary Curator. 
FISHERIES: R. Edward Earll, Acting Curator. 
Foops: W. O. Atwater, Honorary Curator. 
ANIMAL Propucts: R. Edward Earll, Acting Curator. 
NAVAL ARCHITECTURE: J. W. Collins, U. S. Fish Commission, Honorary Curator. 
Forestry: B. E. Fernow, Chief of the Division of Forestry, Department of Agri- 
culture, Honorary Curator. 
DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY: Otis T. Mason, Curator; Walter Hough, Aid. , 


— a. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. _ 27 


SECTION OF ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES: Paul Haupt, Johns Hopkins University, 
Honorary Curator; Cyrus Adler, Jobus Hopkins University, Assistant Curator. 
DEPARTMENT OF AMERICAN ABORIGINAL PoTrery: W. H. Holmes, Bureau of Eth- 
nology, Honorary Curator. 
DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY : Thomas Wilson, Curator. 


DIVISION OF ZOOLOGY. 


DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS: F. W. True, Curator. 
DEPARTMENT OF Birps: Robert Ridgway, Curator, 
DEPARTMENT OF Birps’ EGGs: Capt. Chas. E. Bendire, U.S. Army, Honorary Curator. 
‘DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS: Leonhard Stejneger, Curator. 
DEPARTMENT OF FisHEs: Tarleton H. Bean, U. 8. Fish Commission, Honorary Cura- 
tor; Barton A. Bean, Aid. 
DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE Fossits: O. C. Marsh, U. 8. Geological Survey, Hon- 
orary Curator. 
DEPARTMENT OF MO.LLusks: W. H. Dall, U.S. Geological Survey, Honorary Cu- 
rator; R. E. C, Stearns, Adjunct Curator. 
DEPARTMENT OF INSECTS: C. V. Riley, Department of Agriculture, Honorary Cu- 
rator; Martin Linell, Aid. 
DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATES: Richard Rathbun, U. S. Fish Commission, Hon- 
orary Curator. 
DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY: F, W. True, Acting Curator: F. A. Lucas, 
Assistant Curator. 
DEPARTMENT OF LIVING ANIMALS: William T. Hornaday, Curator. 
DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS: 
PaLeEozoic: C. D. Walcott, U. 8. Geological Survey, Honorary Curator. 
Mesozoic: C. A. White, U. 8. Geological Survey, Honorary Curator. 
Cenozoic: W. H. Dall, U. 8. Geological Survey, Honorary Curator. 


DIVISION OF BOTANY. 


DEPARTMENT OF FOSSIL PLANTS: Lester F. Ward, U.S. Geological Survey, Honorary 
Curator. 

DEPARTMENTOF RECENT PLANTS: George Vasey, Botanist of the Department of 
Agriculture, Honorary Curator. 


DIVISION OF GEOLOGY. 


DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS: F. W. Clarke, U. 8S. Geological Survey, Honorary Cu- 
rator; William 8. Yeates, Assistant Curator. 

DEPARTMENT OF LITHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY: George P. Merrill, Curator. 

DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY: Fred P. Dewey, Curator. 


Of the curators and acting curators thirteen receive salaries from 
the Museum. Of the remainder, seven are officially connected with 
the U.S. Geological Survey, four with the Department of Agriculture, 
three with the U. S. Fish Commission, and one each with the U S. 
Army, U.S. Navy, and Bureau of Ethnology. 


PERSONNEL OF THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENTS. 


During the year a section of Forestry has been established, and 
with the consent of the Secretary of Agriculture, Dr. B. E. Fernow, 
chief of the Forestry Division of the Department of Agriculture has 
been appointed curator of the collection. 


28 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


On April 5 Mr. L. O. Howard, of the Entomological Division of the 
Department of Agriculture, was appointed Acting Curator of insects 
during the absence of Professor Riley, Honorary Curator, in Europe. 

Cn April 21 Mr. F. H. Knowlton, Assistant Curator of fossil plants, 
was furloughed for one year without pay, in order to enable him to 
prosecute some special botanical work, and to serve upon the editorial 
staff of the Century Dictionary. Mr. Knowlton has, however, kindly 
offered to continue assisting in the care of the collections until an 
appointment has been made. 


Dr. H. C. Yarrow, who for many years has served as Honorary > 


Carator of the Department of Reptiles, resigned on February 9, and 
Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, Assistant Curator of birds, was on March 1 
appointed Curator of the Department of Reptiles. 

Dr. George Vasey, botanist of the Department of Agriculture, was 
appointed honorary Curator of botany in March, and in that capacity 
controls the botanical collections in the National Museum and in the 
Department of Agriculture forming the National Herbarium. Prof. 
Paul Haupt, Honorary Curator of the Section of Oriental Antiquities, 
has been designated representative of the Smithsonian Institution at 
the Eighth International Congress of Orientalists, to meet in Stockholm 
and Christiania from September 2 to 13. Prof. Otis T. Mason has been 
detailed to visit the principal ethnological museums in France, Ger- 
many, Denmark, and England for the purpose of making arrangements 
for exchange of specimens and incidentally of studying the methods of 
installation adopted in them. Mr. Thomas Wilson will also visit the 
principal archeological museums in France for similar purposes, and 
will attend the meetings of the International Anthropological Congress. 

Mr. J. B. Smith, Assistant Curator of the Department of Insects, 
resigned in April to accept a professorship in Rutger’s College, New 
Brunswick, New Jersey, and the position of entomologist of the State 
Agricultural Experiment Station, and Mr. Martin Linell has been 
appointed aid in this Department. 


THE ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF. 


The administrative affairs of the Museum are under the direct charge 
of the Assistant Secretary. The arrangement of the administrative of- 
fices is as follows: 


Department of accounts, W. V. Cox, chief clerk. 

Department of correspondence and reports, R. I. Geare, executive clerk. 
Department of registry and storage, 8S. C. Brown, registrar. 

Department of property and supplies, J. Elfreth Watkins, engineer of property. 
Department of publications, A. Howard Clark, editor of Proceedings and Bulletin. 


The care of the buildings, the supervision of the mechanics, watchmen, laborers, 
and cleaners, and many related matters, are under the charge of Mr. Henry Horan, 
superintendent of buildings. Mr. C. A. Steuart is assistant superintendent. 

The preparation and mounting of specimens for the exhibition series consumes the 
time of several skilled employés. Casts of specimens have often to be made, when 


~~ ee 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 29 


~ 


the original objects can not be retained in the Museum. Protographs of objects not 
infrequently supply the place of the object itself in the exhibition cases. The work 
incidental to such preparation is now of great importance and a department or prep- 
aration has been formed as here indicated : 

Department of preparation: Taxidermists, W. T. Hornaday in charge, Joseph Pal- 
mer, William Palmer, Henry Marshall, George Marshall, A. J. Forney. Osteologist, 
F. A. Lucas. Photographer, T. W. Smillie. Draughtsmen, W. H. Chandlee and W. 
H. Burger. Modeler, J. W. Hendley. General preparators, E. H, Hawley and T. W. 
Sweeny. 

Statements of the work accomplished in these departments during the 
‘year are given further on in this report. 


CLASSIFID SERVICE OF THE MUSEUM. 


In response to a resolution* of the Senate asking for a schedule of the 
classified service of the officers and employes of the National Museum, 
the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution addressed the following 
letter to the Hon. John J. Ingalls, president pro tempore of the Senate, 
transmitting a schedule which, upon very careful consideration, seemed 
to represent the actual needs of the service. 


*U.S. SENATE, October 9, 1888. 


THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
* * * 

Mr. WILSON, of Iowa. Lofter the following resolution, and ask for its present consid- 
eration : 

Resolved, That the Regents and Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and Di- 
rector of the United States National Museum be, and hereby are, directed to formulate 
and transmit to the Senate at their earliest convenience, a schedule of classified sery- 
ice of the officers and employés of the National Museum, arranged according to duty 
and salary, as the same is required for the proper working of the Museum. 

Mr. Hoar. From what committee does that come ? 

Mr. WILSON, of Iowa. From none. It is a resolution that I introduced in order to 
get the information, 

Mr. Hoar. I should like to inquire for information—I have no doubt it is all right 
—have we authority to impose directions on the Regents of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion and the Director of the National Museum? 

Mr. WILSON, of Iowa. The resolution relates mainly to the National Museum, which, 
I suppose, we have a right to call upon for information. It might be different as to 
the Smithsonian Institution, but as the resolution relates to the Museum, I presume 
we have that authority. There is no reason why we should not have it. 

Mr. Hoar. We have authority to give such directions to the heads of Departments, 
which rests on unbroken usage from the beginning of the Government, but I am not 
aware that one House of Congress has aright to order an executive officer of the Goy- 
ernment to do anything for its convenience, especially that we have such control over 
the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. It may be there is such authority re- 
served by statute. I shall not interpose an objection to the resolution, because I know 
personally the officers referred to would be anxious to communicate the information, 
and it is the desire of the Senator from Iowa, 

The PRESIDENT pro tempore. If there be no objection to the present consideration 
of the resolution, the question is on agreeing to the same. 

The resolution was agreed to. 


30 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 
March 2, 1889. 


Sie: In response to the Senate resolution asking for “a schedule of 
the classified service of the officers and employés of the National Mu- 
seum,” I have the honor to transmit the accompanying schedule, which 
represents the present actual necessities of the service. 

The service for the fiscal year of 188788 was reported upon in a let- 
ter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, dated December 1, 
1888 (H. R. Mis. Doc. No. 55, Fiftieth Congress, second session). 

In this the aggregate expenditures for service were shown to have 
been $122,750.47, of which sum $97,493.32 was paid from the appro- 
priation for preservation of collections, $19,203.79 from that for furni- 
ture and fixtures, and $6,053.36 fiom that for heating, lighting, and 
electrical and telephonic service. 

A schedule of the number of persons employed in the various depart- 
ments of the Museum was also given in this letter (pages 4, 9, 11). 
This schedule should, however, be regarded only as an approximate 
one, since many of the employés were actually engaged only a part of 
the year, and others were temporarily transferred to the pay-rolls of 
the Cincinnati Exhibition and were engaged in special work in connec- 
tion with that exhibition. 

It is estimated that the aggregate expenditures for services for the 
present fiscal year (1888—’89) will be $129,710, of which amount $103,000 
will be paid from the appropriation for preservation of collections, 
$20,000 from that for furniture and fixtures, and $5,710 from that for 
heating, lighting, and electrical and telephone service. 

In the schedule herewith transmitted it is shown that for the proper 
working of the Museum the amount required for services would be as 
follows: 


Hor salaries Ofscienititichassishanus = see conser ee soir aeiiee | ee eee $56, 300. 00 
HMorcleriGal forces : 322)s\isjesuisis sieve ncte a olecwle os ene a ee lnieie cine aie = sare neers 36, 920. 00 
For services in preparing, mounting, and installing the collections.---..- 22, 060. 00 
For services in policing, caring tor, and cleaning the buildings..---..... 36,740.00 
For services in repairing buildings, cases, and objects in the collections... 14, 163.50 


For salaries and wages in designing, making, and inspecting cases and 
other appliances for the exhibition and safe-keeping of the collections. 18, 337.50 
For services in connection with the heating, lighting, and electrical and 


telephonic service ..----.---..-.---.---- -2-+ +--+ ++ 2-22 ee 2-2 eee eee 6, 620. 00 

For services of miscellaneous employés, ineluding draughtsmen, messen- 
EI Wdasace copa da cons co Soe po QGae Lon ess Unoo booed GagSaanooNss esas 7, 980. 00 
INCA oo56 66dea5 Seed S000 0a66 sabSSS Hodosssnceae hooSS8 soon So agssoeeC 199, 121. 00 


The increase in the total expenditure, as indicated, is due partly to 
the addition of a number of officers to the scientific staff, and also to 
the necessity for a few additional clerks, and a considerable number of 
watchmen, laborers, cleaners, and messengers, whose services are essen- 
tial to the safety of the collections, as well as to provide for the clean- 
liness and proper care of the buildings and for the comfort of visitors. 

The rates of pay indicated are in most cases considerably lower than 
are customarily allowed for a similar service in the Executive Depart- 
ments. 

In the schedule now presented, expenditure for services only is taken 
into consideration. 

No attempt has been made to present the needs of the Museum in 
regard to the purchase or collecting of specimens, the purchase of gen- 
eral supplies, preservatives, materials for mounting and installing col- 


i 


ay ee 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. a1 


lections, books, exhibition cases, furniture, fuel and gas, the main- 
tenance of the heating and lighting appliances, freight and cartage, 
traveling expenses of collectors and agents, ete. 

Vor these various purposes the expenditure in the last fiscal year 
amounted to $45,249.53, and that for the present fiscal year will, it is 
estimated, amount to about $48,000, a sum very inadequate to the needs 
of the service. 

It does not include the expenditures for printing the labels and blanks, 
and proceedings and bulletins of the Museum, for which the appropri- 
ation for many years past has been $10,000, and for which I have asked 
$15,000 for the coming fiscal vear. 

I must not omit to call your attention to the fact that owing to the 
peculiar constitution of the Museum as a scientific establishment, it has 
hitherto been possible to secure a special economy, owing to the fact 
that its officers and employés are not scheduled as in the Executive De- 
partments. 

In thus presenting, in obedience to the request of the Senate, a 
schedule of a durable organization of the service, I wish to remark, 
emphatically, that there are pressing needs in other directions—needs 
that merit the serious consideration of Congress, in order that the 
National Museum may be enabled to maintain a satisfactory position in 
comparison with those of Huropean nations. 

I have the honor to be, your most obedient servant, 
S. P. LANGLEY, 
Secretary. 
Hon. JOHN J. INGALLS, 
President pro tempore of the Senate. 


\ 


a2 REPORT OF NATIONAL’ MUSEUM, 1889. 


Schedule of the classified service of the officers and employés of the United States National 
Museum, arranged according to duty and salary, as required for the proper working of 


the Museum. 


Designation. 


Cempensa- 
tion. 


Scientific staff. 


Secretary Smithsonian Institution, director ex officio ....-..-.-..--------++++------e0e--- 
Assistant secretary Smithsonian Institution, in charge of National Museum..-..--..--- 
Curator and executive officer 
Five curators, at $2,400 
Tie) ub Ssh HUBS P ANN) so ocps conobe cedmoopgocor ceconadrncogHasaoSecsoos dassopeckdboon sos 
Four assistant curators, at $1,600 
Four assistant curators, at $1,400 
Four aids, at $1,200 
Six aids, at $1,000 
Special service by contract ... 2-5... on. ence eee nes sone 


Clerical staff. 


(Hine OB aabgocsensasosncoocaboeg dodunpescoconsecened douasooaoSnsocsascdEasdsogcedsecar 
Four chiefs of divisions: Correspondence; transportation, storage, and record ; publica- 

tions and labels; installation; at $2,000 
One disbursing clerk* 
One clerk of class 4 
Two clerks of class 3 
Three clerks of class 2 
HO MrelerksiOMCLASS ili ccc misriceieisise = eeeioee eee eee eee eater ee aie aca woe tee eevee 
Four copyists, at $900 
Four copyists, at $720 
Six copyists, at $600 
Sino Rafe) Clay ORS Ee Ne ag gaqodnadoo sasN6d 5900 se 59200005 snon esos dss seagsoqsuacdSs ssesceu os 


IPNOGO SLA PEN = [2 <jeiaape aa alata a oie ain als ain miel winnie oma mim fe mln) wlu wl mlm = lnlm (ope lateml ml mle etl alla 
Assistant photographer 
Artist 
Chief taxidermist 
One taxidermist 
Two taxidermists, at $1,000 
Two taxidermists, at $720 
One modeler 
One modeler 
Ome wen eral Upc Ara O Le areata ae mem atl lea aa 


(Ohana regepe opel TUE) ORNS A Son Sah pacar wesogeae asa pose anudeaoognobossspecugoe sae sebescoorse 
Special servize by contract 


Buildings and tabor. 


One superintendent ofspulldings )...-sesss.neee asec eet eae see oddedegpsccasaoss 
Two assistant superintendents, at $1,000........--..--.-.--- Gepadadnanoucconcosotaaness 
Four watchmen, at $780 
Twenty-four watchmen and door-keepers, at $600 
Twelve laborers, at $480 

Three attendants, at $480 
Ten attendants and cleaners, at $360 
Special service of laborers and cleaners to be paid by the hour 


$4, 000. 00 
3, 000. 00 
12, 000. 60 
10, 500. 00 
6, 400. 00 
5, 6C0. 00 
4, 800. 00 
6, 000. 00 
4, 000. 00 


56, 300. 00 


2, 200. 00 


8, 000. 00 
1, 200. 00 
1, 800. 00 
3, 200. 00 
4, 200. 00 
4, 800. 00 
3, 600. 00 
2, 880. 00 
3, 600, 00 


36, 920.00 


2, 000. 00 
1, 000. 
1, 320. 
2, 000. 
1, 500. 
2, 000. 
1, 440. 
2, 000, 
1, 200. 

a, O00: 

900. 
5, 500. 00 


22, 060. 00 


00 


1, 620. 00 
2, 000. 00 
3, 120. 00 
14, 400. 00 
5, 760. 00 
1, 440. 00 
3, 600. 00 
4, 800. 00 


36, 740. 00 


* This officer receives pay also from the Smithsonian Institution for similar services. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 33 


Schedule of the classified service of the officers and employés, ete.—Continued. 


Designation. Compensa- 
tion. 
Mechanics (repairing buildings, cases, and objects in the collections). 

RaApMBt- MAKEN abiha, DUBPCL GAY 2esecceee= sncein ate t ceisicis sing nisiats ainieeeeine Sep 5 a's saints sec ces 1, 085. 50 
TU dirt eee, Ore el Gre GES AS =n Goo Sone BROCE CST SA 05> CNS SSRI O OOO OSBEO SS DeOSao roe. 1, 565. 00 
(UGG PEATE TRAE POG ENE 6 Sa eRe cot ae SOIC SDC SOO ICOOS CSE CR OCDE Reha dob SURED E a eEs ae 626. 00 
ONSetOne- ONiLer ANON AsON, Al papel Gaye ceases selon seaclee wc scia ess emlisclacinetsie'e << oa (cise o> 626. 00 
SEGnigileananorens ati ge700) PO Ck Vie amet alam nian anita miele aim cine aie dela aim mimo cleinniclanl> aaeaise 4, 695. 00 
SieasculGuslaNOLeErspab pa Pol Uae =m aces Once aele aoe eice ane et nurwernmecccemeao see sisces 3, 7A6. 00 
SUPA R GIA CN LP COUT Se Re Bop boonoconcoue coDdod SoEEEOOOds sop Cceooeecccoossases 1, 800. 00 
14, 163. 50 
3 Furniture and fixtures. aes 
LOSE ST OPE CEE hf oC hasan s conn OSU SoS EE SpE DEP Se Censor RCS Ee CHOP ER Se San COS bECOre Seen 2, 000. 00 
MOPTNCSTAO I WIS Gitta aren reas aie mie mw atin wletn etm aiminml cies miami =m\n l= =| vimvielmiwivic meiuiel=/= mime micintwininiai=nic mala = == 900. 00 
UNG GS RAR A ghc4e noddebEss hg 365 aS Sao Det ehe be toc CHOCO MOSS CeCe nh SUcune ect osecobC Mech nora 7 720. 00 
PNG COBYAS bee seae dine ea aia eae ale aon einlolnimin wine tela ww mies mielslatvinleielmiaiialaln =/sin' =) ainienisieiin sae sis 5 600. 00 
(TEG DACA ioc sec nod Seeded Sane ec noo Se andossonecose sossase0s50055 Sons eSaossasesassnssen 480. 00 
Six carpenters and cabinet-makers, at $3. .......-----.---- 2-2-2 2-222 en nee nnn cee scenes 5, 634. 00 
BRTRR EN PANTIEOLS AU oie nla oc argt ot aiaain mala felatml aims onl isimn wil stn slum sol einioim an) siswinicjaim'nc)=\=ie pen o> 1, 978. 00 
TOES EG UA Sen GRE THE? H A Baebes GaSe cricecr BcOCertor touce Hobe OR GSe Bose redo or proces ase 1, 565. 00 
Two skilled laborers, at $2.....- wtdcsacucaccastes csc sececmc Ace onisieae meee elem cacincele sc 1, 252. 00 
SENREELADOLOLSS ait Sle OU mee earls aot ar miaeiremee ea cis Seine ciate ee cialctsee rates sees ee simee 1, 408. 50 
SYNE OIEL oye 1D. COW Eh ooce see done poanpo cdo Sco csene sooo seososen csgsedocoseesosssees: 1, 800. 00 
18, 337. 50 
Heating, lighting, and electrical service. i Oi 
ONION OM ose ca weie Oa ola cians a ei ete ele elatn/lel=iaim =J~id niniclawenieiv.- wie - t.oe'sinwnemecn=en/elee=imn'veceni'e 1, 400. 00 
One aASIsLAan ON CIN Cela tee eels naan amiec eae oe sivioiwn oie els oie cieieisieie'es <i= sm saonooooseHsco: 900. 00 
SURE TPCN YS UU OMe ete eae ep le len aia ew a ein elnleiere win ie min. o wisiaiclelelnic\sic «imine == 'miniclaiwaimmotel=imine 3, 600. 00 
Thy NG GS Joab soe cc beacéoo cad soe6o pad Chega SOON SSO TERRE Ceneeacispepcucconaaoosec 720. 00 
6, 620. 00 


Miscellaneous. 

AO URE Se pas ES ioe ESE Cron os teen er eee en cece ne cen n ne eceee canna enaceecesccre rcs ceeece 1, 200. 00 
One drauphtsman.< <= - 2... ne ono a we ence concen nnn anna ewn nese nce n nc eeesnecens 1, 200. 00 
Two draughtsmen, at $600 ....... es Pe ay Ma Me oe eee alate satel a/clgies alee | 1, 200. 00 
Two messengers, at $600.-..-...-2.---- 2-2 - enn ee een en meee ne eee eee entree: 1, 200. 00 
DGINIOSBONE Olesen Se es a ene eS e a ecle arcs tele s vein wnieh ammnininigsnciee~enncnnass | 540. 00 
Two messengers, at $480 . ..-. 2-2 ee ne cece we nnn ne pen en wenn n sce seeescnsencne: 960. 00 
Two messengers, at $360 -.--------- o-oo eee cere tence ween cen commen cee e cece ennees | 720. 00 
Four messengers, at $240... ..- 2-2. noone cece ne cee een een ese cnc en amen ners cecseccescnnns- 960. 00 

7,980. 00 


The rapid growth of the Museum renders a more definite classification 
of its employés and in some instances larger salaries desirable, and it is 
hoped that this schedule, or one similar in its general features, will be 
ultimately accepted by Congress. There are, however, so many other 
considerations for which money is needed, as for instance the purchase 
of specimens, that it seems doubtful whether it is wise to bring this 
matter yet to a final issue. 


H. Mis. 224 3 


34 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


E.—REVIEW OF WORK IN THE SCIENTIFIC DEPARTMENTS. 


Department of Ethnology.—Prof. O. T. Mason, Curator, mentions in 
his report nine collections, received during the year, as being of more 
than usual value. He has paid much attention during the year to the 
formation of several special exhibits, by which it is intended to bring 
before the eye of the visitor at a glance the entire collection from a defi- 
nite locality, or to explain, within as limited a range as possible, a 
given art or industry of a particular tribe of Indians. This plan is in 
continuation of the method of installation of the Eskimo collection by 
Lieut. T. Dix Bolles in 1886. The subjects of fire making, heating, and 
lighting have been carefully studied by Mr. Walter Hough. 

Special attention has also been paid to the study of transportation on 
the backs of men and women, to aboriginal hide dressing, to aboriginal 
cradles, and to the evolution of common tools, the knife, the hammer, 
the saw, ete. To interest the boys who visit the Museum a series of 
“‘jack-knives” has been arranged for public inspection, and the interest 
which such a case excites is Shown by the gifts made constantly to the 
series. 

In the latter part of the year the Curator commenced to collect for 
public reference a card catalogue of the resources of anthropology, to 
serve as a reference to the resources of the science, so that a special 
student, a lecturer, or a college professor can be put at once into com- 
munication with the chief sources of information. 

Several exchanges of specimens have been effected during the year 
with other museums, notably the Peabody Museum at Cambridge, The 
Cincinnati Art Museum, and with Dr. Gosse, of Geneva, Switzerland, 
with the Royal Ethnological Museum in Berlin, and with Mr. Edward 
Lovett, of Croydon, England. The accessions of the year in this depart- 
ment were from sixty localities, and eight hundred and sixty specimens 
were received. The catalogue entries during the year were seven hun- 
dred and twenty-one in number. 

Section of Oriental Antiquities—Dr. Cyrus Adler, Assistant Curator, 
has devised an excellent plan for making copies of the smaller Assyro- 
Babylonian objects preserved in this country. These consist, for the 
most part, of seals, and are of much importance in the study of the his- 
tory of Assyro-Babylonian religion and art. The primary object of the 
establishment of this section in the Museum was to collect copies of 
these seals and specimens of similar import. The history, archeology, 
languages, arts and religions of the peoples of Western Asia and Egypt 
are included in the scope of the section. 

In common with several other departments in the Museum, this sec- 
tion was called upon to prepare an exhibit for the Cincinnati Exhibi- 
tion. ‘This work occupied several weeks, and a report upon the exhibit 
has been prepared by Dr. Adler and will be published in a future re- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 35 


port... Prof. Paul Haupt, Honorary Curator, has secured from the 
Royal Museum of Berlin and the British Museum several valuable 
casts of Assyrian and Egyptian objects. Labels have been prepared 
for the Assyro-Babylonian seals, and also for the Assyrian photographs 
from the British Museum, the Bonfils photographs, and the Assyrian 
and Egyptian objects from the Royal Museum of Berlin. . Dr. C. John- 

son, jr., of the Johns Hopkins University, has made an examination of 
an interesting Persian astrolabe, and has presented a paper entitled 
“The Chaldean Astronomy.” 

it may not be improper in this connection, to call attention to the 
proposed edition of the “ Life and Writings of Edward Hincks,” by the 
Semitic Seminary of the Johns Hopkins University. _ In July the Smith- 
sonian Institution consented to make the Institution a depository for 
papers and manuscripts sent to this country to further the prosecution 
of the work. Prof. F. Max Miiller, of the University of Oxford, under 
date of September 27, forwarded manuscript letters of Dr. Hineks in 
his possession; and under date of October 20 he kindly offered to per- 
manently deposit these letters in the Smithsonian Institution. 

Section of Transportation and Engineering.—W ork in this section has 
been seriously interrupted by the necessarf absence of the Curator, 
Mr. J. E. Watkins, at the Cincinnati Exposition, where a collection of 
objects was exhibited illustrating the development of the various 
systems of transportation. The exhibit was arranged in seven series, 
and is fully described in a special paper prepared by Mr. Watkins for 
publication in a future report. 

- Among the important accessions during the year may be specially 
noticed the following objects: A Japanese kago (or palanquin), ob- 
tained through Mr. Hieromich Shugio, made of wood, beautifully lac- 
quered and elaborately ornamented ; and a model of a Japanese jin- 
rikisha. Several interesting relics have been received, as, for instance, 
the bell of the locomotive ‘‘ Rahway,” cast in 1838, and a section of the 
first heavy iron rail rolled in America, presented to the Museum by the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railway Company. A number of valuable draw- 
ings, illustrating the development of marine steam engineering, have 
been added to the collection. 

A re-arrangement of the exhibition series has been commenced, and 
is described in detail in the report of the Curator. 

Section of Graphic Arts.—Mr. 8, R. Koehler, Curator, states in his re- 
port that his special aim is ‘‘to represent.art as an industry.” This may 
perhaps be more intelligibly rendered by the statement that art pro- 
ductions of all kinds, considered primarily from their technical side, are 
included in the scope of this section. The Section of Graphic Arts was 
organized in January, 1887, and, no report having yet been submitted 
by the Curator, the one now published in Section 11 of this report relates 
to the work accomplished since that date. The contributors of material 
to this collection number one hundred and six, some of whom had been 


36 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


invited to assist the Curator in the preparation of a special exhibit for 
the Cincinnati Exposition. The catalogue of this section now contains 
2,894 entries, of which 294 represent objects which were purchased for 
the collection, chiefly old prints, and such other material as could not 
be obtained by gift. On March 31, 1888, there had been made 936 
entries in the catalogue. At this time the first arrangement of the 
collection in the Museum had just been completed. 

The thanks of the National Museum are due esecially to Mr. Peter 
Moran, Messrs. L. Prang & Co., the Photo-Engraving Company, W. H. 
Whitcomb & Co., Mr. John Durand, and Mrs. Ednah D, Cheney for 
their generous co-operation and contributions. 

Mr. Koehler has prepared a catalogue of the collection prepared for 
exhibition at the Cincinnati Exposition. A full list of the names of all 
who have contributed to the collection since this section was organized 
may be found in the report of the Curator.* 

Department of Prehistoric Anthropology—The number of specimens 
added to the collection during the year has been 6,972, making a total 
number of 116,472 specimens in the collection. Mr. Thomas Wilson, 
Curator, states in his report that a great deal of his time has been con- 
sumed in examining and reporting upon objects sent for determination. 
The work of classifying and placing upon exhibition the specimens 
which were assigned to the exhibition series, has been rapidly pushed 
forward. <A re-arrangement of the anthropological collection, which is 
still exhibited in the large hall on the second floor of the Smithsonian 
building, has been commenced, and Mr, Wilson’s plan of re-arrangement 
is given in detail in his report.* 

Fourteen of the collections received during the year have been con- 
sidered by Mr. Wilson sufficiently valuable to receive special notice. 
The contributions of the U.S. Fish Commission from Patagonia, Straits 
of Magellan, Lower California, and California, have been numerous and 
of great importance. These collections were made by the steamer Al- 
baross during the voyage from Virginia to California in 1887-1888. 

Mr. Wilson has continued his researches in regard to the existence 
of paleolithic implements in the United States. There have been 14,000 
entries made in the catalogue of the department. A special exhibit, 
intended to indicate the existence and geographic distribution of pre- 
historic man, as shown by the implements and objects which he manu- 
factured and used, was prepared by the Curator for the Cincinnati 
Exposition. This exhibit is described by Mr. Wilson in a paper which 
will be publisbed in a future report. 

Section of Aboriginal Pottery.—Among the more important additions to 
this section may be mentioned a collection of pottery from a mound near 
Lake Apopka, Florida, made by Dr. Featherstonehaugh, and a collection 
from a mound near Perdido Bay, Alabama, made by Mr. F. H. Parsons. 


* See Section II. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. oe 


Mr. William H. Holmes, Honorary Curator, regards the latter col- 
lection as one of the most important yet received from the Gulf coast. 
Mr. Holmes has found time to make a study of the pottery of the 
Potomac tide-water region during the year, and has prepared a paper 
upon this subject, which will appear in the ‘American Anthropologist.” 

The number of specimens added to the collection during the year is 
1,100, necessitating 634 entries in the catalogue. 

The Forestry Collection.—This section was established in April, 1889. 
Dr. B. E. Fernow, chief of the Forestry Division in the Department of 
Agriculture, has been appointed Honorary Curator. It has not been 
possible to accomplish very much during the three months of the 
existence of this section before the close of the fiscal year, but Dr. Fer- 
now has submitted a report,* in which he gives a brief outline of the 
scope of the collection which he hopes to make, and of the manner in 
which it may best be classified. A series of pictures illustrating the 
work of the French Forest Administration, and other objects, have 
already been placed on exhibition on a panel 14 by 12 feet. The Secre- 
tary of Agriculture has expressed his interest in the formation of this 
collection, and the Smithsonian Institution is greatly indebted to him 
for his co-operation in this branch of the Museum work. 

Department of Mammals.—Special attention has been given in this 
department to providing better storage facilities for the study series 
of specimens, which has been largely increased by the collection of 
North American mammals deposited in the Museum by the Division 
of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy in the Department of Agri- 
culture. Groups of prairie-dogs and opossums have been mounted for 
exhibition and placed in new cases of special design. 

The tollowing contributors are mentioned in Mr. True’s report as 
having presented material of especial value to the collection: Mr. 
William Wittfield, who presented two specimens of the Florida musk- 
rat, Neofiber alleni; Mr. Loren W. Green, from whom was received a 
series of skins of the northern variety of Tamias striatus; Dr. R. W. 
Shufeldt, who presented 4 specimen of Hesperomys truei; Mr. James G. 
Swan, from whom was received a specimen of Vespertilio longicrus. 
Dr. Arthur Edwin Brown, of the Zoological Society of Philadelphia, 
contributed a small deer, probably of the species Cariacus gymnotus. 
The skin of a full-grown moose was obtained by Col. Cecil Clay for the 
Museum. Several exotic mamwals were also secured by gift and pur- 
chase. Capt. J. L. Gaskell, keeper of the life-saving station at 
Atlantic City, forwarded to the Museum a specimen of Sowerby’s 
whale, Mesoplodon bidens. Mr. True states in his report that this is the 
second specimen ever taken in American waters, and is the first fresh 
specimen ever seen by American naturalists. A few South American 
mammals were obtained by the naturalists of the U.S. Fish Commis- 
sion steamer Albatross. The most important were the skeleton of a 


en 


*See Section 1. 


38 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


porpoise, Prodelphinus longirostris, obtained between Panama and the 
Galapagos Islands, and several skins of the sea-lions inhabiting those 
islands. During the year there were added to the collection of skins 
192 specimens, and to the alcoholic series 35 specimens. . The catalogue 
of the department has been increased by 633 entries. 

A series representing all the existing families of mammals was pre- 
pared for exhibition at the Cincinnati Exposition, and a descriptive 
guide to the collection has been prepared for publication. 

Department of Birds.—Mr. Robert Ridgway, Curator of this depart-’ 
ment, states in his report that the re-arrangement, labeling, and gen- 
eral improvement of the exhibition series has been actively contin- 
ued. Nine special exhibits of birds and eggs have been completed. —A 
considerable portion of the time of the Curator has been devoted to 
committee work in connection with the revision of the check-list of the 
American Ornithologist’s Union. Special investigations have also been 
made by the Curator, on the genera Psittacula, Aecipiter, Xiphocolaptes, 
and Sclerurus. -A large collection from Costa Rica has been studied, 
and also the extensive collection made by the naturalists of the Fish 
Commission steamer Albatross in Alaska and in various portions of 
South America. Dr. Siriaas Stejneger has continued his work on 
Japanese ornithology 

Dr. J. A. Allen, of New York City, Dr. P. L. Sclater and Mr. Oxbert 
Salvin, of London, England, Count von Berlepsch, of Mtinden, Ger- 
many, and several other active workers, have received material from the 
Museum to aid them in their studies of particular groups of American 
birds. 

In March Dr. Stejneger severed his relations with this department, 
having been appointed Curator of the Department of Reptiles and Ba- 
trachians. . 

The accessions of the year number 1,490 specimens, of whivh 996 have 
been placed in the reserve series, 147 assigned to the duplicate series, 
while 347 specimens have been added to the exhibition collection.” 
There are now 6,714 specimens on exhibition. ’ Mr. Ridgway has nade 
special mention in his report of 47 of the more important accessions 
received during the year. 

Section of Birds’ Eggs.—Capt. Charles E. Bendire, U.S. A., Hon. 
Cvrator, has continued the classification and arrangement of the new 
material, and has made considerable progress in re-labeling the reserve 
series of eggs in accordance with the revised check-list of the American 
Ornithologist’s Union. He has also arranged a series of foreign eggs, of 
which there are now 4,913 specimens. Six collections of more than usual 
value have been received during the year. There are now more than 
50,000 specimens in the collection. In the catalogue book 118 entries 
have been made. 

Department of Reptiles and Batrachians.—Dr. H. ©. Yarrow, U.S. 
A., who for several years has been in charge of this department, 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 39 


having resigned, Dr. Leonhard Stejneger was in March appointed Cura- 
tor of the department. He has commenced making a complete exami- 
nation of the entire collection, and reports that at the close of the fiscal 
year he was still at work on the reserve series of North American spe- 
cies. The cataloguing of the new material and of specimens previously 
received but not catalogued, has been continued. The most important 
accession during the year was the collection made by the naturalists of 
the U.S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. It contains three hun- 
dred and nineteen specimens, which have been sent to Prof. E. D. Cope, 
of Philadelphia, for special report. Four other accessions are mentioned 
in the Curator’s report as of especial interest. 

The types of eight species have been identified and re-labeled. Dur- 
ing the year Professor Cope has finished his work on the North 
American Batrachians, published as Bulletin 34 of the U. S. National 
Museum, and has commenced a study of North American snakes. Dr. 
G. Baur, of Yale College, has had for study a number of Chelonians, 
and some of the results of his studies are referred to in the Bibliog- 
raphy.* 

Dr. Stejneger reports that the condition of the collection is good, but 
that the re-numbering and re-labeling of specimens is constantly found 
to be necessary. During the year 741 specimens have been added to 
the collection, and 784 entries made in the catalogue. The excess of 
the latter over the former is accounted for by the fact that some of the 
material received before this fiscal year had not been catalogued. 

The Curator has been unable to devote much time to scientific study 
of the collection during the few months he has been in charge. What 
little he has been able to do has been in connection with an investiga- 
tion of the status of the boiform snakes of North America, with special 
reference to individual variation. 

Department of Fishes.—It has been necessary for Dr. Tarleton H. 
Bean, Honorary Curator of this department, to spend the greater part 
of the year on special work pertaining to the Fish Commission. Dr. 
Bean has recently taken charge of the editorial work of the Fish Com- 
mission, leaving very little time to be devoted to Museum matters. Dur- 
ing his absence from the city Mr. Barton A. Bean, his assistant, was 
left in charge of the department. The entire collection of fishes has 
been overhauled and the jars supplied with fresh alcohol. In addition 
to the large and valuable collections received from the U.S. Fish Com- 
mission, several other important collections have been added to the col- 
lection. Ten of these are especially referred to in the report of the Cu- 
rator. 

During the last six months of the year Dr. Bean prepared and had 
published in various journals numerous papers upon the Salmonidw and 
other species of fishes. A list of these papers is given in the Bibliog- 
raphy.* 


* See Section lv. 


40 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The number of specimens received during the year was about 6,000, 
and 1,476 catalogue entries have been made. There are now, according 
to Dr. Bean’s report, about 30,000 specimens in the exhibition series, 
60,000 specimens in the reserve series, and 25,000duplicates. The Cu- 
rator calls attention in his report to the inadequacy of the case and 
storage room provided for the collection, and states that it has on this 
account become necessary to arrange the jars containing recent addi- 
tions upon the floor. 

Department of Mollusks.—The labeling, determining, and registration 
of old and new material has occupied a large share of the time of Mr. 
William H. Dall, Honorary Curator, and his assistants. Seven cases, 
containing a part of the Lea collection of Unionida, have been arranged 
for exhibition. Much progress has been made in cleaning and assort- 
ing the fossils. Considerable time has been devoted to the arrange- 
ment of the collection representing the fauna of the southeastern shores 
of the United States and adjacent waters. A check-list of this fauna 
is now being printed. The collection contains about fifteen thousand 
specimens. Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, Adjunct Curator, has devoted a por- 
tion of his time to the land and fresh water shells, especially of North 
America. He has also pushed forward the revision and labeling of old 
material. The Curator has supplied information of various kinds to 
forty-three correspondents, necessitating a large amount of labor and 
correspondence. 

Mr. Dall has found time to finish bis investigation of the Mollusca 
obtained by the United States steamer Blake under the supervision of 
Professor Agassiz in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, and 
has continued work on the dredgings obtained by the U.S. Fish Com- 
mission in the same region, and also upon the collections obtained 
last year by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross during its 
voyage to California. He has also been occupied in anew systematic 
arrangement of the bivalve shells, and has studied the correlation of 
the tertiary fossils of the southeastern Atlantic coast with the recent 
fauna. Dr. Stearns has prepared for publication a paper on prehistoric 
shell money. 

Next in importance to the accessions received from the Fish Commis- 
sion during the year is a collection consisting of about five thousand 
specimens of shells from all parts of the world. This was presented by 
Messrs. F. B. and J. D. McGuire on behalf of the heirs of the late J. C. 
McGuire, of Washington. A collection containing about three hundred 
species was received from the Auckland Museum, New Zealand. Inter- 
esting series of specimens have been received from Messrs. E. W. 
Webster and J. J. White. Small though valuable collections have 
been presented by Mr. Henry Hemphill and Lieut. J. F. Moser, U.S. 
Navy. Large collections of fossil shells have been received from the 
U.S. Geological Survey, and of almost equal importance is the coliec- 
tion from the fossiliferous deposits of Florida, presented by Mr. Joseph 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 41 


Willcox. The entries in the catalogues of this department during the 
year are 6,323 in number. About 13,000 specimens have been received, 
giving a total of 468,000 specimens in the entire collection. 

Department of Insects.—More time than in any previous year has been 
devoted by Dr. C. V. Riley, Honorary Curator of this department, to the 
preparation of collections for exhibition. A special series, designed 
rather for educational use than for museum purposes, was prepared for 
the Cincinnati Exposition. The installation of a permanent exhibition 
series has been commenced in the southeast range. In April Mr. J. B. 
Smith, Assistant Curator, resigned his position to accept a chair in 
Rutgers College, New Brunswick. During the Curator’s absence, from 
April to the close of the fiscal year, Mr. L. O. Howard, of the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, took charge of the department, and the thanks 
of the Museum are due to him for his energetic administration of its 
affairs. Mr. Martin Linell has been appointed aid. 

The work of naming specimens for collectors, the arrangement and 
selection of material to be sent to specialists for determination, the ar- 
rangement in permanent shape of the reserve series, and the preserva- 
tion of the general collection, have received as much attention as op- 
portunity would allow. = 

Several researches of a special character upon Museum material have 
been made during the year. These are nine in number, and are re- 
ferred to in the report of the Curator.* 

Twenty collections of more than ordinary interest have been received. 
About 8,000 specimens have been added to the collections during the 
year, and 78 catalogue entries have been made. The entire collection 
now contains, as estimated, 603,000 specimens. 3 

Department of Marine Invertebrates.—Myr. Richard Rathbun, Honorary 
Curator, has been unable to devote much of his time during the year to 
the work of this department, owing to the pressing duties which have 
been placed upon him in connection with the work of the U.S. Fish 
Commission. The exhibition hall of this department, in the west end 
of the Smithsonian building, has been repaired and repainted, and is 
now open to visitors. The principal accessions have, as usual, been 
obtained from the Fish Commission, although these have been far less 
numerous than in any previous year, since the Fish Commission has 
lately retained its collections of marine animals with a view to their 
being studied and reported upon before being transferred to the Mu- 
seum. for this reason probably not more than three hundred speci- 
mens have been added tothe collection during the year. Interesting 
collections have been received from Lieut. J. F. Moser, U.S. Navy; 
Mr. Henry Hemplill; Dr. Lonis F. H. Birt, of the Nicaragua Canal 
Construction Company; Mr. Romyn Hitchcock, who presented a small 
collection of crustaceans and sponges from Japan, and from Mr, James 
G. Swan, of Port Townsend, Washington. 


* See Section UU. 


42 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


A collection of marine specimens was prepared and transmitted to the 
Cincinnati Exposition. It consisted mainly of large specimens, and also 
contained examples of fish food and many microscopical preparations. 
Upon its return from Cincinnati the more interesting portions of the 
exhibit were placed in the exhibition hall. 

Mr. Rathbun has found it impracticable to devote very much time to 
original research, but has given a limited amount of study to the Madre- 
porarian corals, and particularly to those collected by the steamer Al- 
batross in the Gulf of Mexico and on the voyage from Norfolk to San 
Francisco. 

Prof. A. E. Verrill and Prof. S. I. Smith have continued their work 
upon the invertebrate collections of the Fish Commission. Prof. Edwin 
Linton is making a special study of internal parasites of fishes. <Ar- 
rangements have been made with Prof. Walter Faxon to prepare a report 
upon the crayfishes added to the department since 1885, and Mr. J. 
Walter Fewkes has completed a paper on certain of the Medusz ob- 
tained by the Fish Commission steamer Albatross in the region of the 
Gulf Stream. Several of the groups of marine invertebrates obtained - 
by the Albatross during its voyage around South America have been 
assigned to specialists outside of Washington for study and report. 

Nineteen sets of marine invertebrates have been distributed to schools 
and colleges during the year. Each set contained about one hundred 
and ten species, the greater part of which are preserved in alcohol. 

Mr. Rathbun in his report briefly reviews the marine explorations of 
the steamers Albatross and Fish Hawk and of the schooner Grampus. 

The number of catalogue entries has been 3,214. 

Department of Comparative Anatomy.—Mx. F. W. True, Acting Curator 
of this department, reports that his activities have been principally 
directed towards reducing the accumulations of osteological material. 
A large number of skulls and skeletons have been cleaned and made 
available for use. The skulls of about five hundred specimens of small 
animals, deposited by the Department of Agriculture, have also been 
prepared. Mr. F. A. Lucas, Assistant Curator, has been occupied in 
the arrangement of the collection of vertebrate fossils, and in mount- 
ing a cast of the skeleton of Dinoceras, received from the Yale College 
Museum. Mr. Lueas also had charge of the preparation for shipment 
of the collection of mammals for exhibition at the Cincinnati Expo- 
sition. 

The preparation of a, card catalogue of alcoholic birds has been com- 
menced, and is well advanced, and a large amount of work has been 
done in classifying and caring for this valuable portion of the collec- 
tion. 

Some work has been done in the preparation of specimens of soft 
anatomy and of the invertebrate material. The preparation and ar- 
rangement of the vertebrate fossils have also received some attention. 

The principal accessions during the year were of mammals and birds. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 43 


No attempt has yet been made to acquire invertebrate specimens for 
this department. The most important addition to the exhibition series 
of skeletons was an Atlantic Right whale, Balena biscayensis. This ° 
was purchased from Prof. H. A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y. A skele- 
ton of Sowerby’s whale, Mesoplodon bidens, was prepared from the speci- 
men obtained from Capt. J. L. Gaskell, keeper of the life-saving station 
at Atlantic City. The U.S. Fish Commission furnished skins of dol- 
phins, a skeleton of the Fork-tailed gull, Creagus /wreatus, and a collee- 
tion of birds and Elephant tortoises from the Galapagos Islands and the 
Straits of Magellan. An alcoholic collection of typical New Zealand 
birds was obtained from the Auckland Museum, and a similar eollee- 
tion of Australian birds was obtained from the Australian Museum at 
Sydney. In all 195 specimens have been added to the collection dur- 
ing the year, The number of catalogue entries during the same period 
has been 1,054... The excess of this number over the total number of 
specimens received is accounted for by the large amount of work ac. 
complished upon accumulations of osteological material from past years. 

Department of Paleozoic Fossils.—By far the larger portion of the 
accessions to this department has been obtained through the U.S. 
Geological Survey. Mr. C. D. Walcott, Honorary Curator, has. con- 
tributed to the Museum collections, through his official connection 
with the Geological Survey, a large series of Lower Middle Cambrian 
fossils from Newfoundland. He reports that the Lower Cambrian 
genera and species have been worked over and named, and that a large 
quantity of new material has been added to the collection. | Krom 
Newfoundland alone not less than 3,000 specimens have been transferred 
to the Museum during the year. Mr. Walcott in his report makes 
special mention of nine accessions. The material in the collection has 
been increased during the year by the addition of 6,477 specimens. The 
number of catalogue entries during the same period was 583. 

Department of Mesozoic Fossils.—The official duties of Dr. C. A. White, 
Honorary Curator, in connection with the Geological Survey, has pre- 
vented him from devoting more than a small share of time te work upon 
the Museum collection. A great deal has, however, been accomplished, 
and the collection of Mesozoic Fossils is now in far better condition than 
it has ever been before. Numerous type specimens of species which 
have been published in various Government reports, have been installed 
and are now on exhibition in the south-east court. ‘The principal acces- 
sions during the year have, as usual, been obtained through the U. 5. 
Geological Survey. In addition, type specimens of twelve species of 
cretaceous fossils were transmitted to the Museum by President D. 5. 
Jordan, of Indiana State University. from the Fish Commission has 
been received an interesting collection of cretaceous fossils from the 
Straits of Magellan. _ Altogether, 311 specimens have been added to the 
collection during the year, and 117 entries have been made in the cata- 
logue. 


44 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Department of Botany.—Dr George Vasey, of the Department of Ag- 
riculture, has been appointed Honorary Curator of this department, and 
in that capacity has control of the collections both in the Department 
of Agriculture and in the National Museum. A brief statement of the 
early history of these collections, and of the resulting conditions which 
led to this combination of the two collections, is given on pp. 19 and 
20. By this union of interests in the development of the National Her- 
barium, a great many good results will undoubtedly be effected. 

There are already in the Department of Agriculture arranged on 
shelves, in wall cases, occupying altogether a wall space of about 85 
running feet, not less than 120,000 sheets of botanical specimens. The 
general catalogue of the combined herbarium has not yet been made. 

The Department of Agriculture has employed for a part of the year 
three agents to collect botanical specimens and information respecting 
the vegetation of little known regions. One of these agents has oper- 
ated in western Texas, one in California (southern and lower), and one 
in Washington. From these agents we have received a large quantity 
of botanical specimens. 

Among the additions to the herbarium received during the year 
through the Smithsonian Institution, have been a collection of plants 
from South America and Alaska, made by officers of the U.S. Fish 
Commission steamer Albatross. Several packages containing plants 
and pertified wood were collected by Lieut. Pond in Lower California 
and the adjacent islands. A valuable collection of four hundred species 
of Japanese plants has been received from the Tokyo Educational Mu- 
seum. Five collections of duplicate specimens have been distributed 
to foreign herbaria. The number of specimens received during the 
year has been estimated at 459. 

Fossil plants.—Prof. Lester F. Ward, Honorary Curator, has been 
able to devote but little time to the work of the department, owing to 
the pressure of his duties as paleontologist of the Geological Survey, 
but as far as his time permitted he has been engaged in the study of the 
fossil plants of the Laramie group. He is preparing a monograph of the 
flora of this group, and hopes to complete it before very long. 

During the field season, between July and the latter part of October, 
Prof. F. H. Knowlton, Assistant Curator, visited the Yellowstone Park, 
where he made a collection of fossil plants and fossil woods which filled 
twenty-one boxes. After his return to Washington the boxes were 
opened, and the assortment of the collections was begun. Considera- 
ble time was spent in the study of this material, as well as upcn the 
material obtained during the previous season from the same region. 

Professor Lesquereux, of Columbus, Ohio, has completed the identifi- 
cation and elaboration of the large collection of fossil plants belonging 
to the National Museum, and collected by Capt. Charles E. Bendire in 
John Day Valley, Oregon. The material is very interesting, and con- 
tains many new species. 


is -—- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 45 


On account of the pressing nature of Professor Ward’s duties in con- 
nection with the Geological Survey, he has not been able to prepare a 
report for this year, and this brief statement is therefore submitted in 
lieu of a formal report in Section It. 

Department of Minerals.—The growth of the collection during the 
year has, through the energetic administration of its Curator, Prof. I’. 
W. Clarke, been very satisfactory. The two most important accessions 
were received from the U. S. Geological Survey. These collections 
were made by Prof. 8. F. Penfield and by Dr. W. F. Hillebrand, who 
visited Colorado and the adjacent States and Territories for the purpose 
of making mineralogical investigations and collections. <A series of 
specimens of wood opal, collected by Dr. A. C. Peale in Montana, has 
also been contributed by the Geological Survey. Professor Clarke in 
his report* makes mention of eleven accessions as of especial interest. 

It is to be deeply regretted that Mr. Joseph Willcox has found it 
necessary to withdraw his collection of minerals from the Museum, 
where it had been deposited for more than four years. Mr. Willcox 
had offered to sell this collection to the Museum for an exceedingly 
modest sum, but this offer could not be entertained, the Museum having 
no fund for the purchase of specimens, and thus the Museum has sus- 
tained an irreparable loss. 

A series of specimens, illustrating the gems and precious stones of 
North America, was prepared for exhibition at the Cincinnati Exposi- 
tion. 

During the year 5,794 specimens were added to the collection, and 
631 entries were made in the catalogue. 

Department of Lithology and Physical Geology.—There has been un- 
usual activity in the work of this department during the year. The 
Curator, Mr. George P. Merrill, has visited certain localities in North 
Carolina, New Hampshire, New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, and 
Maine, for the purpose of collecting specimens. These expeditions have 
resulted very advantageously to the Museum. Among the new mate- 
rial received sixteen collections have been selected as worthy of special 
mention in the report of the curator.* 

One of the objects of the expeditions already alluded to was for the 
purpose of collecting material for distribution to educational establish 
ments. It has been quite impossible to fill the numerous applications for 
lithological specimens from museums, colleges, and schools throughout 
the country. Mr. Merrill has succeeded in obtaining a very large quan- 
tity available for this purpose, and during the coming winter it is ex- 
pected that a sufficient number of sets of specimens can be prepared to 
fill the applications now on file. From material on hand at the begin- 
ning of the year covered by this report, twenty-two sets of minerals 
were prepared and distributed. The determination of material sent for 
examination and report has occupied no inconsiderable portion of the 


"See Section II, 


46 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Curator’s time. During the year twenty-five “lots” of material have 
been forwarded for this purpose. 

The collection of building and ornamental stones now fills thirteen 
door-sereen cases, one wall case, two large pyramids, and the tops of 
three table cases... The collections of rocks and rock-forming minerals 
are now as extensive as can be taken care of in the limited space at the 
command of this department. These collections now comprise about 
two thousand specimens. The collections of dynamic and _ historical 
geology have received important additions during the year, but no at- 
tempt has yet been made to arrange them systematically.. The total 
number of specimens received during the year has been 4,500, and 
1,135 entries have been made in the eatalogue. 

Department of Metallurgy and Economic Geology.—The Curator, Mr. F. 
P. Dewey, has devoted his time chiefly to the preparation and arrange: 
ment of the exhibition material, which is now installed in the south- 
west court.. During the year the Curator made a visit to Providence, 
R. L., for the purpose of examining a collection of petroleum specimens 
and related materials which had been prepared by Prof. S. F. Peckham 
in connection with his work for the Tenth Census. This collection num- 
bers three hundred and sixty specimens, and illustrates very fully the 
occurrence of crude petroleum in this country. Jt is in the Museum, 
and will be placed upon exhibition as soon as practicable. . Several 
valuable collections of ores have been added to the collection during 
the year, among which may be mentioned three series of foreign ores; 
one from the Australian Museum at Sidney, one from the Auckland 
Museum in New Zealand, and one forwarded by the Hon. Otto E. Rei- 
mer, United States consul at Santiago de Cuba. 

During the year the Curator has made an examination of the produc- 
tion of pig-iron at the Muirkirk Furnace, near Washington, and nickel 
from Russel Springs, Kansas. This was undertaken at the request of 
the Hon. J. J. Ingalls. 

The collection has been increased during the year by the addition of 
664 specimens, and 413 catalogue entries have been made. 

Department of Living Animals.—This department was organized in 
May, 1888, and Mr. William T. Hornaday, who has recently been ap- 
pointed Superintendent of the National Zoological Park, retains charge 
of the collection. Owing to the limited space available for exhibiting 
these specimens, consisting of a wooden shed adjoining the Smithsonian 
building on the south, it has become necessary to decline several offers 
of valuable contributions to the collection. Mr. Hornaday has prepared, 
during the year, an exhaustive memoir relating to the discovery, life 
history, and extermination of the American Bison. Owing to the delay 
attending the printing of the Museum report, it was found possible 
to include this paper in the report for 1887, proof of which is now being 
received from the Printing Office. In order to emphasize the rapid ex- 
termination of this and several other animals indigenous to the United 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY, AZ 


States, a large collection of objects illustrating this subject was pre- 
pared for the Cincinnati Exposition. Amongst the animals which have 
become extinct were shown the buffalo, the Californian sea-elephant, 
and the West Indian seal. In the series of species which are likely to 
disappear very soon were the mountain sheep, mountain goat, elk, ante- 
lopes, moose. caribou, black-tail deer, beaver, otter, sea-otter, walrus, 
and grizzly bear. f 

Among the most important accessions received during the year were 
three specimens of the American elk. presented by the Hon. W. F. 
Cody; a young Gray wolf, presented by Mr. C. A. Dole, of Glendiva, 
Montana; a collection of living tortoises from the Galapagos Islands, 
collected by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross; and four 
Angora goats, received from Misses Grace and Mande Parsons. Of 
especial interest is a young Rocky Mountain sheep, Ovis montana, for- 
warded to the Museum by Mr. George Bird Grinnell, editor of ‘ Forest 
and Stream.” 

Special cages have been constructed on the reservation south of the 
Smithsonian building for the grizzly bear, puma, aud the eagles. A 
buffalo-yard has also been completed on the same reservation, and from 
it sections have been cut off to afford protection for the deer, mountain 
sheep, and other animals. 

In addition to Mr. Hornaday’s other duties he has retained the super- 
vision of the taxidermic work of the Museum. There are now 491 speci- 
mens in the collection of living animals, represented by 341 entries on 
the catalogue of the department. 


F.—REVIEW OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE WORK. 


PROGRESS OF GENERAL AND INCIDENTAL WORK. 


LIBRARY. 


Mr. John Murdoch, librarian, has furnished the following state- 
ment of the operations of the library during the year: 

The total number of publications added to the library during the 
year is 6,052 (648 volumes of more than 100 pages, 903 pamphlets, 4,343 


parts of regular serials, and 158 charts). Of these, 441 volumes, 617 


pamphlets, and 3,752 parts of serials were retained for the use of the 
Museum from the accessions of the Smithsonian Institution. 

The remainder were obtained as usual by gift, exchange, and pur- 
chase. 

The most important accession to the library during the year was the 
gift of the heirs of the late Dr. Isaac Lea, of Philadelphia, consisting of 
137 volumes, 276 parts and 693 pamphlets, selected from his scientific 


48 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


library, and comprising many works of the greatest value. Another 
important accession is a nearly complete series of the ‘“‘ Proceedings of 
the Zoological Society of London.” This gift was received so late in 
the fiscal year that it has been impossible to enter and catalogue the 
books. When this can be done, most of them will be assigned to the 
sectional library of Mollusks. 

Apart from the regular exchanges, the following donations to the 
library are also worthy of notice: 

From Dr. Paul Haupt, Baltimore, 44 pamphlets on oriental subjects; 
from Prof. P. H. Carpenter, Eton College, England, 19 pamphlets, sci- 
entific papers by his distinguished father; from Mr. John Murdoch, 
Washington, 18 volumes, 2 pamphiets; from Prof. Alpheus Hyatt, 
Boston, 12 pamphlets. 

During the year 7,583 books were borrowed trom the library. 

Ninety-four persons are now authorized under the regulations to 
draw from the Museum library, and of these seventy-five are also au- 
thorized to obtain books from the library of Congress through the Mu- 
seum library. During the year 245 orders were sent to the library of 
Congress. 

The method of keeping the records of loans and returns of books, re- 
ferred to in a previous report, has been used throughout the year with 
complete satisfaction. 

The card-catalogue by authors has been continued, and 1,442 titles 
have been added to it during the year. 

Through the kindness of the librarian of Congress, an order was ob- 
tained for binding 300 volumes of the books belonging to the Smith- 
sonian deposit in the Museum library. These books were therefore 
sent to the Government bindery on June 20, 1889. 

The work of covering and arranging the large collection of pamphlets 
has been continued, whenever the pressure of routine work would allow. 

No material change has been made in the force employed in the 
library since the last report. 


SECTIONAL LIBRARIES. 


The regular inspection of the sectional libraries by the librarian 
was begun May 22 and completed June 7. Since the last report, the 
name of the section of archeology has been changed to Prehistoric 
Anthropology, and a new sectional library, that of Oriental Archzol- 
ogy, in charge of Dr. Cyrus Adler, Assistant Curator of the Section of 
Oriental Antiquities, has been established. The Assistant Secretary 
has commenced the organization of his sectional library, that of Admin- 
istration. 

The following is the result of the inspection: 

Administration.—(In process of organization.) Inspected May 28, 
Contained 30 volumes and 1 pamphlet. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 49 


Birds.—Inspected May 23. Contains 480 volumes, 22 pamphlets, and 
203 parts of serials. These are mostly in good condition, although the 
large volumes are necessarily exposed to dust for want of suitable eases. 
At least two additional standard book-cases with locks are required in 
this department. 

Insects.—Inspected June 7, 1889. Contains 295 volumes, 169 pam- 
phlets, and 538 parts of serials in excellent order, and suitably pro- 
tected. 

Editor, Smithsonian Institution.—Inspected May 7, 1889. Contains 
809 volumes, 34 pamphlets, and 619 parts of serials, all in good order. 

Ethnology.—Inspected May 31, 1889. Contains 55 volumes, 16 pam- 
phlets, 225 parts of serials and 1 chart, all in good order. 

Fishes.—Inspected May 23, 1889. Contains 78 volumes, 6 pamphlets, 
and 24 parts of serials, all in good order and suitably protected. 

LTithology and Physical Geology.—Inspected June 3, 1889. Contains 
184 volumes, 175 pamphlets, and 162 parts of serials and 5 charts, in 
good order and suitably protected. 

Mammals.—Inspected June 6, 1889. Contains 183 volumes and 276 
pamphlets, in good order. 

Marine Invertebrates.—Inspected May 22, 1889. Oontains 76 volumes, 
41 pamphlets and 185charts, all in good order and suitably protected. 

Materia Medica.—Inspected May 29, 1889. Contains 202 volumes, 4 
pamphlets and 181 parts of serials, all in good order. 

Mesozoic Fossils.—Inspected June 25, 1889. Contains 34 volumes, 
11 pamphlets, and 3 charts of serials, in good order. 

Metallurgy and Economic Geology.—Inspected June 4, 1889. Con- 
tains 276 volumes, 139 pamphlets, 177 parts of serials and 1 chart, in 
excellent order. 

Mineralogy.—(a) Inspected June 7, 1889. Contains 157 volumes, 9 
pamphlets, and 511 parts of serials, all in good order. 

Mineralogy.—(b) Inspected June 3, 1889. Contains 61 volumes, 50 
pamphlets, 3 parts of serials and 1 chart, all in good order. 

Mollusks and Cenozoic Fossils.—Inspected May 24, 1889. Contains 66 
volumes, 9 pamphlets and 46 parts of serials, all in good order. 

Oriental Archewology.—Inspected May 28,1889. Contains 131 volumes, 
66 pamphlets and 99 parts of serials, all in good order. 

Plants, recent and fossil.—Inspected June 5, 1889. Contains 236 vol- 
umes, 224 pamphlets and 645 parts, in fair order. 

Prehistoric Anthropology.—Inspected May 25, 1859. Contains 55 vol- 
umes, 13 pamphlets and 55 parts, in fair order, in addition to the Rau 
Memorial Library, which is still only partially catalogued. 

Textiles and Foods.—The officer in charge of this department having 
returned to duty, the library is in process of reorganization. It was 
inspected June 7, 1889, and at that date contained 22 volumes and 11 
pamphlets in good order. 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——4 


AO REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


TRANSPORTATION, STORAGE, AND DISTRIBUTION OF DUPLICATES. 


The total number of boxes, packages, barrels, tanks, ete., received 
during the year is 16,625, of which 2,182 contained specimens for the 
Museum, the remainder being distributed to the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion and the other persons addressed. 

The registrar, Mr. 8. C. Brown, has continued to act as transportation 
clerk for the Smithsonian Institution, and this has entailed a consider- 
able addition to the routine work of his office. 

During the fiscal year 261 packages were entered upon the storage 
records, and 205 packages were removed from storage and turned over 
to the curators for study, and to aid in making up sets for distribution. 

Forty-eight boxes of duplicate and reserve material have been sent 
to general storage, and 57 specimens were sent out in exchange. 

During the month of May the general storage room was removed 
from the ‘Old Armory” building to the storage shed west of the Armory 
building, and the storage separated into three sections. 

First. General storage, which is now confined to the large shed 
proper, and is used for the storage of Museum specimens only. 

Second. The south track of what is known as the “car shed” has been 
set aside for the accommodation of specimens collected by the U.S. 
Geological Survey and Bureau of Ethnology. All such specimens are 
entered in the Museum storage record, but are kept by themselves for 
convenience in handling. 

Third. A new shed, “8 by 18 feet, has been erected west of the old 
one. The south end of it, 10 by 18 feet, is reserved for the department 
of Lithology and Physical Geology, for the storage of its duplicate ma- 
terial; the remainder of the new shed (78 by 18 feet) has been assigned 
to the property division of the Museum, for the storage of cases, draw- 
ers, ete. 

The total number of packages sent out during the year is 2,552, of 
which 1,302 contained Museum material, transmitted as gifts or loans, 
or in exchange. 

The Museum has continued to lend photographs of exhibition cases 
to all who have made -formal application, and to send sample trays and 
boxes and copies of labels to applicants. 

The distribution of specimens for the year, from the several depart- 
ments of the Museum, is shown in the appended table. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 51 

| No. of 

Department, spec- 

imens. 
Ethnology - --- .-. <2. -- 2220 - in = ee ww re wee eee ne wan on ee ee eee eee neens 268 
American prehistoric pottery. .----.----- SCORES IS ESE SISO RE OCS SES SUG ERE RE AE AP aE ete See 32 
OSA ENN RON? 26 Sons 4 ope Stier AHS aes SAS obs Og SSS Bee Oe Se UnEOE CO Amp aae 833 
POA So on ee ooo an ae i we en ae nn nine ne nes ve emeenecenaicnes 42 
Birds mla'mie, = ee eS yy eC Ce Gee iin Solent aa ates oho Same wie’ caleclelou cmeweece | 996 
Birds’ OF 28 - . ~~ ~~ <2 woo oo ee ww ee aw ewe ate inns eee ne ne nee cnet aeeees 3 
MPS UPB eset ce Reon toe cant towetat Saas alscdoisicosaaa swe sella le'ata Seletcce , Aa SSO ee ee 47 
DTT ace Ce ocréesoooscstocanceckeonds to 7 .cbe Star Re ses coB SpE Soo aS HSS hocaSBesecHneoEreor | 39 
VARS DETTE RUE os Gos oa aco kincics he minceminc sca mine Sue mcctee cscs sscecsecect. ccs Eee ee eae oe 369 
ES yee ee caine sivas clas ra siaieie aia worm imin attic "ima. cin (ala /nlatajcralelere. cletelot nm ware nclaiacre el 197 
ToT mu DE) EG) oS SES SOSCEOBS SSE SCORES BE SSechecteSsodsesestassoceeerneesses stecese | 2, 072 
PIGErLODEALG TOSSIIS.c-- coo Seacen ate soucce wacamacsocecceuces Eee ONS SRN EEE 8 2k ke | 598 
Housil and Tecent Plans 2.-— a. a5 <= --nm a3 mee eens wenn onan odeehine Cease ASS Soe dae OSrooboc | 2,945 
MINCTAIS so-2-r sae eee=- oo === -= Salta eles wieteiw/ ae es e ina la nem mmiam <iee So eels = ain einem mn elelaale oo 2, 370 
LaMad ay cy enn (ny CICA GED Oa eer cae Sone Secon OCS ODOCO EEC OCO ESSE COE SSeS E SEH OBE OnE s BEASane 804 
2 PT TRY node on Soe coteac laser HOO SOSb oh 506s BS BSDGOs GOS BCA SEA SBOBEES es sspboseecesereseeoos | 58 
NGO OT APNGIANGIOTAW INES! acti tec eos waa dek eee teem aansics dea tesece dee sobeuwcacceees 79 
F otal mmmber OL SpSCinend SONt OUE= = 22222 o- on as ese tel risacen since cece ew ecceccmencus Tie 382 


Duplicate sets* of marine objects have been sent out, as in the past, 
in response to applications received from museums and educational in- 
stitutions. 

The distribution for the year was as follows: 


Specimens. 

Lo GOMES CINSHbUbIONS 22525) 2225 ese selnc cmieeices SPitP aac 5, oll 
FROMOLEISN NSM UUGIONSSso2 eh js mein omer, =a) oeih so tin a dontsosiees ci 5, 871 
ANG) IC) oe ae moe ee SH er eet eigen See ie See 11, 382 


This number added to the total number of specimens sent out from 
1854 to June 30, 1888, which was 564,090, gives the grand total of 575,472 
specimens distributed by the Smithsonian Institution up to June 30, 
1889. 

In addition to the regular sets of duplicates five special collections 
were also sent out. 

Thirty-four applications for duplicate specimens other than marine 
invertebrates have been received during the year and entered upon 
the register. A majority of these have been favorably acted upon. 

Mr. George P. Merrill has collected a large amount of material, 
which, together with duplicate specimens in the Museum, will be cut 
up and made into sets for distribution to educational establishments. 
Prof. F. W. Clarke has for a similar purpose made large collections of 
minerals. , 

Kight hundred specimens of minerals were sent out to over twenty 
establishments, and sixteen sets of duplicates were distributed to col- 
leges and schools. 

*Series tv. Each set in this series contains 108 species. Six universities, five colleges, live schools, 


and one. society have each received a set during the year. A list of these is given in the report of the 
Curator of marine invertebrates. (Section II.) 


52 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


It is probable that during the next fiscal year sets of bird-skins will 
also be prepared for distribution. 

From the duplicate collections of the department of botany, distribu- 
tions have been made to the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Peters- 
burg, Russia; the Herbarium of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France; 
the Herbarium of the British Museum, London, England; the Royal 
Herbarium, Kew, England; and the Botanic Garden, Natal, South 
Africa. 

Several special requests for material for study have been complied 
with. Among these were unmounted prints of photographs of the 
Charnay casts for the Bureau of Ethnology; pieces of the vertebral col- 
umns of Chimera and Gymnotus for Prof. John A. Ryder; ethnological 
material for the Cincinnati Museum Association ; cast of jade adze for 
Mr. Kunz; a loan of bird skeletons for Dr. J. L. Wortman, of the Army 
Medical Museum, to aid in the preparation of a monograph upon the 
anatomy ot the fish hawk; two enlarged negatives and prints of the 
Red River Dam views for Commodore J.G. Walker, chief of the bureau 
of navigation, Navy Department; a collection of fishes for the College — 
of the City of New York; skull of Flat Head Indian for Prof. E. de Bois 
Reymond, director of the Physiological Institute in Berlin.* 


EXCHANGES. 


The Museum has, as in past years, continued the exchange of dupli- 
cate specimens with museums, scientific establishments, and individ- 
uals at home and abroad. The domestic exchanges are indicated in 
the accession list (section Vv). 

A classified statement of foreign exchanges is here presented. 

Ethnology.—The Royal Ethnological Museum at Berlin, Germany, 
sent a series of casts of Egyptian and Assyrian antiquities. <A list 
of these casts is given in the List of Accessions. The Museum of 
St. Germain, Paris, France, sent a collection of bronze implements 
(molds) in exchange for spears, plummets, and sinkers. The Musée 
@Ethnologie of Geneva, Switzerland, sent in exchange, through Dr. H. 
J. Gosse, director, one hundred and twenty-seven specimens of pottery, 
bronzes, etc., from various localities in the Swiss lakes. ‘Thirty-two 
ethnological specimens were sent to the Musée d’Ethnologie, Geneva, 
Switzerland, in exchange for a fine collection of pottery, bronzes, ete. 
Exchanges have been continued with Mr. Edward Lovett, of Croydon, 
England. 

Prehistoric anthropology.—A collection of archxological specimens was 
sent to L. Guesde, Guadeloupe, in exchange for a collection of birds. 
A collection of thirty-four archeological specimens was sent to William 
Ranson, Fairfield, Hitchin, En gland ; 3 and similar material was received 


“ This skull was OMtained ae ie Foun Ss. B ainee, curator of the Army Medical 
Museum, from the banks of Willamette River, Orc ean near its junction with the 
Clackamas. : 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 53 


in exchange. <A collection of sixty-nine archeological specimens was 
sent to Signor Joseph Belucci, Perugia, Ombria, Italy. A collection of 
one hundred and four arch:eological specimens was sent to Prof. Henry 
H. Giglioli, Museum of Zoology, Florence, Italy. A collection of fifteen 
archeological specimens was sent to Louis Guesde, Pointe a Pitre, 
Guadeloupe, West Indies, and a collection of similar material was re- 
ceived in exchange. A collection of forty-nine archeological specimens 
was sent to Gustav Marty, Toulouse, France. 

Mammals.—Skeletons of bisons and skulls of sea-lion and fur-seal were 
sent to Prof. T. F. Cheeseman, curator of the Auckland Museum, New 
Zealand, in exchange for a collection of birds, shells, minerals, rocks, 
andores. A sea-lion and two fur-seals were sent to the Zoological Mu- 
seum of the Royal University, Christiania, Norway, in part exchange for 
a Killer whale (Orca gladiator). The British Museum sent three casts 
of Meiolaus from Lord Howe Island, England, in exchange for a skull 
of an American bison. 

Birds.—From the Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy, was re- 
ceived, in exchange, a collection of birds, fishes, reptiles, and mammals. 
Twenty-four bird-skins were received from Herr von Tschusi zu Schmid- 
hoffen, of Salzburg, Austria. 

Fishes.—An exchange of fishes has been made with the Australian 
Museum atSydney. The Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark, 
sent sixty-seven specimens of fishes from northern seas. The Otago 
University Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand, sent in exchange a valuable 
collection of New Zealand fishes, containing forty-one species. 

Mollusks.—A valuable collection of North European mussels and alge 
was received from Dr. Rasch and C. Jensen, of Copenhagen, Denmark. 
A large collection of shells, three hundred and seventy-one specimens, 
was sent to the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa, in ex- 
change. 

Insects.—Specimens of Heteroptera were received from A. lL. Mon- 
tandon, Bucharest, Roumania. 

Botany.—An exceedingly valuable collection of New Zealand woods 
was received from the Canterbury Museum, New Zealand, through F. 
W. Hutton, acting director. The Museum sent to Dr. Rasch, Copen- 
hagen, and ©. Jensen two hundred and fifty herbarium specimens. A 
collection of ferns from the Hawaiian Islands was received from G. W. 
Lichtenthaler, Bloomington, Ill, in exchange for ferns from Costa 
Rica. <A collection of plants has been sent to the Imperial Academy of 
Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia, and similar material has been received 
in exchange. A collection of plants has been sent to the Herbarium of 
the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France. A collection of plants has been 
sent to the Herbarium of the British Museum, London, England. A 
collection of plants has been sent to the Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, 
England, and similar material has been received in exchange. A collec- 
tion of plants has been sent to the Botanic Garden, Natal, South Africa, 


. 


54 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Minerals. —The Imperial Roy. Natural History Museum, Vienna, 
sent in exchange three meteorites, through Dr. Aristides Brezina. 
Sixty-two specimens of miscellaneous minerals and forty-three speci- 
mens of miscellaneous rocks were sent to B. Sturtz, Bonn, Prussia, in 
exchange for rocks. 

Geology.—An interesting and vaiuable series of meteorites and erup- 
tive rocks of Brazil, comprising two hundred and sixty-nine specimens, 
was received from Prof. O. A. Derby, of Rio de Janeiro. in exchange 
for a series of rocks. A collection comprising about one hundred and 
eighty specimens of modern and antique marbles from Europe and 
Africa was received in exchange from the Museum of Natural History at 
Paris. A series consisting of one hundred and sixteen dressed speci- 
mens of building and ornamental stones and one hundred and two 
specimens of rocks, ores, and minerals, was sent to Dr. Aristides Brezina 
of the Imperial Royal Museum at Vienna, Austria, and a collection of 
one hundred and seventeen specimens of building stones was received 
in exchange. A series of one hundred and one specimens of building 
stones, many of them cut and polished, and a collection of eruptive 
and sedimentary rocks was sent to M. Meunier, of the Museum of 
Natural History, Paris, France. The National Museum of Brazil, at 
Rio de Janeiro, through Prof. O. A. Derby, sent a collection of Brazilian 
rocks and a meteorite, and one hundred and thirty-one specimens of 
American rocks sent in exchange. Rocks and minerals were sent to 
R. N. Worth, Plymouth, England, in exchange for serpentine rock. 
Five specimens of American rocks were sent to M. A. Lacroix, Paris, 
France. 

A collection comprising sixty-four specimens of typical rocks and 
ores was sent to Rev. G. E. Post, Beirut, Syria. 


PUBLICATIONS. 


The publications of the National Museum consist of four series: 

(1) The ANNUAL REPORT, submitted to the Secretary of the Smith- 
sonian Institution, and by him transmitted to Congress as a part of 
the report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution. 

From 1850 to 1866 and from 1881 to 1883 the series was printed as an 
appendix to the report of the Secretary. 

From 1867 to 1873 no report was published, except in passing refer- 
ence in the Secretary’s report on the Administrative work of the year. 

From 1874 to 1877 the report of the Assistant Secretary on the Mu- 
seum was quoted in the Secretary’s report, and from 1878 to 1880it was 
incorporated in the report of the Secretary. 

Since 1884 the report on the Museum has been printed as a separate 
volume, constituting Part 11 of the report of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, and the fifth volume of this series—that for 1887~88—is now being 
printed. Inthe appendix of this report are printed each year certain 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 55 


papers illustrative of the work of the Museum and descriptive of its 
collections, selected with reference to their general interests, as being 
suited for publication in a large edition and calculated to excite interest 
in the work of the Museun. 

An edition of 7,000 copies of the Smithsonian Report, Part 1 and 
Part 1, is placed in the hands of the Smithsonian Institution for dis- 
tribution. 

(2) The BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.—This series was 
begun in 1875, and thirty-seven numbers have been printed, Bulletin 35 
being now in the hands of the printer.* The aggregate number of 
pages is 9,939+4 616 plate pages, in all 10,555 pages, or 659; signatures. 
The number, character, and size of these bulletins is given in the accom- 
panying table. 


Bulletins of the National Museum.t 


No. Title. Author. 
1 | Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia ..-..........- | Edward D. Cope. 
2 | Contributions to the Natural History of Kerguelen Island...--..--. | J. H. Kidder, 
3 | Contributions to the Natural History of Kerguelen Island.---.-...... Do. 
Aa BITds OL SOUtR WOStEIDNMOXICO 8 o- ce see cas teoucciccis ae ces[-eeccwne cia George N. Lawrence. 
5 | Catalogue of the Fishes of the Bermudas................-..--..---- | G. Brown Goode. 
6 | Classification of the Collection to Illustrate the Animal Resources | Do. 


of the United States. 
7 | Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fan- Thos. H. Streets. 
ning Islands and Lower California. 
8 | Index to the Names which have been Applied to the Subdivisions | W. H. Dall. 
of the class Brachiopoda excluding the Rudistes previous to the 


year 1877. 
9 | Contributions to North American Ichthyology ....-.-.--...-.------ David 8. Jordan. 
TAU | adnclt Wage Aa SRST ORE SERCO EE AEN SHI a AM SES ISB Ee MSE i iain aaa Do. 
11 | Bibliography of the Fishes of the Pacific Coast of the United States.) Theodore Gill. 
12 | Contributions to North American Ichthyology.-.-..-.......--..----- David S. Jordan. 
13 | The Flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Island..................-..-«: H.F. A. Eggers. 


14 | Catalogue of the Collection to Illustrate the Animal Resources | G. Brown Goode. 
and the Fisheries of the United States. 
15 | Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic America........-.. Ludwig Kumlien. 


16 | Contributions to North American Ichthyology. -.........--.-------- Pe ae ae 


ieoOn tue,Zoolopical Position of ‘Texas. -< so.56.55.0cccscccesc-ceecu se Edward D. Cope. 

18 | Exhibit of the Fisheries and Fish Culture of the United States of | G. Brown Goode. 
America, at the International Fischerei-Ausstellung, Berlin, 
April 20, 1880. 


PEN OMoNOAtOr: ZO0LO PIOUS. <- oc ss.-b ns cerecocedecsudccessatvsues ..--| Samuel H. Scudder. 
20 | The Writings of American Zoologists .............. ee ctor sate as G. Brown Goode.* 
21 | Nomenclature of North American Birds...................---«----- Robert Ridgway. 
22 | Guide to the Flora of Washington and Vicinity.--.........-.-- .----| Lester F. Ward. 


23 | Bibliography of the Publications of Isaac Lea, LL. D...-...--..--- | N. P. Scudder. 


* At the close of the fiscal year covered by this report, Bulletin 33 was the latest 
issued. Nos. 34, 35,36,and 37 have since been published, and it seems proper to 
inelude them in this general statement of Museum publications. 

t It may be found desirable to condense the series of bulletins into volumes, each 
containing three or four papers. Three such volumes haye already been published. 


} 


56 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Bulletins of the National Museum.—Continued. 


No. Title. Author. 
24 | Check-list of North American Reptilia and Batracbia..........-.--- H. C. Yarrow. 
25 | Contributions to the Natural History of the Bermudas .--......--. s4 Se ss 
26) Avitanna Columbiana = 2. s2-ceocacenae cece ceane cee esee eee eeeee Coues and Prentiss. 


27 | Catalogue of the Collections Exhibited by the United States of 
America at the Great International Fisheries Exhibition, Lon- 
don, 1883. 

28) || -AgMannal of-American land Shellsissscsseere eens sass aeeeeeesee W.G. Binney. 

29 | Results of Ornithological Explorations in the Commander Islands | Leonhard Stejneger. 
and Kamtschatka. 
30 | Bibliography of publications Relating to the Collection of Fossil | John B. Marcon. 


Invertebrates in the U.S. National Museum. 

31 | The North American species of Syrphidac .--..--..--...--.----- ..-| S. W. Williston. 

32 | Catalogue of Batrachians and Reptiles o Central America and | E. D. Cope. 
Mexico. 

33 | Catalogue of Minerals Alphabetically Arranged..........---------. Thomas Egleston. 

of | Batrachiaof North America 22.2.5 - cs. s-cnesseeen essa se sneicsiacesemae E. D. Cope. 

35 | Catalogue of the Described Transformations of North America | Henry Edwards. 
Lepidoptera. 

36 | A Review of the Species of Delphinidae ....-......---.------------- F. W. Trne. 

37 | Marine Mollusks of the Southeast coast of the United States .-..-..| W.H. Dall. 


The following bulletins were not published in the year covered by 
this report, but, having been issued before the report was in type, it is 
deemed desirable to include them in this statement: 

Bulletin 34. The Batrachia of North America. By E. D. Cope. 

Bulietin 35. Bibliographical Catalogue of the Described Transforma- 
tions of North American Lepidoptera. By Henry Edwards. 

Bulletin 36, Contributions to the Natural History of the Cetaceans; a 
review of the Family Delphinide. By Frederick W. True. 

Bulletin 37. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Shell-bearing Mollusks 
and Brachiopods of the Southeastern Coast of the United States. By 
Wilham Healey Dall. 

The composition of these thirty-seven bulletins* is given in the fol- 
lowing tables: 


*The following arrangement is suggested for the convenience of those who may wish 
to bind the bulletins into volumes: 


Bulletin Nos. Bulletin Nos. 
VO cae ae se deeictesicrentae seine 1d -to: 10) Vs Voli WitscerSseeee seer eee sees 27 
WWO) call eee eeislaotemac ee eaee sees 11 to d5, (Volt vases eteeeece tees eee 28, 29 
Wola IT 22s seescce a sess es ce ee's 16: Volix) 52 See ee eer 30, 31, 32 
Wil. TV SARS. cos wos sess, eoea woes 10,18 19" VOL, Kee 5. cee eee ae saci) = Ostodk 
Wioltivee sesh ceeee eae oe 20:21. 2993 . Voll. xi ieee soseieceniecen ess SON OMt 


WLS \Aladibrosdced noobebnons today Ee 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 57 


Composition of bulletins of the National Museum, Nos. 1 to 37. 


| 
No. of Bulletin. [Date | Ante. | Text. | Inter. | Post. | arene Total. | Cuts. ee Maps. 
eee RRR } 1875 | (4) iP el Lat eS lel yap | P28 hy aS Pel ae 
Beaeescecaeeoes suas | 1875 | (10) ke eS (DP hee ae G2 ASS oslo eee ens| ween ease 
preter Neo. S34 | 1876 | (2 Papas: nap" Leer ste debig ES ADIN |e Sha || cea ene 
ye ee eee FOTO, PA cee ee BGs eeccenalee ace wel ae oh Ci PORE EES eset are NOM Sz one 
Be ties, Lo xe a| 1876 (2) CO eb gs Sire pene Bea lees CTA eed aap aS 
(ie es PR 1876 (12) si leek el be Alle Oi has hs PORN| ele Pees A MUN oe 
genes F245. DO kia Riad oe PTA Nese =F oro REAL Se aes hepa i Ae oe | ee 0 ag 
EE Te la tk yy da pe 88 | et Oi Paes Be Bl hoe I Be Sen Pans SY Aol eee 
Oe ae ie cr Reon [oo paseeaey (Lymnaea rg a eee oer eee 
[1 SEBS Saar Sale 1877 | (4) 1 Ti a Sa el i (90) PLY Te Nines ee ree aoe 
1 A Ae ee 1882 | (4) Tele cae (i fed PARE Sit Gee eel EE es ea A 
(Ak ge Se a PS TB ones oe lr. “oerinessee iy het Bee oe rae Rng ae eee ee bees ho 
Te ae ee ae on EP 1279). (6) |e SS Y lhe te sae (Lyon tee: 140s) See See eee De ek ee 
PAE ee i oer es 1979) |er(1G) all weeeole| wasaacee (GQ) Alaaeee see ETH [eee suetiel Can aeeal Ease 
1 pi ee ee eed C7 pea Be py Reaee ee (eS 1SDg|2e.t de|: Se Aes: 
jks Ae eee (BESBOR Perot) IP 1018 |e retest se aeect laws Se: TLE Slee eooaeeer lesaee non 
DY kA ee eee | 1880 (4) Ble 2e eee (Dy tee Fh beneenee ee sodees pceersso 
1 ee ee ee 1880 | (16) | 263 ]........ (dis ets 280 |.-.---..|-----.-- |gaseererete 
i) Cae ee eee es 1882 | (22) FA Ds Mem ete a ace oe a ee ae 362 .....--- P |. ai 
DSS > Sie eee 1863 | (18) SUT eee ()) (4) CO) ae ae Th bx 
Dippesas Socss ses zs} 00) ee an ee 927 eaeee ee 5 Rare | Semone 04» PRU ceen leer ieceslo nance 
em a aha ee. fol ee gyal tse os: oA Pe ae |e ee 1 
it eee 1885 (60) 278 pica ied eco ase $40). eee il eee 
Be ss 2. 1882 (6) 40) [bye (CW) hl See 956) (2852 o 4) sc oe eee 
a eee 1884 | (25) Bale one (1) (24) 4035 |Laen eee 49; | eeu oe 
2 4 Re, CCS ae Sees AaB. even Mo tO 138 100 2 4 
Dy (ae oe eae 1884 | (54) | 1,279] *(2) (Ga ie 1: 336 h eens BRIAN dha Ss 
SE So PciBap ale. kc rl Nese a au a roll as Gi ee pe eee 
SS a rere PBBSa) opt BED teen ceaae sees (32) 414 7 8 | 1 
0 aS Eee 59 ae Sasi samen i etal eee es ch) a a eee ee eee, ae ree 
ees 1886 (32) pe eee (1) (48) Z6Br lisse sea Pleas ae 
ers 1h eee TN peeecces Meee em a hee a a, TN fe ea te ce 
{by es eee WASSOil oc. 22k LOB WA less sacar] secce see PANES lesa cee Mele nee ere oe 
eee eal Ss Meee, 25-24% sya epee ea G) | (7) | 698 120 SGyI2) eee 
rp ay stz24 2on=3 25 baB89 |e o4: 2. TT Giga e recess Fey (eee es eek -25, eee Pe 
Tile aS. See meee [S88 | pees iT eee ae (1) (94) OSGi lt. ace AMM eres oe 
Die ee «ewes 5 TSAO) ea DONG lesen (1) (148) STO oeeecse Tae We cae 
Ch sist SSIS 5 Sl Po a We E97 
| 
* Table of statistics. 
t Abbreviations and errata. 

2 As ie a! op —— 

Year. No. of bulletins. | Pages. Year. No. of bulletins. | Pages. 
1875... | 2 bulletins (1, 21).........--..-.. 170 || 1883... 2 bulletins (20, 26) .....--.++-++- | 538 
1876....| 4 bulletins (3, 4, 5,6) ........-.- | 462 || 1884...| 2 bulletins (25, 27) ....-..---.+5- 1, 739 
 1877....| 4 bulletins (7, 8, 9,10)...........| | 528 || 1885...| 4 bulletins (23, 28, 29, 30) ....... 1, 616 
Taeh Jel WUNetiiE (1). .ck scx castes oeees 238 | 1886...) 1 bulletin (31) .--..--.------+--- 368 
Pees 3 WOletine (13.14) 15). oc =. c5ccee Gena aay l Dulletin (S2)icerc o. oleae -5-on- 98 
PHR0 sous). 2 bulletins (17, 18): ..<-s~.0<.-<-- 366 | 1889...) 5 bulletins (33, 34, 35, 36, 37)....| 1, 704 
1881....| 2 bulletins (21, 22)............-- 360 | RENE NESE feo oe “10, 555 

1882....| 4 bulletins (11, 16, 19, 24)........ 1,770 1 


D8 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


(3) The PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.—This series was 
begun in 1878 and the twelfth annual volume—that for 1889—is now 
being printed.* 

In the first eleven volumes were printed seven hundred and sixty 
scientific papers in addition to thirty-four administrative papers printed 
from time to time in the appendix. 

The total of pages in the first ten volumes, excluding the appendices, 
is 6,112, 410 of plates, or 6,522 pages, constituting 4063 signatures. 

Of Vol. xt there have been printed 671 pages of text with 60 plates. 
The total number of pages when the volume is complete will be about 
725+120 plate pages. 

In the table here introduced is shown the number of pages, text fig- 
ures and plates, in Vols. 1 to x of the “ Proceedings.” 


| | Appendix to volumes. 
No. poate, Ante. | Text. | Inter. pees. Total. Bea von fears Fi es eer 
| | Plates. |Figures| Pages. 
| 

I | 1879 4 BAN Resodooa ease 524 16 540 | 5 Silgscccsenite seeeee 
II | 1880 4 499 4 1 508 | 20 Eytan Telcos. er ae 
TIT | 1881 6 BSO Mls see tee eet 596 | 4 (NW) aseeace Dike Perera sees 
TV | 1882 alt ey Gayl ee Ieaoces | 542 4 546 13 AI Sees Se 146 
V | 1883 | 12 T0Sa|eeosae oe Ie ah eye clk 24 | 740 52 1D ea eee 
VI | 1884 | 8 AGL eeeeode 1 470 56| 526 6 14 4 68 
VIL | 1885 | SPORE | ee Sere 1 600 Bul 608 eee | neeanee Ae 70 
VII | 1886 | 8) 6701 ee dl 1 |) <egaelen 00 "pe rmasn|eecee ee 25 12 50 
IX | 1887 | 8 | PAU eee ee Nimmo | eens je tee 5 Yad eda Da 2 
X | 1888 | Si ey aca 1| 746 | 78 824 11 30u| Bee cee 34 
| 74 | 6, 027 | 4 7) 6,112 | 410 | 6, 522 92 135 16 368 


This series was established for the purpose of securing prompt 
publication of discoveries in the Museum, and in order to secure this, 
the printing has been done signature by signature as fast as matter was 
prepared, and a certain number of signatures have always been dis- 
tributed, as soon as published, to scientific institutions and special- 
ists, these being dated by stamp in the Smithsonian Institution. The 
number of signatures of each volume thus distributed has been in the 
neighborhood of two hundred. 

This method of publication has seemed to be to some extent wasteful, 
and it is thought that good resuits may be secured by distributing a 
certain number of the advance copies in the form of authors’ extras; 
consequently, in making the requisition for the printing of Vol. xII the 
following assignment was made: Out of an edition of 1,200 copies, 100 
to be delivered in signatures as fast as printed, and 300 in extras or re- 
prints, in paper covers, of which 50 are to be given to the authors and 
the remainder distributed to specialists, in the various departments to 


ie Vol. Sa Aaa tw ane papers bE Vol. XII have oon Sao tened meoreen the end of ine 
fiscal and the calendar year. 


REPORT O« ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 59 


which the papers relate, who are not otherwise provided with the pnb- 
lication. The 800 remaining volumes to be bound and distributed in 
this form. 

In special instances, where a given paper in the “ Proceedings” is 
believed to be of great general interest and to require a larger distribu- 
tion, it has been customary to print from one hundred to one thousand 
extra copies. 

(4) The Museum CrrcuLaArs: Of these, forty-one have now been 
printed. The first thirty three numbers of the cirulars were included 
as appendices to the Proceedings. Circulars 34 and 35 were printed in 
the report of the Museum. Circular 56 was issued only as a separate 
and what should be No. 37 was printed without a number in Vol. x of 
the “ Proceedings” (page 701). It is believed that hereafter it will be 
more satisfactory to reprint them in the annual report of the Museum, 
since they are more of an administrative than of a scientific character. 
The object of printing them as appendices to the *‘ Proceedings” was to 
provide for the expense out of the fund for printing the “ Proceedings,” 
but since the printing fund is now more directly under the control of 
the Museum, it is quite practicable to print such editions as may be 
needed of these administrative papers, and instead of having them 
electrotyped, they can be reset when the time comes for printing them 
in the report—a method which is rather less expensive to the Museum 
than the former one. 

Following is a list of circulars 1 to 41, with titles and number of 
pages in each: 


No. Title. | ees 
aL laniotorranization andepnlations 8. 222t2-mede=ec dace. ces ce cdisde adsense icsoesacce=es|| 58 
2)| Circular addressed to friends of the Museum ...--..---.0--- 22 -00-eecenscccnen--cccesne | 2 
3 | Circular in reference to petroleum collections. ---------.-..-.2----------2 -<2ecs sons senees 2 
4 Cireular concerning the department of insects: 2-22.28. 2 s-sc6- woe cee nce wooo see cenene | 1 
we Hstablishinentiand: OfiCers 2< = -<c.ccjasais vomissa ce eee bicasls o.> see cen? Wap aastotete fer steal naa 2 
6 | Classification and arrangement of the materia medica collections ...-.........---------- 2 
7 A classification of the forms in which drugs and medicines appear and are administered | 7 
& | Memoranda for collectors of drugs for the materia medica section of the National Museum. 2 
9 | Circular in reference to the building-stone collection. ............-..--..------e--ee eens: 6 
10 | Two letters on the work of the National Museum...-..-...-.2 222-22 eee ne--e ene ese enon | 10 
11 | A professional classification of the food collections .....................--..------------- 22 
12 | Classification of the collection to illustrate the art of taxidermy -...........---.--.------ 2 
Pe Ouuuine of sv scheme of Musenm classification <0-2 .) ioc. lecc ei ccc ere te pce ceecactecvinn 4 
14} Circular requesting material for. the library...-.. 0.22.2... 2: 22. cccn ccc me neces ceevec-sneee| 3 
15 | The organization and objects of the National Museum..................--------222--eeeee S 
POMEElans tor Lie mataliatiom Of COlSCHONS]7 <6 — ous e sce man fan sac aw ceca s occ ctaecceccessccs 2 
17 | Contributions and their acknowledgements ....-..--. 1.20.2... 2-2-2 eee cence cece eee nes 1 
18 | List of publications of the United States National Museum .-....-...............2..-22--. 12 


19 Classification of the materia medica collection of the U.S. National Museum and eata- 


GS eieee ls SPOON OMS Meee ates 6 ciclo De ome eer sete aie ees aaa e wae onion caine evens ac usisince seca 45 
20 Request for specimens of drugs and information concerning them .........-...-....-..--. 1 
21 | Cireular relative to contributions of aboriginal antiquities to the U.S. National Museum. 5 
22 | Brief directions for removing and preserving the skins of mammals...........-....-..--. 7 


26 


40 


41 


| +Catalogue of the contributions of the section of graphic arts to the Ohio Valley Cen- 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Title. 


Instructions for taking paper molds of inscriptions in stone, wood, bronze, etc..--..----- 
Plan of a collection to illustrate the textile industries of the United States, to be exhib- 
ited at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exposition, 1884-85 at New Or- 
MT CR Sore cease soonest anon noid anqoh acne eae CUSe a ndoe ous crd bemasecusado~maecqsseces 
Preliminary plan for a collection of the building and ornamental stones and rocks of the 
United States, to be exhibited at the World’s Industrial and Cotton Centennial Expo- 
sition, 1884-85 at New Orleans 
Plan for a collection of the gems and precious stones of the United States, to be exhib- 
ited at the Cincinnati Industrial Exposition and the World’s Industrial and Cotton | 
Centennial Exposition, 1884-’85 at New Orleans. .--.-..-......-.---2--..-+.2-2----.--s- 


Directions for collecting and preserving and transporting tortricids and other small 
MOS Hoe sae see aie sare oes eset e Seettat = akeleiate seiawe c622)5.55 e6 aeamiee = = Cae Ose hae eee eae 
Direchions forsMOUNGleXpPLOLAb] OM eee eee rate ete lalate ete rela tate ae 
Provisional plan for a collection of mammals to be exhibited at the World’s Industrial 
and Cotton Centennial Exposition of 1884—’85 at New Orleans .....-..........--.-..---. } 
A list of birds the eggs of which are wanted to complete the series in the National | 
Museum, with instructions for collecting eggs .-- 2-5. =. 22-22-65 sense eee se ees cee cee ese | 
Plan to illustrate the mineral resources of the United States and their utilization, at the 
W orld’s Industriai and Cotton Centennial Exposition of 1884—'85 at New Orleans. ..-.--- 
Classification of the materia medica collection of the U.S. National Museum, and cata- 
logue of specimens. ..-..--.-------------------+---+--2+--- +--+ +++ ---2 eee ee eee eee 
Notesionithe preparation Of (SOLO LOTS mates = meee ete eae ane ee eee ae eee | 
Circular for the guidance of persons desiring to make exchanges of birds or birds’ eggs 
WalN (NOONE RH OONL AHR bi CoS SoS omsecpeasceneassoSsasess esos SS AAR OE Tae Ne 
*Concerning the lending of type specimens. ..------------- ------.--------..------------- | 


tennial Exposition, Cincinnati, 868 27. ace c<asseaeememae este a ee eee eee 
Contributions of the Department of Transportation and Engineering to the Ohio Val- 
ley Centennial H'xhibition; 18882-. ---.-.2-<f---cese-ss-ee bach omsce: ces aeeeeeree ee cee 


The contribution of the section of Oriental Antiquities to the Ohio Valley Centennial 
Op d dls HOW) Ws see Oooo s HeSere StS coe mSsooconemRqOnoSaSe ESS nccoroneSsecosscosdnoccoocsace 
Description of exhibit made by the Department of Prehistoric Anthropology in the 
National Museum at the Ohio Valley Central States Exposition in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1888. 
Guide to a collection illustrating the families of mammals exhibited in the Ohio Valley 
Centennial Exhibition in 1888 by the U.S. National Museum 


16 


*See Museum report 1886, p. 25. 
+ This and the following circulars were erroneously numbered. 
+ See ‘‘ Proceedings,”’ Vol. X, p. 701. 


HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM PUBLICATION FUND. 


The publication of the Proceedings and the Bulletin was at first paid 
for from the printing fund of the Interior Department, with which the 
* Museum was at that time in close relations in respect to financial mat- 


ters. 


Subsequently it was paid for from a fund for printing the labels 


of the Museum, estimates for which were annually submitted by the 
Secretary of the Interior at the request of the Secretary of the Institu- 


tion. 


The amount asked for was usually $10,000, but in 1882~83 the 


estimate was for $20,000, which sum, however, was not allowed. 
Although in the book of estimates, the Museum appears as asking a 


ee 


— 


\ 
REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 61 


certain sum for printing, no reference was made in making the appro- 
priation for the Museum, but the money was given in the gross sum 
allotted to the Interior Department as a Printing Fund. 

In 1888, however, a separate appropriation was made for the first 
time in these words: “For the National Museum, for printing labels 
and blanks and for the Bulletins and Annual Volumes of the Proceed- 
ings of the Museum, $10,000. ” 

In 1889 the appropriation for the fiscal year 1890 was made in the 
same words, but was not included as heretofore in the appropriations 
for the Department of the Interior. 

The edition of the earlier volumes of the Proceedings and Bulletins 
was usually only 1,000, of which a portion was distributed by the De- 
partment of the Interior and a portion by the Museum, the number 
received being sometimes as many as 500, and sometimes as few as 250,* 
The edition placed at the disposal of the Museum being so small and 
withal so uncertain as to number, the distribution was always of neces- 
sity informal, and no effort was made, except in the case of the signa- 
tures of Proceedings, already referred to, to provide for supplying 
copies to a regular list of institutions and specialists. A considerable 
number were used up in the work of the Museum, and the others were 
sent to correspondents of the Museum in exchange for publications, for 
specimens, and incidentally to such institutions as might apply for 
copies, as well as to individuals, especially students who made it evi- 
dent that they were in a position to make good use of the books. 

In some cases, as, for instance, that of the catalogues of the Animal 
Products and Fisheries Collection at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876 
(Bulletin 14); the catalogue of the Exhibit of the Fisheries and Fish 
Culture of the United States of America at the International Fishery 
Exhibition at Berlin in 1880 (Bulletin 18), and the catalogue of the col- 
lection exhibited by the United States at the International Fisheries 
Exhibition at London in 1883 (Bulletin 27), the entire edition, and 
indeed an extra large number of copies also, were entirely absorbed in 
special uses in connection with the exhibition work. In other instances, 
such as Coues and Prentiss’s “‘ Catalogue of the Birds of the District of 
Columbia” (Bulletin 26) and Ward’s “Guide to the Flora of Washing- 
ton and Vicinity” (Bulletin 22) the books were largely distributed to 
supply a local demand. 

It was, in fact, not intended that formal publication of these docu- 
ments should be made from the advance edition to which I have re- 
ferred. 

Formal publication was undertaken by the Smithsonian Institution, it 
being the intention that, the first cost of composition and electrotyping 
having been provided for by the special Congressional appropriation, 
the Smithsonian Institution should avail itself of the electrotype-plates 


* The records show that of Bulletin 32, 250 copies were received; of Bulletin 29, 
244; of Bulletin 25, 390; of Bulletins 27 and 30, 450, 


s da 
62 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


and use them in making up certain volumes of the Miscellaneous Col- 
lections. The papers published in the “ Proceedings” and “ Bulletin” 
of the Museum were of precisely the same character which since 1862 
had made up the great majority of the most important papers in the 
Miscellaneous Collections. The Institution then undertook to print 
an edition of 1,200 copies in the form of volumes of the Miscellaneous 
Collections, and to distribute them to the principal libraries of the 
world. This was at the time regarded as advantageous, since the cost of 
composition and electrotyping was always at least two-thirds of the cost 
of an edition of 1,200, and in addition to this the miscellaneous distribu- 
tion, for which the Institution in the case of similar publications printed 
at its own expense had been accustomed to provide, was now already 
provided for out of the preliminary issue of several hundred copies 
paid for from the Museum fund. 

The practice was in effect from 1878 to 1883, and five volumes of the 
Miscellaneous Collections were made up entirely of the “* Proceedings” 
roa ‘‘ Bulletin” of the Museum, as is shown in the accompanying 
table. 


Miscellaneous collections. Date. | Contents. 
AILS GUUG aaakane Sat eedeeosarmacosdbes mascece 1878 | Bulletins 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10. 
Vt bd O62 5 Ce obeceeda see Sono ccsio Se oosepaLeasse 1880 | Proceedings Vols. 1, and 2. 
\Wiik MONO UE. poacsoenscsossosdabsconssssosasstos 1882 | Proceedings Vols. 3 and 4. 
Wii P:O:0 D0 Beeeeeseno aaccce aden suencosesHeae 1882 | Bulletins 11, 12, 13, 14. 
VWiOE ONO DGS a seduaseeadde see o0 os0T So cobdcia Soe 1883 | Bulletin 16. 


In this manner the first four volumes of the “ Proceedings” and the 
first sixteen numbers of the “ Bulletin” were published, constituting in 
each instance about one-third of the entire series up to the present date. 

Since 1883 no publication of the “ Bulletin” has been made, and none 
has been made in the case of the “Proceedings” since 1882. 

There remain unpublished, then, eleven volumes of the “‘ Proceedings” 
and twenty-one numbers of the “Bulletin,” in all sufficient to make 
ten thick volumes of the Miscellaneous Collections. Possibly, by con- 
densation and omissions the number might be reduced to nine volumes. 

If the Institution were to undertake to print the edition of 1,000, now 
customary in the case of the Miscellaneous Collections, the cost would 
be not less than $9,000. 

The same amount expended by the Institution in printing fresh mat- 
ter would probably not produce one and a half volumes, or at most 
two volumes, of Miscellaneous Collections. 

As a matter of fact, however, the publication of the edition of 1,000 
copies by the Smithsonian Institution would not really meet the neces- 
sities of the case, since it would leave unsupplied a very large number 
of libraries quite as deserving as those already on the list. 

In view of all these facts, it seems not desirable that the Institution 
should undertake hereafter the publication of the Museum “ Bulletin” 
and “ Proceedings,” since it is evident that these will increase in bulk 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 63 


from year to year, and that the demand upon the Institution would 
very soon become too burdensome. 

The desired result could be attained by obtaining from Congress an 
increase in the appropriation for the Museum printing. It would then 
be practicable to publish an edition of 2,000 copies in addition. A 
volume of Proceedings not exceeding 800 pages could then be printed 
each year, and an indefinite number of bulletins, not to exceed in the 
aggregate 1,600 pages, with the necessary illustrations. 

It is estimated that an edition of at least 3,000 copies is needed in 
order to place these publications in the hands of those libraries which 
ought to receive them. 

Two tables are appended, one giving a list by States of the insti- 
tutions to which it would seem proper that distribution should first be 
made, and another, giving a schedule of the number required to supply 
not only the institutions in the United States, but also scientific socie- 
ties and speciailists at home and abroad. 


aa © ih 
oe e eg | : 
pce hacen ne pease rn 

; aS £¢e 2S 2 | 3 = 

B z BA | 8 ip as of 

Steet ie a) sont a eee Pea 

© 2 os © © e | g 3 = 

Se eeea ie eae ts |e es, |i” || St houenl ee 

Dn M D Dp DM i) 4 |A a 
0, ee Ae a 1 Tae rae hay 4 8 1 17 
Lo i a 1 0 0. 0 0. 0 1 0 2 
PARC EANSAS co snn elena ow =m J 0) 71} 0 oO 1 9 9 
@altornisics= see ss:6022--:| 1 1| (1) 0 1 uN ; 5 29 
MEOIGVAM OS: Foc ccansecroaes oe 1 1 2 0 1 Qi tear | 1 8 
Connecticut ......... ..... 1 } 2 ] 1 2 3 4 15 
North Dakota........-..--. 1 i Pena 0 0 2 2 10) | Cae 
Sonth Dakotas: ..cc2-0c5-<- 1 1 1 0 ONES Eae eS, ek 0|> 
MIB WATG Cou o> 2.0 edo ce. ] 1 (1) ike Oillmitencetes| css oes 3 6 
INGE) Sopa Se pesnerposes 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 9 6 
Georgia.....-------------- 1 1 4 1 0) 6 0 | 8 9] 
LSU ecocnc eer Eso eeeen 1 eso Kee accel emcactstd Doco tec EE ey See le) peice 1 
Dilinols .-..---..--..--..4-- 1 1 | 1 fi 1 27 4 12 48 
__ SS eee 1 1 1 1 | 14 5 6 a0 
indian Tecritory--..-....... 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 
Towa ..-.-2---++20-2-0 02+ 1 1 1 1 1 22 ¢ | 7 40 
RBS GUS caremdie cect: 1 1 1 La 1 12 2) 5 24. 
PMO NTUO KY rentals em sinem acin as 1 Z (1) 1 1 | 14 0 3 21 
CTE OT De ie arin Bere ase 1 2 (1) | 1 1 | 9 3 2 19 
Maine .......-......--.--.. 1 0 1 1 0 | 3 6 2 14 
Lite vag ott Be aes ae eee 1 1 1 1 ] 12 2 2 21 
Massachusetts...-..-....-. 1 1 1 1 1 | 9 10 11 35 
LU Re eee ee 1 1 1 1 0 | 9 2 10 25 
IMUNNGBOLD ..~ 2... ave cece nan 1 : 1 1 1 1 | 6 3 2 16 
MMAR SIMRO DL sat ce oi van - 1 1 9 1 0 5 4 17 
ICG UE ee a 1 1 2 1 l i6 6 9 7 
Li SS Eos ee eon 1 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 
RNODTARES oe 4025 .k- 5050-02 1 Hii.) 1 ol 6 2 3 4 


64 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


| Sod 2 | 2 
ae | € | 38 hae 
ae 3 S os 
"= PIS Sean ae tule ie 8 oi Be 
= 2 a Panett dl ip ates o a = 
Ee eee Ne aca sae = 
le a eS alee Nea AE 2 eal ei ES 
sa 1 1 (1) 0 0. 1 1 3 7 
New Hampshire -..-....-.-. i 1 (i) 1 0) 0 2) 3 | 8 
New Jersey ......----.--- 1 | i J 1 0| 3 | 4 | Tate aeeds 
New Mexico........--..--- 1 1 0 1 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 5 
Nowa Wioubeessaseece-s- cere 1 0 2 1 1 | 22 | 13 24 | 64 
North Carolina ......-.--.. 1 1 1| 0. 0 | 8 | 4 | 5 20 
Onigg te eel APU ls 1 | 1 (1). 1 0, egakl ett tton| tena 61 
Ores oni ete See ete i | 1 1 | 1 0 | 6 | 3 | 1 14 
Pennsylvania....-.2....-- 1 1 1 1 | 1| 25 | 14 | 18 62 
iuhodewMsland sass eenee 1 1 1 1 | 0 | 0 1 3 8 
South Carolina ..........-. 1 | 1 ale 1 | 0) q | 4 | 5 20 
MICNNESSCO ac een eemecrecicie oes 1 | 1 (1) st] 0 | 18 5 | GY 31 
SPoragees Oe eee oo 1 | 1 (1) 0 | 0 | 7 | ne | 7 20 
LAH eeren ee sss ece ce ee =. 1 | 1 0 0 0 0 0) 0 2 
\Vi@on\n th ioe casSeecoecesupae 1 | ] (1) 1 0. ah 3 2 9 
avincimiae so 06. once ec 1 | 1 3 | 1 0 7 | 2 3 18 
Washinetom:.+-..<.scce <r 1 | 1 0 ies 1 | 0 | 2 0 0 5 
Wiestivarpinia s.sesse ene 1 | 1 (1) | 1 0 | 2 | 6 2 | 13 
Wisconsin ...........-..-..| 1| 1 (1) | 1 1| 8 7 Ajo aes 
SWayominece bess Sage csc. 3 1 | 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 | 3 
Ro talie eeee 48 ey 36|33|  a7| ~~ 345| + 57|  207| 891 
List by institutions and scientific societies. 
State;and territorial libraries. 2: ss-2---2o2-6 -2- == eo eee eee eee 48 
Stateimmiversities’. coco... cese. selon toc ee eee ese Ee See ee eee eee 42 
Agricultural and mechanical college and agricultural experimental stations not 
otherwise supplied .......- Sheet ec seeecle i ne he Su sei ae ee eee eee eee 36 
State dustoricallsocieties 2-4 4-(-58 295 eeaseene hse eee aes Fe cin SE ees eS 
Stateiacademies of science: s-.-5.ca=ce-meces- Seca Soe Sele ee eee 17 
Colleges, institutions for superior industry, all in the United States.--.-..---. 360 
State normal schools - ---- RE eR ees enn ences oM aoa GUO HSS CeGc 157 
Publicidepositories; not otherwisesuppliedime. = s2-s-) sess eee eee eee 207 
Schools ofiscience, nototherwisesupplied) sa-- esss=- eee e == eee eee 20 
Scientific societies, museums, etc., in the United States...-....---.-..--- reese? tial (25) 
Reserve, to supply public institutions not yet established .-...-.-...-.----.---- 300 
Important libraries in the United States, not otherwise supplied .....-..--..-- 100 
Foreign government universities, scientific societies abroad, and specialists... 500 
Pressiandiexchange governmentiqne.sese=e ee oot eee eee eee eee eee Sova <5) 
Scientific specialists, exchanges forspecimens, etc ...--..---.-.=----. @---.--- 600 
For use of museums, special applications, contingencies, etc., and good of the 
MUSENM 25.15.6325 5.ocm cme stee (eet tine sen eee ee ee eee Seas ce cee 305 
Potalssesncse Bas See eS Sede hss oS ne ee eee 3, 000 


The issue of the enlarged edition would begin with Vol. x11 of the 
“ Proceedings ” and with Bulletin 40 or 41. 
When the question of the publication of the back volumes is considered, 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 65° 


Vols. I to Lv of the ** Proceedings” and Bulletins 1 to 16 may be regarded 
as published; although not to the extent to which it would seem desirable 
in the way of supplying localinstitutiens. Of the following there are in 
hand enough to make a very fair distribution, viz: ‘* Proceedings” Vol. 
x and x, and ‘“‘ Bulletins” Nos. 33 to 37. Of Vols. v. to 1x of ‘ Pro- 
ceedings” and of Bulletins 17 to 32, however, no systematic publication 
can be made without the printing of an additional number of copies. 

There are, apparently, three ways in which the necessities of the case 
may be met. 

(1) For the Smithsonian Institution to assume the publication in the 
Miscellaneous Collections of all the volumes of the Proceedings up to 
Vol. xit and of the Bulletins up to No. 40. Then toclose the series and 
to begin the publication of two new series of “ Proceedings” and “ Bul- 
letin” with a new set of numbers, in each instance to begin with No. 1. 

(2) For the Smithsonian Institution to publish Vols. v to rx of the 
‘* Proceedings,” and * Bulletins ” 17 to 32, to make as judicious as pos- 
sible a distribution of the subsequent volumes, and to begin with the 
year 1890 the publication of two series, as already suggested. 

(3) Toask Congress in 1890 to appropriate a sum sufficient to complete 
the back sets of the “ Proceedings” from Vol. 1 to x11, and in 1891 to 
make a similar request for the printing of back numbers of the ** Bulle- 
tin ;” in each case, if possible, securing an edition of 3,000 copies. 

Appended to this part of the report are three lists of institutions, and 
foreign and domestic libraries to which it is desired to send the future 
publications of the Museum, 

This is, of course, independent of the lists of special institutions and 
of specialists, who are provided with papers relating to their own pecul- ° 
iar lines of work, and also of institutions or individual specialists and 
correspondents of the Museum, with whom exchange is in progress, 
since such lists are constantly varying. 

PUBLICATIONS DURING THE YEAR. 


Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum.—Vol. xX of this series, for 
i887, was issued in December, 1888, and contains viii+771 pages and 
39 plates. The first signature of the volume printed in this year was 
No. 32 (p. 497). In Vol. x are included seventy-eight papers* by 
twenty-nine authors, ten of whom are officers of the Museum; namely, 


| Number | | Number 


*Subject. | of pa- Subject. | of pa- 
pers. pers. 
SEM eet Pel an te al Peliata'e oetotminto cit Sea MOSS LARS ae ne cth cobes easels fae smc os 1 
MISH OS test tink odes ceeded Ouse eee secews LSP CCODt DIBMUSE os ease = cm nide ox ako ~iciuwia ¢ 1 
Marine invertebrates .................-.. 9 MINETHIO LU. sc sscee =. <lastecwsccc Rees eccl 1 
MUBOCUR Ris ome nite cee se ecianiswinwe'e ea cians sot Oa MOBUSOL OD Vides ane meena teats scaid aaa se | 1 
PEA INELLS oars en ala heen ts ain alee cco aac 3 || General natural history..........-...-.. 1 
Ply eee eee pe 5) oe = hee 
210) [2 0) eee Pe SOS ROO a eee EER 2 
RO LION ae aiess ctn a wa Wie ae ta orle ces-~ 3's 2 


H. Mis, 224, pt. 2——5 


~ 


6-66 os REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Messrs. Bean, Beckham, Bendire, Knowlton, Lucas, Rathbun, Ridg- 
way, J.B. Smith, Stejneger, and True. The other nineteen are Messrs. 
Bollmann, Call, Cope, Higenmann, Gilbert, Gill, Hay, Jordan, Kunz, 
Lawrence, Lesquereux, Lilljeborg, Linton, McNeill, Shufeldt, Town- 
send, Vasey, Zeledon, and Mrs. Elizabeth G. Hughes. 

The Appendix contains (pp. 701-731) the ‘“ Catalogue of the Contri- 
butions of the Section of Graphic Arts to the UVhio Valley Centennial 
Exposition, Cincinnati, 1889,” by S. R. Koehler, Curator of the Section 
of Graphic Arts in the National Museum. Nineteen signatures of Vol. 
x1, Proceedings of the National Museum for 1888, were received between 
November 8 and March 26, from the Goreenaent Printing Office. 

Papers descriptive of auhibats in the Cincinnati Haposition. —Special 
papers, prepared by Mr. Frederick W. True, Mr. Thomas Wilson, Dr. 
Cyrus Adler, Mr. S. R. Koehler, and Mr. J. E. Watkins, and dcserihine 
the exhibits of their Hapatiments in the Cincinnati Exposition, were re- 
ceived from the Public Printer in October. 

Bulletin of the U. S. National Musewm.—No. 33 of this series, en- 
titled “‘ Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms Alphabetically Arranged 
for the Use of Students,” by T. Egleston, Ph. D., was issued in April, 
1889. The vreparation of the catalogue was first undertaken with a 
view to using it in the arrangement of the mineral collections of the 
School of Mines of Columbia College, New York City, but the rapid 
erowth of the collections impressed the author with the desirability 
of enlarging’ the scope of his labors so that it could be used gener- 
ally in museum work. The catalogue contains 198 pages, thé names of 
_ minerals being printed in double columns. This is the last bulletin of 
the Museum printed by the authority of the Secretary of the Interior 
Department. After the close of this fiscal year the Museum will, in ac- 
cordance with the sanction of Congress, superintend the printing of its 
own publications and pay for them out of the special appropriation for 
that purpose. 

Mr. A. Howard Clark has continued his duties as editor of Proceed- 
ings and Bulletin. In April, 1889, he was granted leave of absence, 
the President having commissioned him Assistant to the United States 
Comniissioner-General to the Paris Exposition, and Mr. R. E. Harll 
was appointed to act as editor in his absence. 

The Public Printer has courteously expressed his interest in the mat- 
ter of improving the appearance of the Museum publications, and has | 
permitted the use of a better quality of paper and of new type. | 

The manuscript for the following bulletins of the National Museum 
has been transmitted to the Government Printing Office on the dates 
mentioned : 


Bulletin 34, ‘‘The Batrachia vf North America,” by E. D. Cope: April 11, 1887. 

Bulletin 35, ‘‘ Bibliographical Catalogue of the described Transformations of North 
American Lepidoptera,” by Henry Edwards: February 25, 1889. 

Bulletin 36, ‘‘ A Review of the Family Delphinide,” by Mesaeu ste W. True: February 
25, 1889. 


REPORI OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 67 


Bulletin 37, ‘‘ Marine Mollusks of the Southeast Coast of the United States,” by Wm. 
H. Dall: March 23, 1889. 

Bulletin 38, ‘‘ Deep-Sea Fishes of the Atlantic Ocean,” by G. Brown Goode and Tarle- 
ton H. Bean: October 18, 1888. 

In Section 1v of the report will be found a list of the publications of 
the Museum during the year, as also a bibliographical statement of 
papers by officers of the Museum and by others whose writings are 
based upon Museum material. The authors of these papers are eighty- 
nine in number, thirty-five of whom are counected with the Smithsonian 
Institution and the National Museum. The papers number four hun- 
dred and eighty, and are distributed under the following subjects : 


By By other | 
Subjects. Museum inves- Total. 
oftticers. tigators. 

SPE. cela Sc AS scan JOR} Soe DOO OSG OC IDB OOROo Ie Sen eceo Seema 1 0 L 
PLUM OO eee ee rea Sales an sn awaidee wa eieeewene ce = selne sseooe tase 14 6 | 20 
JATIN (DE ee an COS SBC OES CSD TE CR ODS OCECOOCBEA SC RUC pe mOcre ae entnoat 2 0 | 2 
JAM Te Wee. = - be sonia eee ogo seaSeitcocce staan Sack sscsne aeaede 3 0) 3 
Astronomy ..-..--..-- Be ssh oscrccoen Saco n Sp socdcmacosea poccosadcene 3 0 | 3 
Manimi alse ste cance coc en< scones en oe aoe cetera coec eines oe orcas 7 1 8 
IBindsvcecsn~'> © LE Bo ob aoe OA Ie PS: SES AOR RN Sens ee 23 39 | 62 
EERE "Gye S82 SSS 3 SRS REE SO DCO C EE Boos JOD OSES EC COe aCe D ODS CaCnSGAE 6 0 | 
Reap MlesiaAnteb aac NlaNg =a ace mine wa ce sec teccacisasaceseecdes 0 16 16 
UIGUYiGe. ta. op5ee cé gectenecse thc SaaS boas CESS EOE cease ated ese poeaeeneee 23 20 | 43 
WATINT Se oe conor Bad acs aS secSrgen cones soe deddes goes soe Sco eT eae 7 3 10 
IEEE es cee ey ee ee he ao ta arch Naar arava iam aie nine oe macs clel= <isie'wn's sae 138 15 | 153 
MIRON PS] PETG SS Be ay ys ee eR EE pout Gono bot Bena cee aes 1 2 3 
PRUE Pe nee ele cabin aata anise niente class Gan wicteinia de cise ciewiee ele eked 1 10 
PMIOTSES ee teen annem n mee ales Saino Bears aghSasocscocndcesencce st 24 Peel| 26 
LUM GN OPA Y Aenepe cic dae tn SSC SSBC Bt oc b Son co SD HRS OoSsEesOreosese Cs 4 0 4 
Lithology and Physical Geology Hoos SuPsoous oso sacoostenssaasioss sss 18 0} 18 
LOADS Io onb tty eabeadsc ce CACO Tae IE Sr DUE a cE Deas CE ore eene a 0 1 
COREG) 9255556 SP Sse sp enon ge Baoan cope bocce SestapSecoCHesseee 4 0 | 4 
PGs aM UN orgs ene ae ete ane Saree academe oe echin= f= aseewousense 4 0 | 4 
AGAR eo ee Sr ee ee SOOO Oe SPE ICE IO CHIE H I ACER COREDOE DOC Bene 7 1 8 
SETANAPOLLAMOMANG GNFINGETING —~ c soc cc cna oiclesecasecece csene 4 0 | 4 
DeteNLG MUU os ae ae eae oe 2 oem een anions guia ese ecae stcaateae Seco aes 5 0 | 5 
IRCA DEL Rs teeta Sete ey ental toe aiereys aia winfoncin a eision i seleeee ee 7 0 7 
ODES De Sedhg [ Ace Chto Bea ner SoU BEDE Sn OEE Se BOCES SOSEODCEBER 3 0 3 
LIT oc ge SSC BoE CO? BeSDOST AOA gee CAC SCORE CE POE DEB SCE BEM eee neater am 1 0 1 
STIBANO DM iti cnt eo ete eae ac cis ain Nae wicieWieiw ee maneizccee doocesewalee 1 0 1 
ARG TE UN Se ens GEE On CNC ECO AE ECE’ PRBEOAC AERC OC EPO AE e cerenaas 4 0 4 
PROMO Vere eaten Stee nce eet se Sie Se oa saccc noe cdetenee erates: 4 3 7 
Biography ...-.--- DA ORAS EE SAE Eh FeO Ia Oe aie a a eer 13 0 13 
Renee AN eet otra Mie pre ses We Oe Se owes assoc tem Serer 29 1 30 

LOM In rent enne nk Ow eee sels daca Juset ste esinosege bs cats ec he a 370 Prarie 480, 


VISITORS. 


During the year the total number of visitors to the Museum building 
has been 374,845, showing an increase of more than 125,000 over the 
total for last year, or a little more than one-half of the total number for 
last year, which was 249,665. 


68 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSUEM, 1889. 


The total number of visitors to the Smithsonian building has been 
149,130, an increase of nearly 47,000, or, in other words, of about two- 
fifths of the total number for last year, which was 102,863. 

The monthly register, as kept by the door-keepers, is here recorded. 


Suc  Stitheonan 
building. | building. 
1888. 
DUDY 2-2 ono een nn nn oo enn nnn ene ee rem ne eee enn ener nnn 19) 242 8, 388 
AUQUSE .. 22-2 oe eee ne ee ee ee n= ree ener nee een eee eee ene 20, 361 8, 343 
September . .--..- 2... 22 os one ee oe nw wa a ean cere onsen enn n SARE 21, 270 | 8, 321 
October ~ cae e ae = oan eee en ere nem nm wenn oem ss oem ne = == 20, 844 7, 765 
INOVEMDOR = oo occ ce ee oo wim a eee enna enna wees essa sn === n= 17, 231 6, 179 
ID LOSI NE eso occascgeD PnoEeonoOSo AS ScGeso0O0" Sacinon obese nssboobonSsgdcasse 28, 148 6, 970 
1889. 
CER fb Sonn oo ceacoD Suse oeseDogS Koeco SoS noDeSStooe saseoneooscesseosssoee 23, 287 7, 916 
PELE Ay Coe oend capisoocelesodn ado posdeconseSo ee sacesusos Sea sccdarndoSeqoses5 24, 485 8, 223 
WIRE 555 soon sso sonse bs ooo nS asso acdbsSnSse ssgse5Scs ce Ss soscsecscose soosss 126, 750 64, 553 
UXfp ie 5 aoe dgeona bangnndScsos <consoc SSP CRosSUotasor CSSeSECTEcanceeDSoEmSacesr 27, 925 7, 848 
May. -- 2. - = 2 nec cen nen ema nee nen eee ne enn ne een ew ew ene s ones 26, 314 7, 159 
JUNE cen e cee ne ene cee e cee nee nee nee ee een ne cee ences cisene es 23, 991 7, 429 
GUN oaacad ppacas pecOeOoUp ONO dda COU SoD Se bo SSoySoSEL So aSsesopanSedsssen 374, 843 149, 130 
AP PLOSIMAve Cally AVOLALC coe arate am mee aie ele niin ee eel rate ie 1, 201*| 478* 


* Counting 312 days to a year. 


The Inauguration ceremonies in March brought large numbers of vis- 
itors to the Museum. On March 2and 5the Museum and Smithsonian 
buildings were visited by no less than 106,070 persons, the number on 
March 5, being 56,567. On these days the Museum building was kept 
open from 8 a. m. until 5.45 p. m. 


Table showing the number of visitors to the Museum and Smithsonian buildings since the 
opening of the former in 1881. 


Total num- 

Vicar Museum /Smithsonian |ber of visitors 
: building. | building. to both 
buildings. 

GG fee en re oe See RG ene ed sare ce Oe eee 150, 000 | ) P 150, 000 
MBS oe ered asia steteiein ein cle ieteloie sielola/aimjuistelaialala\c\sioe wlain|otnlstsjeisieivimictealelals 167, 445 | 152, 744 320, 189 
IGE RS SAF secede soScoob sesossogocmrboboneSeuo sesopsscpoasesessoc 202, 188 104, 823 307, O11 
HAS ae steretaeisele (sae mist icinteia = camioimial te met etatetetetafetefele iain emairtnaieloteieteiet ats 195, 322 91, 130 286, 452 
TEEEY (ETE RAY IO) UTNE) “Sococonecocsasectour - SouoKooUgEdcans. 107, 365 | 60, 428 167, 793 
USC ea acocacvesuacdsecodsb0eds690s00s0 pSScaenaoobeesaoSe 174, 225 88, 960 263, 185 
Tees i GecGersaospesonood Ser on opoe a acboocadraSsas oda aon sSaqgo 216, 562 98, 552 315, 114 
1 tle Saco Bo bObD Coc DOC SE mbeODOCCaRSaSHpaccooS seco oesosesce 249, 665 | 102, 863 352, 528 
IRE) AS aeRO e SUA SOoooR OOSS- ore ApupeDosscSeaecncoscsuccs 374, 842 | 149, 130 523, 973 
MUD GadarSroseedaso. jsesluesssocccocs seaddosanssegsear 1, 837, 615 848, 630 2, 686, 245 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 69 
LECTURES AND MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Following the custom of previous years, the use of the lecture hall 
has been granted by the Regents of the Smithsonian Institution for a 
series of lectures delivered under the joint auspices of the Anthropo- 
logical, Biological, Chemical, National, Geographic, and Philosophical 
Societies of Washington.* The programmes of the two parts of the 
course are as follows : 


PROGRAMME OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE COURSE. 


Saturday, March 9, 4.15 p. m.—Prof. DANIEL C. GILMAN: Recent Aspects of Uni- 
versity Education in this Country. 

Saturday, March 16, 4.15 p. m.—Prof. W. O. ATWaTER: The Composition of Our 
Bodies and Our Food. 

Saturday, March 23, 4.15 p. m.—Mr. Joun Murpocw: Hunting and Fishing Among 
the Eskimos of Point Barrow. 

Saturday, March 30, 4.15 p. m.—Mr. Henry WETHERBEE HENSHAW: Who are the 
American Indians ? 

Saturday, April 6, 4:15 p. m.—Mr. G. K. GILBERT: The History of Niagara Falls. 


PROGRAMME OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE COURSE. 


Saturday, April 13, 4.15 p. m.—Dr. WASHINGTON MatTTHEws: The Catlin Collec- 
tion of Indian Paintings. (Illustrated by colored-lantern slides. ) 

Saturday, April 20, 4.15 p. m.—Prof. E. 8S. Morse: Art Hand-Works of Japan. 

Saturday, April 27, 4.15 p. m.—Mr. W. E. Curtis: The United States of Colombia. 

Saturday, May 4, 4.15 p. m.—Mr. Everretr HayDEN: Tropical Cyclones; with 
Special Reference to the Recent Hurricane at Samoa. (Illustrated by colored lantern- 
slides. 

Saturday, May 11, 4.15 p. m.—Prof. W. B. PowE.u: First Steps in Education, 
Psychologically Considered. 


The following table shows the number and dates of ‘ Saturday lect- 
ures ” delivered up to the close of the 188889 course: 


Year. Date of first and last lecture. eos 

HBG sian winls a aes e os. Mare bie April 2b ee eae a ae oes oan So pinlo nie oe tance eaten eeas 
LE ae Pliers pe AMAT Lop MANCDioliccs « cismcsseaatmsna smc s ae cena de nacese ce os 7 12 
Latte Wie lee sei aes WAUUALV Os AEE Oem. a a cet maaete ns coer ccc cera n cecadan yeast ae-< mt anatas 17 
ES ee ee MGDIUARYA) MM AV 2 ssn eects rode eee eeatubcn pce eeacch son anaeectens vee 12 
LASER ae eee Maro biG Mia 8 ieee mrs soem tee ceee See eee eee ees ene eee 10 
EE ee ee ae UVa HO Mia ach rats otc te ee eee na Aus oe ew aie Ge Se aides geen 12 
HBSS. =<. hee eee | HEUER Velo aU Oe ao ane cape a2 ee fee ime Maoh sonnei N eat name wee nint 12 
UR ees ee ee Ase P AGE RCT I CE x70 Ui A I A eae a ae ae a ek ee ne ge 10 
inti ee este wr) eerie} 020), aoe Ra. eesicea<ideh Lali bane hie 


On May 29, upon the request of the trustees of the Toner fund, Prof. 
Harrison Allen delivered a lecture in connection with the Toner course 
in the lecture hall of the Museum. The subject of the lecture was 


- *The joint committee on lectures is as follows: Dr. Robert Fletcher, chairman ; 
Marcus Baker, Henry Gannett, C. Hart Merriam, and H. W. Wiley. 


70 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


‘Clinical study of the skull undertaken in connection with the morbid 
conditions of the jaws and nasal chambers.” 

During the year the following-named societies have, by permission, 
held meetings in the Museum lecture hall: 

The National Dental Association met on July 24, 25, and 26. On the 
evening of September 20 was held one of the meetings of the Medical 
Congress. The American Ornithologists’ Union held its sixth congress 
on November 13, 14, and 15. Meetings of the Department of Superin- 
tendence of the National Educational Association were held on March 
6,7, and 8. The National Academy of Science held its meetings on 
April 16,17, and 18. The council of the American Geological Congress 
held business meetings on April 19. The American Historical Associa- 
tion held its fifth meeting in Washington during Christmas week ; the 
evening sessions being held at the Columbian University, the morning 
sessions at the Museum. 


STUDENTS. 


Free access has as usual been given to students in the various branches 
of natural history. The Museum has also received valuable assistance 
from the volunteered co-operation of several specialists. In several in- 
stances special groups of objects have been studied and identified by 
naturalists, and in this way both they and the Museum have received 
benefit. 

Ensign A. P. Niblack was assigned by the Secretary of the Navy to 
duty in the Smithsonian Institution on October 3, for the purpose of 
preparing a report on the Coast Indians of Alaska and Northern British 
Columbia. The report was made chiefly from notes taken by Ensign 
Niblack, in connection with the survey of Alaska, 1885-1887. This re- 
port was completed in time to include it as one of the special papers in 
the Museum report for last year. 

Dr. C. Johnston, jr., of the Johns Hopkins University, has undertaken 
the study of a Persian Astrolabe, obtained by the Museum, and at the 
May meeting of the American Oriental Society presented a study, sug- 
gested by this instrument, entitled “The Chaldean Astronomy.” 

Dr. C. Hart Merriam, of the Department of Agriculture, has made 
extensive studies of the arvicoline mice in the collection of mammals, 
as well as of other groups of North American mammals. 

Prof. D. K. Shute, of the Medical Department of the Columbia Uni- 
versity, was afforded facilities for study in the laboratory of the De- 
partment of Comparative Anatomy, and free access to the study series 
of specimens. 

A portion of the collection of batrachians was lent to Prof. E. D. 
Cope to aid him in completing the illustrations for his work on the Ba- 
trachia of North America, since published as Bulletin 54 of the National 
Museum. 

Dr. John A. Ryder, of the University of Pennsylvania, has been en- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. A 


gaged in a study of the vertebral column, and in this connection pieces 
of the vertebral column of Chimaera were lent to him. Dr. Ryder has, 
in a letter dated April 11, 1889, stated that every step can now be 
traced of the process by which the axial column of vertebrata has be- 
come what it is in the highest types. 

Messrs. Frank Burns and Charles B. Greene have, by permission of 
the Director of the U. 8. Geological Survey, rendered valuable assist- 
ance by their studies of the collections of Tertiary Mollusks. 

The collection of Materia Medica has been studied by several students 
of medicine in the District of Columbia. 

Dr. J. A. Allen, of New York, Dr. P. L. Sclater, and Mr. Osbert 
Salvin, of London, Count von Berlepsch, of Miinden, Germany, and 
several other active ornithologists, have received from the National 
Museum material to aid them in their studies of particular groups of 
Ameriean birds. 

Dr. G. Baur, of Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut, has had for 
study a number of the Chelonians belonging to the Museum. The re- 
sults of his studies have been published in Vol. xt of ‘ Zoologischer 
Anzeiger,” Vol. xx of the “American Naturalist,” Vol. rt of ‘* An- 
nals and Magazine of Natural History,” Vol. 1x of ‘ Biologisches Cen- 
tralblatt,” and Vol. x1 of ‘‘ Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum.” 

The undetermined Myriapoda in the collection of insects were sent 
to Mr. C. H. Bollmann, of Bloomington, Illinois, for study. The material 
in the genera Oediomychis and Disonycha were sent to Dr. George H. 
Horn, of Philadelphia, who is engaged in working up the genera of the 
Halticide. Capt. T. L. Casey, of New York City, is studying the 
Staphylinid group of beetles, and the Museum material in certain genera 
was sent to him for examination. 

Prof. A. E. Verrill and Prof. 8. I. Smith have continued their work 
upon the collections made by the U. S. Fish Commission, and for the 


present stored at the Peabody Museum of Yale College. Prof. Edwin 


Linton is studying the internal parasites of fishes collected chiefly by 
himself at Wood’s Holl. Prof. Walter Faxon, of the Museum of Com- 
parative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, has promised to report 
upon the eray fishes received since 1885, and Mr. J. Walter Fewkes has 
completed a paper on some of the Medusz collected by the Fish Com- 
mission steamer Albatross in the region of the Gulf Stream. Prof. Les- 
lie A. Lee, chief naturalist of the Fish Commission steamer Albatross, 
has assorted the collections made by that vessel during the voyage 
around South America, and several groups of marine objects have been 
sent, for study and report, to different naturalists. These are referred to 
at greater length in the report* of Mr. Richard Rathbun, curator of the 
Department of Marine Invertebrates. Dr. T. H. Bean, curator of 
Fishes, has rendered assistance to several students of ichthyology in 
this and other cities. 


* See Section I. 


72 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Several students of taxidermy have received instructions from Mr. 
W. T. Hornaday. 


PROPERTY, SUPPLIES, AND ACCOUNTS. 


The following statement relating to cases and other furniture, and 
to the supplies, and accounts of the Museum, together with a list of em- 
ployés for the fiscal year 188889, has been prepared by Mr. W. V. Cox, 
chief clerk. 

At the time of submitting the last report upon the finances of the 
Museum, the unexpended balance of the appropriation for preservation 
of collections, 1888, was $239.11. Since then $60 has been expended for 
specimens ; $9.38 for books ; $46.36 for travel, and $122 for freight and 
cartage, leaving, May 1, 1890, an unexpended balance $1.37. 

The appropriations received by the Museum for the year ending June 
30, 1889, are as follows: for preservation of collections, $125,000; for 
furniture and fixtures, $40,000; for heating and lighting, $13,000. 


PRESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS. 


The following disbursements were made from the appropriation for 
preservation of collections for this year: $108,650.65 was paid for sal- 
aries, or compensation ; $4,792.61 for supplies ; $1,638.92 for stationery ; 
$4,803.82 for specimens; $1,573.68 for books, periodicals, ete.; $643.05 
for travel; $2,759.04 for freight and cartage; making a total expendi- 
ture of $124,861.77 to May 1, 1890, and leaving an unexpended balance 
of $138.23 to meet outstanding liabilities. 

The average amount paid on the monthly roll for this year is $9,054.22 ; 
the smallest number of employés in any month is 130 for November, 
1888; the largest, 167, in March, 1889, when extra service was required 
on account of the crowds of strangers visiting the Museum; the aver- 
age number employed is 140. 


FURNITURE AND FIXTURES. 


From the appropriation for furniture and fixtures for the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1889, the following amounts have been disbursed: 
$17,664.30 has been paid for services; for exhibition and storage cases, 
with designs and drawings for the same, cabinets and storage bases, 
book-cases, unit tables and boxes, $8,460.34 ; for fire-proof safe for dis- 
bursing clerk, $412.12; frames, stands, double folding-screens, and mis- 
cellaneous wood-work, $2,155.67; drawers, trays, and boxes, $1,518.33 ; 
glass, $989.19; metal work (iron, tin, brass, ete.,) $1,652.58 ; office fur- 
niture and chairs for halls, $549.55; cages for living animals, $160.80 ; 
glass jars and containers for specimens, apparatus, etc., $695.41; cloth, 
plush, ete. (linings for cases), $167.65; altering and re-enforcing cases, 
$45; lumber, $2,153.67; tools, hardware, and appliances, $1,517.67; 
paints, oils, varnish, brushes, ete., $865.86; slate, brick, stone, and 
plaster, $543.61; rubber goods, $421.88; traveling expenses, $21.47, 
making a total of expenditures to May 1, 1890, of $39,995.10, and 
1eaving a balance of $4.90 to meet bills vet outstanding. 


@ 


.) 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 3 


The average amount paid this year on the monthly roll for furniture 
and fixtures is $1,472.02, The greatest number of employés in any one 
month is 33; the smallest, 20; the average, 27. The highest salary is 
$150, paid to the Engineer of Property; the lowest pay on this roll, to 
a cleaner of glass, is $30; the average being $54.18. 


STANDARD CASES AND OTHER MUSEUM FURNITURE. 


Among the various items of standard museum furniture there are 
none, perhaps, that fill the purpose for which they were designed more 
satisfactorily than the unit-tables, storage cases and drawers for the 
storage of specimens. 

The standard round columns, which support forty-eight wing-frames, 
are of great utility where space is limited, since they admit of the dis- 
play of a large superficial area (480 square feet) of drawings and other 
illustrations upon 35 square feet of floor space. 

These facts seem to be recognized, as we have frequent requests from 
persons interested in museum administration in this and other coun. 
tries for drawings of these styles of cases. To comply with sueh 
requests, cyanotypes and specifications showing the details of construe- 
tion have been prepared by Mr. J. E. Watkins, the engineer of prop- 
erty, for transmission to applicants. 

The following is a detailed list of cases, bases, frames, stands, appa- 
ratus, general appliances, fittings, etc., made or furnished during the 
year by persons outside the Museum: 


WeaONS ANGATA WANES TOR CASS ise sonics saints slelas cls\c ¢ -iatsi= sles ais'siclajeia Saisie eicicracie $235. 00 
1Ohmahocany double: Liverpool Cases. s <2 2 S222 2 sete cede cece ¢ seme dca secls 2, 360. 00 
SUMAN OM ANVEURUL-taDLe Smet cclaciels salem aan secs a eeiasiociee craic Se iactiet coerce 2,500. 00 
MI MIAO CAN ye CwatietMt- LADLOS seer lcci Ne cic cis/< bee 2-2 ofa cine ils scat eae clas 1, 200. 00 
Pero Cimon COnwall-case,, DS RANG e\ss2 manic ote cose cece ey odes sss ces.ee- 335. 00 
ipa mahogany, bases for liverpool cases 2.5 225.3... o tenses soc s ec nee oe 170. 00 
1 mahogany Kensington case, Gray pattern .........-.---.----- 222-02 -5- 82. 24 
Femi ano ran yes iagde tor LivyerpoOl CASO) =- cone sacinaeleceince cee eoeecicces cone 54.50 
munsech cabinets, bwenby, AEA WOIS CACD). 5. osc pcre ano c/o me eicte nce wnmicee Lines 250. 00 
Men iHerCOn Uap MOO UO! CABOS. seme of (inn Si. 5 = oe Sane cone eayancee ateds Seis aA 234. 00 
SMMC aM LIN POG le CHBOS ad Ceti Sw win pe oc a/5 ac cte tua ct eae kiede 112.50 
TWuBAhORaAny Case-heading MCAMES) .. 5 2.2 slo sin enig he cs ce geis dec entdewn 75. 00 
Poa nOorany GOUDIG-10 din ym SCLEONS <n s «ons oo som aeelucee en) eo ces <0 aee 68. 75 
PANARO SAY, CUATHOR UM tUD LOS f= > =\.-tanin~.o\ co eisieelee cue sicawe cs Sanit eaieceses 84. 00 
SEPANG West l) OR CN abe rears os sare ati mice ahead cnis ie ma Sago sete ome 61. 00 
Prin storare.cases (for smallomammals) ws... 222.5 sesc soceees-ccedee ccs 72. 50 
EEO UUGISDOLAPOCaSeG (LOTTA WAN O'S) 2.020 325 -o ht ee aoe cis one acl eis Sent sae 49. 85 
Re-enforcing and altering unit-table and slide-screen cases............-..-- 45. 00 
IMAG CARY CABO LOMO A PANOSO WAPO + 2, ccoccs suo ses cate coe atoces cess bees 228. 75 
Pn AOCAMVECACG Ol OLS DU AMipsc terns nea oe ean: teenie den sce Sek ls a cin lae ste 107. 00 
PM sop Ave CARO OMONOSSIIM PTOUDES ste beac rt calcece ct Salles See ec oc cute - 95, 00 
Limanogany case for prairie-dog group... 2:2 --2-. 2.56 pose en od on code coeeses- 80. 00 
1 mahogany case for cave-hear skeleton -............0-.-----+ --c- --oeeeee 76. 00 
PmaAMOpAn Case fOr NOTH-DiLIPTOUD)«- cues. ceec ce ones cee n-ne enec cneaceee 53. 00 
Ber aINGOn Maal COVELEU CABO lo ncad kU ak cos c vette Joc ans bocce yncc cece sews 45. 00 
1 fire-proof safe for disbursing clerk ........ Fee tee Mas PG oars ace ee Lene 


74 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. : 


Zicares for livimovanimals 4... 7 ose seme ae Peer ee eis Sel aee ee eee eon ep LOUNeO 
Prames, stands, miscellameous wo d- wor kage cise eee ae eae 1, 966. 92 
DLA WeLS UAVS, WOKES se) = aaj eer tein etn oslo ieiee = ee aioe seia eee ee 1,518. 33 
Apparatus and photographic instruments .....---- Sot eae rae teiae Stara iter ale 615. 21 
Glassyjarsvand Wile. 56229 selec eee. she etn ae sees eee ee ae eee aa 80. 20 
Officefarniture 1... 222s SSS ee ae seers ince se ee sateen ieee eceeaa tere 395. 05 
@hairs Gfor halls) 25s8- seb = eee see eo ee eae fee he eee eer ane eye eee Oar 
Tools; hardware yang appliancesss- 22s s>ee see a= Sees eats eee ere ol ord 
a Eyed) 0) eee eee ney et ke eral a eae Ae art a ee eS ee 2, 153. 67 
(CTE eee ann be ee ae ee een NEN ne aE SUAS mampureeee et crnt, so seee 989. 19 
Paints ;ors; varnish, andibrushesi: 2+ o> s-s-sa5 sconce sen so ee eeeineet ae oa 865. 86 
Me talleworker (trom | DTalss= thre GC) eens te tne erate oleate aie errata ene et erar meena 1, 652. 58 
Slate sbnickastomesam dina te terete tees te ene dt eee eee 543. 61 
Cloth plush pete (imingstomcases)teeeeewelctee ey ea= =e ea 167. 65 
uly ber POOds See Ss saree a ore ote tape se ie eles sare Soe ealcleles oil alone ee Spe eee iat 421. 88 
TPravieline exp CNSOS wie see een cee ate ee ee ae aol ee neeetaelaty= 21. 47 


A detailed list is here given of cases, furniture, ete., which have been 
made or remodeled in the Museum work-shops during the year ending 


June 30, 1889: 


11 mahogany pier cases (remodeled). 

5 mahogany unit cases (remodeled). 

1 mahogany alcove case (remodeled). 

1 mahogany wall case (remodeled). 

1-mahogany wall case (extended). 

6 mahogany slide-screen cases (remodeled). | 

2 mahogany cases (repaired). 

2 large oak cases for domestic fowls (re- 
modeled). 

1 pine wall case (remodeled and extended). | 

3 pine cases (remodeled). 

1 pair of storm doors (remodeled). 

5 pedestals (remodeled). 

1 walnut corner book-case. 

2 oak book-cases. 

1 pine book-case. 

1 oak ease, with desk. 

1 cherry glazed case. 

1 sample card-catalogue case. 

7 pine storage cases. 

3 pine wall cases. 

1 half unit-table, with drawers. 

1 pine sample case for new style drawer 
slides. 

11 mahogany table-tops for bent-wood 


legs. 


43 bases. 

4 pedestals. 

2 shields. 

48 mahogany frames. 

24 mahogany label frames. 

20 pine frames. 

3 oak frames. 

1 ash frame. 

1 oak counter, with drawers and railing. 
2 large. double storm-doors. 

13 index boxes. 

13 panels (to go between columns). 
8 screens. 

4 stands. 

2 diaphragms. 

1 sample unit-drawer. 

1 shelf stack. 

2 heavy pine tubs for trees and plants. 
5 cages for living animals. 

1 pen for deer. 

1,000 blocks, beveled. 

1 table for circular saw. 

35 copper tanks. 

20 tin insect-boxes. 


During the first half of the year ending June 30, 1889, the time of the 
-Museum carpenters was occupied to a considerable extent in making 
much needed and important changes in different parts of the building, 
whereby the number of rooms which could be used for office work was 
increased, and the space available for study series of specimens, stor- 
age of books, documents, etc., largely extended. 
Partitions were built in the third floor, northwest pavilion, and extra 
ceilings were put in; in the southeast pavilion a ceiling with flooring 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 5 


above was built, thus giving an additional room for the accommodation 
of the Entomological Department. Much new shelving was put up in 
the different departments, the stationery room was re-arranged, new 
files and boo«-cases were built for the Department of the Library, and a 
large number of cases, bases, frames, pedestals, etc., was built and re- 
remodeled. 

In various places repairs have been found necessary in the flooring 
of the Museum, on account of the dry rot, which is becoming so exten- 
sive as to be a serious detriment. The bases of the cases standing 
directly upon the floor have also been found to be so much injured by 
the prevailing dry rot as to make it necessary to raise them upon blocks, 
pending the time when the bottoms of the cases can be repaired and 
strengthened, and, when practicable each article permanently raised 
upon casters. In order to prevent so far as possible any accumulation 
of dampness, which might cause this decay, the trenches below the 
building have been thoroughly cleaned, and have received several coats 
of whitewash, but the fact that the floors throughout the building were 
laid in the damp conerete renders this precaution of little avail. It 
has, however, been taken every year since the Museum has been oe- 
cupied. . 

HEATING AND LIGHTING. 


The appropriation for heating and lighting for the fiseal year ending 
June 30, 1889, was $13,000. 

The services of telephone clerk, engineer and firemen for this year 
amount to $5,455; $4,188.43 has been spent for coal and wood; 
$1,188.57 for gas; $625.24 for electric work ; $800.16 for telephones ; 
$120 for rental of call boxes; $638.81 for heating repairs; making a 
total of $12,996.01, which leaves, May 1, 1890, an unexpended balance 
of $3.99. 

The average amount paid this year on the monthly roll for heating 
and lighting is $453. The greatest number of employés in any month 
is 9; the smallest, 6; the average, 8. The highest salary is $120, paid 
to the engineer ; the salaries of telephone clerk and firemen being uni- 
formly $50; the average salary is $59.08. 

The number of telephone calls made during the year is 31,377. 


ELECTRICAL SERVICE. 


A change, which proves satisfactory, has been made in the electrical 
service, by substituting for the clocks formerly used others which are 
run by the Gardiner system, and which, being connected with the U.S. 
Naval Observatory, are automatically regulated each day at noon. 

An important improvement in the engine-room has been the repairing 
of the boiler, many of the tubes of which had become defective by long 
use. New ones were obtained, and put into position by the regular 
firemen, who, being practical mechanics, were able to accomplish these 
repairs at a saving of a considerable expense to the Museum. 


76 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


LIST OF MUSEUM EMPLOYES. 


The following is a list of the employés of the U. S. National Museum, 
June 30, 1889, classified under the appropriation from which paid : 


EMPLOYES PAID FROM ‘‘PRESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS” APPROPRIATION. 


Name. Occupation. | Name. Occupation. 
= - — = = | = -- a We 

Adler, Cyrus.........| Assistant curator. NEL stip 1ei Stella ee Stare fernyateree Laborer. 
Anderson, M.D...... | Laborer. WJeichwaky lets IS) Bose aeaq Do. 
PA‘shley,/Wi. ME. 22-2 : | Watchman. | awe, (EL cose. Preparator. 
Ashford, E. W ...---- _ Copyist. | Hendley, Ji. Wi-----=- Modeler. 
Bannister, W.F:..... | Laborer. | MERGss’#At a Ves sneer Cleaner. 
Bean, BrAt sae esaes:. | Aid. | AG Ree a eee eee | Laborer. 
IGA GINO) cae aeceobe Attendant. I Eiiichogk= Rees sees se Curator. 
BeckervHidiccs scene | Tpye-writer. Holnead, C,H ..--...| Watchman. 
Berres, Joseph -..---. | Skilled laborer. i Horan, Henry.-.----- | Superintendent. 
BONG hOdeesseee eee | Laborer. Horan, J. H.-.------. | Watchman. 
BONG Se dbesceectse seer Messenger. i Hornaday, W. T ..--- | Chief taxidermist. 
Brelsford, W.H.--.-- | Watchman. | Hough, Walter ..-.-- | Aid. 
Brockett, Paul -..---- | Messenger. Helen ey PAC Coreen | Messenger. 
BLOWN yd Heese a= Watchman. Wedienerech Cnlslo = koaasoas | Clerk. 
Brow Md Ces esos eer Registrar. HOUW 12s) ence meccece | Aid. 
Brow As Hi. seses | Preparator. Kall Ons sreeateeses | Preparator. 
Buckner, Benjamin -.. Laborer. | ahaa Vio ce coabpene | Disbursing clerk. 
Burger, W.H..-.---. | Draughtsman. | Kenvion)C.1P 22.5.2: | Skilled laborer. 
Burnside, H. W ...--- | Clerk. | Kimball, W.H....--- | Clerk. 
Cahill, John.......-... | Laborer. Koehler) Si Rifs- ------ | Curator. 
Calvert, R.A .-...--- | Watchman. MathamSshse.seee | Copyist. 
Chandlee, W. H ....-. | Draugbtsman. || Laws, John.:....-.-- | Laborer. 
Chase, William .-...-. | Laborer. ine)]; Me WSs... esac Aid. 
Clark, A. Howard --.--) Curator. TCAs an AU eee | Assistant curator. 
WOOKSNE Sess sane | Laborer. | Luscombe, C.R.----. | Skilled laborer. 
Cooper, W.B....-.---- | Skilled laborer. | duyles: Tsaae.os-—-- as Laborer. 
Cornell, May ...-....-. Copyist. | Maione, FP. E.------ <2 | Attendant. 
COX EW's Wicisistes ocisiciiee Chief clerk. | Marbury, E.M.......) Copyist. 
Wayvde PACs ic. sa- cei | Cleaner. | Marron, Thomas....-. | Do. 
De Ronceray, M. FE...) Copyist. Marshall, George ....| Preparator. 
SD eve vig dba eleists mt --| Curator. Marshall, Henry ..... | Taxidermist. 
Digos! CAW cescm<.cc Messenger. Miason7.On i esesessee | Curator. 
Diges, MiScs 2s. -- Copyist. | Merrill, G. P .--....-- | . Do. 
Dorsey, James ....... Laborer. || Merrimon, W.B ..--. | Copyist. 
Dunne, Peter ........ | Watchman. ||: Montis, i. @\s22e. 2-2 \- Do: 
Durand, John .....-.. | Agent. || Moore, G. C ...---.-- Messenger. 
Marl Ry 20.5 sec | Acting curator. | Neale: GruiG secaecestee Laborer. 
Kord, Patrick: <<... .:. | Laborer. Nelligan, DAS 2222525. Watchman. 
Homey; A Hos./s25- 27 | Preparator. || Newhall, W. H...---- Clerk. 
GallaherwkecAy seer , Copyist. | Noa Je Micssoeen sar Do. 
Gallaher Ber sescce | Clerk. | Palmer, Joseph ..---- Modeler. 
Gant, James ........- Watchman. | Palmer, William ...-. Preparator. 
Gattionsd2 BSc... -2 Laborer. Peels ates seer Watchman. 
GeaneR ile: tse . Executive clerk. || Perkins, H.S ........| Copyist. 
Goode, G. Brown..... Assistant Secretary. | Peps WS eee ase | Laborer. 
Graham RaD seeee-=2 Skilled laborer. | TEP ST WU. pAsemcteislatarr Attendant. 
Gurley, RAR sees." Aid. Pollock MoBie=s- 6 Watchman, 
Hargrove, J.O....-.. | Messenger. | Posey, Kate-----.---- Cleaner. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


7 


EMPLOYES PAID FROM “PRESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS” APPROPRIA TION—Cont’d. 


Name Occupation. Name. Occupation. 
es nage | AVG Gah 
TOGO) ic Coon ccc. oo Preparator. Stimpson, W.G...... | Aid. 

Queen, he Dire 2-2. Watchman. | Sullivan, Roger -....- | Laborer. 
Rathbun, M. J ..-.-.- Copyist. || Sweeny, I. W.-.--.-- Preparator. 
Redman, G.F .....-.. Laborer. ebablen asian eee =e Ty pe-writer. 
Rembert, Esau. ..--- Do. | Prue, aWe sces asses Curator, 
TGs hp OS ee rr | Copyist. || Turnbull, T. R..--.-- | Clerk. 
Hees) Widi- so-so <5 Clerk. Twine, David ......-. Messenger. 
Rideway, R:.--=...-. | Curator. Upham. Pence e a5 Clerk. 
moan, Oliver 22-5. ~-« | Laborer. | Wassem, Harriet ....| Attendant. 
Rosenbush, C .-.--.-.. | Copyist. || Weeden, W.C .....-. Watchman. 
Scollich,J. W.-----.- | 'Taxidermist. White, George ...... _ Laborer. 
Scudder. N.P........ | Clerk. | Whiting, E.E.......- Clerk. 
Sessford, J.S..---.--. Do. |) Walson)d).jBy <a o=' <i Copyist. 
Shindler, A. Z-----... | Artist. | AWioltiz;; Gren Wi wiertermiet == Watchman. 
Skinner, A ........--.| Watchman. Wi0Od MNS Ri cosas eae Assistant taxidermist. 
SHG ya BSA | eee a Photographer. || Wright, Clifford .... | Messenger. 
Stejneger, L......-... Acting curator. || Wynne, I. M.........| Copyist. 
Steuart, C..A .--..-.. Assistant superintendent. | Yeates, W. S.-5-.---<: | Assistant curator, 
Stimpson, H.B...-...- Copyist. Yeatman, M. A .....- Copyist. 

EMPLOYES PAID FROM “FURNITURE AND FIXTURES” APPROPRIATION. 
Atkinson,S.S.......- Copyist. Offntt shes scece eee Painter. 
Branson, J. W ....--- Laborer. Rabbitt, Charles .....) Do. 
Burger, Peter..-...... Skilled laborer. Reed Re lii > cence <seee Carpenter. 
Busehing, Hi ..o2. .-- Cabinet-maker. | Ryan, RoW -ccccsse- Do. 
Coleman, J.M ....... Carpenter. | Saunders, Robert ....| Laborer. 
Desmond, J.J -..-.--..| Laborer. Scott, Charles.......- Do. 
Wield ,|G. Wi .~<.s.ss0% | Carpenter. horn vAwBsssscse<ee| Do. ‘ 
Goldsmith, J. S ...... | Clerk. Thomas, W.R ....--- Do. 
Gregory, M.J........ | Cleaner. jaawlory Et. Crcticc cas Do. 
HAN GY, IWie EL sacs 1 2 Carpenter. leRodd) whi. sneeaaace. Clerk. 
Holton, John ..-...-... Laborer. | Wallingsford, W.W.) Painter. 
Hoover, J. E'....---.-| Skilled laborer Watkins, J. E..-..... | Engineer of property. 
McClain, G..C........ | Laborer. Wiltz, (Ay Dieses 5 | Painter. 

i | 


 Burdine, B. W 


EMPLOYES PAID FROM ‘‘HEATING 


Fireman. 
Engineer. 
Fireman. 


AND LIGHTING” APPROPRIATION. 


Stone; Mel oh =csee- 
| Thomas, William .... 
Wood, J. W.H 


| Telephone clerk. 
Fireman. 
Do. 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR PRESERVATION OF COL- 


LECTIONS, 1888-’89. 


No. Items of expenditure. | Amount. No.| Items of expenditure. | Amount. 
1 | A.S. McClain, services............ $5.16 || 8 | L. M. Cornwall, supplies ........-. $58. 53 
2 | Clifford Wright, services ......... 15. 00 9 | M.B. Pollock, services............ 19. 35 
3 | ¥.. H. Burns, services.............. 5.25 || 10 | Pay-roll, July, services.........-.. | 7, 811.16 
4 | G.B. Goode, services .......-....-. 300.00 || 11 | George F. Pollock, services ..-.--- 3. 87 
5 | Joseph Mace, freight............-. 75.00 || 12 | O.S. Florence, services...--..-.-.. 25. 50 
6 | John Durand, services ......,..... 100.00 || 13 | Wm. Butterworth, services - .----- 30. 65 
7 | S.R. Koehler, services ...........- 180,00 || 14 | George K, Cherrie, services ....... 9, 68 


% 


78 


/ 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR PRESERVATION OF COL- 
LECTIONS, 1888-’89—Countinued. 


No. Items of expenditure. Amount. | No | Items of expenditure. | Amount. 
15 | Great Falls Ice Co., supplies. .---- $59.36 || 66 John Akhurst, Suppliespace -m-e $6. 25 
16 | Wm. Ballantyne & Son, books --.. 7.20|| 67 | J. Wallace, specimens.........-..- 24. 00 
17 | J.T. Varnell & Son, supplies...-.. 52.08 || 68 | Bangs & Co., specimens......--.- 5. 50 
LSS SMesE Mann? pooks\)sess-ee- sa eee eee 72.00 || 69 | Hensel, Bruckman & Lorbacker, 

19) M. J..Geare, services ---------...-- 2.09 | | ekRei git: Asoo: sees ee See. eee 6. 69 
20 | National Press Intelligence Co., || 70: | SE. Latham, services------.---.-- 9. 68 

DOOK Saas See eee eee eee i eO | eazall |. Baumgarten, stationery... -.-..--- ae as 
21 | Thomas Rowland, specimens... -.. 7.00}; 72 | Adams Express Co., freight ..-... 22.10 

22 | B. W. Mitchell, services....-...... 16.94 || 73 | George W. Knox, freight.-......-. 30. 51 

23 | Henry A. Clarke & Son, station- | 74 | S. R. Koehler, services ..-...-...-. 180. 00 
OLY 28 facie cian aA seen vee “W75. ||!) iba N. DAC: ieiod ses boolsueses eee eces 3. 50 

24 | Emile Garet, services-...........-. 10.00|| 76 | Garden & Forest Publishing Co., 

25 | W. H. Lowdermilk & Co., books -- 14. 00 | books. face ee aaa ee see eee 4.00 

26 | Joseph Mace, freight ............. 75.00 || 77 | Bowers & WhOy,WOOKS: -oeseeeecee= 30.7 

27 | Pay-roll, August, 1888, services...| 8,415.81 || 78 | Leggatt Bros., books ...--....-... 2.00 

28), GB: Goode; Services «-oes.sss.2s—5 300.00 || 79 | A. L. Shipman’s Sons, stationery .- 8.40 
29 | U.S. Express Co., freight ......... 6.00 | 80 | John Durand, services -.--........ 100. 00 
30 | Adams Express Co., freight ....-- 26.45|| 81 | John G. Mongel & Co., stationery. 6. 40 
31 | James Mooney, specimens ....-..-. aed } 82) Wm. Ballantyne & Son, stationery - 65. 35 
32 | George W. Knox, freight.......... 36.90 || 83 | F. W.Clark, specimens.-..-........ 4.00 
33 | Z. D. Gilman, supplies...... veasuda 14.73 84 | Poole & Brooke, supplies..-....-.. 5. 61 
34 | C.K. Worthen, specimens.-....__- 104'50)||85-| CF: Brant, specimens .-:25--.525. 5. 00 
35 | S. R. Koehler, services Steamer Ortte 180.00} 86 | L. M. Cornwall, supplies ..--.. ek 65, 88 
36 | Clifford Wright, services.........- 15.00 |) 87 | North Distillery Co., supplies .-- 102.35 
37 | EK. J. Lewis, supplies -_.........-..- 2.00|| 88 | R. F. Downing & Co., freight ..-.. 20. 81 
38 | Edward Philpett, services ......-. 2.42 || 89 | Adams Express Co., freight ...--- 82. 90 
39 | E.J. Pullman, supplies............ 18. 30 | 90 | GeEMWorcill; dravielesesss-se5 ssn ee 209. 08 
40 | Chas. Baum, supplies .-..-........ 2.73 || 91 | Samuel Bond, stationery -...--..-. 1. 50 
41 | Otis T. Mason, travel.............- 27.03 || 92 | Joseph Mace, freight.....-..--..-. 75. 00 
42 | Browning & Middleton, supplies.. 1.50 || 93 | G. B. Goode, services.-....-....... 333. 33 
43 | J. Kannofsky & Co., specimens.. 6.98 || 94 | J. H. Hickcox, books :............. 5. 00 
44 | C. H. Pennypacker, specimens -... 14.50 || 95 | Pay-roll, October, 1888, services..-| 8, 535. 69 
45 | Joseph Ross, supplies............- 3.50} 96 | Henry Marshall, supplies......... 1.00 
46 | W. A. Schieftelin & Co., supplies-. 3.30 |} 97 | National Press Intelligence Co., 

i | Hid. G. Rose; services ......--...--- 6. 67 | books! se. cn ase eee eee ee 2. 45 
48 | W.H. Clagett, supplies ...-....... 10.54 || 98 | S. R. Koehler, services ..........-. 100. 00 
49 | Lorraine Tracy, services.......... 24.00|| 99 | U.S. Express Co., freight ....-.... 19. 20 
50 | Ella Olmstead, services........... T5007 00s sc aed or.< oe crete ek Soe eae oe 19. 65 
51 | Marie L. Crusor, services.-...-.-.-- 15200) 101 | Brentano;s, DOOksresesceeeaeeeees 1.50 
52 | L. M. Cornwall, supplies -......--- 63. 31 || 102 | Davies, Turner & Co., freight ...-. 22. 42 
53 | Stephenson’s Express, freight ---- 8.65 || 103 | Leggatt Bros., books.............. 12. 25 
54 | Olive R. Bendz, services ..-.....- : 33. 33 || 104 | Great Falls Ice Co., supplies... -. 46. 56 
55 | John F. Paret, stationery .......-- 4.00 | 105 | W. H. Lowdermilk & Co., books .. 3. 00 
56 | Joseph Mace, freight .-..........- 75.90 ||106 | Poole & Brooke, supplies. -....-.-. 5.72 
57 | G. B. Goode, services............-- 300. 00 |, 107 | Wm. Wesley & Son, books.--..... 35.15 
58 | Pay-roll, September, services ..... 8, 114.65 || 108 | D. IK. Varzhabedian, specimens --. 60. 00 
59 | John Durand, services.....-...... 100. 00 || 109 | M. C. Flannery, freight...-........ 2. 50 
60 | Fred A. Schmidt, services .-... -- 40.00! 110 | Triitbner & Co., books.----..-----. 4. 48 
61 | Great Falls Ice Co., supplies...... 59. 84/111 | Wm. Wesley & Son, books ....... 4. 00 
62 | John Boyle, supplies. .-........... 9.80||112 | H. Baumgarten, stationery.....-.. 7.75 
63 | Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 113 | W. P. Hayden, specimens ..-...... 10. 00 

Statloneryy aisa- e's ao eee 40.95 || 114 | Rider & Addison, stationery - .- --- 14. 00 

64 | John B. Smith, travel ..-.......-.. 82.30 || 115 | Pennsylvania R. R. Co., travel .... 22. 00 

5 | F.P. May & Co., supplies ........- 8.501116 | W. H. Lowdermilk & Co., books .. 15. 00 


i 
i) 
o 


» 162 
163 
164 


i] 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


(he 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR PRESERVATION OF COL- 
LECTIONS, 1888-'89—Continued. 


Items of expenditure, Amount. | No Items of expenditure. 
| George W. Knox, freight...-..-.-.| $112.19 (165 | Great Falls Ice Co., supplies -..-. 
A.L.Shipman’s Sons, stationery-.. 12.00) 166 | Leslie A. Lee, specimens....-...-... 
Patrick & Carter, supplies--...... 2.50) 167 | John C. Parker, stationery. --..--.. 
National Disinfectant and Manu- |168 | A, H. Young, supplies ........-.<. 
facturing Co., supplies. --...-..-.. 14. 00 | 169’ |S. FB: Ware, supplies..-...-...----. 
G.5..Goode,services...--.---.-.-. 333. 33| 170 | W. I’. Hillebrand, specimens..---. 
Joseph Mace, freight...-....-..... 75.00) 171 | W.C. Wilienbucher, books ....... 
Pay-roll November, 1888, services.| 8, 399. 12 | 172 | George Ryneal, jr., supplies. .-.--. 
John Durand, services -.........-. 100. 00 || 173 | J. Frank Eline, supplies ..-.-.-.--- 
Mutual District Messenger Co., 74 | Z.D. Gillman, supplies..-...-..-.. 
TOM AUGS RE aeons Sasa Ae Secon 3.80) 175 | Leggatt Bros., books.....-----.--. 
Gann é&' C0; DOOKS): <0 <.c-sc<se << 9.00} 176 | Mutual District Messenger Co., 
S. R. Koehler, services --.----..... 100. 00 SOLVICES, vocsacisece secs se cosas 
| E. Morrison, stationery ---.--.--.. 77. 61 \ 177 | W. W. Davies, specimens --.....-... 
Edward L. Wilson, books.-....-... 2.50 ||178 | EJ. Pullman, supplies...-...--.-. 1 
Singleton & Fletcher, supplies. ... 3.00 | 179 | J. W. Boteler & Son, supplies -.--. 
| J. H. Mills & Co.. supplies ......-- 4. 80 || 180 Photo-Engraving Co., supplies - --. 
Leggatt Bros., books..-.-...------ 2,36 || 181 | W. H. Collins. specimens.......--. 
Henry J.Green, supplies .--..-..- 48.25 || 182'| O. 2. Mason, travel...2..-.-....... 
Arthur Stafford, stationery ....-.- 11. 30 || 183 | Joseph Mace, freight.-.-........-.- 
Wm. Ballantyne & Son, stationery 125. 25 || 184 | G. B. Goode, services.-...-.-...... 
| VASBY Gilman, supplies ..-....-.--... 19. 96 || 185 | Pay-roll, December, 1888, services. 
Z. D. Gilman, supplies ..-.-..-.--- 24.30) 186 | J.'T. Walker’s Sons, supplies ----. 
| George Ryneal, jr., supplies..-.-.. 11. 44 || 187 | J. W. Howell, specimens .-..-.-..- 
| George Ryneal, jr., supplies.------ 111. 96 || 188 | S. R. Koehler, services .........-.. 
| J.S. Topham, supplies ...--.-.---.. 6.25 || 189 | S. R. Koehler (E. W. Jenkins), 
Charles Baum, supplies...-.-...-- 1. 28 SOLVAICES aes a,S-ceesiewocsecs ses 
Jobn C. Parker, stationery, $1. 50; 190 | Thomas Wilson (E. R. Reynolds), 
BOPP Tes p60 beeen one eae 21.50 SPECIMENS) a oc ome oae mae seismic 
R. Friedlander & Sohn, books..... 58. 73 || 191 | John Durand, services............ 
Henry Romeike, books .-.---...... 7.75 || 192 | J.G. & J. M. Waters, supplies .... 
W.U. Telegraph Co., services. --.. 14,72 |) 193 | G. W. Knox, freight............... 
GiB Goode, travel---3.5...25.5-..- 22.35 || 194 | Foreign Express Co., freight.-.... 
Japanese Fan Company, speci- 195 | Mutual District Messenger Co., 
TUTE hes Sc Saretior ke Sobor capa a seie 1. 50 BREVICOS2eceetercem nees eee Sea 
WaSiovearns, treront . pos -csece 2.93 || 196 | W.U. Telegraph Co., services..-.. 
Garden & Forest Publishing Co., UG Reet (ees weactactonneee Gopesecoceaee 
OU She cee eet eee Ne as tao 1.30 || 198 | H. L. Cranford, supplies........-.. 
Loren W. Green, specimens. .--.... 10.00} 199 | Adams Express Co., freight ...--- 
H. M. Dexter & Co., services.-.-.. 14, 78 || 200 | E. Morrison, stationery ...-...-... 
Pennsylvania R. R. Co., travel .... 13. 00 || 201 | Seaton Perry, supplies........... 5 
N. H. Perry, specimens..---...-... "12.00 || 202 | L. Schmid & Sons, supplies ....... 
Francis Miller, supplies......-...- 5.33 || 203 | L. D. Wilson, freight..........-... 
L. M. Cornwall, supplies .-.....-.. 70.02)|| 204 | Li Dracy, services-..-- 2... . 250. 
Lorraine Tracy. services .......... 13. 50 || 205 | M. Joyce, supplies .-..--.......... 
L. M. Cornwall, supplies. .-........ 82.65 | 206 | Thomas Lee, specimens. ..-....-. 
M.F. Talty, supplies.............. 95. 00 | 207 | L. M. Cornwall, supplies .---...--. 
John Durand, services......-..-.. 100. 00 || 208 | W.0O. Atwater, services........... 
Chas. H. Joy, services.........-... 3.60) 209 | Mrs. E.S. Brinton, specimens .. -..| 
Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, | 210 | Lansburgh & Bro., supplies .-..-.-. 
SUMMON ONY. oh ya t= veanecdeecaa as, 46. 80 || 211 | B.C. Towne, specimens ........... 
W.E. Evans, services............. 32. 26 || 212 | G. B. Grinnell, specimens ...-...-.. | 
Thomas Marron, services .-....... 1.50 | 213 | Moss Engraving Co., specimens... 
J.T. Varnell & Son, supplies...... 153. 84 | 214 | Lillian T. Doane, services. ...-.... 


Amount. 


- 60 


80 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR PRESERVATION OF COL-~ 
LECTIONS, 1888-’89—Continued. 


No Items of expenditure. Amount. | No. | Items of expenditure. Amount. 
215 | Atlas Steamship Co., freight..-... $5. 00 || 265 | Wiss: Yeates booksee-..2:sscseree $1. 86 
216 | W.L. Dudley, supplies..-.......... 2.50 | 266 | LF. Hall Sfreiohtoeeseeosace eee eee 4. 80 
217 | W. Brenninger, supplies ---.-.---. 3. 00 | 267 | James M. Southwick, specimens .. 15. 39 
218 | Eagle Chemical Co., supplies - ---- 12.00 || 268 | Snowflake Marble Co., specimens. 5. 00 
219 | David Bruce, specimens .--------- 50. 00 | 269 | Paul A. Garey & Co., supplies .--. 48.00 
220 | D. B. Dearborn, freight...........- 75. 48 270 | Northern Distilling Co., supplies. . 109. 02 
221 | Thomas Wilson, supplies ---.----- 18. 96 || 271 | J. Karr, specimens -.--...---...-.. 10. 00 
222 | J.G.and J. M. Waters, supplies. - - 5.75 || 272 | Evening Star Newspaper Co., 
223 | J. E. Watkins, specimens .--..-.--. 3. 00 || Bola bles}: cacgesecepano acasssooeRe 17. 22 
224 | H. M. Dexter & Co., services.-.---- 16.08 | 273 | Thomas Wilson, travel -...---.---. 83. 10 
225 | Great Falls Ice Co., supplies. .-.-.-. 82.24 ||274 | Theod. Schuchardt, specimens - --. 14. 45 
26 | W.T. Hornaday, travel ...---.--.- 2. 39 | 275 | Church & Stephenson, supplies. - - 7. 60 
227 | Joseph Mace, freight ..--....-.--. 75. 00 || 276 | Joseph Mace, freight -..---.------ 75. 00 
228 | W. Wesley & Son, books...-...-.-. 41. 21 || 277 |G. Brown Goode, services .--.-.---. 333. 33 
229 | W. Wesley & Son, books.......... 14.73 || 278 | Pay-roll, February, services ...... 8, 287. 56 
230 | Mutual District Messenger Co., | 279 | J. T. Walker’s Sons, supplies...--- 2.95 
SOLVICOS Ei ar l= = ese c noses eines 1.00 | 280 J. C. Parker, stationery -.-.-.-.--. 105. 69 
231 | Anthropological Society, books... 3. 00 || 281 | H. Rosendale, supplies .-......---- 3. 00 
232 | White Brothers, specimens .----.. 1. 00 || 282 | C. Fisher, supplies .......----.+.-. 11. 91 
233 | U.S. Express Co., freight..-...-... 27.95 || 283 | H. Baumgarten, stationery.......- 19. 00 
234 | S. A. Seudder, books .--.....- .... 50. 00 | 284 | Adams Express Co., freight .----.. 12.15 
235 | Henry Romeike, books.....-.- Lam 9,60 || 285 | L. Tracy, services.......-.-------- 12. 06 
236 | Daniel Shanahan, supplies......-. . 54 || 286 | F. A. Schmidt, stationery ---.-.--. 7.02 
237 | G. Brown Goode, services. .--..--. 333. 33 || 287 | G. W. Knox, freight esses. eee 82. 63 
238 | Pay-roll, January, services .....-. 8, 161. 75 || 288 | Henry Romeike, services ......-- 7.05 
239 | Adams Express Co., freight ...... 12205 | 289 | W.U. Telegraph Co., services..-.-. SHU 
240 WeeAcsBoydsbouksmeeeee a=: =aeeee 20.00 '|290 | Munn & Co., books ......-.--.---. 10. 50 
241 | Wm. C. Robinson & Son, supplies. 3, 25) 291s ZAG Hi OOtGs DOOKS |) dest= seeeen ee 5. 00 
242 | Francis Miller, supplies .-.......- 14.65 || 292 | A. T. Wayne, specimens ..--.----. 4.25 
243 | W.H. Clagett, supplies ........... 10.54 || 293 | S. R. Koehler, services -----------. 100. 00 
244 | S. R. Koehler, services ............ 100. 00 || 294 | A. L. Shipman’s Sons, stationery. . 2.70 
245 | John Durand, services.--......... 100. 00 || 295 | L. W. Morris & Son, freight..---. 1. 86 
246 | R. Hitchcock, services ............ 58. 06 || 296 | M. L. Linell, services.-.--..--.---. 50. 89 
247 | U.S. Express Co., frieght .......--. 21. 70 || 297 | U.S. Express Co., freight ......--. 214.65 
248 | Judd & Detweiler, supplies.-..... 10. 00 || 298 | R. Hitchcock, services .-----.----- 150. 00 
249 | E.G. Weeeler, supplies .--........ 18. 00 || 299 | John Durand, services..-...------ 100. 00 
250 | Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, sta- 300 | First Japan Manufacturing and 
; biONEry’ s22:-es se sees ae = eee 2. 50 Trading Co., specimens ..-..---- 302. 80 
251 | Stephenson’s Express, freight ---. 11.40 || 301 | Z. D. Gilman, supplies.----..-.-.-- 26. 30 
252 | L. M. Cornwall, supplies .........- 52. 74 || 302 | Ed. Maybridge, books .---.-.----.- 241. 00 
203 | J. E. Lucas, services ...--......... 36. 00 | 303 | C. Becker, supplies..----.-.------. 6. 00 
254 | A. EH. Foote, specimens ............ 46.00 | 304-| G. Ryneal, jr., supplies .----..----- 10. 97 
255 | S. Raymond Roberts, books ..-...- 30. 00 | 305 | EH. L. Greene, books.-.---.--..----. 2. 50 
256 | F. W. Devoe & Co., stationery .... 17.88 | 306 | Poole & Brooke, supplies..---...--. 31.36 
257 | Edw. L. Wilson, books...........- 2.50 || 307 | Great Falls Ice Co., supplies..-.-... 26. 56 
258 | W.U. Telegraph Co., services. --.. 1.74) 308.) IN. Bo Scudder, books) 522------ eseee 3.7. 
259 | Mutual District Messenger Co., 309 | J. FE. Paret, stationery..#..-...-... 2. 20 
\eMisouvices, cco eee Seed eee 1..65}| 310) || HH. Hoffa, stationery ---2------.---- 1. 25 
260 | Pitt & Scott’s Foreign Express, || 311 | Pay-roll, part of March, services .. 40.50 
le streightsos< cane becses tee cepec es 10. 75 || 312 | LL, M. Cornwall, supplies........... 42.17 
26i | Raoul Heilbronner, specimens. ... 174. 76 || 313 | Charles Becker, supplies.--...---. 17.79 
262 | George W. Knox, freight ........- 22.87) 314 | eePs Dewey, olaviel vores. csencs-se 40. 40 
263 | Great Falls Ice Co., supplies .--.- 29. 60 || 315 | F. W. Christern, books............ 28. 75 
264 | Ermanno Loescher, books......-.. 8,40) 316 | C. H. Roberts, supplies.....-..-..- 12, 50 


- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


81 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR PRESERVATION OF COL. 
LECTIONS, 1888-’89—Continued. 


No. Ttems of expenditure. Amount. i No. Items of expenditure. 
es — = == = Ss = 
317 | H. H. & C.S. Brimley, specimens -. $7.10 369 | Moss Engraving Co., books ......- 
318 | W. F. Murphy's Sons, stationery... 28.00 || 370 | Robert Boyd, supplies.....2....... 
319 | Northern Distilling Co., supplies. . 103. 73 || 371 | Goldsborough & Co., specimens... 
320 | J.G. & J. M. Waters, supplies..... SOON B02: howe eet, DOOKS y= ac2.— cca cea coe 
321 | Pay-roll, part of March, services - 58. 87 || 373 | S. F. Denton, services ............- 
322 | Sunday Herald, supplies ....-...-.-. 5. 52 || 374 | J. E. Lucas, services.......--...... 
323 | Hardy du Dreneuf, specimens .-.. 20.00 || 375 | Great Falls Ice Co., supplies ...--. 
324 | H. A. Ward, specimens. ....-....-- 23. 70 || 376 | A. E. Cooke, supplies..-.-...-..-.. 
325 | John B. Smith, specimens.--.... - 500. 09 || 377 | B. Mooney, services ............... 
326 | G. W. Knox, freight...-........-- 33. 00 || 378 | F. H. Knowlton, services.......-.. 
327 | C. W. Sisson, specimens. -..-...-.... 5. 00|/ 379 | George W. Knox, freight.........- 
328 | F. A. Brockhaus, books....-.....-. 35, 40|'38u | F. Keppel & Co., specimens...--.. 
329 | W. Engelmann, books .-.......-. 8. 23 |) 381 F. B. Webster, specimens .-.-....... 
330 | W. Wesley & Son, books. ...-...--. 13.87) 382 | C. Schoenhof, supplies.......-...-. 
331 | Joseph Mace, freight .......---.-. 75.00 | 383 | Dennison Manufacturing Co., sta- | 
332 Robert Saunders, services -....--. 15. 00 GIONORY)- csc sce coscice stems oe 
333 | J. W. Branson, services ......---.. 15. 00 || 384 | John Durand, services............ 
oof | G. B. Goode, services. ............. 333, 33 || 385 | W. Ballantyne & Son, stationery -- 
330 | Pay-roll, March, setvices........-. 8, 884. 58 || 386 | W. H. Lowdermilk & Co., books -. 
336 | S. H. Bond, stationery...........- 1.00 | 387 | George Ryneal, jr., supplies.....-. 
337 | Easton & Rupp, stationery ...---. 80. 23 || 388 | W. H. Butler, supplies .-....-..--. 
338 | Pay-roll, special, services .-....-.. 76. 50 || 389 | Z. D. Gilman, supplies............. 
339 | C.D. Walcott, specimens. .-........ 73.50 || 8390 | Adams Express Co., freight ...... 
310 | S. R. Koehler, services ........... LOOZOO) 391 |r MOlccecc ce cess comes Banas 
341 | E. N. Andrus, specimens ........-. 20. 00 || 392 | L. Schmid & Sons, supplies ...... 
342 | W.F. Hewett, supplies ..........- 18. 64 || 393 | U.S. Express Co., freight -......-. 
343 | Thomas Dowling, specimens...... 2. 00 || 394 | G. Kohn, specimens ....-.......-... 
Ban) i. Miller, supplies ~~. -..-2 22.2.2 2. 80 || 395 | Mutual District Messenger Co., 
345 | Z. D. Gillman, supplies ............ 11. 80 SOLVICES: Sao eae aa ear ecee 
346 | William Ballantyne & Son, sta- SCO Se Pe ieee es ae ee nr ee ee 
DAG NY She kceens oe Sel ee eeOOne 242.31 || 397 | Brodix Publishing Co., books..... 
347 Charles Willoughby, specimens. -. 7. 12 || 398 | J. B. Smith, services.............. 
348 J.T. Varnell & Son, supplies.....-. 101. 34 || 399 | M. B. Pollock, services............ 
349 Mutual District Messenger Co., | 400 | Samuel Harrison, services.....--.- 
BOUVIGES sce ele sisierm mont coe < cieis totan 1.45 || 401 | H. M. Dexter & Co., services ...... 
351 <A.L. Shipman's Sons, stationery. 9. 60 || 402 | H.C. Taylor, supplies............. 
351 J. B. Clayton, services............. 10. 00 || 403 | J.C. Parker, stationery ..-........-. 
352 | E.G. Wheeler, supplies ........... 3.00 || 404 | F. A. Brockhaus, books ..-.-...--.. 
353 | George Ryneal, jr., supplies.-.... - 6.50) 405 | C. Wunderlich & Co., specimens... 
354 | W.U. Telegraph Co., services..... 5.71 || 406 | J. J. Desmond, services ....-...... 
355 | Leggett Bros, books .............. 3. 70 || 407 F. Meder, specimens .--..-.-...... 
356 | L. M. Cornwall, supplies ...-...... . 53. 88 || 408 | G. B. Goode, services.............. 
357 | Robert Saunders, services......-. 15. 00 | 409 | Joseph Mace, freight.............. 
358 | J. W. Bronson, services ........... 15. 00 | 410 | Pay-roll, April, services........-.-. 
359 | P. L. Jouy, specimens ............. 125. 60 | 411 | S.R. Koehler, services ...-...-..-- 
360 | Browning & Middleton, supplies... 5. 20 | Be WB We LEUG ULRV Glo. cc ccceneec cece 
361 | James H. McGill, supplies .. ...... 1,50 | 413 | Church & Stephenson, supplies... 
362 | L. Moxley, supplies ............... 10.60 |414 | Wesley & Son, specimens......... 
363 | W. F. Murphy’s Sons, stationery - . 12.50 || 415 | H. A, Clarke & Son, supplies...... 
Bees ks So OSUCL, DOCKS fc nn.cis <n a ac, -.< F 3.00 | 416 | William Taylor, specimens..-....-. 
365 | Westermann & Co,, books ...-.... AyD! i 417 | The Capital, supplies ..-..--......) 
366 | G. L. English & Co., specimens.... 11.00 || 418 | W. F. Hewett, supplies...........- 
367 | Henry Romeike, books ..-........ 13.30 | 419 | E. Morrison, stationery ....-....- 
368 | M. Knoedler & Co., specimens .... 7. 30 || 420 | L. Tracy, services........--...-..- 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 (i 


Amount. 


$3. 
1. 00 
18. 


82 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR PRESERVAVION OF COL- 
LECTIONS, 1888-’89—Continued. 


- 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


No Items of expenditure. Amount. || No Items of expenditure. Amount. 
421 | J. Benjamin Clayton, services. .-..- $20. 00 || 475 | C.S. Bement, specimens.-..-...--.| $100.00 
422 | C.S. Kalb, gervivessen theater oe 8. 33 || 476 | G. L. English & Co., specimens. - -. 26, 50 
4251) Lo Ol Weisel DOOKS sane seiieise 88.63 || 477 | J. Elias & Son, specimens.....---- 1. 25 
424) Bo. Stevens, books). .cc.<ceceeca- 21.25 || 478 | W. W. Adams, specimens .-.-..-.-.- 15, 00 
425) |: Loescher; books ------.---.c---- 8.40 || 479 | W. H. Butler, supplies ......-.-.-. - 30 
426 | W. Wesley & Son, books.......-.. 8.37 || 480 | W. Ballantyne & Son, stationery. . 36. 20 
427 | Taylor & Francis, books.......--. 2.54 || 481 | W. U. Telegraph Co., services ...-.. 2.70 
428 | Emil posdin ow bOOkSs eases eeeee- 2.00 }| 482 | J. H. Mills & Co., supplies--.----- | 80. 90 
429 | W. Ballantyne & Son, books ...-.. 9. 54 || 483 | U.S. Express Co., freight .....-... 19,15 
430 | Great Falls Ice Co., supplies... -- 298i SSE rm oe OO ee aetetne tee eeate eee ese 68. 00 
431 | E. Steiger & Co., books..........-- 5.00 || 485 | Lansburgh & Bro., supplies...... 4, 25 
432 | Ji. Benisch; Services = --.-e.c0<----- .25|/ 486 ) Dennison Manufacturing Co.,sup- | 
433 | Evening Star, books ............-. 1.58 Plies! ate ee tceesee cee eee 140. 63 
434 | S. Raymond Roberts, books.-.....- 10.00 || 487 | H. Wunderlich & Uo., specimens. . 40. 00 
4350 rd. Durand SClviCeSi-seeceleecescee 100. 00 | 488 | E. E. Thompson, specimens .--.--.- 10. 00 
436 | Chas. H. Arnold, services ..-...... 1.00} 489 | George Ryneal, jr., supplies..----. 7.14 
437 | L. M. Cornwall, supplies .......... 53. 23 || 490 |B, Morrison, stationery .----..--.- 5. 00 
438 | L. Amateis, specimens -.........-- 40.00 || 491 | Mutual District Messenger Co., 
439 | Ed. W. Ashford, services..--...--- 20. 52 SOTVIGES See eae cee eeencnceees 40 
440 | Joseph Mace, freight ...-.....--.- 75.00) 492 | Henry Romeyn, specimens .-.-..- 30. 00 
441 | G. Brown Goode, services.--...-.- 333. 33 || 493 | C. H. Worthen, specimens. ....-.-- 22.15 
442 | Pay-roll, May, services........-..- 8, 533. 11 || 49¢ | Brentanos, books ...-............- 10. 60 
443 | Edward Philpitt, services......-.. 16. 13 || 495 | G. Kohn, specimens.......-.--...- 5. C0 
444 | John Durand, services........-.--- 100. 00 || 496 | L. Amateis, specimens ..........-- 50. 00 
4452 | (J). Fa Gales SenVvices! soe. ceccae 251/50))/'497) ||) ee eracy, S6rvices: oo. cesses ccmee 6. 00 
446) Be. OUR. KR. dteignticce.- scescosee 1.47 || 498 | C.C. Carroll, supplies -..-.-.---.-. 111.00 
MAY (ee iseeondadedne See saces sees 3.18 || 499 | E. J. Pullman, supplies.-...-...--. 260. 17 
448 | S. F. Ware, supplies........-......- 24,87 || 500 | Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 
449 | W. E. Stockett & Co., supplies .... 2.75 statloneryic oceasuceren secs 29. 40 
450 | W.S. Thompson, supplies. .-....--. 4.50 || 501 | Robert Boyd, supplies ........-... 1. 00 
4510 PE. dp sewrsy Sp DILeScesemetseeiee ae 1.75 || 502 | G. E. Kennedy & Son, supplies. --. 50 
452 | T. W. Sweeney, travel.--.--.....-. 3. 65 || 503 | M. A. Tappan, supplies .--...--... 102. 00 
453 | Walter Hough, travel............. 3:69)||/004 |) OF“. Mason travel® cos se. seer see 31.75 
454 | S. R. Koehler, services .....-...--- 100.00 || 505 | Easton & Rupp, stationery........ 4.74 
455 | W.F. Hewett, supplies ........... 33. 68 | 506 | T. M. Stoughton, specimens.....-. 150. 04 
4256 tdi H. McGallsuppliese sss. sess. 3.50 || 507 | ©. H. Hitchcock, travel.-..-..--..- 6. 00 
457 | W. H. Clagett, supplies........... 10. 54 508 | L. E. Ricksecker, specimens ...-.. 7. 40 
458 | J. C. Parker, stationery ..-...-.2.. 31.11|/ 509 | Joseph Welch, specimens -..-.-.... 35. 00 
459 | E. Morrison, stationery ........... 118. 00 || 510 | L. M. Cornwall, supplies. .-........ 56. 00 
460 | R. G. Campbell, supplies .......... 5.10|/ 511 | J.G.and J. M. Waters, supplies -- 11. 50 
461 | ©. Schneider, supplies. ............ 10.00 || 512 | Mutual District Messenger Co., 
AG2ZIC He dOya Supplies eeeerieserieecee 125 SOLVICOS2 esses casnactecccee ceneeee 1.40 
463 | M. Lindsay, supplies..-.........-. 4.75 || 513 | W. Ballantyne & Son, stationery. . 16. 93 
464 | Adams Express Co., freight ....-. 35.45 | 514 | L.Schmid & Sons, supplies..-....-. 9. 60 
465 | I’. H. McAllister, specimens.-...... 13.50 || 515 | Great Falls Ice Co., supplies.....- 38. 30 
466 | H. Benton, specimens ....-........ 25. 00 |) 516 W.U. Telegraph Co., services. .-- 8.50 
4675) 12S: HOster, DOOKS <j --m-.-ceeree oe 2535 (517s Rei wa se une 1S Up DOS samaemee ane 4.00 
468 | E. E. Thompson, specimens ..--.--. 30. 00 518 | W.S. Thompson, supplies. --.....- 6.25 
469 | W.F. Murphy’s Sons, stationery. - 28.80 || 519 | G. B. Goode; Services .- 1-1-1 cele 333. 33 
TOU Ans. Clark IDOOKSmaeseriee eee set) | 520 | John Durand, services ............ 100. 00 
471 | John Russell & Son, specimens -. - 11.50 || 521 | S. RB. Koehler, services ...........- 100. 00 
472 | Geo. W. Knox, freight .-.......-- 77. 99 || 522 | S. R. Koehler, specimens .......-.. 1.00 
473 | J. L. Potter, specimens............ 25.00 |, 523 | W. H. Nalley, services ....-..----- 41. 00 
474 | J. B, Lippincott Co., books ..-...-. r 5.35 || 524 | Joseph Mace, freight ............. 75. 00 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 83 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR PRESERVATION OF COL- 
LECTIONS, 1888-"89—Continued. 


. “— — — 


No. Items of expenditure. Amount. || No. Items of expenditure. Amount. 
525 | George Ryneal, jr., supplies.----- $20. 25 | 578 | A. Boneard, specimens.-.-..-..---- $62. 80 
526 | H. Romeike, books .-.....-.....--- 9. 50 || 579 | Rob. Kirmes, specimens..-.-....--. 79. 04 
527 | H. Reid, specimens. --......--...-. 3.00 || 580 | Paul Klincksleck, books .....--.-. 4. 54 
528 | John Wilson & Son, supplies. -..--. 4.00 || 581 | Robert Boyd, supplies ....-...---. 1. 00 
529 | Pay-roll, June, 1889, services -.---. 8, 328. 54 || 582 | J. H. Mills & Co., supplies..-.-.-- 8.70 
520') DB. & OURS R., freight: ----.-------. 7. 87 || 583 | E. J. Pullman, supplies .-.-...--.. 21. 64 
GPR || aso OP Ee aes Sa Ses ae anepaesoeene .72|| 584 | Easton & Rupp, stationery-....-.. 32. 35 
532 | Missouri Pacific R. R., freight. - - - 3. 29 || 585 | F. A. Schmid, stationery.......-.. 3, 15 
533 | Union Pacific R. R., freight ---.-- 11. 14 || 586 | G. C. McLean, travel ....-........ 3. 70 
23th || 820 seeskieatdscccgae da taasbec 1.10 || 587 | L. Schmid & Sons, supplies -.---- 7. 80 
535 | Southern Pacific R. R., freight --- . 92 || 588 | Great Falls Ice Co., supplies...--.. 42, 72 
EQ) ama GO) SaaS oA ee ee ee ee 10.19}, 589 | Wm. Ballantyne & Son, stationery 123 
537 | J.C. Ergood & Co., supplies. ----- 9.70 || 590 | Z.D.Gilman, supplies ........... 46.51 
538 | L. Moxley, supplies ..-....--..----. 12. 60 || 591 | Adams Express Co., freight ----.-. 22.00 
539 | Stephenson's Express, freight ---. 4,45 || 592 | Geo. L. English & Co., specimens 74. 10 
540 | B. F. Jackson, specimens...---.-.. 2.50}/ 593 | Brentanos, stationery ....-.-..-.- 90 
541 | G. Kobn, specimens ..--...------.. 2.00 || 594 | Charles Becker, supplies .....-.-- 13. 88 
542 | J. Biittikofer, specimens ------.--. 30. 00 || 595 | George W. Knox, freight -....-.-.. 27. 00 
543 | C. F. Adams, specimens .-.-.---.-.. 50. 00 || 596 | W.F. Hewett, supplies.-...-..-.. 30. 12 
544 | W. F. Hewett, supplies..--.-.-.--- 14. 14 || 597 | H. M. Dexter & Co., services ..--. 18. 89 
bao) || G. W.. Knox, freight.-.2-5-_ =... ..- 28.13 || 598 | E. Morrison, stationery........-. 1.30 
546 | Pennsylvania R. R. Co., freight. - -. 27. 50|| 599 | J. W. Beath, specimens........... 40. 75 
547 | L. Amateis, specimens ...--..----- 17.00 |, 600 | F. A. Schneider, supplies. ----.-.--. 4.75 
548 | I. M. Wynne, services. --..--.--...- 18. 67| 601 | H. Baumgarten, stationery ...---- 1.00 
549 | Adams Express Co, freight.-.----- 38.80 || 602 | W. Englemann, books .-.----..----- 1.42 
550 | W. U. Telegraph Co., services. .-.-. 2.38 || 603 | Dulan & Co.,, books ..---- faces ot 4.24 
bol | B., Meder, books. --------...--.--.- 9.00} 604 | Erdman & Schaus, specimens..-.- 2. 41 
552 | U.S. Express Co., freight .--....-. 108 20 || 605 | Thomas Laurie, specimens. --...-.. 5. 82 
553 | Woodward & Lothvop, supplies. - - 42.79 | 606 | Rollin & Fenardent, books.------- 5. OL 
554 | M. J. Geare, services...--..--..--- 38.86) 607 | R. Friedlander & Sohn, books. -. QSL 
ooo | L. Tracy, services.---...--.-----.- 6.00 || 608 | W. Wesley & Son, books.....----. 23.30 
556 | Washington Post, supplies .------ 10.50} 609 | Edw. Gerrard, specimens.----.---- 152. 21 
557 | W.S. Yeates, travel....-. BeonaobOE 58. 44 || 610 | C. Fischer, supplies.............-. 2.65 
558 | N. F. Hines, supplies...-..-----.-- 2.00 || 611 | S. &. Waro, supplies.-.--..--...-.. 16. 00 
559 | Church & Stephenson, supplies-. - 6. 00 || 612 | M. Lindsay, supplies..-.........-- 1.25 
560 | Mrs. E. A. Bruff, specimens ---..-... 129. 00 || 613 | U.S. Express Co., freight.-....-.-- 9.55 
561 | A. E. Cooke, supplies ....--......- 8.00 || 614 | J. F. Eline, supplies.........-..... 1.50 
562 | J. J. Decker, stationery ..--....... 2.00 || 615 | W.H. Harrover, supplies.-...--..--. 1.15 
563 | Moss Engraving Co., supplies --.. 77.00 || 616 | Chureh & Stephenson, supplies... 2.00 
564 | Mutual District Messenger Co., 617 | W. U. Telegraph Co., services. .... 2.74 
BOR VIOON Wee tnttetcrre tinea ae mete sao 1.45 || 618 | William Niven, specimens .....---. 38, 45 
565 | Library Bureau, stationery -..---. . 60 | 619 | O.'T. Barron, specimens...-.----.- 5. 00 
566 | F. W. Christern, books......-..... 1. 35 || 620 George Ryneal, jr., supplies... ---- 70 
567 | EK. D. Cope, specimens....-...-...- 11.00 | 621 | Shepherd & Hurly, services ...... 4, 50 
568 | M. A. Tappan, supplies ...--..-..- 4, 20 622 | Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 
569 | W.J. Topley, specimens ---.- Sey S27D| iMenrpplicse* sear acto the noes t 2. 40 
570 | L. M. Cornwall, supplies -.....-..-- 4Q"75 Odes | ieochpbookses <u. eos. see aes. 10. 00 
pie) BYrentanos, DOOKS’-->..ces.ccncce =. 6. 30 || 624 | F.C. Brown, services.........-...- 60. 00 
BiAIeWV AN BUOLTROISNE faces cece mace. 28. 50 || 625 | Mrs. E. A. Bruff, specimens ....... 50. 00 
573 | Bonfils & Co, specimens....-.---- 10. 00 || 626 | C, C. Carroll, supplies..--.....-... 57. 00 
574 | J. J. Desmond, travel ............- Gn00 1627 || Sn, Cassino, DOOkSs...-5--...--.,.- 2.50 
575 | H. Romeyn, specimens .........-. 10. 00 || 628 | Washington Critic Co., supplies -. 10. 40 
576 | W. Wesley & Son, books.....-..... 7.13 || 629 | J.C. Parker, stationery...-...--.. 14. 86 
577 | J. & A. Churchill, specimens...... 11.92 || 630 | Wood & Forsyth, specimens...... 1.50 


84 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR PRESERVATION OF COL- 
LECTIONS, 1888—’89—Continued. 


No. Ttems of expenditure. Amount. | No. Items of expenditure. Amount, 
631 | Photo-Engiaving Co., supplies - - $61. 06 | 649 | Southern Pacific R. R., freight... $2. 12 
632 | Moss Engraving Co., stationery -- GUD) RW Beat OY Soe ee poacace cee sso secesr oc 212 
633 | Evening Star Co., supplies ------- 112550)}/651)| (B&O! RAR. treighti---s.<)2--— 2. 15 
634  J.G.&J.M. Waters, supplies. -- ASO0N G52 |: Pel Olse seegece sweetie ce ee ssees 72 
635 | J.B. Kendall, supplies........---- 1.50 | 653 | Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific R. 

636 | M. Joyce, supplies.--..-.--------. 12. 00 | Jp, MRIEIN psoremomoe SoonadSsouss -91 
637 | H. Harkness, supplies .-------.... 10) NOSEa Reed Of Sack sa ceiseee ans eee eee 1.78 
638 | Chapman & Taylor, stationery -. - -10) 655 | W. H. Lowdermilk & Co., books-- 9. 05 
689 | A.C. Bancroft, freight........-.-. 10. 63 || 656 | Leggatt Brothers, books ......---.- 5. 00 
640 | E. Godey, supplies. ..........----. -90| 657 | A.S. Clark, books .....-..-.- eae 2. 65 
641 | Alaska Commercial Co., supplies . 100. 08} 658 | P. L. Jouy, specimens...-..-....-.. 349. 15 
642 | Alaska Commercial Co.,specimens 30.50 } 659) -A'shiton: “Rodd yboolksi=----eeee eens 3. 30 
643 | S. F. Peckham, specimens......... 23.03} 660 | R. Hitchcock, specimens. --..-..-- 200. 00 
644 | J. T. Durney, specimens....---.--. 2. 35 i 661 | Emile Deyrolle, supplies. .-.------ 13. 91 
645 | I. Rey, specimens .....-..--..-... 15. 68 || 662 | George Bird Grinnell, specimens 65. 00 
646 | W. Wesley & Son, specimens ..... 75. 83 (663 Emile Deyrolle, specimens..----.. 169, 29 
647 | S. R. Sturdevant, specimens.----.. 12.06 | 664 | William Wesley & Son, books --.-. 259. 66 
618 | Southern Pacific R, R., freight. -- 34. 50) ; 

| 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR FURNITURE AND FIX- 
TURES, 1888-’89. 


No. Items of expenditure. Amount. || No. Items of expenditure. Amouut, 
1 | Pay-roll, July, 1888, services....... $1, 130.03 |) 28 | Patrick & Carter, repairing engine $3. 75 
ZOE ALC yASOL VICES saeieem sae eae 42.00|| 29 | Wood & Forsyth, label frames. --. 9. 00 
3 | J. W. Duval, services....-..------ 9.00 || 30 | Pay-roll, November, services-....- 1, 862. 66 
4 | Church & Stephenson, lumber. -- 185 93]| 31 | W. Bruce Gray,drawings for cases. 170. 00 
5 | Pay-roll, August, 1888, services...} 1,499.00}; 32 | John C. Parker, letter-press- .-.--. 8. 50 
Go| Ws. eed’ services! sac se a5/e1 oo 49.00), 33 | John A. Baker, crank-wheel -.---- 3.50 
ANIL. RAD SCLVICCS).--1-\- 252 == 60.00}, 34 | Woodward & Lothrop, plush ----- 17. 00 
8 | Melville Lindsay, rubber stopples.- 23. 04 || 35 | George Ryneal, jr., putty.-..---.. 1. 90 
9 | Excelsior Varnish Works, varnish 3.00); 36 | E. E. Jackson & Co., stands...----. 50. 00 

10 | W.J. Walker, services......-.---- 16500) 037 | Wi dh. Gait, tacks osssssesses eee 19. 20 
11 | Pay-roll, September, 1888, sery- || 38 | Eimer & Amend, rubber stepples 207. 60 
LCOS sate oS- eet se Soseceeeeoss 1,526.50 || 89 | George P. Clark, rubber truck- 
12 |, F. P. May & Co., hardware.-..----- Lie 96 | valreel bands! i2ss see se eeeeecme 10. 66 
13 | D. Ballauf, wooden cylinders...-... 5.00 |) 40 | Hayward & Hutchinson, fire-set -- 10. 50 
14 | Church & Stephenson, lumber. --. 156.84|| 41 | ELF. Brooks; lam pisses o= = 11.00 
15 | G. B. Clark & Son, slate.--.--- rear 22.75)|| 42 | Church & Stephenson, lumber. - -. 371. 39 
16) | BSG. Wiheplericacezs-2.) ssss4.<2 10.00|) 43 | H. Rosendale, hammers..-...--..--- 4.50 
17 | Fritz Noebe, services ....-..--.--- 12.00|| 44 | W.B. Moses & Son, desk..-...-.--- 33. 00 
S| deelvs Lem bly classises- ec ascce 15.00|| 45 | F.P. May & Co., hardware. ---..... 54. 61 
19 | C.J. Fanning,slate-roofing armory 112.09 |) 46 | Excelsior Varnish Works, hard- 
20 | W. H. Hceke, plush.......---..--. 3.00 oll finish eee se sre aaa ake 11.50 
21 | B. H. Shoemaker, plate glass...... 26.50|/ 47 | T. H. McAllister, stereopticon . - -- 225. 00 
22 | Pay-roll, October, services.---...- 1, 830;'66,||| 48 \) Be WeiDevourd Comsas—.o--- se 76. 80 
23 | Julius Lansburgh, chairs.--....- 4.50 || 49 | G. Ryneal, jr., glue, white lead, ete 26. 20 
249 |e At Belt, POsts=-22s.-5.5<i2ceaca<- 2-50) |'250) | ROSS esl COnplen sae eacee o-ces = ee 268. 62 
25 | W. H. Douglass, hinges .----...-- 209.88 |) 51 | Thomas Wilson, desk, case, and 
26 | W.B. Williams, folding chairs. --. 150. 00 (NATE: - noc Sante sdes Scbcscsaese aac 45. 00 
27 F. A. Schneider, hardware, glue, 52 | Thonet Bros., stand legs. -.. --.--- 86. 35 
O60 oor eee Sos 5S 34.50 || 53 / I Miller, turpentine.....-........ 11. 75 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR FURNITURE 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


TURES, 1888~89—Continued. 


ao 


nim o om ¢ 
aI & 


oO 
co 7 


i=) (=r) 
B28 


BAAAA RD 
com nN & Ct hw 


| Fritz Noebe, services 


peop Kins wpAUS p= toca seh 3 


Items of expenditure. 


F. A. Schmidt, instrnments....--., 
H. J. Brown, brass tags...........- 
Pay-roll, December, 1888, services 
Charles Woodington, pedestal. --. 
John Sehmitt, insect boxes ...---- 
Cc eA 

DGaMS haere sale ane eee seo? 


Schneider’s Sons, iron 
Chureh & Stephenson, lumber .-.. 
Robert Boyd, iron work 
T. H. MeAllister, cylinders, sig- 

nal-bells, ete 
W.H. Butler, paints 
Excelsior Varnish Works, paints 
J.Carbutt, negative films .-...--..- 


J.M. Lloyd, brick work 
Eimer & Amend, chemicals -.------ 


Lansburgh & Bro., velvet.--.----- 
Whitall, Tatum & Co., 
Dabtleseee ee none aae oetniee mines | 


| 
glass 


Herring & Uo., fire-proor sate ---.| 
William Fisher, brass work 
James Hughes, plastering 


R. McCormick, services:.....-.-.. 
Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 

OY PO-WELLGK sam alate je toe ate aan e natal 
L. H. Schneider's Son, hardware -. 
F. W. Do Voe & Co., paints ...-.-. 
Edw. Burroughs, services......--- 


Charles Bergmann, services ...... 


Charles Woodington, label frames. | 
Curry & Burchette, wall case 
Church & Stephenson, lumber. ... 
William Busching, services.-..-.... 
Fritz Nocbe, services..-....-..-..-. 
V.E. Burdick, ladder .... 


i} 
Amount. No. 


Items of expenditure. 


| 


$3. 20 || 102 | Pay-roll, February, services .....- | 
125.00 | 103 | F. P. May & Co., hardware .-. 
1, 316. 08 | 104 | George N. Garrett, hardware. ...-- 
25. 00 1 10s Medindsayelose -tfe->!-.5-° 5322. 
110.00 | 106 | Albert Martin, services.--.....-.- 
|| 107 | George A. Mills, folding screens... 
422, 64 108 | Smith & Wardwell, mirror..-...-.-. 
56.45 } 109 | Excelsior Varnish Works, paints 
BEE 33 | 110 | F. W. DeVoe & Co., paints.-...... 
} I) Wet Gait nackeices--oe cess ae. 
69. 92 | 112 | L. Sehmid & Sons, wire supports... 
55. 35/113 | William Busching, services. --...- 
3.00 114 | Church & Stephenson, lumber . --. 
13: 68 |} 115 | °C. Schneider, locks ee ehes she? 
201536))| 116) |) J..: Watkins: travel. 2225222552: = 
14.11 | 117 | Z. D. Gilman, paints .--.----..-... 
57. 88/118 | George Ryneal, jr., paints .....--. 
|| 119 | W. B. Moses & Son, desk .--..--.- 
17. 70\| 120 | F.P. May & Co., hardware ....... 
#1412) 15 | W. 1b. Willams, mavand cnars. --. 
64.33 |138 | L. H. Schneider's Son, hardware -. 
59.00 | 139 | Jacob Naylor, iron-work .........- 
15. 00 | 140 Cincinnati Corrugating Co., iron. - 
\|141 | E.G. Wheeler, lead ........-...-.. 
85.00 | 142 | George Ryneal, jr., paints ......-. 
37.30), 143 | E.E. Jackson & Co., frames and) 
118. 80 Dlockaves ctr eee he ee 
42. 00 144 | E E. Jackson &Co., blocks........ 
42.00), 145 | Wood Brothers, drawers........-. 
9.00 || 146 | I. W. Devoe & Co., paints ........ 
6.75 147 | Robert Boyd, iron and tin.--....--. 
50.00 || 148 | H. Hollander, spittoons ..-.......- 
235. 00 || 149 | ¥. P. May & Co., hardware .....-. 
270.10 | 150 | G. A. Mills, mahogany tables...-.. 
42.00 | 151 | Wood Brothers, drawers.......... 
9. 00 | 152 | F. P. May & Co., hardware........ 
15.00 || 153 | B. H. Shoemaker, plate-glass...... 


85 


AND FIX- 


Amount. 


$1, 514.45 
85.53 

15. 00 
177.5 


1, 250. 
154.$ 


25 


ave 


172, 


86 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR FURNITURE AND FIX- 
TURES, 1888~’89—Continued. 


Now Items of expenditure. Amount. || No. Items of expenditure. Amount. 
|- Le abies 
154 J. W. Barker, copper tanks. .-.--- $87. 50 || 200 | George Ryneal, jr., white lead... $20.25 
155 L. H. Schneider’s Son, hardware... 13.17 || 201 | Pay-roll, June, 1889, services ...-.- 1, 351. 33 
156 Wm. H. Butler, oils and brushes -- 48. 25 || 202 | M. G. Copeland, awnings.-...-.... 24. 00 
157 | N. V. Randolph & Co., paper-trays- 75.81 || 203 | James Hughes, plastering.....--- 125. 00 
1583) Bi vé& PR. RR. Coz) travel =---e = - 7.25 || 204 | Chester Steel Casting Co., steel. -- 100. 36 
159 | Pay-roll, April, 1889, services..--.] 1, 231.08 || 205 | F.H.Ganter, metal frame ........ 20. 00 
160 | Church & Stephenson, lumber.--.| 333.94 || 206 | L. H. Schneider’s Son, hardware. - 140. 95 
161 Curry & Burchette, mahogany 207 | Woodward & Lothrop, cloth, sheet- 
COlNMNS 2eeee nee ee sae err 950. 40 TIAN senna ods soe eb ceee eee 69. 11 
162 PD. Shannahan, brushes ...-.------ 17.51 || 208 | Franklin & Co., engravers’ loops. . 2.50 
163 G. A. Mills, mahogany tables-.--. 1, 250.00 || 209 | H, Rosendale & Co., tools...-...-. 6.75 
164 Wood Brothers, unit drawers..--. 429.55 || 210 | F. W. Pilling, cages. .......-..... 160. 80 
165 | Holbrook Brothers, plate glass....) 353.09 || 211 | H. Hoffa, stand ...........-.....-. 2.00 
166 Geo. A. Mills, mahogany cases - a 1, 200. 00 || 212 | F. A. Belt, walnut ...............- 48.75 
167 J. B, Hammond, unit boxes. .----. 81.00 || 213 | George W. Dant, brick-work. .... 23. 50 
168 Pay-roll, May, 1889, services -.- --- 1, 304. 33 || 214 | The F. F. Adams Co., traps-.-.-..- 9. 00 
169. Church & Stephenson, lumber .--. 92.10 || 215 | W. E. Gavit, brackets. --..-..-.... 306, 63 
170 | C.F. Carter & Co , hardware...... 12.55 || 216 | L. Schmid & Sons, wire frames. ... 13.00 
171 | F. A. Schneider, hardware .-.-...--- 32.03 || 217 | Church & Stephenson, lumber. ... 138. 09 
172, | EF. P. May & Co., hardware ...-.-. 12.50 || 218 | Robert Boyd, metal work......... 118, 42 
173 T. Somerville & Sons, brass-.....- 20.81 || 219 | E. J. Pullman, hawk-eye camera. .- 25. 00 
174 SS. Corbett, tin storage cases .-.--- 72.50 || 220 | L. H. Schneider's Son, hardware. - 28. 52 
175 L. H.Schneider’s Son, hardware - - 50.93 || 221 | W. Bruce Gray, drawings.--..--. 65. 00 
176 John Schmitt, insect cabinets. ---. 250. 00 || 222 | Charles Becker, paint .-.-........ 4, 25 
177 Wood Bros., book-cases...-.-.--.-- 112.50 || 223 | M.W.Beveriage, pitchers, dusters, 
178 M. W. Beveridge, brushes, buck- ObCiaccsc a ceachcestesccese seceeee 13.73 
GUSNOLC Mee crac eee Seine eee 116. 62 || 224 | Barber & Ross, wire and tacks... .70 
179 Lansburgh & Bro., sheeting, etec.- 20. 66 || 225 | Wood Bros., pine drawers.....--. 273. 90 
180 William H. Butler, glazier’s dia- 226 | George White & Sons, machinists. 10. 00 
| mond and turpentine -.....----- 23.00 || 227] F. P. May & Co., hardware and 
181 | E. G. Wheeler, lead......-. Sea 4.00 Metals. ssa See ee ee Soeeee 55. 74 
182 | G. A. Mills, mahogany table cases- 84.00 || 228 | George Watts, dusters.........-.. .75 
183 | S. Bache & Co., plate glass..-.---- 247.50 || 229 | Thomas Somerville & Sons, brass- 
184 | E. J. Pullman, photo-outfit......-. 49. 98 WOLK coe sae eee ea eeeee reece ee 4.10 
185 | Robert Boyd, hardware....----<-. 3.25 || 230 | Belt & Dyer, walnut bird-stands. . 34,10 
186 | L. Eisinger, painting............-. 4.00 || 231 | Wood Bros., pine drawers.....--. 140. 30 
187 | Barber & Ross, tools.-......-..--- 1.95 || 232 | E. E. Jackson & Co., pine storage 
188 | Yale and Towne Manufacturing DOX@S pee eeeeee aca eeen eae 31. 00 
| Cor, locks: #3%220 eee eee 8.05 || 233 | E.G. Wheeler, old lead ........... 2. 50 
189 E. KE. Jackson & Co., mahogany 234 | L. H.Schneider’s Son, hardware. -- 1.55 
| “caseiand pine case <-o.--- sae. TSORS5all QD lee Or aeeesceie sels aaa iatste asin 1,65 
190 | B. H. Shoemaker, erystal and 236 | J. E. Watkins, travel.......--..--. 5.45 
|) “plate glass): see. iscintes ane seeites 157.10 || 237 | F. P. May & Co., hardware........ 2. 00 
LO) Brock Bros tinlcasen assesses -t=- 9.55 || 238 | Wood Bros., trays and drawers. .. 205. 00 
192 | J. Lansburgh, walnut desk ..-.---- 35.00 || 239 | W. Fisher, book-fasteners......--- 14,48 
193 T. H. McAllister, photo-supplies.- 13.13 || 240 | J. M. Queen & Co., glass vials...-. 42. 50 
194 | E: Miller, crystal glass..----.---.. 13. 50 || 241 | E. E. Jackson & Co., caseS..-..--- 345, 50 
195 E. £. Jackson & Co., mahogany 242 | E. E. Jackson & Co., case .-...--- 45. 00 
CASES eS: (eee Re sans peaeeeeee 2, 360.00 || 243 | Thomas W. Smith, case.-----..--. 53. 00 
196 E. KE. Jackson & Co., mahogany 244 | Chas. T. Carter & Co., solder...-... 1.50 
CAUSES te Ce eet cesshaoceceseees 403.75 || 245 | James W. Queen & Co., vials...-. 20. 00 
197 | Church & Stephenson, lumber.-...| 220. 53 || 246 | George A. Mills, case..-.--..----- 82.24 
198 |G. A. Mills, repairs to irons and SS 
lWetensearcek ee a. eae ie Vala 20. 60 Totaleeccee seeboteseaeeeetas 39, 995. 10 
199 | W. H. Douglass, brass-work....... 8. 70 


Soo NO fF WIS & 


| el el coool co 
one oS 


— ht 
oO of em 


_ 
J 


18 


| Gas Company, gas 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Items of expenditure. | 
Pay-roll, July, 1888, services ..-.-. 
Gas Company, gas.......-. 22.2. 
Pay-roll, August, 1888, services. --. 
Gas Company, gas -.............-. 
Pay-roll, September, services . --.- 


B. Brown, telephones 
Wm. E. Hodge, coal 
Gas'Company, gaq -...-..-.--.---. 
T. Somerville & Sons, heating re- 

TOOT eos ee Sh aa eens Raao satepceo 
W.C. Robinson & Son, oil 
A. H. Young, heating repairs 


Pay-roll, October, services .-..-.-- 
Chesapeake and Potomac Tele- 

phone Co. telephones......-..-. 
Gas Company, gas 


Pay-roll, November, services.-..--. 
Mutual District Messenger Co., 
Nie ir We See Aeoesor SEeCGRE Oe 
W.E. Hodge, coal 
A.B. Smith, wood 
Royce & Marean, electric work... 
Mutual District Messenger Co., 


box rent 


Pay-roll, December, services..-.... 
Mutual District Messenger Co., 
box rent 


Gas-Light Company, gas.-......... 


| Mutual District Messenger Co., 


box rent 
Pay-roll, January services 
T. Somerville & Sons, heating re- 


Gas-Light Company, gas 
Chesapeake and Potomac Tele- 
phone Co., telephones.......-.. 
Mutual District Messenger Co., 
box rent 


W.C.Lewis & Co., heating repairs 
W. E. Hodge, coal 
Pay-roll, February, services 
Gas Light Company, gas 
M. E. Pierce, telephones 
T. Somerville & Sons, heating re- 


Amount. 


00 
51 
00) 


$530. 
65. 
530. 
70. 64 
465, 00 

. 00 
15 
88 


95 
23 | 
00 
5. 00 | 


. 86 | 
3, 64 
. 000 


- 00 | 
. 39 | 
00 
- 00> 


- 00> 
88 
. 00 


00) 


ie 2) 
© 


a 
—} 


No. 


Items of expenditure. 


C. K. Ditto, services 
| Pay-roll, March, services.......... 
Wm. E. Hodge, coal 
Royce & Mavean, electric work-.. 


Mutual District Messenger Co., 
box rent 


Gas Company, 2as -2.-0. 22.2. cscs 
A.H. Young, heating repairs.-.--.. 


Kennedy Bros., wood 


M. E. Pierce, telephones.-.......-.- 
Chesapeake and Potomac Tele- 

phone Co., telephones. ........-. 
Mutual District Messenger Co., 


Samuel Emery, coal 


box rent 


Pay-roll, April, services.......--.- 


Gas Company, gas 
William E. Hodge, coal 
A.B. Smith, wood 


Pay-roll, May, 1889, services...... - 


_ T. Somerville & Sons, heating re- 
Dail G} Sos tees ccoeaciance leone 
Gasi Company casees seen aaeeeee 


Mutual District Messenger Co., 
box rent 
John K. Ward, heating repairs... - 
Mutual District Messenger Co., 
box rent:..Js.25- etc Sane ae See 
F. Miller, heating repairs..... --. 
W. W. Tupper & Co., heating re- 
PALES Ge eeneeer sat acseceeee eee 
Pay-roll, June, 1889, services. ----- 
J.C. Ergood & Co., oil 
| ‘Gas: Company, fast == coe sts ot 


Mutual District Messenger .Co., 
DOXQREN boc neaeeens so scao nee 
Chesapeake and Potomac Tele- 
phone Co., telephones........-. 


Browning & Middleton, candles. . 


| Royce & Marean, electric bell, ete. 


T. Somerville & Sons,heating re- 

SIS Sette ete tions neeacich cee tees 
Jno. K. Ward, heating repairs. . -.| 
| E. I’. Brooks, glass globes, etc....| 


Royce & Marean, electric work ..-! 


87 


DETAILED LIST OF VOUCHERS FOR EXPENDITURES FOR HEATING AND LIGHT- 
ING, 1888-’89. 


Amount. 


$15. 
425. 
24. 
tie 


00 
00 
85 


24 


. 00 
13 
- 00 
- 00 


00 


. 00 


. 00 


. 00 
.10 
. 00 


- 61 
. 33 
00 
00 


i) 


88 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


CORRESPONDENCE AND REPORTS. 


This department of the administrative work is under the charge of 
Mr. R. I. Geare, executive clerk. 

The office force includes a stenographer, a type-writer, an indexer, a 
record clerk, and a messenger. 

There has been prepared for the signature of the Secretary of the 
Smithsonian Institution and of the Assistant Secretary in charge of the 
Museum, 5,349 official papers, including 2,323 letters on miscellaneous 
Museum matters; 263 reports on material transmitted for examination; 
1,138 acknowledgments of specimens given or lent to the Museum; 374 
letters transmitting specimens to museums, colleges, schools, and indi- 
vidual investigators. In addition, nearly a thousand letters in regard 
to Museum publications have been written. 

A special feature of the Museum correspondence is in connection with 
requests for technical information upon various subjects. The letters 
prepared in reply usually embody datasupplied by the curators to whom 
the letters have been referred. 

For the benefit of persons interested in the details of the adminis- 
trative work of the Museum, as well as for the purpose of placing them 
on record for reference in future years, the following statement of the 
contents of letters asking for information, received during the year, has 
been prepared by Mr. Geare. It is needless to say that the publication 
of the details of office business in such minuteness will not form a reg- 
ular feature of the Museum report. 


STATEMENT OF LETTERS ASKING FOR INFORMATION. 


AxppotTt, Dr. C.C. (Trenton, New Jersey), having found the young of the genus Tylo- 
surus in the Delaware River, desires to know if their occurrence in those waters 
is common. 

Apair, J. M. (Glen Ella, Louisiana), sends description of a coin and desires in forma- 
tion concerning it, also an opinion as to its value. 

ALGER, Mrs. C.J. (Burlington, Vermont), desires information regarding the occur- 
rence of rust on small fruits. 

ALLEN, J.C. (White Gate, Virginia), sends description of a fossil for determination of 
the species. 

ALLEN, RicHARD (Hartford City, Virginia), desires information concerning the bibli- 
ography of the Stone Age in New Jersey. 

AMERICAN CARBONATE COMPANY (New York City), makes inquiry regarding the oc- 
currence of magnesite in large masses. 

ANDERSON, Dr. JOHN J. (Brooklyn, New York), desires to be informed where photo- 
graphs of certain ruins in Arizona may be obtained; also as to the origin of the 
name “ Montana” as applied to the Territory. 

ARNETTE, A. R. (Gaylord, Virginia), makes inquiry in reference to the bibliography of 
Herpetology. 

Austin, W. W. (Palmyra, New York), desires information regarding the publications 
of the International Congress of Anthropology, held in June, 1888. 

BaLpwWIN, Miss ANNIE F. (Cincinnati, Ohio), desires to be informed as to the com- 
mercial value of certain minerals, and where they may be obtained. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 89 


Banas, C. (Wolverton, Minnesota), sends sketch of a stone implement concerning 
which he desires information. 

Bartow, Miss EMiILy (Rock Creek, Wyoming), asks for information concerning the 
Yellowstone National Park, 

BaTEMAN, GEORGE W. (Cincinnati, Ohio), makes inquiry regarding the bibliography 
of African exploration. 

BELELING, A. H. (Florence, Alabama), desires a determination of a fossil plant from a 
description of the same which he sends. 

Benepict, W. H. (Port Henry, New York), desires information regardiig crustacean 
tracks in Potsdam sandstone. 

BenzON, HANS (Indianapolis, Indiana), desires to know where he may sell to the best 
advantage a collection of bird eggs, also an opinion as to the value of the same. 

Biss, W. C. (Montgomery, Alabama), seeks information concerning the technology of 
petroleum and the petroleum products. 

BLackMaR, F. W. (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland), desires refer- 
ence to a book treating of the scope and finances of the Smithsonian Institution. 

BLANKINSHIP, J. W. (Drury College, Springfield, Missouri), seeks information regard- 
ing mounds and ‘“ Mound Builders.” 

Bopecker, J. K. (Williamsport, Pennsylvania), makes certain inquiries concerning 
Government publications. 

Bors, CuristiaNn (Royal Swedish and Norwegian Consulate, New York City), inquires 
where skins of the Musk Ox may be obtained. 

Bourne, GEORGE S. (South Hutchison, Kansas), seeks information in reference to 


mushrooms. 
Boyer, H. 8. (Sunbury, Pennsylvania), desires information regarding a a two-headed 
snake. 


Brown, C. A. (Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands), desires reference to an account of a 
species of mullet oceurring in the Gulf of Mexico; also sends photograph of a 
fish for determination of the species. 

Brown, Rev. H. M. (East Aurora, New York), desires information regarding a coin, 
an electrotype copy of which he sends. 

Brown, M. E. (Orange, New Jersey), makes inquiries regarding musical instru- 
ments. 

Browne, F. C. (Framingham, Massachusetts), desires information concerning a pre- 
historic stone implement, a plaster cast of which he sends. 

BrumpBauGu, G. M. (Normal College, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania), makes inquiry 
concerning cases and boxes used in the Museum for the display of mineralogical 
collections. tr 

BuGser, Epwarp B. (Los Angeles, California), desires reference to a work on 
Ornithology that will assist him in determining the birds of his locality. 

Burrows, D. B. (Malvern, Arkansas), asks the title of a publication relating to the 
birds of Arkansas. 

Bort, R. C. (Chatham, Ontario), makes inquiries concerning Government publica- 
tions. 

Burron, Miss Susan 8. (Litchfield, Ohio), seeks information regarding the value of 
coins and other currency. 

CALLENDER, ALEXANDER (Eureka, Illinois), desires information concerning a coin, a 
description of which he sends. 

CANTWELL, Lieut. Joun O. (U.S. Revenue Marine Service), makes inquiry regard- 
ing the composition of certain spesimens of supposed jade. 

CHAMBERS, WARREN (Chicago, Illinois), asks questions regarding the longevity of 
toads and as to the credibility of accounts of their having been found alive in- 
cased in solid rock. 

CHITTENDEN, C. E. (Scranton, Pennsylvania), asks an opinion as to the use of a stone 
implement, a sketch of which he transmits, 


90 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


CHRISTIAN, THOMAS (Richmond, Virginia), makes inquiry as to the most effectual 
method of arranging arrow-heads for purposes of exhibition. 

CLARKE, T. D. (Seattle, Washington), asks for information regarding the cultivation 
of oysters. 

COCKERELL, THEODORE D. A. (West Cliff, Colorado), sends an impression of mark- 
ings upon a knife found near West Cliff, with a request that they be deciphered. 

Cooper, b., Jr. (Wheeling, West Virginia), desires information regarding a colonial 
note, a description of which he sends. 

CoorrrR, BARKLEY (Wheeling, West Virginia), desires information concerning or- 
ganization of Museum work in connection with the Smithsonian Institution. 
CowLes, Rev. SYLVESTER (Randolph, New York), asks information concerning a 

stone implement, a sketch of which he transmits. 

Cox, Puitip (Neweastle, New Brunswick), makes inquiry as to the most effectual 
method of collecting and preserving fish, and concerning the bibliography of 
Ichthyology. 

CuRTIN, PaTRICK (Grangeville, Idaho), seeks information regarding certain impres- 
sions on rocks, a description of which he sends. 

Davis, J. A. (Eureka, Illinois), desires information regarding a coin, a photograph 
of which he transmits. 

DreckEeR & Bonirz (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) desire to be informed where pure 
gypsum may be obtained in large quantities. 

DENISON, H. R. (Platteville, Wisconsin), desires information regarding a stone im- 
plement, a photograph of which he sends. 

DEVAULT, J. J. (Seattle, Washington), transmits a coin for determination. 

DEvRON, Dr. G. (New Orleans, Louisiana), desires a translation of an inscription on 
a tombstone, a photograph of which he transmits. 

Dose, ARTHUR (Toronto, Canada), desires reference to a book relating to Alaska. 

DopGe, CHARLES K. (Port Huron, New York), desires reference to some work on the 
grasses and sedges of the United States. 

DRESSER, WILLIAM (Santa Ana, California), desires information regarding the phe- 
nomena of putrefaction. 

DuMBLE, Dr. E. T. (Austin, Texas), desires information as to the cost of cases used 
for exhibition and storage purposes in the Museum. 

Dunn, W. S. (Washington, District of Columbia), inquires as to the rapidity of 
growth in turtles. 

Dyer, Lieut. G. L., U.S. Navy (Hydrographic Office, Navy Department), inquires as 
to the density of water in certain harbors, and as to the surface tension of cer- 
tain liquids. 

EarLre, EDwArpD M. (Malvern P. O., Jamaica), makes inquiry regarding the preserva- 
tion of fish for purposes of study. 

EpGERTON, Hon. A. P. (Hicksville, Ohio), for D. W. H. Howard, of Winameg, Ohio, 
makes inquiries regarding prehistoric stone implements. 

EMERSON, Mrs. ELIZABETH (Palma Sola, Florida), desires the determination of a shell 
from a description which she sends, also an opinion as to its value. 

Fain, W. J. (Dallas, Georgia), sends description of a stone, and inquires as to the 
probability of its containing diamonds. 

Footer, Kate (Guilford, Connecticut), desires information regarding the looms used 
by the Indians of Alaska in weaving blankets. 

FRASER, W. Lewis (Century Company, New York City), makes inquiry regarding 
the existence of structures analogons to the Irish round towers in the canons of 
the western United States. 

FuLrorp, R. H. (Cincinnati, Ohio), seeks information regarding the domestication 
and hybridization of the American bison. 

GALLINAN, GUSTAVE W. (Columbus, Ohio), desires information in reference to cork 
and pins for mounting insects for purposes of exhibition, 


- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 91 


GARNER, J. P. (Linwood, Maryland), makes inquiry regarding the geological charac- 
teristics of Maryland. 

Garner, R. L. (Norfolk, Virginia), desires information regarding certain archeolog- 
ical objects in the Museum. 

Gisss, Dr. Morris (Kalamazoo, Michigan), desires information regarding a tooth, a 
sketch of which he transmits. 

Gitrry, Henry H. (Washington, District of Columbia), makes inquiries regarding 
locked elk-horns. 

GNIFFKE, Henry B. (Florence, Alabama), desires information regarding the produc- 
tion of asphalt in the United States. 

Goins, ALForD (Prides P. O., Alabama), desires information regarding rocks, sketches 
of which he sends. 

Goopkr, James §. (Springfield, Ohio), asks for information regarding the cultivation 
of fish. 

Goopnur, F. D. (Cincinnati, Ohio), desires information regarding basket work 
among the American Indians. 

Goutp, A. C. (Boston, Massachusetts), desires certain information regarding fish and 
game Jaws in the District of Columbia. 

Grapy, W. C. (Richmond, Virginia), asks for the determination of a bird from a de- 
seription which he sends. 

Graves, W. H. (Kingman, Kansas), desires information regarding the technology of 
the salt, sugar, paper, and linseed-oil industries. 

GREEN, LOREN W. (Charlestown, New Hampshire), makes inquiry regarding the 
skinning of small mammals. 

GRINNAN, A. G. (Madison Mills, Virginia), desires the address of some specialist in 
cryptogamous botany. 

Grow, Mrs. GEORGE (Plainsfield, Wisconsin), makes inquiry regarding the varieties 
of Asiatic, or so-called ‘‘German,” carp. 

GurEspE, Mons. L. (Point-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe’, inquires where specimens of Scar- 
abeus hercules may be obtained. 

HAPFELVINGER, Frep. (Washington, District of Columbia), desires information regard- 
ing an old guitar in his possession. 

HaybEn, H. B. (Raton, New Mexico), inquires as to the commercial value of agatized 
bone. 

Heprick, Rev. Joun T., S. J. (Woodstock College, Howard County, Maryland), 
desires certain information for his guidance in making exchanges of entomo- 
logical material. 

HickMAN, THOMAS (Mount Jackson, Virginia, ) desires information regarding a coin, 
a description of which he sends. 

Hieut, JAMes L. (Dallas, Georgia), requests an opinion as to the value of a stone 
implement, which he describes. 

Hii, Joun W. (Symsonia, Kentucky), requests an opinion as to the value of certain 
coins. 

Hiss, P. H., jr. (Baltimore, Maryland), asks information regarding the preservation 
‘of fish for purposes of study. 

Howimes, Prof. J. A. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina), asks 
what methods have been adopted by the Musenm in labeling its exhibition series 
of minerals. 

Hopkins, G. F. (Minneapolis, Minnesota), makes inquiry regarding the genealogy 
of the Hopkins family. 

Howarp, D. W. H. (Winameg, Ohio), through Hon. A. P. Edgerton, of Hicksville, 
Ohio, makes inquiries regarding prehistoric stone implements. 

Hut-Crn, Dr. H. J. (Louisville, Kentucky), desires the name of a fish, a description 
of which he sends. 

Hunt, A. (Knickerbocker Ice Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), desires in- 
formation regarding asbestos. 


oo REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Hutson, Georce (Morganfield, Kentucky), desires information regarding a rock sup- 
posed to contain fossil remains, a description of which he sends. 

JACKSON, WILLIAM H. (Pigeon Cove, Massachusetts), sends drawing of a skull, 
probably of a species of whale, regarding which he desires information. 

JARDIN, E. (Brest, France), makes inquiries regarding the flora of the Arctic regions 
of America; also in regard to Arctic explorations. 

Jarnetr, W. E. (Edwards Station, Kentucky), desires information in regard to a 
coin, a description of which he sends. 

Jounson, H. D. (Collegiate Institute, Strathroy, Ontario), desires information re- 
garding a plant which he describes. . 

JUILLERAT, CHARLES E. (New York City), desires an opinion as to the value of a book 
which he describes. 

KEENEY, Hosier (Breckenridge, Missouri), desires information regarding the coloring 
of beverages. 

KELLEY, GEORGE (Santa Ana, California), makes inquiry regarding the Museum sys- 
tem of labeling shells. 

KING, Rey. Josepy E., D. D. (Fort Edward, New York), desires information regard- 
ing fish-culture. 

Knox, JoserH J. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), desires information regarding an 
albino bird which he describes. 

Kouter, A. (Elgin, Illinois), makes inquiries in regard to the bibliography of Ento- 
mology. 

Konopak, C. R. (Toledo, Ohio), makes inquiry regarding the value of certain paper 
currency. 

KuEBEL, S. S. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), desires ¢ ‘rtain information in regard to 
lubricating oils. 

Kurtz, WiLiiAM C. (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania), inquires as to the value of certain 
mementos, examples of the so-called ‘‘ Washington buttons.” 

Lairp, Hon. JAMES (United States House of Representatives), desires information in 
regard to certain guns exhibited in the Museum. 

Lercn, Dr. Orro (San Angelo, Texas), desires to know if the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion will identify certain material for him. 

Lester, Mrs. EULALIA (Kinsley, Kansas), desires information in regard to the flora 
of western Kansas. 

Lester, J. Erastus (Providence, Rhode Island), desires the address of some reliable 
antiquarian book-seller in Washington. 

LIMBERGER, W.B (Randolph, New York), requests a description of certain bird eggs, 
to aid him in the determination of some specimens. 

Lisman, Dr. W. A. (Carlisle, Indiana), asks information regarding a metal ring said 
to have been found embedded in a block of bituminous coal. 

LOGAN Rey. JoHN A. (Acadia Mines, Nova Scotia), makes inquiries in regard to the 
mythology of the aborgines of North America. 

LostrErR, JosePH J. (Fulton, Kentucky), requests information as to the best methods 
of collecting and preserving natural history objects. 

Lownpes, W.C. (Baltimore, Maryland), requests an opinion as to the value of a 
medal which he deseribes. 

Lucas, #. A. (Trenton, New Jersey), desires certain information regarding snakes. 

Lunan, J. H. (Terre Haute, Indiana), desires to know if a reward has been offered 
for a practical method of welding copper. 

Lynn, J. C. (Kearney, Nebraska), describes certain bones concerning which he de- 
sires information. — 

McLain Brotuers (Wheeling, West Virginia) desire a determination of a reptile 
which they describe. 

Mann, B. PickMAN (Washington, District of Columbia), desires certain information 
in reference to mollasea of the genus Psyche. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 93 


Masters, MARK (Gibbon, Nebraska), requests certain information regarding the 
Incas of Peru. 

MATHESON, WILLIAM J., & Co. (New York City), desire the determination of a snake 
from a description sent. 

Mayo, Grorce W. (Richmond, Virginia), requests certain data in regard to zoologi- 
cal gardens in the United States. 

MeiGs, General M. C., U.S. Army (Washington, District of Columbia), requests an 
opinion as to the genuineness of a whistle, supposed to have been taken from an 
Indian mound near Columbus, Georgia. ad 

MiLier, C. Bb. (Prescott, Arizona), requests certain information regarding vanadinate 
of lead. 

Mitus, Hon. R. Q. (United States House of Representatives), requests information re- 
garding a colonial note of the State of Maryland. 

Mitts, W. C. (Newcomerstown, Ohio), desires information regarding aboriginal 
sculpture in America. 

Monror, J. P. (Ringgold, Tennessee), sends sketch of a chain said to have been taken 
froin an Indian mound, and requests an opinion as to its genuineness. 

Moorg, C. R. (Birdsnest P. O., Virginia), desires information regarding the publica- 
tions of the Smithsonian [Institution relating to prehistoric anthropology. 

Morton, Mrs. Exiza H. (Portland, Maine), makes inquiry regarding the government 
of Alaska; also regarding the “American Geographical Society.” 

Morrirt, A. C., jr. (Red Bank, New Jersey), requests certain information regarding 
a col. 

Myer, Mrs. A. B. (Newportville, Pennsylvania), desires information as to the rights 
of a discoverer of mineral wealth on lands other than his own. 

NorTHROP, GEORGE J. (Marquette, Michigan), makes inquiry as to the occurrence of 
intestinal worms in fish. 

O'HARE, DANIEL (Washington, ‘District of Columbia), incloses a copper coin concern- 
ing which he desires information. 

OLIVER, CHARLEs (Under Secretary, Department of Lands, New South Wales), makes 
inquiry regarding the existence of epidemics among wild rabbits in the North- 
western United States. 

OSTRANDER, CHARLES F, (Rye, New York), makes inquiry regarding the ravages of 
insects on elm and on apple trees ; also as to the best liquid for the preservation 
of insects for purposes of study. 

Parsons, Francis H. (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey), asks for information regard- 
ing an Indian mound. 

Puitiirs, BARNET (Brooklyn, New York), desires information regarding the occur- 
rence of luminous beetles in the vicinity of New York City. 

Puttiirs, Miss E. J. (Chagrin Falls, Ohio), desires information regarding publica- 
tions of the Museum. 

Prencre, Tuomas H. B. (Dexter, Maine), makes inquiry regarding Indian mounds. 

PILLING, J. C. (Washington, District of Columbia), desires information regarding the 
internal administration of the Smithsonian Institution. 

Piras, E. (Dunreith, Indiana), desires information regarding prehistoric stone imple- 
ments; also in reference to the bibliography of the Mollusca. 

RaGspae, G. H. (Gainesville, Texas), desires information regarding the coloration of 
certain species of Ancistrodon ; as to the depth to which meteorites usually pene- 
trate; and regarding the superstitions in connection with the so-called “ mad- 
stone.” P 

RANSON, RoBeRT (Canaveral, Florida), inquires as to the proper method of making 
plaster casts; and desires to know if sharks are viviparous. 

REYMERSHOFFER’S Sons, J. (Galveston, Texas), transmit an analysis of the water 
from their artesian well and desire an opinion as to its suitability for refining 
sugar. 


94 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


RICHARDS, President J. HAVENS (University of Georgetown, District of Columbia), 
makes inquiry regarding the form of cases in use in the Museum. 

RICKERTSON, F. A. (Allen, Michigan), makes inquiry regarding mounds and ‘‘ mound, 
builders.” 

Ritey, A. T. (Santa Monica, California), desires information regarding supposed 
bones, a description of which he sends. 

Ritcuir, W. W. (Punta Gorda, Florida), makes certain inquiries in regard to the re- 
moval of the remains of Washington. 

RoBeERrtT, Dr. T. (St. Charles, Lowa), wishes an identification of a coral which he trans- 
mits. 

ROGAN, JAMES W. (Rogersville, Tennessee), asks for information regarding certain 
rocks which he describes. 

ROMAIN, CHARLES E. (Crockett, Texas), desires information regarding the Marsu- 
pialia. 

ROMERO, Senor Don MATIAS (Mexican Legation, Washington, District of Columbia), 
desires information regarding a plant, a description of which he sends. 

ROUSER, GEORGE A. (Georgetown, Texas), desires information regarding a coin anda 
Colonial note in his possession ; also regarding the dating of coins. 

ROWLANDS, WALTER (Boston, Massachusetts), makes inquiry regarding works of art 
in the Museum. 

RuNNALLS, Dr. H. B. (Arkansas City, Kansas), desires information regarding the bib- 
liography of Ornithology. 

Rust, H. N. (South Pasadena, California), desires information regarding the manner 
of grooving stone implements. 

SAVAGE, JOHN W. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), desires to know what kind of wood 
is best adapted to the manufacture of spools. 

SavaGeE, M. F. (New York City), wishes to know where Santa Barbara arrowheads 
may be obtained in exchange. 

Sawyer, C. M. (Mechanics Falls, Maine), asks for name of some work on the birds of 
New England. 

SCHEEL, WILLIAM H. (New York City), desires information regarding mineral rubber. 

SHARP, CLARENCE 8. (National City, California), makes inquiry regarding the bibli- 
ography of Ornithology. 

SHEMWELL, R. L. (Oak Level, Kentucky), asks the value of certain old coins which 
he describes. 

Skinner, E. S. (Lake Forest, Illineis), desires information regarding mermaids 

SLEVIN, I’. E. (San Francisco, California), makesinquiry regarding certain papers 
published by the Smithsonian Institution. 

SLouau, Rey. J. S. (Pioneer, Ohio), desires information regarding stone implements, 
sketches of which he sends. ; 

Smiru, J. T. (Hazelhurst, Georgia), desires information in regard to a reputed anti- 
dote for snake-bite. 

SmitH, L. H. (Strathroy, Ontario), transmits a plant for determination. 

SPEEL, FRED. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), desires an indentification of a fish from 
a description which he sends. 

SPRAY,SAMUEL J. (Salida, Colorado), wants reference to a book on the birds of North 
America ; also to know where he may sell to the best advantage certain mammal 
skins. 

SPRINGER, Mrs. R. M. (Forest City, Dakota), desires information regarding certain 
impressions in limestone, a description of which is sent. 

STERNS, FREDERICK & Co. (Detroit, Michigan), makes inquiry regarding the chemi- 
cal composition and therapeutic uses of Cascara amarga. 

STEPHENS F. VY. (Marco, Florida), makes inquiry regarding the occurrence of the 
crocodile in Florida. 

STIZENBERGER, Dr. Ernst (Konstanz, Germany), desires information regarding the 
distribution of lichens. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 95 


Stone, Dr. Soton B., U. 8. Army (Fort Shaw, Montana), makes inquiry regarding 
the formation of septa in native carbonate of iron. 

STONEBRAKER, JoserH R. (Baltimore, Maryland), desires information regarding fish- 
culture, and the construction of fish-weurs. 

SrurucK, Rupor (Goldendale, Washington), desires to be informed as to the best 
means of preventing the ravages of certain insects, specimens of which he trans- 
mits. 

SucHeETET, M. A. (Bréauté, Seine-Inférieure, France), makes inquiry regarding a di- 
rectory of American naturalists. 

TANNER, W. W. (Worcester, Massachusetts), makes inquiry regarding the bibliog- 
raphy of Indian dialects, 

Taprpry, E. P (Bridgeton, New Jersey), desires directions for the preparation of 
whitewash such as is used on light-houses in the United States. 

TEED, C. F. (Elmira, New York), desires information regarding a slate implement, a 
description of which he sends. 

TeETOR, HENRY DupLEY (Public Library, Cincinnati, Ohio), makes inquiry regard- 

; ing certain astronomical instruments; also in reference to a portrait of the 
Indian chief ‘‘ Little Turtle. ” 

TitFoRrD, H. J. (Louisville, Kentucky), desires information regarding a petrified 
oyster, a description of which he sends. 

Topp, JOHN F. (Gove City, Kansas), desires an opinion as to the probability of min- 
erals being found on certain lands which he describes. 

Vaisz, ARANKA ( Buda-Pesth, Hungary), asks general questions regarding entomolog- 
ical matters in the United States. 

Van ANTWERP, BRaGG & Co. (Cincinnati, Ohio), desires information regarding 
analyses of foods. 

VANCE, Hon. Rospert B. (Washington, District of Columbia), makes inquiry regard- 
ing a mint token, a medal of the ‘‘ Indian Peace” series. 

VAN Hyatt, P. (Fall River, Kansas), desires information regarding fossil plants. 

Voice, The, Editor of (New York City), desires information regarding the use of 
spirituous liquors as an antidote for snake-bite. 

WASHINGTON, WILLIAM HERBERT (Bar Harbor, Maine), makes inquiry regarding the 
dialect of the Passamaquoddy Indians. 

Warts, B. F. (Lakeland, Kansas), requests information regarding a deposit of graph- 
ite. 

WEIDEMEY®R, J. W. (New York City), inquires whether the Museum possesses cer- 
tain photographs and autographs. 

We tsna, W. W: (San Bernardino, California), desires information regarding slabs of 
stone with characters engraved thereon. 

Wernsr, E. A. (St. Louis, Missouri), makes inquiry regarding the value of certain 
Egyptian coins. 

WHEELER, Mrs. 8. A. P. (Avalon, California), desires reference to a work on the birds 
of the Pacific coast, especially of California. 

Wuite, JAMES J. (Palm Beach, Florida), desires reference to some comprehensive 
work on Conchology. 

Wurrer, T. Arritur (Navasota, Texas), desires information regarding a coin, an im- 
pression of which he sends. 

Wurrson, Prof. B. F. (Barnesville, Ohio), desires reference to a work on American 
birds. 

WILDER, Rev. S. P. (Janesville, Wisconsin), desires information regarding the “ buf- 
falo bug,” and suggestions as to the best means of preventing its ravages. 

WiLtiAMsoN, C. W. (Los Angeles, California), desires information regarding Smith- 
sonian publications. 

WINCHELL, Prof. N. H. (Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota, Min- 
neapolis, Minnesota), desires to know where a copy of Catlin’s painting ‘‘The 
Falls of St. Anthony ” may be obtained, 


96 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Wise, W1LLIAM F. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), asks for information regarding asup- 
posed fossil which he describes. 

Woop, J. P. (Valentine, Nebraska), desires information regarding a tooth and a bene 
which he describes. 

Woops, Miss Eva H. (Pinckneyville, Kentucky), desires information in regard to a 
coin, a deseription of which is sent. 

Wricut, Prof. Ramsay (University of Toronto, Canada), makes inquiry regarding 
State Museums in the United States. 

YounG, M. J. (St. Clair, Missouri), makes inquiries regarding a check-list of the 
birds of North America. 


Statement of technical letters prepared during the year, arranged geographically. 


Number, ; Number 
Locality. oi let | Locality. opt 

written. | written. 
Alabama... ----+ 00. ee-- 20 -en-- 5-2-2 e- nee VN Nie D8 any OSI wsctise deoncsborcooesoea: 2 
JNnIvARIEY Gonae coaconnb ce nopaicecbodecnscos BF akiekrei Gray caoeisaccHocdcocba: sopenp Je 4 
Arkansas. -.--- -.scee seen ns cocnns------- (P| BSiCw SGaed ee hase A Sonouc ascoesocunsn oss 41 
Malitonniaseesceee eeee eee cose lama Jai North: Garolimaece case sesesece ce eee 5 
(Gi ined ie pSosentucoueaneosooconeEToonaes 10) || Ohio essence Sossces ca neeeene scenes cers one 20 
Connecticut ..-.------------------------- 8) ||| (OEY Hoare Secdasascecconsancatesacc 2 
IORI 6c coce seen oocusS oN Soeboreooonbooms Z|) (etennenyatn ihe ce So oesenssorssccescops: 36 
District of Columbia ..-.--..---.-.--.. a 37,)||eRhode: Islan dia. s-caeeere essa ee eee 
WV OTid Wooo eee = selene aw leisintelnelciwsiele\sivivinm|= = 7 | South Carolina Sa-ccsscosteocemacecioeeine 2 
Georgia. .---------+-----------------2---- (3 ||) WEB IEEEEE Sassoon ccossocodasede coches se 13 
Ne seeceuseacobconen pooo ceomeoosoge Serie PA |WWel bbe econo cance obo osons bosscsonoscas 25 
Mlinoiseeee este te Sotielcane demaceeeneecee 0 With 52 Sc eecoce we ate cess cemecinimeeeee 6 
IndianTerritory ------------------------- 1 ||| Vermont: - 225 <- = 2s cmceces-meenn we mnieins 26 
Indiana...--. spo oacareoonsoapcusercecose: A Nate es cooceqoneabha soseuessasescen: 29 
MG Pi isnb basse costs acdaddesrasoocansscsse5c | Washington ..--------+--+-+++++++++---- 8 
TAME Th oa seciesononeneesosocgpodocosnpace 19 |} WS ta V ONO ota le mem wien lne alae amare : 16 
Kentucky--.--------------------------.--- 12)\| Wiis COMBINE -s-\-1211 Sodeddmawhe eee se ee 5 
TTI hee oooosoevoosocneos sscbossoebsSo0 5 || Wyoming.-...---.. Sioa eases eee 3 
Maine ....-. Beacons COS a DOD OC Con oSUSe AM) UN p ea bee ge peessocaScseesoenecceneso: 1 
Maryland. .---..--------------2e++-+----- LOM Gana daeracssen sees sear Eee sece een 7 
Massachusetts.----..--------«5-----+---- (f \|) dike NOG) -Geeece boeaae cc sseSnosccsacessese 2 
MWitelin} gait) «oe gor ene sea Sasso Seas sees OlllaGormanyje-e eae eee oe senere peceeee 4 
WEMTGROUD sscepescea seopoccsooesnsconese Rullisen enter Ese eases coceropossoaroer 1 
Mississippi ..-----------------+---e------ OF Ih JERE Ay = Soo Seno shocodesseScessoSstass: 1 
IM ESO botee caacasoeeoudcaDSoncuonQcanasEes 12 || Mexico ..-----.------+------+-e00------- 1 
WRATTION eo eee ao enmcorm..coLgododsoneds GuleScotland Sen cesses oeeters eeteee aemterstat 1 
ING 55 eascooosbeoecooonoassecocsos: 5 aWiestuln dies tccsseamccecreeee ease sees a 2 
INO Vt Binoy cote ia aie eieleteta stetatalelel=lmteleinlm cle ielvin'=) = 1 Isr ors ea A ded ts Cee aie dee) Seo age 


One of the reasons for the great increase in this branch of the Museum 
work is, that the letters addressed to the Smithsonian Institution relat- 
ing to anthropological and zoological subjects are, almost without ex- 
ception, referred to the Museum. Letters of this class are received 
daily from the Secretary, and the majority of the letters in reply are 
prepared for the Secretary’s signature. 

The Museum receives a large number of offers to make explorations 
in various parts of the world, and to collect specimens for the collec- 


i 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. IT | 


tions. ‘Thirty-five offers of this kind, each of which necessitates con- 

siderable correspondence, have been received during the year, and are 

briefly shown in the following statement : 

Max BaupELor (261 West Madison street, Chicago, Illinois) offers ‘‘to make a 
study of every subject concerning the history and civilization of the Republic 
of Honduras.” 

Miss FausTIne Butter, A. M. (1620 Rush street, San Francisco, California), desires 
to make explorations and collect specimens along the Pacific coast from Mexico 
to Alaska. 

Dr. JouN M. Crawrorp (registrar of the Pulte Medical College, Cincinnati, Ohio, 
and now United States consul at St. Petersburg, Russia), has kindly consented 
to make special ethnological researches in Finland, and to collect specimens, par- 
ticularly musical instruments. 

Mr. J. CRAWFORD (through the Department of State) offers to collect from the De- 
partment of Nueva Segovia in Nicaragua, mineralogical and other specimens, 
and to procure for the Museum such portions of the exhibit made by the Nicara- 
guan Government at the Paris Exposition as may be desirable. 


Mr. JEREMIAH CURTIN (through Maj. J. W. Powell, Bureau of Ethnology) offers to 
collect ethnological specimens in connection with an expedition to the Hupa 
Valley. 

Vinat N. Epwarps (Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts) offers to collect sea birds. 


L. L. Frost (Susanville, California) offers to collect ethnological and archeological 
specimens. 

iE. C. GREENWOOD (Brownsville, Texas) offers to collect birds in Texas. 

B. M. HAaywarp (Weybridge, Vermont) offersto continue his explorations in northern 
Mexico, and to collect birds for the Museum. 

Dr. A. E. HE1iGHWAY (Cincinnati, Ohio) offers to make explorations and collections 
in Central and South America. 

Ensign W. L. Howarp, U.S.N. (Office of Naval Intelligence) offers to collect in 
Alaska mammals, fishes, and ethnological objects. 

Prof. O. B. JENKINS (De Pauw University, Greencastle, Indiana) offers to collect and 
present to the Museum a series of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands. 

F. M. Lames (Nestockton, Oregon) offers to collect minerals. 

James LISLE (Gordon, Nebraska) offers to collect ethnological specimens. 

GEORGE W. McGiumpuy, A. B. (professor of Zoology, Botany and Geology at Ozark 
College, Greenfield, Missouri) offers to make explorations in southwestern Mis- 
souri, and to send specimens of the fauna and flora of that section. 

E. W. Martin (Medina, Ohio) offers to collect bird skins in his vicinity. 

C. S. Mason (Engineer’s Office, Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad Com- 
pany, Toledo, Ohio), offers to collect iron ores in his vicinity. 

A. J. MILLER (Evansville, Indiana) offers to collect specimens of natural history 
geology, and archaeology in Central America. 

§.CLairk MITCHELL (Dolores, Colorado) offers to continue his explorations in Colo- 
rado and Arizona. 

SoLon ORR (Melrose, Silver Bow County, Montana) offers to collect specimens from 
the lava beds of Idaho. 

HENRY DU R. PHELAN (11 Van Ness Avenne, San Francisco, California) offers to 
make general explorations and collections. 

Rey. Steruun D. Peer (Mendon, Illinois) proposes to make mound explorations in 
his vicinity. 

THomas I. B. Prerce (Dexter, Maine) offers assistance in the exploration of mounds 
in his vicinity. 


H, Mis, 224, pt 2——7 


98 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Rev. Fred. H. H. Post (313 Church Street, Salem, Oregon) proposes to make explora- 
tions, etc., near Anvik on the Yukon river, Alaska, and to transmit collections 
to the Museum. 

W. W. RockuiLt (Peking, China) offers to secure ethnological specimens in China 
and Thibet. 

CHARLES Ruby (acting steward, U. S. Army, Fort Assiniboine, Montana Territory) 
offers to collect specimens of birds and mammals in his vicinity. 

EpwIn Russ offers to make collections in southwestern Oregon. 

Prof. IsrarL C. RussEx (U.S. Geological Survey) offers to make collections in Alaska 
of zoological, botanical, and ethnological specimens. 

JAMES A. SINGLEY (Giddings, Texas) informs the Smithsonian Institution of his in- 
tention to spend the spring months in southwestern Texas, for the purpose of col- 
lecting shells, birds, and eggs. 

H. L. ScavLeM (176 Prospect Avenue, Janesville, Wis.) offers to collect mammals in 
the vicinity of Janesville. 

Vix SmitH (Lyon Post-office, Madison County, Montana) offers to collect specimens 
of living animals for the National Zoological Park. 

Dr. JOHN SUNBERG (405 Montgomery street, San Francisco) desires to act as agent 
of the Smithsonian Institution for the purpose of collecting specimens in the re- 
gions of the Persian Gulf, and the Euphrates Valley. 

Lieut. E. H. Taunt, U.S. Navy (909 Sixteenth street northwest, Washington, District 
of Columbia) offers to continue his work of collecting material for the Museum in 
the Congo Valley, South Africa. 

TaLcorT WiILLIAMs (1833 Spruce street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) informs the 
Smithsonian Institution of his proposed trip to Morocco, and offers to make scien- 
tific researches in botany, geology, and ethnology. 

It has been found impracticable to accept several of these offers. 
Among those which have been accepted, and which have resulted most 
favorably to the Museum, may be mentioned the explorations of Mr. 
Talcott Williams, Dr. John M. Crawford, Mr. Jeremiah Curtin, Mr. W. 
W. Rockhill, Prof. I. C. Russell, and Lieut. E. H. Taunt. 

Special reference to the results of their work is made under the head 
of “* Exploration.” 

A special feature of the routine work of this department is the 
method of indexing letters written. A card has been prepared on 
which is written the name and address of each correspondent, together 
with the number of the letter-books and pages in which all letters to a 
given person have been copied, including the date of each letter. By 
this means can be ascertained at a glance the amount of correspondence 
with any person. This has been found exceedingly convenient. More 
than five thousand of these cards have been filled up during the year 
relating to letters written since 18587. These cards are arranged alpha- 
betically and kept in long boxes divided into compartments, one or more 
of which are devoted, as required, to a single letter of the alphabet. 
Cross references are made under the name of the Government depart- 
ment or private establishment with which the person addressed may be 
connected. For instance, all letters written to any official in the Treas- 
ury Department are recorded on cards headed “Treasury Department,” 
and another card is filed under the name of the person addressed. 
This is particularly convenient in the case of the Government depart- 
ments where changes of officials are more or less frequently ocurring. 


i 


AES 20 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. = 3a 


The principal records kept in this department may be classified under 
the following headings: 


1. Card index of letters written. | 6. Museum record of events of special 

2. Index of letter-books. | moment. 

3. Offers for sale, gift,and exchange of | 7. Index of applications for scientific 
| 


specimens. work, 
4. Offers for collection and exploration. 8. Requisitions for publications. 
5. Index of requests for information, | 9. List of publications promised when 


issued. 

In this office is prepared for publication in the annual report (as See- 
tion Vv) a complete list of accessions to the Museum during the year. 
This is now arranged alphabetically under the name of the sender. 
Two indexes are furnished; the one by Museum departments showing 
at a glance the number of accessions to each department during the 
year; the other by locality, indicating what material has been received 
from each locality both in this and in foreign countries. 

A similar list with corresponding indexes is prepared of the material 
submitted for examination and report. This is published in another 
part of the annual report. 

The bibliography of papers published during the year by the officers 
and collaborators of the Museum is prepared in this office and forms 
Section rv of the annual report. 

The data required for the preparation of Section I of the annual re- 
port is compiled in this office. 

In addition, the general preparation of the annual report, as well 
as the supervision of the proof, has also been made a part of the work 


of this office. 
PREPARATION OF LABELS. 


There were received from the Government Printing Office 3,188 forms 
of labels, classified as follows: 


Materia MedIGA a <-< <0 6 o-oo nea ccee 741 | Oriental antiquities .............. 182 
Metallurgical ...--....-....-..--- Saiz botanicals] Se joo 20 .c eee 267 
PIGS asc 2 sed c2oece sbsee Sack Clow inane aninaldsss eee ee 19 
Hoods and textiles.22--.-- >. "92 2. DUS Parclieolopical a= sss eee ane Sas = 
ETE) EV S55 5258 oes sSES-0 79 | 

Pn OlO MCRL SSS ok testi 206 | To fia Aes YY. bet hiets F187, 3, 188 
UGH OA RUONCK!. <5 o 0 cacs ca selena 121 | 


Of each form, twelve copies are printed on proof paper for catalogue 
purposes and twelve copies on colored board. This gives the total 
number of copies of labels printed, 96,512. 

In addition to this there have been printed on the small press at the 
National Museum 803 forms of labels, classified as follows: 


Materia medica... .....----....----. | iarisportaion: ul 21 
Boods and textiles = .2-..-.--.....-. AICI of tuk Se ik Sg aaa 39 
a ea alae re eion inno, AU IR ERAE TI ON 9 ip fone 1a doch sind cle wie woe 7 
SERROLO GION) Ce sec ace oc dwee don «5 145 Graphie aptad ebay oe WU jotir) ily > ok 
SWUGING BONOS!: 2. -.cc - 15322 's ase 166 

Oriental antiquities ............-... 19 Fy te ara Ga Ae eS 803 


100 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


This places the total number of label forms printed for the National | 


Museum during the year at 3,991. 


BUILDINGS AND LABOR.—POLICE AND PUBLIC COMFORT. 


The staff employed for police and inspection has remained under the 
charge of Henry Horan, superintendent of buildings. 

From the reports of the superintendent are quoted in brief the follow- 
ing statements, which will serve to show in part the character of ime 
work accomplished by the laboring force during the year : 


1isss. 


July.—During the first part of the month the mechanics and laborers were occupied 
in making preparations for the shipment of exhibits to the Cincinnati Exposition, 
which were finally shipped in twelve car-loads. Later in the month twenty-two 
boxes, containing the photographic exhibit, were forwarded by freight. This com- 
pleted the work of packing and shipping the exhibit from the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion. 

On July 9, the work of preparing material, packing and shipping an exhibit to the 
Marietta exposition was begun. This was completed on July 14. 

On July 16, additional mechanics and laborers, who had been hired for work in 
connection with the Cincinnati exposition, were discharged. In order to afford better 
light in the main hall of the Smithsonian building, one end of each of the galleries 
was cut off.. The fence inclosing the buffalo yard was painted. Newsteps were made 
and placed in the annex east entrance leading to the basement. 

Storage-cases for specimens were built for the Department of Ethnology ; two card- 
catalogne boxes for the executive clerk’s office, and two cases for the metallurgical 
department. 

August.—Scattolding was erected in the main hall of the Smithsonian building to 
facilitate the preparation of the walls and ceiling for painting. The painting of the 
exhibition hall of the Department of Fishes was finished. In the carpenter and paint 
shops, the following work has been completed: Construction of one large storage- 
ease for unit trays, one frame for mounting tiles, cutting and fitting glass for cable- 
frames, putting mahogany casing around plaster casts; making pedestals for the de- 
partment of mammals; construction of two large tubs for holding trees in the rotunda. 
New mahogany label-frames were made. Mahogany panel ends have been put in 
four door-screen cases in the department of lithology. 

The alteration of the galleries in the main hall of the Smithsonian building has 
been continued this month. 

The following work has also been completed: Putting new floor in the café; shel- 
lacing and painting wall cases; extending wall-cases and polishing specimen blocks 
for the department of comparative anatomy; repairing broken cases and making 
fraines for the department of ethnology. For the executive clerk’s office there has 
been made one case of drawers with shelving, and one case for letter-books. The 
refitting of doors to cases in several departments has been continued from day to day. 

September.—Several repairs in different parts of the Museum building and in the 
Armory building were rendered necessary by the results of a severe storm which oc- 
curred on September 10. The cases formerly occupying the wall space at the south 
entrance of the Smithsonian building, were removed to the northeast court of the 
Museum building. A great many blocks for specimens have been painted and ebon- 
ized for the various departments, and the work of fitting shelves to cases has been 
continued. 

The platform in the lecture room has been repaired, and a large book-case made for 
the Department of Buildings and Labor. Five pier upright cases have been remod- 
eled for the Department of Ethnology, and several catalogue boxes have been made 
for the executive clerk’s office. Oak frames for transparencies have been made. The 
office of the engineer of property has been furnished with a brass wire screen. The 
extension and remodeling of the bird cases still continue. 

October.—The stained glass in the circle over the south entrance of the Smithsonian 
building has been removed and replaced with plain glass. The radiators in the 
southeast court were removed from the walls to make room for wall cases, and were 
placed further back towards the center of the hall. This work necessitated some ex- 
cavating in connection with the fitting of the steam-pipes. A new shed was built 
for the collection of living turtles and other specimens. Repairs were made to the 
floor in the southeast court. Oneof the upper rooms of the north tower in the Smith- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 101 


sonian building has been assigned to the Department of Mollusks, and shelving has 
been erected therein for the storage of trays, etc., belonging to that department. 
The halls and galleries in the Smithsonian building have been sconred and cleaned, 
and the furniture placed in order after the confusion incident to the painting of the 
walls. The mechanics have also been occupied on the following work: making five 
hundred blocks for the exhibition of medals; making frames for Assyriau slabs, and 
mahogany shelves for the Department of Mammals; remodeling pier cases, and fitting 
them with shelves; fitting drawers and locks to cases; making drawers for storage 
cases ; fitting mahogany table tops to wooden pedestals; constructing a platform for 
the steam-steering machine in the Department of Transportation and Engineering; 
making one case of pigeon-holes for the section of fisheries; fitting shelves to a chart 
case; beveling one thousand blocks forthe Department of Minerals; making a desk 
and case of pigeon-holes for the registrar’s office; making frames for plaster casts ; 
painting the window frames of the Museum building; painting walls in the lecture’ 
room; kalsomining the east front of the annex building; ebonizing blocks for the 
Department of Minerals. 

November.—Early in the month the Superintendent left Washington with six skilled 
laborers for Cincinnati for the purpose of packing and returning to the Museum the 
exhibits and cases sent to the Exposition. A force of men has been engaged in clean- 
ing out the sheds at the Armory and re-arranging the vast amount of material there 
stored. The tender belonging to the engine ‘‘ John Bull” was brought over from the 
Armory and placed at the east entrance of the Museum building. The lecture hall was 
cleared to make room for the return of the exhibits from Cincinnati, which began to 
arrive on the 26th. On December 15, all this material was safely housed, and the 
superintendent with his men returned to their duties in the Museum. The work of 
unpacking and returning the exhibits to their proper departments occupied the time 
of the entire laboring force for many days. After most of the above work was com- 
pleted, the Graphic Art exhibit, recently returned from Cincinnati, was installed in the 
lecture hall. During the latter part of this month many of the cases in the Anthropo- 
logical hall were re-arranged. Thecarpenters completed remodeling pier cases for use 
in the Department of Artsand Industries. The following work was also accomplished : 
One book-case, with shelves, was made for the Department of Botany ; changing 
doors in unit tables in the Department of Botany ; making two oak book-cases for 
the Executive Department; constructing pigeon-holes for the Department of Building 
Stones; also counter, drawers, and pigeon-holes for the office of the engineer of prop- 
erty; adjusting locks and doors in floor cases in the southwest hall. The painters 
have been engaged in covering and painting diaphragms, lettering screens, and var- 
nishing picture frames; painting tubs for plants in the rotunda; painting the walls 
of the public comfort room ; glazing windows in the Smithsonian and Museum build- 
ings ; painting walls over the stairway in the east pavilion; finishing in hard oil a 
large book-case for the executive clerk’s office ; painting cases for the Department of 
Property and Supplies. 

December.—Ashscreens to be placed on the top of the casesin the southwest court have 
been made. The west hall has been re-arranged and the lecture hall put in order for 
the meetings of the American Historical Association. Eleven door screen cases have 
been furnished to the curator of birds. These will take the place of the old white 
cases in the center of the hall, which will be condemned as soon as the specimens have 
been removed. Theold storm door at the north entrance to the Museum building has 
been removed to the east entrance, and larger and more serviceable ones have been 
placed at thenorthentrance. The following work has also been accomplished ; Con- 
struction of base for statues; painting trays; repairing Japanese clock; construction 
of card catalogue shelves for cases ; putting strips in case for medals; painting bases ; 
making two large walnut bases; setting glass in the antelope case, and finishing and 
shellacing pedestals; painting pedestals and putting locks on cases in the Department 
of Botany. The fence around a part of the Armory building has been repaired and 
the sash glazed and painted. The windows and sereens in the lecture hall have been 
glazed and painted. For the Department of Ethnology a large oak frame for a map 
of Asia has been made. A Kensington case has been polished ; frames for plaster casts 
have been made; a skeleton frame for the west hall has been constructed ; four boxes 
have been made for the library; cases for the models of the Zoological Park have 
been made, and a card catalogue case was constructed for the office of the engineer 
of property. The work on the bird cases in the Smithsonian building still continues. 
The upright cases have been extended back as far as the wall. 


1889. 


January.—The work of constructing an additional room for the entomological lab- 
oratory over the ladies’ reception room was begun the latter part of December. This 
work was continued during this month and completed in the early part of February. 
Forthe Department of Prehistoric Anthropology a number of wing frames have been 


102 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


glazed and trays painted. Several cases in the exhibition hall of this Department 
have been painted, and ten mahogany table frames have been made for the various 
sectionsin the Department of Artsand Industries. Trays have been repaired and la- 
bel frames made for the Department of Botany. A large number of wooden blocks have 
been ebonized, one book-case made, and one case altered in some of its details. For the 
Department of Lithology mahogany table frames have been made and wing frames 
glazed. The old storm doors have been placed at the east entrance. The walls on 
the stairway leading tothe basement of the Smithsonian building have been painted. 
The floor in the ladies’ retiring room has been repaired. The walls at the north en- 
trance to the Smithsonian building have been painted. Cases have been painted and 
glazed for the Department of Anatomy. The floor in one alcove case in the Depart- 
ment of Ethnology was lowered. Frames for maps were made. For the Department 
of Engineering a case with sliding drawers has been made. Boxes for copper tanks 
‘were made for the Department of Fishes. A base for a memorial stone transmitted 
by the Washington Monument Commission was made. In the Department of Insects 
a sky-light was made. The floor and wall cases in the Department of Metallurgy 
were painted. and several shelves fitted. Frames for glass to cover models, and stor- 
age cases for use in the south west pavilion were made. Forthe Department of Meso- 
zoic Fossils several slope-top cases and frames were made and drawers fitted to the 
cases. A number of blocks were ebonized for the Department of Minerals. The al- 
teration of the old doors and hanging new doors to bird cases was attended to. A 
large number of picture frames were painted and cleaned. Frames for maps were 
made. Glass was put in bird cases, and the inside and outside of the cases were 
painted. For the Department of Paleozoic Fossils a number of shelves were painted. 

February.—The removal of the office of the curator of textiles from the third to the 
second floor was completed, and the office of the curator of naval architecture was 
removed from the second to the ground floor in the east tower. The removal and re- 
arrangement of cases stored in the Armory building was completed. A wire fence to 
inclose the large mineral masses on the west side of the Museum building was con- 
structed. Two skylights were placed in the roof over the entomological laboratory. 
Painting the walls and ceiling in the ladies’ retiring room was begun. The re-ar- 
rangement of the eases in the north and west halls has occupied a great deal of time. 
The skeletons of whales, one of which was returned from the Cincinnati Exposition, 
have been hung in the osteological hall. Other work accomplished this month is as 
follows: Several shelves for wall cases were made, and two hundred and forty-seven 
trays painted for use in the anthropological hall. Bases for the walrus and sea-lion 
were made for the Department of Mammals. An iror bracket fur the whale skeleton 
in the Department of Comparative Anatomy was painted. For the Department of 
Ethnology several screens and cases were painted. A base was made for the Japanese 
Buddha, a slope base for Assyrian slabs, and one for totem posts were made. Glass 
for label frames for the Engineer of Property was cut. A base for four ash screens 
for the exhibition of a collection of busts was made. A wall case in the entomelog- 
ical laboratory was constructed. Several screens to be placed at the entrance to 
exhibition halls, and screens and shelves to go behind and over radiators were made. 
Glass was put in bird cases in the main hall of the Smithsonian building. Diaphragms 
and strips were made and placed in door-screen cases, and a number of cases were 
painted. For the Department of Paleozoic Fossils four boxes were made and a desk 
repainted. 

March.—During the early part of this month almost the entire force was required 
to remain after the regular hours in order to complete the re-arrangement of cases in 
the exhibition halls. On March 2, eight of the force were sworn in as special police- 
men, this being thought advisable for the better protection of the collections during 
the inauguration season. Several of the laborers, carpenters, and painters were re- 
quired to do duty as watchmen on this occasion. The arrangement of the Lorillard 
collection of casts, recently removed to the Smithsonian building was begun. This 
work occupied a considerable force of laborers for several days. In the Department 
of Ethnology a base with high back to accommodate plaster casts was made. Sam- 
ple drawers for unit cases were made. Label frames were made for the Department 
of Botany, and a platform placed over the stairway in the south balcony. In the De- 
partment of-building stones a number of partitions were placed in paper boxes, and 
a file case and drawers made to holdthem. The wallin the north hall of the National 
Museum was painted. The collection of Mexican casts was moved from the Museum 
building to the Smithsonian building. The interior of the long wall case in the south- 
east range was painted, the wall case was glazed and label frames made. Locks were 
put on cases and doors for the Department of Ethnology. Two sample unit drawers 
were made and partitions put iv drawers in the Executive Department. Stretchers 
were made for some of the Washington relics. For the Department of Marine Inver- 
tebrates locks and keepers were put ona book-case. The cases in the hallway of the 
northwest pavilion were painted. Locks were fitted to doors and cases in the De- 
ment of Metallurgy. Piers and frames were painted, and several cases glazed. A 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 103 


small case was made for the Department of Birds, and the inside and outside of several 
cases in the bird hall were painted. Shelves to slope cases were made for the Depart- 
ment of Paleozoic Fossils. 

April.—The ledges of a large number of windows were lined with tin to prevent 
the rain from beating in. In the Department of Antiquities, pedestals and shelves 
were constructed and two hundred thirty-seven trays were painted. Locks were put 
on cases in the Department of Mammals. One end of the wall case in the south hall 
was made moth proof, A tin collecting case was made for use in the Department of 
Botany. Locks were put on chart cases in the Department of Building Stones. For 
the Departmeut of Buildings and Labor a mail box was made for the Superintend- 
ent’s office. The walls in the northwest pavilion and in the lecture hall were 
painted. ‘The third floor of the northwest pavilion was titted up for the oftices of the 
executive clerk. Glass was reset in a case for the Department of Anatomy. In the 
Department of Ethnology packing boxes were made, and mahogany tables for speci- 
mens of Japanese lacquer were constructed. Shelving was constructed around a 
portion of the executive clerk’s office. Two copper tanks were made for the engineer 
of property. Locks were fitted to several unit cases. Blocks were ebonized for the 
display of food specimens. A base and screen for an exhibit of woods wasmade. In 
the section of Historical Relics a frame was made for a portrait of Washington. A 
number of screens in the Department of Metallurgy were strengthened and painted. 
For the Department of Minerals two tanks were made, a number of blocks ebonized, 
casters put on ten unit-table cases, and doors and trays eased. A number of blocks 
were painted for the section of Materia Medica. For the Department of Ornithology 
tanks boxes were made; the inside of cases in the bird hall were painted, and asmall 
mahogany case made for a group of birds. Several floor cases were fitted up, and old 
book-cases repaired. For the Section of Graphic Arts 36 double boxes were finished. 

May.—The northwest basement has been thoroughly cleaned, and several coats of 
whitewash have been put on the walls. Awnings have been fitted to the windows 
in both buildings. For the collection of Animal Products a storage case was built; 
this holds about one hundred and fifty trays. Case drawers and trays have been 
planed and eased. In the Department of Antiquities casters were put on a large 
walnut case; fifteen heavy bases made. Wing trames for use in the Section of Ori- 
ental Antiquities were repaired, four pedestals cut down, and the inside of cases 
painted. For the Department of Mammals a stand for porpoise casts was made, and 
casters were put on unit table cases. The prairie-dog and elephant cases were glazed 
and the bases of table cases made moth-proof. One hundred and seventy-six trays 
were made for the Department of Botany. A number of relief maps were lettered 
for the Department of Building Stones. The sky-lights in the carpenter’s shop and 
leaks in the roof were repaired. ‘Twelve label-frames were made and sectional cov- 
ering put on steam-pipe in the exhibition hall of the Department of Comparative 
Anatomy. Six pine shelves for storage were made, and several pamphlet boxes re- 
paired. Twelve copper tanks and twenty tin insect-boxes were made for the Engi- 
neer of Property. Twenty drawers were fitted to storage cases in the Department of 
Metallurgy. Casters were put on two unit cases in the Department of Minerals, and 
a number of wooden blocks for specimens were planed. Three sliding screen cases 
in the Section of Materia Medica were reduced to half their original thickness. 
Door screen cases were glazed. Casesin the exhibition hall of the Department of 
Birds were painted, and shelving and floor cases fitted up in the south tower of the 
Smithsonian building. Drawers and locks were fitted on two unit cases, and one 
box made for the Department of Birds’ Eggs. For the Section of Textiles three label- 
frames were made, one hundred blocks painted, and one hundred and forty-two 
trays eased. In the Department of Ethnology casters were put on ten mahogany 
cases, one map lettered, and twenty-seven trays eased. 

June.—The basement rooms under the north entrance have been thoroughly cleaned. 

On June 6, four extra laborers were engaged to help in clearing the storage rooms 
at the Armory building for the use of the Fish Commission. This occupied the time 
of six to eight laborers for many days. 

The installation of the collection of prints and engraving has occupied the time of 
several carpenters, painters, and laborers. A window was cut in the wall in the 
third floor of the northwest pavilion. The east window in the second floor of the 
natural history laboratory was enlarged. The painting of exhibition cases, shelves, 
drawers, and trays in the halls of the Department of Birds and Prehistoric Anthro- 
pology has continued from month to month, owing to many changes in the original 
plans. Shelving was placed in the shed in the Armory building, and doors and trays 
to cases eased in the Department of Building Stones. Repairs were made in the roof 
of the Museum building. The walls and stairway at the north front of the Smithso- 
nian building were painted. The roof of this building was repaired. Nineteen 
French ventilators were painted. Two hundred and six trays were eased and three 
lights of glass 60x90 inches were fitted in slope cases for the Department of Ethnology. 

Eighty-five trays were eased for use in the Department of Metallurgy. ‘Three old 
sliding screen cases were changed into three door screen cases for the Section of 
Materia Medica, 


104 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


In the Department of Birds the interiors of several cases were painted Jight buff, 
thirty-two new shelves for mahogany floor cases were fitted up, and locks weré 
put on unit cases. In the Department of Paleozoic Fossils thirty-nine trays and two 
hundred and thirty-one new drawers to unit table cases were eased. A large number 
of shelves for cases were repaired for the Section of Textiles. 


THE WORK OF THE MUSEUM PREPARATORS, 


The preparation of specimens for exhibition in the Museum and for 
the study series has been satisfactorily continued. The work of mod- 
eling is in charge of Mr. W. T. Hornaday, chief taxidermist. 


TAXIDERMISTS AND MODELERS, 


The operations of the department in preparing groups of mammals 
have been greatly hampered by the vast amount of other necessary 
routine work, but considerable progress has been made with several 
groups which it is expected will be completed during the coming year. 

These groups are: 

Gray Squirrels.—Part of this group was completed for the Cincinnati 
Exposition, but owing to lack of space it was not sent. It has now 
been decided to increase its size, incorporating in it all that it is pos- 
sible to exhibit of the life history of the squirrels, thus making it more 
comprehensive and instructive. 

Red Squirrels —What is stated of the gray-squirrel group applies 
to this group also. 

Red and Gray Foxes.—Some work has been done on these groups, but 
more material has yet to be collected. 

Rabbits.—Material has been collected for this group, and it will be 
one of the first finished. 

Moose.—Considerable work has been done on this large and important 
group. The manikins for three of the six animals of which this group 
will be composed, have been made, and it is the intention to bring it to 
completion at an early date. The group will occupy a special case of 
the same dimensions as that containing the group of buffaloes. 

In addition to the work mentioned above, a portion of the necessary 
materials for several other groups have been collected and designs 
drawn. These groups will include the Rocky Mountain Goat, Rocky 
Mountain Sheep, Musk-ox, Beaver, Raccoon, and Woodchuck. 

The Opossum and Prairie-Dog groups have been put in their new 
cases and the Orang-outang group retouched. The Antelope group 
was sent to the Cincinnati Exposition. When a new case for this group 
has been made, it isintended to add several specimens of different ages, 
and to rearrange it for exhibition. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 105 


The following is a list of specimens mounted during the year: 


Primates. Chiroptera. 


16166. Semnopithecus siamensis. | 13251. Rhinolphus hipposideros. 
16167. Cercocebus wthiops. 
13499. Jacchus vulgaris. 
16170. Lemur flavifrons. 


Rodentia. 


15325. Dasyprocta isthmica. 
16228. Lepus campestris. 
16359. Lepus campestris. 
16235. Mus decumanus. 


Carnivora. 


16177. Felis minuta. 16182, Sciurus macrourus. 
16176. Felis marmoratus. 16183. Sciurus maximus. 
16324. Felis domesticus (angora). 16184. Sciurus punctatissimus. 
16121. Lynx maculatus. 15980. Scinrus bicolor. 
16179. Melivora ratel. 14685. Sciurus niger. 
16288. Bassaris astuta. 16316. Sciurus hudsonius hudsonius. 
16238. Urocyon virginianus. 14433. Sciurus hudsonius douglassi. 
16175. Nandina binotata. Marsupialia. 
16171. Otogale crassicudata. f 
16174. Hemigalea hardwicki. 12881. Didelphys myosurus. 
16187. Dendrolagus ursinus. 
EE Miscellaneous. 
16075. Cariacus clavatus. Male. Three Ptarmigans, 
16076. Cariacus clavatus. Female. One Crow. 


Sixty fresh specimens of mammals received during the year and fifty 
alcoholic specimens were skinned and preserved. Of the sixty fresh 
animals skinned, thirty-three were collected by the taxidermists, fif- 
teen were received from the Department of Living Animals, and twelve 
from the Mammal Department. Thirty-eight skins were also received, 
dry and alcoholic. There has been some progress in making up into 
good dry skins the duplicate material on hand. A beginning has also 
been made in reducing the number of alcoholic specimens by working 
them over into dry skins for the reserve collection. 

The following statement relates to dry skins which have been made 
during the year: 


API RLOS otce oe pias = 20 oS wo Setalstain ine ee cic ee LO EN DEM U D tete are tetera eietete tore stertate eters 2 
WAENIV OTR es ot ec ce hos we cose sts a 33. |"Marsupialiattcs)--cccee. cts ceeees 4 
RN ULAtE eet. ctoeteeees sist Le ISE eect er 2r -—— 
CRTODUOL Reece secc oe. den woken se 14 | Totaliyseeae. rade ©, Siste Salons Shee eee 174 
PRO GUGM roe le iced ys aeisie @ Gan cooee oe 109 | 


A number of porpoise casts sent to the Cincinnati Exposition having 
been returned more or less injured, it was decided to put them in good 
condition, and also to overhaul others on exhibition and in storage. 
This work has been done almost entirely by Mr. Joseph Palmer and 
Mr. A. H. Forney. A list of these is as follows, about a dozen remain- 
ing to be completed another year : 


106 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


13342. Common Dolphin (Delphinus del- | 12480. Blackfish (Globicephalus melas). 


phis). 12761. Grampus (Grampus griseus). 

13343. Common Dolphin (Delphinus del- | 12839. Grampus (Grampus griseus). 
phis). 13355. Grampus (Grampus griseus). 

14936. Common Dolphin (Delphinus del- | 12302. Common Porpoise (Phocena com- 
phis). munis). 

15030. Spotted Dolphin ( Prodelphinus pla- | 13200. Common Porpoise (Phocena com- 
giodon). MuUnNis). 

12939. Striped Porpoise (Lagenorhynchus | 13359. Common Porpoise (Phocena com- 
acutus). | munis). 

12305. Striped Porpoise (Lagenorhynchus | 13428. Common Porpoise (Phocwna com- 
acutus). munis). 

12306. Striped Porpoise (Lagenorhynchus | 13738. Pygmy Sperm Whale ( Kogia brevi- 
aculus). ceps). 

13727. Bottle - nosed Dolphin (Tursiops | 14677. Gray, Whale (Rhachianectes glau- 
tursio). . (2 specimens. ) cus). (Model. ) 

15171. Bottle-nosed Dolphin (Tursiops | 12988. Pacific Right Whale (Balena ja- 
tursio). (Young.) ponica). (2 models.) 


MISCELLANEOUS WORK OF THE TAXIDERMISTS. 


Collection of domestic animals.—For many years it has been custom- 
ary to include in the exhibits of the Mammal and Bird Departments 
such specimens of domestic animals as may be received. During the 
past year it has been decided to form a separate collection under the 
above name, and the various specimens on hand have been brought 
together, renovated, and exhibited in a large wall case in the Section 
of Animal Products. 

The collection is composed as follows: 6 mammals (llama, sheep, 
dog, cat, ete.), 31 ducks and geese, 86 domestic fowls; a total of 12 
specimens. 

These have all been thoroughly cleaned, poisoned, and placed on new 
stands. A number of other animals have also been received for this 
collection and will be placed on exhibition as soon as they are mounted. 

In connection with the return of the exhibi ts from the Cincinnati Ex- 
position considerable work was done by the taxidermists. Mr. A. H. 
Forney was sent to Cincinnati to unpack and install the exhibits of 
mammals. This consisted of some sixty boxes, with over one hundred 
and fifty specimens, which, on their return, were unpacked, cleaned, and, 
when necessary, repaired. 

The space in the Museum occupied by the taxidermic exhibit was 
needed for the collection of domestic animals, and it became necessary 
therefore to remove it. This has been done, but the collection does 
not show to good advantage in its present position. New and larger 
cases are desirable. When more room is obtained, it is intended to 
make the collection far more complete than at present. 

The following gentlemen have been instructed in taxidermy during 
the year, especially in the art of making good dry skins: Mr. William 
Taylor, of San Diego, Texas; Lieut. Emory H. Taunt, U.S. N., repre- 
sentative of the United States in the Congo region; and Mr. Harry 
Perry, who expects to spend several years in Honduras. 


—= 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 107 


A tanned skin of an albino buffalo calf was received from Lieut. 
Colonel Kellogg. It was cleaned, poisoned, and placed on exhibition 
in the fur collection. Five boxes of specimens were packed for ship- 
ment. Nine mounted mammals have been repaired, poisoned, and put 
in good condition. Two seals and a large walrus were placed on new 
stands. Casts have been made of six bodies or parts of bodies of mam- 
mals received in the flesh. These are often of great assistance in 
mounting, since they furnish the best idea of the size and shape of 
the species. Quite a number of these are now on hand and form a 
very interesting and instructive collection. 

Congress having provided for the fitting up of the Armory building 
for the use of the Fish Commission, the third floor of that building has 
been reserved for the modelers and taxidermists of the Museum. It 
became necessary therefore to remove this department from the second 
and fourth floors to new rooms on the third floor. This department 
now occupies three rooms in the Armory building, a shed outside, con- 
taining the collection of pickled skins, and a number of storage rooms 
in the Smithsonian basement, containing molds and easts. 


MODELING AND PAINTING. 


Mr. J. W. Hendley has continued his work during the year. For the 
Department of Transportation he has made two lay figures, an In- 
dian hunter on snow shoes with gun in one hand and three birds in the 
other, and an Eskimo seated on a sled. He has repainted a Japanese 
carrying-box. For the food collection he has cast and painted a beef- 
steak, a platter of butter, two loaves of bread, and repaired a num- 
ber of articles. For the Department of Ethnology he has repaired and 
cleaned seventy small statuettes, cast and painted thirteen implements, 
made ten casts of Assyrian seals, together with numerous flat impres- 
sions of the same. For other departments: Eight casts of fossil shark’s 


teeth, nine casts of fossil bones, casts of contents of two jars of phos- 


phorus, repaired and painted cast of skull of the fossil bull (Bos urus), 
made fourteen casts of a rare trilobite, and of numerous minor objects. 

Mr. Joseph Palmer has done very little taxidermic work during the 
year, most of his time having been taken up in work on the series of 
porpoise casts, and in casting and setting up large casts of antique 
objects. A statement of the most important work accomplished is as 
follows: Several weeks were spent in changing and repairing the orna- 
mentation of the columns in the Smithsonian building. A complete set 
of casts was made from the molds of Assyrian antiquities, taken at the 
Fairfax Seminary, Virginia. He repaired and set up for exhibition a 
series of Assyrian and Egyptian casts, received from Berlin, twenty-five 
large and small specimens ; repaired and painted a bust of the King of 
Siam, and made a cast of the Indian chief Osceola; made a mold and 


108 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


cast of the Siloom inscription, and made a cast of the memorial medal- 
lion of Prof. Joseph Henry. Only a few molds of animals have been 
made during the year, but these have been very important. 

A Bottle-nosed whale (Mesoplodon bidens) was received whole, and a 
complete mold of both sides was made, as also a separate mold of the 
head with the mouth open. The largest of the specimens of the Gala- 
pagos tortoises, collected by the Fish Commission steamer Albatross, 
died in the Department of Living Animals, and a mold was made from 
it. These molds are stored with others, and will be cast in due time. 


OSTEOLOGICAL PREPARATOR. 


Mr. F. A. Lucas, Assistant Curator in the Department of Compara- 
tive Anatomy, reports that the work of the past year has been very 
largely devoted to the preparation of material, and to the care of that 
already in the collection. 

The enlargement of the large exhibition case in the osteological hall, 
and necessary alterations in the small case, have necessitated the mov- 
ing of the entire series of specimens on exhibition and their complete 
re-arrangement. 

The preparation of a much-needed card catalogue of alcoholic birds 
has been commenced and is well advanced, and a large amount of work 
has been done in classifying and caring for this valuable portion of the 
collection. 

Some work has been done in the preparation of specimens of soft 
anatomy, and some on invertebrate material, while the greater portion 
of one month was passed in arranging vertebrate fossils, and in pre- 
paring them for exhibition. 

The cast of a skeleton of Dinoceras, received from the Yale College 
Museum has been mouted. 

At the close of the Cincinnati Exposition the entire labor of packing 
all the zoological material there exhibited by the Departments of Mam- 
mals, Birds, Insects, and Comparative Anatomy was performed under 
Mr. Lucas’s direction, and the collections reached Washington in good 
condition. 

The skeleton of a whale exhibited at Cincinnati was, on its return, 
again hung from the ceiling of the Museum. Another whale skeleton 
acquired by the Museum has also been put in place, and a third has 
been moved to a new location in the osteological hall, and there sus- 
pended from the wall on a plan devised by Mr. Lueas. 


The following table gives a summary of the material received and of 
the work of preparation during the year: 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 109 


Sep Reptiles and Ba-| 4; 
Mammals. | Birds. Foanhianel | Fishes. 
a = oh aac) eee 
A 33 | 
| Sires ie a Sa a S| | # | Total. 
a | 28 see hat een seat sat ara 
Bi) ae aS ic S aS s = aS = 3 
= o = ® = D = 2 = eo) om 2 = 2 
2/2 /ss)2|2|52/2/3 |$8| 2 | z 
LD v2) Ay ® ZL 7p) Ay 7) mM | Ay @ 7) M 
— ————— = _ |-—— _ —- 
Received fresh..... --.|...... 1 ae Boe iSseone 25 | ercics| Coo see Och calles mete | 2 48 
loan Glsse se sasn =e 519 12 9 | 5 47 | 1 7 | Si jweset 1 | 2 606 
Mounted* 2-0. -24-.2-2: 10) WapeGn|os-5 eee eee eta eee lion's a SN bes Bees 26 
J ee a ee eee ee ee eee ee 
otal eassechonaen| 529 29 9 | 5| 6 1 7 Tl 5 Til Tied 680 
| | | | 
PHOTOGRAPHER. 


Mr. T. W. Smillie reports that 253 negatives have been added to the 
permanent files. Of these, 88 related to ethnology, 116 to prehistoric 
anthropology, 11 to mammals, 3 to osteology, 21 to transportation, 10 
to graphic arts, aud 181 to miscellaneous subjects. Thirty-nine trans- 
parencies were also made. 

The number of prints made during the year is 2,199, distributed as 
follows: ethnological, 190; anthropological, 138; mammals, 22; osteo- 
logical, 3; transparencies, 77; graphic arts, 10; miscellaneous, 1,759. 
In addition to this 25 enlargements have been made; 39 cyanotypes 
have been printed, and a collection of misceilaneous photographs, 113 
in number, have been mounted. 

The following special work for the U. 8S. Fish Commission has also 
been performed: Negatives made, 22; silveralbumen prints, 22 ; cyan- 
otypes, 476. 

The usual routine work of numbering and filing negatives, making 
up outfits for expeditions, ete., has been continued. 

By request of the Postmaster-General and by order of the Assistant 
Secretary, a number of samples of canceling inks have been tested 
for the Post-Office Department. 

The illustrating of the lectures given in the National Museum has 
been conducted by means of the stereopticon operated by the photog- 
rapher and his assistants. 

A collection intended to show the uses of photography was pre- 
pared for exhibition at the Cincinnati Exposition. This collection in- 
cluded valuable contributions of photographs from Prof. E. C. Picker- 
ing, of Harvard University, Mr. J. W. Osborne, of Washington, and 
from several officers connected with the Government service, notably, 
the Geodetic and Coast Survey; the Light-House Board; the Army 
Medical Museum, and the proving ground at Annapolis. At the close 
of the Exposition this collection was returned to the Museum and is 
now being prepared, in connection with additional material which has 
since been received, for permanent exhibition. It is intended that the 
scope of this exhibit shall be enlarged so as to take the form of an 


LE) REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


historical collection in which shall be shown examples of every photo- 
graphic process that has been invented, together with the appliances 
used, beginning with the photograph of the solar spectruin, as made 
by Scheele in 1777, and showing each step in the evolution of photog- 
raphy from that time to the present day. Considerable material has 
already been gathered which will be incorporated in this collection. 

The first camera made inthe United States has been acquired by 
purchase. A stereoscope, containing daguerreotypes and transparencies 
by the old albumen process on glass, was presented by Mrs. E. J. Stone. 
The Scoville Manufacturing Company of New York, presented a series 
of cameras showing the latest improvements, and from the Eastman 
Dry-Plate Company of Rochester, New York, has been received a 
Kodak camera, together with a series of enlarged photographs, illus- 
trating its use. 

The following students have been instructed in photography: Lieut. 
EK. H. Taunt, U.S. N., Mr. W. H. Perry, Miss Frances B. Johnston, 
Dr. T. H. Bean, Mr. Howard, and Professor J. B. Daish. 

In the year 1887, Mr. Smillie was transferred from the U. 8. Fish 
Commission to the National Museum as chief photographer. From 
that time the photographic work of the Fish’ Commission has been 
done in the Museum on the following conditions : 

The Commissioner furnishes an assistant, as well as the material and 
apparatus necessary for the work of the Commission. The work of the 
assistant is under the supervision of the photographer of the Museum, 
who makes the requisitions for material, and keeps a record of the 
work done. In return, the assistant paid by the Fish Commission is 
expected to assist in work for the Museum, when not occupied in the 
interest of the Commission. 


COLORIST. 


Mr. A. Zeno Shindler has spent a considerable part of the year in 
repainting a collection of fish casts for the Cincinnati Exposition. 
He has painted for use in the Department of Birds two maps, repre- 
senting the two hemispheres. For the Ethnological Department he 
has painted eighty-five photographs of Indians, and also sixty-four 
photographs of Indians and negroes of Surinam, from the collection of 
Prince Roland Bonaparte. Life-size busts of the King of Siam, King 
Kalakaua of the Sandwich Islands and Miss Fairchild, have also been 
painted. 

In connection with the formation of a collection of oil paintings repre- 
senting the races of man, the following types have been finished : Eskimo 
Dyak of Borneo; Apache (Arizona); Niam Niam (Africa); Chief of the 
Clallam Indians, Washington; Aborrigine of Australia; portrait of the 
Secretary of the Chinese Legation in Washington, 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. LUD 
DRAUGHTSMEN. 


Beginning with the year 1884, the report of the National Museum 
has consisted of a separate volume, and a section of each report has, 
since and including that year, been devoted to the publication of papers 
illustrative of collections in the National Museum. Many of these 
papers have been illustrated by both photographs and drawings. 
The former have been made by Mr. T. W. Smillie, photographer. It 
has been more satisfactory in certain cases to have drawings of the ob- 
jects prepared in the Museum, especially in connection with the illustra- 
tion of the following papers: In Report for 1884: ‘‘ Throwing-sticks in 
the National Museum”, by Otis T. Mason (17 plates) ; ‘“‘ Basket-work of 
the North American Aborigines,” by Otis T. Mason (64 plates); ‘A 
study of the Eskimo bows in the U.S. National Museum,” by John Mur- 
doch (12 plates); “The West Indian Seal,” by Frederick W. True and 
F. A. Lueas (3 plates). In Report for 1886: ‘ How to collect Mammal 
skins for purposes of study and for mounting,” by William T. Hornaday 
(9 figures). In Report for 1887: ‘‘ Cradles of the American Aborigines,” 
by Otis T. Mason (45 figures); ‘‘The Human Beast of Burden,” by Otis 
T. Mason (54 figures); ‘“‘ Ethno-Conchology--A Study of Primitive 
Money,” by Robert E. C. Stearns (9 plates and 22 text figures); “The 
Extermination of the American Bison,” by William T. Hornaday (12 
platesand 1 map). In the Report for 1888: “The Indians of the North- 
west Coast,” by Ensign A. P. Niblack (70 plates and 48 text figures) ; 
“Fire-making apparatus in the National Museum,” by Walter Hough 
(8 plates and 60 text figures). 

Illustrations for papers on “ Eskimo Strike-a-Light,” by Walter Hough; 
“ Skin Serapers,” by Otis T. Mason; and ‘‘ Easter Island,” by Paymaster 
William J. Thomson, U.S. Navy, are now being prepared. 

The drawings for the greater part of these illustrations have been 
made by Mr. W. H. Chandlee and Mr. W. H. Burger, both of whom are 
in the employ of the Museum, and have been especially assigned to the 
Department of Ethnology, from which department have emanated the 
larger proportion of illustrated papers, 

A great deal of time has been occupied in piece work connected with 
general administration and covering the entire field of draughting, em- 
bracing topographical and architectural work, tracings and sketch maps, 
engrossing, lettering, table designing, sketching of articles temporarily 
in the Museum, coloring of maps and charts, and artistic color work. 
For these purposes the following mediums were required: oil-colors and 
water-colors (transparent and opaque), pens and ink, lead pencils, cray- 
ons (Conté and lithographic), charcoal, and lamp-black. 


G.—ACCESSIONS. 


The total number of accessions to the Museum during the year was 
1347. 
A table showing the number of accessions to the Museum each year, 


112 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


beginning with 1881 (the first year of occupancy of the Museum build- 
ing), is here given: 


oe Accession | A ooes 

(inclusive.) SOT 
1881.22 02. enn enn ee ne eee rete tn nnn nae mente ce cece enn ens necene 9890-11000 1111 
NS82 ee scclericnnenciseniecuecisneceelsc === nivmninsemm=l=nlonn ane aw nln~ ain ilnioleinisiloelewiels'a i= 11001-12500 1500 
DOSS ea se arene aie Se eee Se lnleiolwmiwie ol ole imlniejelsieinelmielmi=ialalw)alolntninl=tni=sel=lainl@\a) mies) =imiswleisintelato 12501-13900 1400 
Ieee oneoe erase aacnoSo Seago CCU SHOUD COUR CESCObEmobocuocsnTasbegernoconasqae5a0 13901-15550 1650 
1885 (January to June) ....--.------- ene ee one eee ne een ee ene ences 15551-16208 658 
VBBS— "86 ooo 2 cow cee ce wen ne enn on iw een an wee e nen ne sannne so0e05 16209-17704 1496 
1886='87 ...--- 2-2 = er ee ne ne nn ee een ee ween ene ne cen e nee eeee 17705-19350 1646 
WS87H188) 2 cocaine wine ccc w ce coe nme cmencesecuscresnneean= se c==aseiwesuiee s<=\-~ s/s“ ~ a(n 19351-20831 1481 
MBS 8189 ee aoe ae = aerare cine inrewinjn wie sleiwjols vielen cjcewinin a)«'w nla wl=\n\eminle) o[='=siei=/= (0 =\mlal=Iminiaielnii> 20832-22178 1347 
TWD Bybee eosoenacabeone son oEDOdcOCodan pb conTossooSDSoHoToecosd|laosscopcep O56 12289 


The decrease in the number of the accessions this year may be ac- 
counted for in part by refusals of collections which have been necessi- 
tated owing tolack of both storage and exhibition room. 

A geographical statement has been prepared, showing the sources of 
the more important accessions. 


: 


GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW OF THE MORE IMPORTANT ACCESSIONS. 


During the year, material has been received from nearly every part 
of the world, although as usual the greater number of the accessions 
have come from the United States. The following statement has refer- 
ence to the most important accessions. These have, as far as possible, 
been arranged under the localities from which they were gathered 
rather than the place of residence of the sender. 


AFRICA. 


Madagascar.—Two linen table-covers, a silver watch-chain, a gold 
breast-pin, an ivory carving, and a small basket were deposited in the 
National Museum by President Cleveland, to whom they had been pre- 
sented by the Queen of Madagascar. 

Egypt.—Miss Alene Solomon, of Washington, District of Columbia, 
gave two Egyptian scarabs. 

Dr. James Grant-Bey, of Cairo, Egypt, sent several water-color 
sketches of ancient lamps, two fragments of leather cover (fac-simile) 
of the catafalque of Isi-Em-Kheh, a queen of the twenty-first dynasty, 
1000 B. C., and a fragment of mummy cloth, with characters of the 
“Ritual of the dead.” 

A series of casts of Assyrian and Egyptian antiquities were trans- 
mitted by the Royal Museum at Berlin. 

Oberlin College, at Oberlin, Ohio, presented seventeen bird-skins 
chiefly from Africa, many of them new to the collection. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 113 


AMH RICA. 
BRITISH AMERICA, 


British. Columbia.—A. collection of ethnological objects from Van- 
couver and Queen Charlotte Islands, was purchased by the Museum 
from Mr, James G. Swan, of Port Townsend, Washington. 

Nova Scotia.—Mr. George P. Merrill, of the National Museum, col- 
Jected and transmitted to the Museum specimens of gypsum obtained at 
Hopewell. 

New Brunswick.—A collection of Middle Cambrian fossils from the 
St. John formation, was purchased from Mr. G. F. Matthew, of St. 
John. 

Canada.—Mr. H. H. Lyman, of Montreal, sent rare specimens of 


lepidoptera. 
CENTRAL AMERICA. - 


Costa Rica.—The Museo Nacional de Costa Rica sent two valuable 
specimens of birds, through Senor José C. Zeledon. A large collection 
_of bird-skins was sent through the same source, for study and compari- 
son, a portion of which were donated to the Museum. 


= MEXICO. 


Chihuahua.—Mr. E. Wilkinson, of Mansfield, Ohio, sent an egg of 
the Cactus wren. 

- Two living Mexican wild-cats and three living chachalacas were re- 

ceived from Capt. Henry Romeyn, of Fort Ringgold, Texas. 


UNITED STATES. 


Alabama.—Dr. J. 8. Taylor, of Mobile, sent fragments of pottery 
from Baldwin County. 

A number of birds, birds’-nests and birds’-eggs were presented by 
Dr. William C. Avery, of Greensborough. 

The Shelby [ron Company sent a variety of minerals. 

Alaska.—The Alaska Commercial Company, of San Francisco, Cali- 
fornia, presented a bidarka. 

From Lieut. George M. Stony, U. S. N., were received a deer-skin 
coat, trowsers, boots, skull-cap and sleeping-bag, from Kotzebue Sound, 
Alaska. 

A picture of a crab caught at Sitka was sent by Commander L. A. 
Beardslee, U.S. N., of Little Falls, New York. 

Arizona.— A collection of pottery, stone and vegetable fiber objects, 
gathered at Flagstaff, and pottery from Moqui, were presented by Col. 
James Stevenson, of the Bureau of Ethnology. 

Mr. William W. Price, of Tombstone, sent a set of eggs of the Sulphur- 
bellied fly-catcher; also four birds’-eggs, new to the Museum collection. 

A collection of fishes, reptiles, and batrachians was received from Dr. 
Edgar A. Mearns, of Fort Snelling. 

H. Mis. 224, pt. 2—— 


114 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The Drake Company, of Sioux Falls, Dakota, presented four slabs of 
agatized wood from Chalcedony Park. 

California.—Prof. J. S. Diller, of the U. S. Geological Survey, col- 
lected rock specimens which were transmitted to the Museum by the 
survey. He also presented a White-footed field mouse from Mount 
Shasta. 

A medicine stone was received from Mr. H. W. Henshaw, of the 
Bureau of Ethnology. 

Dr. H. C. Yarrow, U.S. A., Washington, District of Columbia, sent 
an ancient bowl found in Deep Creek Valley. 

Mollusks, crustacea and sponges from San Diego, were given by Mr. 
Henry Hemphill. 

Highteen new species of fishes from the Gulf of California were re- 
ceived from Profs. O. P. Jenkins and 6b. W. Evermann, of Green- 
eastle, Indiana. 

Mr. C. R. Orcutt of San Diego, sent shells from Lower California. 

Stone relics were presented by Mr. Stepben Bowers, of San Buena- 
ventura. 

Colorado.—The U.S. Geological Survey transmitted one hundred and 
sixty-nine mineral specimens collected in Colorado by Messrs. Cross and 
Hillebrand, of the Survey. 

Rocks, minerals and petrified wood were received from Lieut. Charles 
Ra Ponds Uis.0N. 

Mr. Henry Zahn, of Denver, sent a piece of geyserite. 

Messrs. D. R. C. Brown and Elmer T. Butler, of Aspen, presented a 
miniature model of Aspen Mountain. 

A fine collection of birds, nests, and eggs was received from Mr. 
Denis Gale, of Gold Hill. 

Connecticut.—Prof. O. C. Marsh, of Yale College, sent the skeleton of 
a cormorant for study and comparison. 

Minerals were received from Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, of Hanover, New 
Hampshire, and from O. C. Farrington, of New Haven. 

Miss Ellen Oakford, of New Haven, lent seven etchings for exhibition 
at the Cincinnati Exposition. 

Delaware.—The Jackson & Sharp Company, of Wilmington, sent cy- 
anotype prints of different classes of railway cars. 

District of Columbia.—Nu merous campaign and Grand Army badges 
were received from various residents of the District. 

Mr. A. C. Winslow, of Washington, presented the original key to the 
Treasury of the United States when organized under General Wash- 
ington’s administration. 

Mrs. E. J. Stone, of Washington, sent a map of the city engraved in 
1818, and a fac-simile of the original Declaration of Independence. 

Two Indian arrow-heads were given by Mr. David Fitsgerald, libra- 
rian of the War Department. 

Illustrations of various military and naval uniforms were received 
from Mr. Paul Beckwith, of the National Museum, 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Ita 


Mr. Robert Ridgway, of the National Museum, presented a collection 
of bird-skins. 

The U.S. Geological Survey transmitted fossil fish through Mr. H. 
W. Turner, by whom they had been collected. 

M. Celeste Moritz, of Washington, presented two living White rats. 

Two living Prairie dogs were given by Lowell C. Williams, of Wash- 
ington. 

Mr. Walter Hough, of the National Museum, presented a set of 
waffle-irons and a wooden lock. 

The U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey sent, at the request of the 
Smithsonian Institution, photographs illustrating the method used in 
mounting photographic prints, for exhibition at the Cincinnati Exposi- 
tion. 

A Sparrow-hawk and a Wood thrush were received from Mr. B. W. 
Mitchell, of the National Museum, 

Mr, George H. Boehmer, of the Smithsonian Institution, gave a 
bronze medal, commemorative of the centenary celebration of the 
Royal Batavian Society of the Academy of Sciences. 

Mr. D. Ballauf, of Washington, sent a model of a locomotive for ex- 
hibition at the Cincinnati Exposition. 

Dr. G. Brown Goode, assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, presented six campaign metallic badges, four lithographs of army 
hospitals in existence from 1862 to 1869, two silhouettes and eight en- 
gravings. 

An interesting addition to the photographic exhibit prepared for the 
Cincinnati Exposition was a collection of cyanotype prints, showing the 
lights and flames used in the light-houses on the American coast. These 
were contributed by the U. S. Light-House Board. 

Dr. J. L. Wortman, of the U.S. Army Medical Museum, presented 
four living rattlesnakes. 

A cast of the head of President Lincoln, taken sixty days before his 
death, by Clark Mills, was received from Theodore A. Mills, of Wash- 
ington. 

A collection of land, marine, and fresh-water shells was presented by 
Messrs. J. D. and F. B. McGuire, being a part of the collection of the 
late J. C. McGuire. 

Mr. John Graham, warden of the city jail, gave a collection of knives, 
razors, tweezers and a sand-bag, made by prisoners in the District jail. 

Mrs. Thomas C. Cox, of Washington, deposited General George Wash- 
inton’s shaving table. This table was presented to General Washing- 
ton by the first French minister accredited to the United States. 

The Department of Agriculture sent a collection of animal parasites. 

A Secchi meteorograph was deposited in the Museum by the Chief 
Signal Officer. 

Madame Veuve A, Collin presented a bust of the late President Gar- 
field, 


116 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Florida.—Lieut. J. F. Moser, of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 
sent birds, shells, insects, snakes, and fishes collected at Cape Sable. 

Dr. J. C. Neal, of Archer, presented a collection of ethnological ob- 
jects. 

Shells were received from General IF’. E. Spinner, Pablo Beach. 

Mr. Frederick W. True, of the National Museum, gave field mice, 
muskrats, snakes, and insects. 

Three living rattlesnakes were received from Mr. James Bell, of 
Gainesville. 

Georgia.—A large corundum crystal was sent by Mr. N. P. Pratt, of 
Atlanta. 

Mr. M. Hamilton, of Savannah, sent, for experimental purposes, a 
plant supposed to be antidote for snake bites. 

Pottery fragments, from Stalling’s island, were received from Mr. ©. 
C. Jones, of Augusta. 

Mr. Alfred Chisolm, of Savannah, presented an albino Red-wing black- 
bird. 

Illinois. —Mr. A. J. W. Copelin, of Chicago, sent photographs of loco- 
motives. 

Stone implements were received from Mr. W.S. Strode, of Berna- 
dotte. 

Mr. Otho C. Poling, of Quincy, gave specimens of birds’ eggs. 

Mr. C. K. Worthen, of Warsaw, presented three specimens of Oche- 
todon and twelve mammal skins and skulls. 

Indiana.— Prof. B. W. Evermann, of Greencastle, presented a collec- 
tion of thirty species of fishes from Deer Creek and the Tippecanoe 
and Wabash Rivers. 

Mr. Robert Ridgway, of the National Museum, collected several speci-: 
mens of bird skins. 

Twenty leaf-shaped implements were sent by Dr. KE. C. Black, of 
Wheatland. 

Stone implements, taken from mounds south of Cherokee, were re- 
ceived from Mr. J. V. Ward, of Cherokee. 

Iowa.—Mr. C. R. Keys, of Boe sent specimens of land and 
fresh-water shells. 

A collection of Devonian fossils were received from Prof. A. H. Con- 
rad, of Shenandoah. 

Kansas.—A collection of invertebrate fossils was received from Dr. 
W.S. Newlon, of Oswego. 

Mr. B. F. Cannon, of Russell Springs, sent specimens of nickel ore. 

A skull of a Flathead Indian was presented by Mr. W. Meinhold, of 
Paola, 

Kentucky.—Specimens of limonite and iron ore were sent by Mr. T. W. 
MacGill, of Franklin. 

Mr. ©. F. Very, of New Albany, Indiana, presented ethnological ob- 
jects from Grayson County. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. sb b 


Louisiana.—Mr. G. Kohn, of New Orleans, presented several speci- 
mens of terrapin. 

Fifty rude stone implements were received from Mr. George William- 
son, of Grand Cane. 

Maine.—Mr. George P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected spec- 
imens of granite from Red Bank, pebbles from Cape Elizabeth, and 
diabese from Tenant’s Harbor. 

A collection of minerals was sent by Mr. N. H. Perry, of South Paris. 

Dr. H. C. Yarrow, U. 8. A., Washington, District of Columbia, 
gave a sword-fish head. 

Mineral specimens were purchased from Mr. W. P. Hayden, of Ray- 
mond. 

Maryland.—Mr. James A. Millhollana, of Cumberland, sent a draw- 
ing of the boiler-plate bridge, constructed in 1846 for the Baltimore and 
Susquehanna Railroad Company. 

A broad-winged hawk was presented by Mr. Harold P. Stabler, of 
Sandy Spring. e 

Mr. Robert Ridgway, of the National Museum, sent a collection of 
bird skins. 

A living tortoise was received from Mr. Howard Tabler, of Seabrook. 

Mr. George Marshall, of Laurel, contributed birds. 

A ground dove from Broad Creek and three snake-eggs from the 
Potomac River were donated by Mr. Thomas Marron, of the National 
Museum. 

Rear-Admiral Daniel Ammen, of Ammendale, deposited a carriage 
used by General U.S. Grant, in Washington, prior to his election to the 
Presidency of the United Baie, and by him pyccenned to Rear- roe 
Ammen in the summer of 1870. 

Massachusetts—Rock specimens from Newbury were collected by Mr. 
George P. Merrill, of the National Museum. 

A series of albertypes (seventy-four) were presented by the Forbes 
Lithographic Manufacturing Company, of Boston. 

Kighteen phototypes were received from the Boston Photogravure 
Company and eleven heliotypes were presented by the Heliotype Print- 
ing Company, of Boston. 

Mr. G. W. Field, of Brockton, donated an Ibis and two Snake-birds. 

Silver prints and lantern slides were sent by the Harvard College 
Observatory, Cambridge. 

Mr. James P. Tilton, of Newburyport, sent fragments of pottery from 
Plum Island, 

A mink was presented by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards, of Wood’s Holl. 

A whale skull was received from Mr. William H. Jackson, of Pigeon 
Cove. 

Mrs. Anne E. Douglass, of Cambridgeport, presented plaster busts 
of governors of all States in office January 1, 1860, with the exception 
of Oregon and California. 


118 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Michigan.—A collection of bird skins, containing several species new 
to the Museum collection, was purchased from Mr. W. H. Collins, of 
Detroit. 

Mr. C. A. Thompson, of Quincy, sent a specimen of stone carving 
from a mound near Coldwater. 

Minnesota.—Mr. C. Bangs, of Wolverton, sent specimens of copper 
implements found in Wilkin County. 

Mr. James Rigby, of Minneapolis, presented a model of a car-wheel. 

The State Normal School, at Winona, sent insects, crustacea, plants, 
and shells. 

Mississippi.—A collection of Indian pottery and several stone objects, 
from Prentiss County, were transmitted by the U. 8. Geological Survey. 

Mr. Charles E. Chidsey, of Scranton, sent sixty-eight specimens of 
pottery. 

Missouri.— Mr. J. E. Callaway, of Ravenna, sent an interesting speci- 
men known asa hair ball. These balls are found in the fourth compart- 
ment of the stomachs of cattle, and are composed of hairs licked from 
the surface of the body. 

Rocks were received from Mr. Erasmus Haworth, of Oskaloosa, Iowa. 

Mrs. Clara B. Davidson, of St. Louis, donated a saber presented to 
General J. W. Davidson, U. S. Army, for gallant conduct during the 
capture of Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1863. 

Montana.—Col. J. I. Allen, of Stillwater, sent photographs of Crow 
Indians. 

Among the most important acquisitions from Montana were two buf- 
falo skins purchased from W. T. Hornaday, of the National Museum, 
on his return from the buffalo expedition to Montana. 

Mr. Ellingson Knute sent samples of ore. 

Dr. Thomas J. Reed, of Great Falls, presented two living Sparrow- 
hawks. ; 

A fine living wolf was received from Mr. C. A. Dole, of Glendire. 

Nevada,-—A large collection of rocks (embracing about two thousand 
specimens) of the Comstock Lode and Washoe District, Nevada, col- 
lected by Messrs. S. F. Emmons and G. F. Becker, was received from 
the U. S. Geological Survey. 

New Hampshire.-—Four mammal skins, two insects, a turtle, and a 
woodchuck, were presented by Mr. Loren W. Green, of Charlestown. 

Mr. G. P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected for the Museum 
granite from West Concord. 

Minerals and rocks were received from Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, of 
Hanover. 

New Jersey.—Three arrow-heads were received from Mr. Charles Mead, 
of Sayreville. 

Mr. G. P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected for the Museum 
serpentine and associated minerals. 

A specimen of Sowerby’s whale was sent by Capt. J. L. Gaskill, 
keeper of the U.S. Life-Saving Station at Absecon, New Jersey. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 119 


New Mexico.—Maj. J. W. Powell, Director of the U.S. Geological Sur- 
vey, transmitted fragments of pottery from Jemes Valley, also pottery 
and stone objects from Abiquiu. 

Large collections of pottery and stone objects from various parts of 
New Mexico, were sent by Messrs. James Mooney, James Stevenson, 
W. H. Holmes, Arthur P. Davis, Dr. Washington Matthews, and Mr. 
Victor Mindeleff, of the Bureau of Ethnology. 

Dr. R. W. Shufeldt presented a hawk, a living rattlesnake, a Long- - 
billed Marsh wren, field mice and pocket mice, and the skin of a Red- 
tailed Hawk, from Fort Wingate. Hight batrachians were collected by 
Dr. Shufeldt and John G. Morse, of Fort Wingate. 

H. W. Bremen, of Silver City, sent a root supposed to be an antidote 
for snake bites. 

New York.—The Central Park Menagerie sent a stork and three eggs 
of the Black swan. 

W. W. Worthington, of Shelter Island, sent specimens of arrow- 
heads and flakes. 

A valuable and interesting collection of photographic apparatus and 
prints was received from the Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company, 
of Rochester. 

W. W. Adams, of Union Springs, sent shell beads. 

From William A. Hakes, of Binghamton, were received pottery frag- 
ments and stone objects from Broom County. 

Rocks were collected by G. P. Merrill, of the National Museum, from 
Keeseville and Stony Point. 

Fred Mather, of Cold Spring Harbor, presented two Mandarin ducks. 

Harper Brothers, of New York City, donated illustrations of the rail- 
way passenger-car. 

The skeleton of a Black whale was purchased from H. A. Ward, of 
Rochester. 

The Scovill Manufacturing Company, New York City, donated five 
photographic cameras and one extension tripod. 

Miss Anna Randall Diehl, New York City, deposited a collection of 
oriental seals. 

Eight watches of different designs were purchased from Tiffany & 
Co., New York City. 

Dr. Sanderson Smith, of New York City, presented seven rare min- 
erals. 

Two specimens of Algean marble were sent by E. Fritsch, of New 
York City. 

An important and interesting contribution to the Department of 
Graphic Arts, was the gift of 157 engravings, illustrating the various 
mechanical engraving processes, from Prof. C. F. Chandler, of Colum- 
bia College, New York City. 

Photographs of street cars were received from the John Stephenson 
Company, New York City. 


120 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


KE. M. Lewis, of Bedloe’s Island, presented birds which had been killed 
by flying against the statue ‘“‘ Goddess of Liberty,” in New York Har- 
bor. 

J. M. Falconer, of Brooklyn, gave an engraving, ‘‘ The Building of 
Brooklyn Bridge.” 

A lithograph of alandscape by Tudot was received from S. P. Avery, 
New York City. 

A large collection of minerals, containing 1,371 specimens, collected 
by S. L. Penfield in Jefferson, Louis, and St. Lawrence Counties, was 
transmitted by the U. S. Geological Survey. 

North Carolina.—J. M. Spainhour, of Lenoir, presented a specimen 
of asbestus. 

G. P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected peridotite, chromide, 
and nickel ores from Webster. He also presented photographic nega- 
tives of views taken at Webster. 

The observer of the U.S. Signal Service at Charlotte sent flexible 
sandstone. 

E. S. Bowers, of Webster, presented amethysts, two sapphire corun- 
dums, and a brown star sapphire. 

Several fine mineral specimens were sent by D. A. Bolman, of Bakers- 
ville. 

William H. Gaskill, keeper of the Life-Saving Slvston , Cape Lookout, 
sent a sunfish. 

Ohio.—From the Cincinnati Society of Natural History was received 
a collection of bone, shell, and stone implements gathered from graves 
in Madisonville. 

William H. McGinnis, Member of Congress, of Youngstown, sent 
stone implements, flakes, arrow and spear heads. 

Coleoptera and lepidoptera were donated by Charles Dury, of Cin- 
cinnati. 

A large collection of stone objects and pottery, containing 4,710 speci- 
mens, was deposited by Warren K. Moorehead, of Xenia. 

Thomas Wilson, of the National Museum, presented a collection of 
bone, shell, and stone implements from Anderson Township and Cler- 
mont County. 

Selenite crystals were received from C. 8. Mason, of Toledo. 

Carey Bell, of Utica, sent a stone axe. 

Oregon.—Livingston Stone, sent a specimen of fungus which was found 
growing in a fir log near Clackamas Station. 

Three water lizards from Fort Klamath were received from Capt. G. 
S. Carpenter, U.S. Army. 

Pennsylvania.—A specimen of stone pestle from Cohocksink Creek 
was received from George W. Haig, of Philadelpina. 

The Zoological Society of Philadelphia presented a Sheath Bill and a 
Cockatoo. : 

Ki. L. Pintard, of Philadelphia, deposited a file of the “Philadelphia 
Photographer ”, 1867-1887. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. i 3 | 


Two stone implements found near New Brighton, were given by 
Thomas Wilson, of the National Museum. 

Fred Speel, of Philadelphia, sent a Toad-fish. 

Four ethnological objects were received from George C. Fryer, of 
Philadelphia. 

James D. Middleton collected and transmitted through the U.S. Geo- 
logical Survey, pottery fragments from Irvine, Warren County, Penn- 
sylvania. 

A east of a supposed human face found in the Hamilton sand-rock 
was received from IF’. W. Gibson, of Falling Springs. 

E. F. Schafirt, of Media, presented a skeleton of a Rose-breasted Cock- 
atoo. 

George P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected copper and ser- 
pentine rock, from Cornwall, and slate from Franklin and Bangor. 

The Baldwin Locomotive works, of Philadelphia, presented several 
photographs of modern locomotives. 

Several silver prints from negatives taken in an anthracite coal mine 
were received from E. B. Harden, of Philadelphia. 

William Bell, of Philadelphia, presented two photographic cameras. 

Rhode Island.—A valuable collection of petroleum and related mate- 
rials was received from Prof. 8. F. Peckham, of Providence. This col- 
lection was made in connection with Professor Peckham’s work for the 
Tenth Census, by a special arrangement with Professor Baird. 

Silas Carr, of Providence, sent a collection of minerals. 

Eight etchings were received from Samuel Coleman, of Newport. 

Miss M. Francis, of Newport, sent a type-writer invented by the late 
Dr. Samuel Ward Francis in 1857. 

George A. Lewis, of Wickford, presented fishes. 

South Carolina.—A metal copy of the original memorial tablet de- 
signed to commemorate the services of the Charleston Relief Committee 
during the earthquake in 1886, was presented by Tiffany & Company, of 
New York. 

Tennessee.—W. WD. Dreher, of Knoxville, sent an Indian axe. 

A. §. Oldham presented two sets of buckhorns found in Lauderdale 
County. 

Pottery fragments were received from General G, P. Thurston, of 
Nashville. 

Campbell Brown, of Spring Hill, presented flint implements from that 
place. 

Texas.—G. H. Ragsdale, of Gainesville, sent a collection of fossil shells 
and bird skins, also a Pouched rat. 

A living Civet cat was received from I. N. Hasbrouck, of Brownwood. 

William Taylor, of San Diego, sent a stone implement from that 
place. y 

Vermont.—A collection of stone objects was received from Prof. G, H. 
Perkins, of Burlington. 


122 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


G. P. Merrill, of the National Museum, collected granite in Crafts- 
burg. 

Prof. H. M. Seely, of Middlebury, sent specimens of calciferous fos- 
sils. 

Virginia.—Thomas H.Tolson, of Shamrock, presented a White-headed 

Eagle. 
' Two living Black bears, captured in Virginia, were presented by the 
Hon. J.S. Miller, Commissioner of Internal Revenue. 

M. M. Wakefield, of Annandale, sent a Great-horned owl. 

Four living Angora goats were presented by the Misses Grace and 
Maud Parsons, of Natural Bridge. 

Robert Ridgway, of the National Museum, collected bird.skins in Vir- 
ginia. 

Stone objects from Chain Bridge were sent by Dr. L. W. Gill. 

Four living rabbits were presented by C. Edgar Uber, of Falls Church. 

Millard Burch, of Ballston, donated six living Night herons. 

Alexander Hunter, of Washington, gave a confederate army jacket. 

A Hog-nosed snake was received from Col. W. Shutt, of Hillsboro. 

Dr. Hugh M. Smith, of the National Museum, sent four birds from 
Back River. 

Rey. R. Ryland, of Richmond, sent samples of light wood from Rich- 
mond, and a living mink from Langley. 


The following objects, formerly the property of General Washington, 
were received from Lawrence Washington, of Marshall: 


1 pitcher portrait of Washington (china- | 1 colored picture in frame, view of old 


ware). church near Limerick. 
1 statuette of Necker. 1 colored picture in frame. 
1 journal of household and personal ex- | 1 portrait in frame, ‘‘Madonna with 
penses of Washington, March, 1793, to | Book.” 
March, 1797, in writing of secretary 1 portrait in frame, ‘‘St. John.” 
or steward. | 1 engraving, ‘‘ Louis XVI.” 
1 sword-bJade. _ 1 picture in frame, ‘Fall of the Bastile.” 


1 spy-glass. 
4 engravings in circular frames. 


1 mirror. 

Washington.—From the U. S. Geological Survey were received speci- 
mens of native platinum. 

Five eggs of the Short-nosed owl were received from Godfrey Koenig, 
of Sassin. 

West Virginia.—A peculiarly colored duck egg, laid the night after 
the duck was seen eating the shells of dyed Easter eggs, was received 
from W. H. Lewis, of Jefferson County. 

Greenland Thomson, of Morgantown, sent several ethnological ob- 
jects. 

A canteen of 1863 was received from Col. Frank Thomson, of Morgan- 
town. 

Edward P. Whaites, of Alderson, presented a memorial medal of 
George Washington. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY, 123 


A flint-lock pistol and lantern were received from Col. Ashbel Fair- 
child, of Morgantown. 

Mrs. L. I. Hough, of Morgantown, sent a basket formerly used in 
making bread. 

A coffee-biggin was donated by Mrs, Casselberry, of Morgantown. 

Two living vipers were sent by Alexander McVeigh Miller, of Alder- 
son. 

A Dutch oven and an old brass candlestick were sent by Miss Emma 
Protzman, of Morgantown. : 

Wisconsin. 
chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, 1887, was presented by F. L. 
Phillips, of Madison. 

H. P. Hamilton, of Three Rivers, sent pottery fragments. 

Pottery from Yellow Lake was sent by Gerard Fowke. 

H. Eggers, of Milwaukee, presented two patent boomerangs. 

Wyoming Territory.—Two fine living elk were received from Hon. W. 
F. Cody (Buffalo Bill), of North Platte, Nebraska. 

Emile Granier, of Atlantic, deposited a polished agate. 

A Western porcupine from Fort Bridges, was received from Dr. C. 
Hart Merriam, of the Department of Agriculture. 


WEST INDIES. 


Cuba.—A collection of ores, forming a valuable addition to the metal- 
lurgical exhibit in the Museum, was received from Hon, Otto E. Reimer, 
United States consul to Santiago de Cuba, through the Department of 
State. 

Guadeloupe.—The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 
Massachusetts, sent a collection of fishes. 

A collection of bird-skins was received from L., Guesde, Point-a- 
Pitre. 


SOUTH AMERICA. 


Argentine Republic.—Walter B. Barrows, of the Department of Agri- 
culture, presented a collection of reptiles, insects, and land shells. 

Brazil_—A_ collection of bird-skins, comprising one hundred and 
eighty-seven specimens from Bahia, were purchased from Prof. Leslie 
A. Lee, Thomas Lee, and Charles H. Townsend, of the U. 8. Fish Com- 
mission. Prof. Orville A. Derby, National Museum, Rio de Janeiro, 
sent, in exchange, several specimens of ores and one meteoric specimen. 

Specimens of iron ore, coal and coke, from Rio Grande de Sul, were 
received through the Department of State. 

Peru.—Woven fabrics from Ancon were presented by G. H. Hurl- 
but. 

Uruguay.—Thomas H. Brooks, of Montevideo, sent the skin and bones 
ofa Sea-lion from the coast of Uruguay. 


124 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Venezuela.—A valuable collection of beetles collected in Venezuela, 
were sent by Ernst C. Colby, of Curagoa. 

Photographs of Indians of the Goajira Peninsula were received from 
the Department of State, through the Hon. T. F. Bayard. 

The Zoological Society of Philadelphia presented a deer, in the flesh, 
from South America. 

The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 
sent a collection of fishes from South America. 

Maj. J. W. Powell, Director U.S. Geological Survey, presented two 
feet of a Harpy eagle. 


ASTA. 


China.—The Chinese Minister, at Washington, sent a beautifully 
mounted, carved, temple urn, of the Shang dynasty, B. C. 1762, and an 
ancient jade audience-ring. 

A very valuable collection of religious objects from northern China 
and Thibet used by the Lama priests in their religious ceremonies was 
deposited by W. W. Rockhill. These consist of prayer wheels, Budd- 
histic books, libation bowl, prayer beads, images of gods, ete. He also 
presented a scroll picture, in colors, of life in Chinese Turkestan. 

P. L. Jouy, of the National Museum, presented a Chinese bow and 
five arrows. 

Corea.—A large and valuable collection of Corean birds, comprising 
five hundred and forty-seven specimens, was purchased from P. L. Jouy 
of the National Museum. 

India.—Mrs. W. Scott, of London, England, presented specimens of 
Tusser silk cocoons from Sadra. 

The Royal Botanical Garden, Seebpore, sent in exchange an exceed- 
ingly valuable collection of mounted plants from India. 

Persia.—Rev. J. L. Potter, of Drakesville, New Hampshire, sent a 
complete suit of a Persian Mohammedan priest, from Teheran, Persia. 

A cast of aseal of Darius, King of Persia, and two casts of Babylo- 
nian seals were presented by Isaac Myer, of Philadelphia. 

Japan.—A very interesting collection of Japanese birds, containing 
one hundred and nine specimens and seventy-four species, from southern 
Japan, was presented by T. Ringer, of Nagasaki. Among them was a 
fine male specimen of the true Sommering’s Pheasant (Phatrianus serri- 
tillans) and a Spoon-billed sandpiper (Hurynorhynchus pygmeus). 

A collection of ivory figures was purchased from Tiffany & Com- 
pany, New York City. 

A collection of bronze and wooden figures was purchased from Ed- 
ward Greey, New York City. 

A Buddhist rosary and two birds were received from P. L. Jouy, of 
the National Museum. 

Harry VY. Henson, of Yokohama, sent a bird from Hakodate. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 125 


Japanese musical instruments, two Japanese masks, porcelain ware, 
and a palanquin were purchased from the First Japanese Trading 
Company, New York City. 

The Tokyo Library and Tokyo Educational Museum presented a very 
fine collection of Japanese plants. 

Jerusalen.—A shofar, or ancient Jewish trumpet, made of ram’s 
horn, was presented by David Sulzberger, of Philadelphia. 

An alabaster model of a Mosque in Jerusalem was deposited by the 
Rey. J. P. Newman, of New York. 


HUROPE. 


Austria.—The Royal Imperial Natural History Museum, of Vienna, 
sent, through Dr. Aristides Brezina, a collection of meteorites, and 
also sent in exchange one hundred and seventeen specimens of build- 
ing stones. 

Three meteorites were received, in exchange, from Baron Braun, of 
Vienna. 

A collection of twenty-four bird skins was received, in exchange, 
from Victor Ritter von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, of Salzburg. 

Chevalier Schmit von Tavera, minister from Austro-Hungary, pre- 
sented an ethnological map of Hungary. 

Denmark.—A collection of fishes representing sixty-seven species, 
from northern seas, was received, in exchange, from the Zoological 
Museum of the University of Copenhagen. 

A silver cross of the ‘‘ Order of Danenborg” was presented by Paul 
Beckwith, of the National Museum. 

France.—The Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, sent, in exchange, 
one hundred and ninety-five specimens of modern and antique marbles 
from Europe and Africa. 

The Musée de St. Germain, Paris, sent, in exchange, molds of 
bronze implements. 

Thomas Wilson, of the National Museum, presented minerals from 
Brittany. 

A collection of five hundred specimens of stone implements from 
various localities of France was purchased from E. R. Reynolds, of 
Washington, District of Columbia. 

Germany.—C. Kickhoff, of New York, sent samples of alloys from 
Germany. 

A collection of bird-skins was purchased from Dr. E. Rey, of Leipsic. 

Great Britain. —F rom the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, was re- 
ceived a collection of vegetable economic products, including textiles, 
foods, gums, materia medica, botanical and ethnological specimens. 

I. W. Webb, locomotive superintendent of the London and North- 
western Railway Company, Crewe, sent photographs of Trevithick’s 
engine and boiler. 


126 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The State Department sent a collection, made by W. F. Grinnel, 
United States consul at Bradford, England, of woolen, worsted, sill, 
and cotton fabrics. 

Three casts of Meiolonia from Lord Howe Island, was sent by the 
British Museum. 

A collection of ethnological objects was received from Edward Lovett, 
of Croydon, near London. 

Italy.—The Royal Museum, Florence, sent, in exchange, through Prof. 
Henry H. Giglioli, one hundred and fifty fishes, two hundred and thirty- 
four birds, thirty-two reptiles, and twenty-four mammals. 

Seven European bats were received from Angelo Senna, of Pavia. 

A. A. Blair, of Philadelphia, sent crystallized hematite from the Island 
of Elba. 

Norway.—A complete model of a Viking ship was purchased for exhi- 
bition at the Cincinnati Exposition, from Albert Cammermeyer, of 
Christiania. 

A Killer whale was received, in exchange, from the Zoological 
Museum, Royal University, Christiania. 

Roumania.—A. L. Montandon, of Bucarest, sent, in exchange, speci- 
mens of coleoptera and hemiptera from eastern Kurope. 

Russia.—A military medal from the Crimea was received, in exchange, 
from Paul Beckwith, of the National Museum. 

The Museum of Natural History, at Tiflis, sent through Dr. Gustave 
Radde, a collection of Caucasian and Transcaspian bird-skins. 

Scotland.—D. Bruce Peebles, of Edinburgh, sent pith of the rush used 
as a lamp wick. 

Switzerland.—The Musée d’Ethnologie, Gener a, Sent, in exchange, a 
very fine collection of Lacustrian pottery, vase, bronzes, bracelets, and 
collars. 


OCHANICA. 


AUSTRALASIA. 


Australia.—Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, of Melbourne, sent a col- 
lection of Australian plants. 

New Zealand.—A collection of fishes, representing forty-one species, 
was received from the Otago University Museum, Dunedin, through 
Dr. T. Jeffery Parker. 

An interesting collection of birds, rocks, minerals, shells, and ores 
was received from Prof. T. F, Cheeseman, curator of the Auckland 
Museum. 

A valuable collection of New Zealand woods was received, in ex- 
change, from the Canterbury Museum, Christchurch. 

New South Wales.—The Department of State presented a case con- 
taining samples of Australian wools ¢gollected by the United States 
consul at Sydney. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 12a 
POLYNESIA. 


Hawaiian Islands.—A collection of ferns containing one hundred and 
ten species, from the Hawaiian Islands, was received from G. W. Lich- 
tenthaler, Bloomington, Illinois, in exchange for ferns from Costa Rica. 

Valdemar Knudsen, of Waia, presented two petrels. 


H.—SPECIMENS SENT FOR EXAMINATION AND REPORT. 


A large number of specimens are received each year for examination 
and report. A separate record of these is kept. When specimens thus 
received are worthy of addition to the collections, they are entered on 
the accession record, and receive a number in the accession series. No 
less than three hundred and forty-seven lots of specimens of this kind 
were received during the year. In each case the specimens are exam- 
ined by the curator to whose department they relate, and he submits a 
formal report upon them. A copy of this is transmitted to the sender. 
A list* of these specimens received is here given together with an 
index arranged by localities. It should be stated, perhaps, that the 
object of printing this list is the same as for printing the list of letters 
asking for information, which has been already explained on p. 88. 


ADAMS, WILLIAM W., Mapleton, New York, Fragment of supposed meteorite. 306, 
’88 (XVI); copper spear-heads, from Michigan and New York. (Purchased.) 147 
(22229), ’88 (111. ) 

AIKEN, J. Cuap., Jonesborough, Tennessee. Larva of insect. (Returned.) 140 
8B (X), 

AInswortH, W. P. H., Taylorsville, Mississippi. Minerals. 182, ’88 (xv1). 

ABA, A., Norwalk, Florida. Larva of insect. 244, ’88 (x). 

ALLEN, J. A., American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York. 
Birds, from Brazil. (Borrowed for study and returned.) 406, ’89 (v, A). 

ALLEN, J. C., White Gate, Giles County, Virginia, Chartfrom Virginia. (Returned.) 
203, 88 (xvu). Bird skins. (Borrowed for study and returned.) 289, ’88 
(V, A). es 

ALTSCHUL, M., Hampton, Virginia. Rock. 183, ’88 (xv). Fossil shark teeth 
(two specimens), 188, ’69 (x11). Cenozoic fossil (fragment). 188, ’88 (XIU, B). 

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL History, New York City, New York. Bird skins 
from Brazil. (Returned.) 3635, ’89(v,a). Birds. (Borrowed for study and re- 
turned.) 468, ’89(v,A). Birds (12). (Borrowed for study and returned.) 474, 
789 (V,A). 

AMES, FisHER, Lakeside, Michigan. Fossil coral. 301, ’88 (xv1). 

APPLETON, JNO. W. M., Salt Sulphur Springs, West Virginia. Insect. 460, ’89 (x). 

ASHLEY, GEORGE, New Flat Fork, Virginia. Ore. 298, '88 (xvur). 

Askew, H. G., Tyler, Texas. Shells, from Texas. 473, ’39 (1x). 

At Ler, W. York, Washington, District of Colurabia. Tripoli. (Returned.) 238, 
788 (XVIII). 

Avery, Dr, WILLIAM C., Greensborough, Alabama. Bird skins. 449, ’89 (v, A). 


* Entries having double numbers indicate that the specimen was first sent for exam- 
ination and report, and was afterwards added to the collections, 


128 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Ayres, Col. E. W., Washington, District of Columbia. Bog-ore. 197, ’88 (xviit). 

Bascock, Dr. S. E., Chester, South Carolina. Limonite; oxide of iron. 262, ’88 
GXVib): 

Bacon, N., Talcott, West Virginia. Argillaceous sandstone. 404, '89 (xvuI). 

BaKER, DANIEL, Buckeystown, Maryland. Specimens of building stone, 34% (21671), 
89 (XVII). 

BARBOUR, THOMAS P.; San Antonio, Texas. Mineral. 282, ’88 (XVI). 

BaSINSKI, J. & BROTHERS, Miles City, Montana. Plant, 164, ’88 (xv). 

Baxter, R. F., Glen’s Falls, New York. Rock. 319,’e8 (xvi1); ore. 339, ’89 (XVIII). 

BreaucHamMp, W. M., Baldwinsville, New York. Stone implements. (Returned.) 
469, ’89 (111). 

Berry, Hon. J. H., United States Senate. Iron ore. 185, ’88 (XVIII); copper ores. 
256, ’88 (XVIII). 

BEWERTHEIM, A. T. & SONS, San Louis Potosi, Mexico. Topaz crystal. 456, ’89(xv1). 

Bisikovy, N. A., Albuquerque, New Mexico. Ores. 314, ’88 (XvuiII). 

BILLET, GEORGE, Shocks Mills, Pennsylvania. Iron pyrites. 278, ’88 (XVI); min- 
erals. 297, 68 (XvV1). 

Bissic, FRANK, Payson, Arizona. Ore. 169 (21089), ’88.( XVIII). 

BLuME, Epwarp L., Mount Savage, Maryland. Quartz and limestone concretion. 
356, 789 (XVII). 

Boarp, A., Jackson Court-House, West Virginia. Silver ore. 152, ’88 (XvIIt). 

BruFe, Mrs. J. G., Washington, District of Columbia. <A collection of ethnological 
material. 458,789 (II, A). 

BonD, WARREN R., Custer, Dakota. Ore. 326, ’89 (XVIII). 

Bowman, D. A., Bakersville, North Carolina. Sample of supposed mineral water. 
154, ’88 (XVI). 

BowmaN, N. W., Taylor Springs, Virginia. Calcite. 216, ’88 (xvi). 

BRADSTREET, E. C., Gold Hill, Colorado. Quartz. 285, ’88 (XVI). 

BRENINGER, G. F., Fort Collins, Colorado. Pine Grosbeak. (Returned.) 384, ’8 
(V,A). : 

BREWSTER, WILLIAM, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Birds from Chihuahua, Mexico. 
(Returned.) 192, ’88 (v,A); birds from Chihuahua, Mexico. (Borrowed for 
study and returned). 181, ’28 (Vv, A). 

Briaas, 8S. M., Washington, District of Columbia. Ore. 241, ’88 (xvur). 

Bruce, Davin, Brockport, New York. Insects, principally from Colorado. 280 
(21679), 88 (x). 

Bruce, GrorGE A., Worsham, Virginia. Mineral. 365, ’89 (xvi). 

BrucE, Miss M. W., New York City. Six Babylonian Tablets and three Cylinders. 
(Borrowed for study and returned.) 408, ’89 (1). 

BRYANT, WALTER E., San Francisco, California. Bird skins, from Lower California. 
(Returned.) 295, 788 (Vv, A); bird skins. (Borrowed for study and returned.) 
172, ’88 (Vv, A). 

Burk, D. M., Burgaw, North Carolina. Insects. 457, 789 (x). 

BuLt, AMos, Page, Kansas. Ores containing iron and nickel. 251, ’88 (XVIII). 

BuLuock, JAMES A., Pittard, North Carolina. Tree cricket. 243, ’88 (x). 

CAMPBELL, W. M., Texarkana, Texas. Ore, 283, ’88 (XVIII). 

CANNON, B. F., Russell Springs, Kansas. Iron ore. 211, ’¢8 (xvilI); ore. 196, ’88 
(XVIII). 

CANTRELL, GEORGE G., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Bird skins. (Returned.) 381, ’89 
(V, A). 

Carrer, F. L., Cleveland, Ohio. May tly (Palengenia bilineata). 139, 788 (x). 

Cask, S. J., Traverse City, Michigan. Flowers. 167, 788 (xv). 

Cuase, JAMES H., Ironton, Missouri. Three specimens of minerals. 371, ’89 (XvI). 

CuHasr, Miss Susie F., Takoma Park, District of Columbia. Ferns. 141, 788 (xy). 

CHESNEY, H., New Orleans, Louisiana. Insects, 229, ’88 (xX). 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 129 


CHESNEY, J. C., Northumberland, Pennsylvania. Ores. (Returned.) 332, 789 
(XVI). 

CHRISTOPHER, M. J., Richmond, Virginia. Brain coral, from the West Indies. (Re- 
turned.) 268, ’88 (XI). 

_ Cuurcu, I. S., Kelly, New Mexico. Copper. 348, ’89 (xv). 

Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Cincinnati, Ohio. Vertebra (portion) of Mas- 
todon. (Returned.) 480, ’89 (xi). 

CLARK, WALDO J., Mullen, Idaho. Mineral. 415 (22,095), ’89 (xv1). 2 

CoaLe, H. R., Chicago, Illinois. Bird skins. (Returned.) 171, ’88 (Vv, A). 

Cocuran, J. P., New York City, New York. Babylonian cylinder. (Returned.) 
1887, '88 (1). ; 

COLEMAN, JOHN B., Baker City, Oregon. Mineral. 439, ’89 (xv1). 

CottetTt, Prof. R., University of Christiania, Christiania, Norway. Bird skins. 217, 

- 188 (V, A). 

Colorado Biological Association (through Theodore D. A. Cockerell, secretary), 
West Cliti, Colorado. Cretaceous fossils. (Returned.) 331, ’89 (XI, B). 

Comes, J., Beaver, West Virginia. Mineral. 467, ’89 (xv1). 

Cook, T. M., Jackson, Cherokee County, Texas. Limonite, from Texas. 403, ’89 
(xvi) ; ore, from Texas.” 545, ’89 (xvut). 

Copake Iron Works, Columbia county, New York (through Fred. P. Miles). Wrought 
iron. 346, ’89 (XVIII). 

CORDER, JONATHAN O., Guest’s Station, Virginia. Clay. 320, ’88 (XvIII). 

CoTMAN, A. J., Cedar Glades, Arkansas. Lead and zine ores. 227, ’88 (XVII). 

Curtis, W. E., Washington, D. C. .Stone carving, representing a llama. (Lent by 
request and returned.) 328, ’89 (III). 

DALLAS, JOHN, Fairfield, Connecticut. Lepidoptera. (Returned.) 399, ’89 (x); Lepi- 
doptera. 428, ’89 (xX). 

Daty, P. C., Chattanooga, Tennessee. Ores. (Returned.) 329, ’89 (XVIII). 

DANIELS, O. E., Pecatonica, Illinois. Red bat. 233, ’88 (IV). 

Davis, JOHN M., Fayette Court-House, Alabama. Insects. 478, ’89 (x). 

Davis, Hon. H. G., Baltimore, Maryland. Cannel coal, from West Virginia. 337, 
789. (XVIII). 

DeEcKER, C. L., Dayton, Wyoming. Plant from Wyoming. 419, ’89 (Xv). 

DisBLE£, Davin D., Springfield, Utah. Petroleum. 325, ’89 (Xvi). 

Eastwoop, Miss ALice, Denver, Colorado. Plants. 261, ’88 (xv). 

Exam, W.C., Trevilian’s, Virginia. Mole cricket, Gryllotalpa longipennis. 194,88 (xX). 

ELLINGSON, K., Virginia City, Montana. Oxide of iron. 146 (20,960), (XVIII). 

Evus, R. T., Grimm’s Landing, West Virginia. Impure limestone and clay marl. 
367, 789 (XVII). 

Emerson, Mrs. Evizapetu, Palma Sola, Florida. Shell, Voluta junonia, 409, ’89 
(ix). (Returned). 

ENGLISH, GEORGE L. & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mineral. 272, 788 
(xvVI); mineral. 327, ’389 (xvi); crystals. 396, 69 (xvi); crystals. 397, ’39 
(xv1). Minerals. (Partreturned). 421 (22,099), 89 (xvi). 

Evans, Evan M., Princeton, New Jersey. Bird. (Returned.) 374, ’89 (Vv, A). 

Evans, Frank H., San Bernardino, California. Minerals, rocks, and ores. 443, ’89 
(XVI). 

FAUNTLEROY, T. T., Staunton, Virginia. Stone implements. 221, 788 (IIL). 

Fietp & GREENWOOD, Brownsville, Texas. Bird skins. 343, '89, (v, A); birds. 
(Returned.) 398789, (v,A). Birds (five specimens) from Brownsville, Texas, 448, 
89, (v, A). Eggs of Western Night-hawk (two specimens) and one bird skin. 
476, ’89 (Vv, A). 

FIsHER, Emory, Phoenix, Arizona. Ore. 465, '39 (XVIIt). 

Footr, GrorGe B., Helena, Montana. Minerals. (Returned.) 416, ’89 (XVI). 

Forcr, Houston T,, St. Louis, Missonri, Vertebrie of fossil animal, found in Clark 
County, Arkansas. 420, ’89 (Iv). 


H, Mis, 224, pt. 2——9 


130 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Foy, ALFRED D., Lookout Mountain, Tennessee. Indian-pipe plant (Corpse plant) 
219, 783 (XV). 

Futter, [ra C., Brookville, Pennsylvania. Ore. 379, ’89 (XviIr); minerals from Ken- 
tucky. 385, ’89 (xv1). 

FRENCH, CLARENCE E., Jacksonville, Cherokee County, Texas. Galena. 341, ’c9 
(XviII); iron pyrites. 337, ’89 (Xv1); minerals. 425, ’89 (xv1); ore from Texas. 
431, 789 (xviit). 

FRENCH, G. H., Carbondale, Illinois. Insects. (Returned.) 357, 789 (x). 

Fry, F. G., New Orleans, Louisiana. Amazonian figures. 445, ’89 (11, A). 

GawTHrop, J. E., Huttonsville, Randolph County, West Virginia. Ochre. 153, 788 
Cova): 

Gay, W. H., New York City. Carbon in stick. 392, ’89 (xvuIr). 

Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Canada. Fossils. 369, ’89 (xu, A). 

GERMAIN, W. H., Glendora, California. Coal. 180, ’88 (xvi). 

GILBERT, J. F., Abbeville Connty, South Carolina (through Hon. J. 8. Cothran, 
House of Representatives). Gold ore. 271, ’88 (XVIII). 

GILLETE, Prof. E. P., Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. Insects (fifteen speci- 
mens). (Returned.) 267, ’88 (x). 

GILLILAN, Rev. J. D., Beaver, Utah. Clay. 376, ’89 (111). 

Goan, W. R., Hot Springs, North Carolina. Insect. 479, ’89 (x). 

Gorr, Hon. N., House of Representatives, Washington, District of Columbia. Quartz. 
322, 789 (XVI). 

Goss, N.S., Topeka, Kansas. Humming-birds (eight specimens) from Central Amer- 
ica. (Returned.) 215,’88(v, A); birds from Mexico. (Returned.) 471,’89(v, 4.) 

Grigsby, W. T., Union City Tennessee. Mole cricket. 265, ’88 (x). 

GROVER, J. T., Tampa, Florida. Root. 277, ’88 (1, 4). 

GUERNSEY, Rey. J. W., Rutland, Vermont. Carpet-bag. 393, ’89 (x). 

HALLOocK, CHARLES, Plainfield, Massachusetts. Rock. 220 (21,273) ’88 (xvi1). 

Hancock, Dr. JosmrH L., Chicago, Illinois. Bird skin. (Returned.) 429, ’89 (Vv, 4). 

Hannon, V.7T., Texarkana, Texas. Lead and zinc ores, 269, ’88 (XVIII). 

HARLAN, JAMES, Navajoe, Indian Territory. Insect. 472, ’89 (x). 

HarRLow, WILLIAM H., Sewanee, Tennessee. Fern. 441, ’89 (xv). 

Harris, Gro. E., Cassville, Missouri. Plants. 432,’89(xv); plants. 455(xv) ; plants, 
470,789 (Xv). 

HaRRIS, JONAH, Pence, Kansas. Ore, 230, ’88 (XVIII). 

Harr, Win1aM R., Silverton, Colorado. Insects (fourspecimens). 179, ’88 (x). 

HAVENS, Capt. JoHN G. W., Point Pleasant, New Jersey. Fish. 302, 788 (v1). 

HAZEN, Frep. K., Goffstown, New Hampshire. Stone implement. 149, ’88 (xvtr). 

HAZEN, WILLIAM, Covello, Columbia County, Washington. Pyrite crystals, sulphide 
of iron. . 228, 788 (XVIII). 

Heap, W. H., jr., Cane River, Van Buren County, Tennessee. Iron pyrites in calcite, 
214, ’88 (XVI). : - sens 

Henry, JAMES, Shingle, White County, Tennessee. Ores. 349, ’89 (XVIII). 

HERRON, Dr., Washington, Districtof Columbia. Tourmaline in quartz, from Mary- 
land. 160, ’88 (XVIII). 

Hieut, JAMES L., jr., Dallas, Georgia. Spear head. 422, ’89 (111). 

Himrop, W. G., Havre de Grace, Maryland. Ore. 438, ’89 (XVIII). 

Hinpr, Harry H., Fort Smith, Arkansas. Insects. 193, 788 (x). 

HOLBERTON, WAKEMAN, New York City, New York. Painting, representing Black- 
spotted trout (male and female) and a Dolly Varden trout. (Returned.) 426, 
’89 (VII). 

Hooprer, Josmeru, West Chester, Pennsylvania. Bird skin. (Borrowed for study 
and returned.) 161, ’88 (Vv, A). 

Hovey, GrorGEe U.S., White Church, Kansas. Minera]. 459, 789 (xyr). 

Hoy, Dr. P. R., Racine, Wisconsin, Plant, 255, ’88 (XV); fresh-water sponge, 
276 (22167), 788 (x1), : 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY ey 


HUNTINGTON, OLIVER B., Springfield, Utah. Minerals. 335, ’89 (xv1). 

Horst, General H. P., Washington, District of Columbia. Plate of wrought iron 
penetrated by abullet. 173, ’88 (xvii). 

JACKSON, B,}*., Athelstan, Arkansas. Stone pipe. 359 (21953), ’89 (11). 

JACKSON, W. R., Memphis, Tennessee. Ore from Polk County, Arkansas. 373, ’89 


(XVII1). 
JARRETT, W. E., Edwards, Kentucky. Silver coin, Mexican, 8 reals, year 1818. 157, 
’88 (1). 


JESURUM, MORTIMER, Douglas, Wyoming. Fossil shell. 279, ’88 (x11, B). 

JoaB, C. W., Albany, New York. Minerals. 382, ’89 (xv1); stone and flint imple- 
ments, and human skull from a mound near Newark, Ohio. 382, ’89 (111); ethno- 
logical objects. 382, ’89 (11,4); palmated elk horns and leg of a panther. 
(Returned.) 382, 89 (Iv); minerals. 395, ’89 (xv1). 

JOHNSON, BEN, Stockton, Tooele County, Usah. Sand. 411, ’89 (xvmqt). 

JOHNSON, F., Riverside, California. Bird skins. (Returned.) 394, ’89, (v, A). 

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Champaign, Dlinois. Insects. (Re- 
turned.) 312, ’88 (x). 

INGALLS, Hon. J. J., United States Senate, Washington, District of Columbia. Niekel 
ore. 207, ’88 (XVIII). 

Keesk, A. E. L., Washington, District of Columbia. Gold, silver, and copper coins 
and medals. (Returned.) 209, ’88 (1). 

KELLER, C. E., Keller, West Virginia. Impure graphite. (Returned.) 2389, 88 
(XVIII). 

KENNEDY, M , Amicus, Virginia. Ore. 317, ’88 (XVIII). 

KIDWELL, F., Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Calcite. 364,’89 (xvit). 

KLOEBER, CHARLES E., jr., Washington, District Columbia. Siliceous hematite from 
Roanoke, Virginia. 247, ’88 (Xvi). 

Knapp, L., Oulcout, New York. Birdskin. (Returned.) 137,88 (v, A). 

LANSING, Prof. J. G., Theolegical Seminary, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Egyptian 
gold coin. (Returned.) 254, ’88 (1). 

LAUDERDALE, A. N., Lampasas, Texas. Guano. 358, ’89 (XvI1). 

LAWRENCE, GEORGE N., New York. Birds (three specimens), from Mexico. (Re- 
turned.) 377, 789 (v, A). : 

LAWRENCE, Messrs. W. H. & Co., Denver, Colorado. Shellbark hickory nuts. 263, 
88 (XV). 

Leary, J. L., Thoroughfare, Virginia. Decomposed rock. 405, ’89 (xviir). 

Lron, Dr. NicoLas, Morelia, Mexico. Plant. 288, ’38 (xv). 

LONG, VERNON, Paul Smith’s, Franklin county, New York. Iron ore. 155, ’88 (xvr), 

LE Norp, Dr. L. D., Mineral Springs, Arkansas. Fiber. 353, ’89 (1). 

Lercu, Dr. Orro, San Angelo, Texas. Iron ore, from Texas. 274, ’88 (xvur). 

LockE, GEORGE, Libertyville, Illinois. Mineral, 191, ’88 (xvr). 

Loomis, LovrerreTr M., Chester, South Carolina. Raven. (Returned.) 375,789 (v, 
A); bird skins. 315, ’88 (vV, A). 

Loucks, CaspEr, York, Pennsylvania. Stoneimplements. (Returned). 447, ’89 (111). 

Lucas, Dr. H. S., Pine Mountain, Georgia. Rock. 307, ’88 (xvit). 

LyNcH, JOHN, North Yakima, Washington. Ore. 312, ’89 (xviIr). 

McBribg¥, W. S., Marshalltown, Iowa, fragment of askull, (Returned). 413, ’89 (11). 

McCain, I.G, & Co., Hot Springs, Washington. Water (for analysis). 204, ’88 (xvr). 

McCartuy, JOUN, Hermosa, Dakota. Mineral. 412, ’89 (xvr). 

MCCLELLAND, Dr. J. B., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pottery, from a well near Pow- 
hatan, Virginia, 245, ’88 (11, B). 

McConvittE, D., Sixth Auditor, Treasury Department. Chert containing calcite, 
Returned.) 234, ’88 (XViIr); iron ore, 213, ’88 (xviir). 

McDonatp, A. W., Berryville, Clarke County, Virginia, Ore from Blue Ridge mounts 
ains, 400, ’89 (xvirr), 


132 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


McGinnis, WILLIAM H., Youngstown, Ohio. Stone implements. 208 (21212), ’88 
(111); plant. 208 (21212), ’88 (xv). 

McItwaraitThH, T., Cairnbrae, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Bird skins. (Returned.) 
DO COM GViREAD): 

McSPEIDEN, T. G., Baltimore, Maryland. Ore, supposed to contain nickel. 281, ’88 
(XvViit). 

MacGiLL, T. W., Franklin, Kentucky. Bog-ore, from Kentucky. 178 (21075), ’88 
(XVIII). 

ManeGum, Mrs. WILLIE, Washington, District of Columbia. Japanese coins. 303, ’88 
(1); Japanese coins. (Returned). 303, ’88 (11, A); Chinese copper coins. 303, 
788 (1). 

MARQUETTE, PETER J., West Fort Ann, New York. Minerals. 444, ’89 (xv1I). 

MILLER, F. S., Chillicothe, Missouri. Insect. 391, 89 (x). 

MrrRIck, Miss NELLIE, Oneida, New York. Plant. 225, ’88 (xv). 

MITCHELL, C. W., Lynchburgh, Virginia. Clays, colored by oxides of iron. 178, ’38 
(XVII). 

Mooney, JAMES, Cherokee, North Carolina. Garnet. (Specimens sent for report as 
to value per ton.) 163, ’88 (xv1); feldspar. 380, ’89 (XvII). 

MorGan, H. pE, New York City, New York. Collection of prehistoric antiquities, 
from America. 435, ’89 (22,264) (111). 

May, W.R., Nephi, Utah. Bituminous carbonate of lime. (Borrowed forstudy.) 13") 
88 CXVI). 

Mayor, Mrs. MInnif, Austin, Minnesota. Shellsinker. (Returned.) 366, ’89 (111). 

Merap, AtBert D., Middlebury, Vermont. Black-throatedwarbler (skin); Dendroica 
cerulescens (Returned). 159, ’88(v,4.) Bird skins and eggs. (Returned.) 324, 
739 (V,.A). 

MEDER, FRED., New York City, New York. Prints. (37),446 (22 074), ’89 (1). 

MEREDITH, JOSEPH, Rico, Colorado. Radius of a deer. 260, ’83 (x11). 

MerriILL, Dr. J. C., U. S. Army, Frankfort Arsenal, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
Rocks (three specimens) from the Boulder mining district of Montana. 222, 788 
(XVI). 

Murray, JOHN, Sing Sing, New York. Rock. 248,’88 (XVII). 

Murray, R. R., Camp, Supply, Indian Territory. Lava. 440, ’89 (xvir). 

NEHRLING, H., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Bird skin. (Returned.) 410, ’89 (Vv, A). 

NELSON CuRISTIAN, Virginia City, Montana. Minerals. 150,’88 (xv1). 

NEMEGUEI, B. M. DE, Independence, West Virginia. Larve of caterpillar. 198 
(21211), ’88 (x). 

NEWBERRY, Prof. J. S., Columbia College, New York. Cretaceous invertebrate fossil, 
from Weld County, Colorado. 186, ’88 (XIII, B). : 

NICKELL, L. A., Union, West Virginia. Iron pyrite, 366. ’88 (XvIIt). 

NICKERSON, GEORGE A., Plymouth, Massachusetts. Fish. 370, ’89 (x11). 

NICKERSON SALT COMPANY, Nickerson, Kansas. Salt. 240, ’83 [xvimt). 

NIVEN, WILLIAM, New York City, New York. Minerals and cut stones. 463,’89 (xv1). 

No.ttTinG, AUGUST H. jr., Brooklyn, New York. Beetle, Monohammus confusor. 156, 
(21094), ’88 (x). 

OatEs, M.T., and Morris, B. L., Rhome, Texas. Siliceous limestone. 166, ’88 (xvuII). 

OBENDERF, JOHN L., Downeyville, Nye County, Nevada. Ore (two specimens), 
184, ’88 (XVIII). 

Ory, Perer J., Lynchburgh, Virginia. Mole cricket. (Returned.) 318, ’88 (x). 

PARKHILL, C. H., Cornwall, Vermont. Bird skins. (Returned.) 434, ’89 (Vv, a.) 

Parks, HrramM, McDonald, Tennessee. Iron ores. 212, ’38. (XVII1). 

PATTERSON, Capt. J. H., U. S. Army, Fort McGinnis, Montana. Insect. 257, ’88 (x). 

Patron, W., Osceola, Missouri. Ore. 237, ’83 (XVIII). 

PENDLETON, Dr. E. B.,Berkeley Springs, West Virginia, False spikenard, (Borrowed 
for study.) 151, ’88 (xv), 


7 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 153 


PENNYPACKER, C. H., West Chester, Pennsylvania. Mineral. (Returned.) 190,788 
(XVI). 

Perry, J. W., Kansas City, Missouri. Iron ores, 466, ’89 (XVIII). 

PETERSON, G. H., Denver, Colorado. Plaster cast of a bronze coin of Augustus Cxe- 


sar, Emperor of Rome. (Returned.) 286, ’88 (1). = 
PETTEBONE, PAYNE & SON, Wyoming, Pennsylvania. Worm-eaten ash handle. 435, 
789 (X). 


PHILLIPS, JOHN W., South Oil City, Pennsylvania. Minerals. 378, ’89 (xvr). 

Pike, E. BERTRAM, Boston, Massachusetts. Siliceous sand. 340, 789 (XvIt). 

PoOLiInG, OFHO C., Quincy, Illinois. Bird skins. (Returned.) 291, ’88(v, 4.); bird 
skins. (Returned.) 311, ’88 (V, A.) 

POLKINHORN, H. B., Charlottesville, Virginia, Galena. 293, ’88 (Xv1). 

Pricer, THOMAS H., Hyattstown, Maryland. Ores. 482, ’89 (xviIr). 

PRINTUP, JOHN C., Rome, Georgia. Tripoli. 218, ’88 (xvuI). 

Prock, A. B., Osceola, Missouri. Hematite iron ore. 388, ’89 (xvI). 

PuTNaM, Professor F. W., Peabody Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Fire sticks 
of the Ainos, Bushmen, and Soumalis. (Lent for drawing.) 145, '88 (11,4); 
fragments of bones of mammals. (Returned.) 294, ’88 (x11). 

Pratt, N. P., Atlanta, Georgia. Corundum crystal. 407, ’89 (29934). 

Pratt, W. E., Lake Forest, Illinois. Birds’ eggs (three specimens). (Returned. ). 
345, 789 (Vv. B). : 

PRESTON, E. D., U. 8S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Lava from the Sandwich Islands. 
360 (21704) ’89 (xvit). 

Prick, C, W., Chrome, Colorado. Fossil. 442, ’89 (x1m1, B). 

RaBB, R. I., Paducah, Kentucky. Horny covering of lower jaw of a Loggerhead tur- 
tle. 242, ’88 (xII). 

RaGspaLe, G. H., Gainesville, Texas. Bird skins (4 specimens). (Returned.) 148, 
88 (vi, A). Cretaceous fossils. (Returned.) 231, ’89 (x1, B,); skulls of Mole. 
390, ’89 (Iv.); copper-head snake. 424, ’89 (v1). 

RALSTON, THOMAS C., Fairbury, Nebraska. Ores. 195788 (xvuir). 

RANKIN, E. P., Jacksonville, Texas. Larva of moth. 224, ’88 (EX): 

RAWLINGS, L. A., Box-Elder, Colorado. Ores. 361,789 (xvumqt). 

Ray, Mica Company, The G. D., Burnsville, North Carolina. Mica. 249, ’ 88 (XVI). 

REDMAN, AMOs, Weliington, Virginia. Red hematite; an oxide of iron. 162, 83 
(XVIII). : 

REICHSTEIN, JACOB, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Ore. 206, ’88 (xviIr). 

Remus, E., Acton, California. Plant. 304,’ 88 (xv). 

RICHARDSON, Max B., Oswego, New York. Indian clothing. 208 (21596), ’89 (11, a). 

RICHARDSON, UrIAH, Oakley, Logan County, Kansas. Magnetie iron sand. 226, 
?88 (XVI.) 

RIDENOUR, WILLIAM B., Brooklyn, New York. Plant. 223, ’88 (xvr). 

RINGHARTZ, THEO. VON, Middletown, Virginia. Quartz. 296, ’88 (xv1). 

ROGAN, JAMES W., Rogersville, Tennessee. Insect. 452, ’89 (x). 

RoGers, Dr. C. F., Branbury, Texas. Teeth of fossil Ganoid fish. 352, ’89 (vim). 

RoGeErs, O. F., Kingston, New Mexico. Ore. 309, ’88(Xvur); ore. 323, ’89 (XvII1). 

ROTCHFORD, Mrs. H. J., Woodland, New York. Larvie of insects. 136, ’88 (x). 

Sacar, ANDREW J., Saumsville, Virginia. Mineral. 475, ’89 (xvi); minerals, 427, 
89 (XVI). 

Sat. E, M., Bath, New York. Plant. 355, ’89 (xv). 

Sanpbos, Mr. W. A., Opelousas, Louisana. Insect. 401, ’89 (x). 

SAUNDERS, JOHN P., Elizabeth, West Virginia. Iron ore. 389, ’89 (xvirr). 

Scott, Mary P., Sioux City, Iowa. Clay marl, from Iowa. 201, ’88 (xvir). 

Scott, W. W., Canal Dover, Ohio, Stone with carving of human face. (Returned.) 
436, 789 (111). 

Searcy, I’. D., Seattie, Washington. Photographs of deer. 310, ’s8 (1V). 


134 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


SecRET SERVICE Drvision, Treasury Department. Photographs (Fifty) of counter- 
feiters. 143, 788 (20,926), (1). 

SENNETT, GeoRGE B., American Museum of Natural History, New York. Birds (three 
specimens), from Mexico. (Returned). 316,’88(v, A); bird. (Returned.) 430, 
$e (Avy A)6 

Suepp, Rev. J. H., Marietta, Ohio. Oriental seals, gems, and coins. 344, 789 (r). 

SHERIDAN, JOHN, Pioche, Nevada. Samples of rock and mineral. 414’ ’389 (Xv1). 

SHERRATT, W. J., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cape May Warbler. (Returned.) 
330, 789 (Vv, A). 

Suip.ey, A. B. & Son, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Insect. 176, ’83 (x). 

SMALLEY, C. W., Russel] Springs, Kansas. Slag. 235, ’83 (xvi); lignite. 402, ’89 
(XVII). 

SMILLIE, Miss L. E., Washington, District of Columbia. Doilies (twelve), decorated 
by platinotype. 142, 788 (20925), (1). 

Smitu, H. G., Jr., Denver, Colorado. Reptiles, from Colorado, (Returned.) 368, 
789 (VI). 

Smock, Prof. J.C., State Museum, Albany, New York. Serpentine. (Returned.) 347. 
789; (XVII). 

SNEED, S. G., Austin Texas. Swallow-tailed butterfly. 259, 88 (x). 

Snow, Prof. F. H., Lawrence, Kansas. Insects. 253, ’88 (xX). 

STEELE, JOHN G., Rock Hill, South Carolina. Mineral. 423, ’89 (xv1r). 

STRANAHAN, J. J., Chargin Falls, Ohio. Catfish. 275, ’88 (x11). 

STroLt & THAYER, Los Angeles, California. Plant. 481, ’89 (xv). 

STOLLEY, Orro, Double Horn, Texas. Insects. 372, 739 (x). 

SrronG, J. E. P., Castanea, Clinton County, Pennsylvania. Wood and seed-pods. 
418, 789 (xv). 

Srrone, W. F., Washington, District of Columbia. Bronzite. 174, ’88 (xvmt). 

SUMMERLIN, M. C., Lowell, Georgia. Glass. (Returned.) 158, 738 (xv1). 

Swan, JAMES G., Boston, Massachusetts. Fungus. 170, ’88 (xv). 

Taytor, F. W., Kingston, New Mexico. Rock specimens. 333, ’89 (XVII). 

Tiromeson 8. S., Denison, Texas. Crude petroleum. 187, ’88 (XvII!). 

TuorN, E. P., Youngstown, Ohio. String of beads, from the Sandwich Islands. 
250, (21315), ’88 (11, A). E 

Tipsits, J. H., San Diego, California. Ore. 461, 89 (xvuIr). 

Topp, JOHN F., Gove City, Kansas. Gravel. 385, ’89 (xy1). 

Tomason, THOMAS, Presidio, Texas. Desert horned lark. 237, ’88 (v, A). 

ToMLInsoN, I. J., Battle Creek, Michigan. Wild corn, from Idaho. (Returned.) 
168, ’88 (Xv). 

TOWNSEND, CHARLES H., U. 8, Fish Commission steamer Albatross. Mexican spider- 
monkey: Ateles vellerosus (living specimens). 144, ’88 (20927) (x1x). 

TREAKLE, E. M., Versailles, Missouri. Siliceous limestone. 264, ’88 (Xvir). 

TristRAM, Rev. H. B., The College, Durham, England. Bird skins. (Returned). 334, 
SOT GVarAS) = 

VANCE, Hon. R. B., Assistant Commissioner of Patents, Department of the Interior, 
Washington, District of Columbia. Crystallized-quartz (2). 273, 788 (xvt). 

Very, C. F., New Albany, Indiana. Stone implements. 313 (21518) ’88 (111). 

Vixas, J.C., Livingston, Park County, Montana. Minerals. 477, ’89 (xvi); min- 
erals. 450, 789 (xv1). 

VOORHEES, J., Wolverton, Minnesota. Limestone. 362, ’89 (xvi1). 

WALKER, ADAM S., St. John, Utah. Bituminous shale. 292, ’88 (xvt). 

WALKER, JOHN, Muldon, Mississippi. Bird. 462, ’89 (x11). 

WakbD, Dr. W.S., Plantsville, Connecticut. Arrow-points (8 specimens). (Returned). 
200, 788 (111). 

WaRREN, Dr. B. H., West Chester, Pennsylvania. Bird skins from Florida and Penn- 
sylvania. (Returned). 290, ’88 (V, A). 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 135 


WATKINS, GEORGE W., Moriah, Essex County, New York. Mineral. 437, ’89 (xvr). 

Wess, Joun S., Disputanta, Virginia. Molar tooth of a Mastodon. 232, ’88 (rv). 

WERTH, J. M., Stockton, Henry County, Virginia. Metal. 354, ’89 (xvirr). 

Westcott, O.I., Maywood, Illinois. Insects, (borrowed for study and returned). 
246, ’88 (X). 

WETMORE, J. F., Albany, New York. Shrnb. 177, ’83 (xv). 

WHEELER, M. V., Clayton, West Virginia. Blue limestone. 189, ’88 ( xvIL). 

WHEELER, WILLIAM M., secretary Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Bird. 
(Returned.) 336, ’89 (Vv, A). 

WHITE, JOHN C., Brisbee, Arizona. Obsidian. 305, ’89 (xv). 

WHITTEN, Dr. W. A., Moline, Mississippi. Carbonate of lime. 165, ’88 (xv1). 

WILLcox, JosEepra, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Fossil shells, from Florida. 453, ’89 
(1X). 

WILLIAMS, W. C., Batesville, Arkansas. Plant. 252,88 (xv). 

WIcuiaMs, W. W., Washington, District of Columbia. Quartz stained by iron, from 
Montgomery County, Maryland. 205, ’88 (xvim1); iron ores. 210, ’88 (xvim). 
WILVERT, EmIL, Sunbury, Pennsylvania. Ore. 258, ’88 (xvimI); zine ore. 270, ’88 

(xvi11); White pig-iron. 284, ’88 (XVIII). 

WINCHESTER, B. F., Frederick City, Maryland. Plant. 464, ’89 (xv). 

WiTHers, J. E., Henderson, Kentucky. Magnetite sand. 417, ’89 (xyur). 

WoFFORD, J. L., Nashville, Tennessee. Clay. 202, ’88 (xvuir). 

WoRTHEN, CHARLES K., Warsaw, Illinois. Mammal skins. (Part returned.) 350 
(21368), 89 (IV); mammal skins. (Nine; three retained, six returned.) 383 
(21863), 789 (IV); mammal skins and skulls. 451, ’89 (1v). 

YOUNGLOVE, JOHN E., Bowling Green, Kentucky (through Tiffany & Co., New York). 
Carving of a head and hand in stone. 236 (21402), ’88 (111). 


The index appended shows the geographical sources of the material 
sent to the National Museum for examination and report. 


AMPBERICA. 
_ —— 25 eS ee ae ee a 
Number of lot. Total. 
North America: | 
GEST (eS ae en ees RNS BT aR on ae bo Joe SR OL OCC Fy Seni ee i iors pa 8 Se 2 
SIMOZICON = = aris cialatnieicia a nie OSM AD Oven cite temic clack <ceitee tect atc aaa ee eee ee ee 2 
United States: 

PLLADAIMN AC scar ot cnsie& ve ome AAO AT Bo saciica can ae clare Sida asc ocesomace ee Saeey hae ase eMeeee one 2 
PATUZ thee ca tem ce nnrc oe OOO Rr SOD epee cic vec c.v/s ene Cte oa ocite ok cicore tele oa ee 3 
PAPER ANBASS. sete os yao somes LSD PLT a eager ale; a0 Oor OOO na a waereaeciye so tise a te tele wise eee f: 
COPUCT Gurr Boe ee re eee Hli2pelLes- oo, | 004) 44300461 AS] eer sae jee! Se ere oe | 7 
Colorado. .........--:..-.| 179, 260, 261, 263, 272, 280, 285, 286, 331, 388, 334, 442.......... | ~ 12 
GConwecwouts <cs.s<-555-.- BUC IU0R COU) as. 2. scan See ee nee ona wot Lud eat dcteee kes 4 
ORE As ee, Gea he abe Se ee Sahel bib a Pepin 5 Get tn | 2 
Districtof Columbia -.-.| 141, 173; 174, 209; 210; 238; 308; ‘328. .-.....-.c.2.2-2-caseceeecns 8 
Milomid ates tc esac ast. PPAR OTT AOD. 28.2 Se saa NeNe eee, 0 Sm ony then, Osos ent 3 
OOUPIGs uate n nese tess NSB eB BOT cs 40% 42a rues ys soe en meres ac Mn avec avemetio’s | 5 
MUO Sone ats aaaie es eats | WOE aie at ate eae ee eee Reta get. . S Nenad Ge Sek cop wee eee 1 
USCIS Seto See tka ete oe 171, 191, 233, 246, 291, 311, 312, 345, 350, 357, 383, 429, 451...... 13 
INTO E iT: Cee ee eer ATG OLS Fn ca ee MEE eee, cose Shes wevetontenssue Aes =e 2 
Indian Territory ........ IanO Al Om a erates ceria tne te dice dove cies ante n cabs aean eels <- 2 
a a Shap AGES le al i i ae 3 
ACATIBAR OS sto athe eles | 196, 197, 207, 211, 215, 226, 230, 235, 240, 251, 253, 386, 402, 450, | 


FONE a= BBs cok nn SOOM ERIC Oe COO ee Ce | 15 


136 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


AMERICA—Continued. 


Number of lot. Total. 
United States : Continued. 
Wentuckyiee==-seneae=ees TG TB PPE ORE CN Sabon oconasnanoadosconsaocssosassscseose 5 
Wouisian geese seeeee eee DOO FAQW: AAD oleae = mln, mois, 10) p)o ein) io ele fe mae ete le ile et 3 
Maryan dl ees se een UGOy 20S 28le sa) B42) 300) 400; 0404, Seamer esteem 9 
Massachusetts .--..-.----- 145, 181, 192, 220, 294, 340, 370.-...--.- en nae a 
Michigan: ss-5-5seecee: MIG GS “BOL, BOL eck coe toe ae ee eae ee eee Sete eee eee 4 
Minn esSOtaleee ee ceree cere Bape ciel isecaReaasspecosseaaanasoic ssa toodonenssasaussocadasoq0008 2 
IMASSISSEp PIs aeeaee ee Ia Cote OY) eo ee eR Gu bababe soar Gosnsac op SmbScsosesseSbabcdos 33 
Missourice seccc-uineosese. 237, 264, 871, 388, 391, 420, 432, 455, 466, 470-.--..-.-------.--.. 10 
IMionban dese reieen eee clare 146, 150, 164, 222, 257, 416, 450, 477 ..---.- AEE ke 2 Bees 3 
iNebraskawscthlesecicaene: TE RSE eS Soar erg sora sobocapeendoapasobscocomoeeddesdenosdeacte 1 
INGE Mea kescbondstossaes YC ate placrsaianeocd cca od ovo souosocnsedoosneemcecmscas 2 
New Hampshire ..-...--. IC Ree saanasadasouenendUbcde bos /oaScon sem Honaccny saaendensasecc 1 
New Jersey -.--..-..---- Day BBP Se Bea oo at cca hocsecnaacnOd jReO Todas Seossonneesoncsoc 3 
New Mexico......--..--- BYE Ae GPE eeBH ret tl aoa Soon gesoor concedns sack oot oanus Sccsseens 5 
New: MOLK: clas =< wislelin cine 136, 137, 147, 155, 156, 163, 177, 186, 188, 223, 225, 248, 289, 306, 
308, 316, 319, 339, 346, 347, 355, 377, 380, 392, 395, 408, 426, 
430, 433, 435, 437, 444, 446, 463, 468, 469, 474......--...--..--. 37 
North Carolina .-.;.------ Gy RICE DIOL By oxi BYBy CY CN os speaccadecsosaeoncanesec 8 
ODIO = aeccccecacmacte asec | 139-208-234) 250). 2i5, 0044, (400) 260 pam creer seein erielale ieee 8 
(OPQEO ssesbonscasaodhoa¢ | 2 Ee aba ale Hem eboaabAnmrGsAcor aces asnsSave cas sHsesnopesepbqas 1 
Pennsylvanians... --- | 161, 176, 190, 206, 245, 258, 270, 278, 284, 290, 97, 299, 327, 330, 
332, 378, 379) 396, 397, 412-418, 447, 453 ---. 2.2 ==. 52. eee 23 
South Carolina ..-...-.-- AP Pri Gilby Syibp CPB es ea ccaubsoanespaasaodssas saencecamessess Gi 
TPennessee:=<.-2.0512.--2-5- 140, 202, 212, 214, 219, 236, 265, 329, 349, 373, 44], 452, 458 ..-.- 13 
TPOxasueaccrewccte sees eae 148, 166, 187, 224, 231, 241, 259, 269, 274, 282, 283, 287, 343, 352, 
358, 372, 387, 390, 398, 403, 424, 425, 431, 448, 454, 473, 476... 27 
Wi eanasocsmeqouecdc saad IRE Oph apis Gale Biithy Dilan oasabcacadsocear Gobi a=SneHausolsas 6 
Viti issnp npocconnccoc Nba Bye aay 2 ey Ee oo sp oueococCodaes JdompacdacarcncmeocnarnancSosa 4 
VAT OINID neo. seem =e 162, 178, 183, 184, 194, 203, 216, 221, 232, , 2938, 296, 317, 318, | 
320, 354, 365, 400, 405, 427, 475.......-...-- a ae Sete ee 21 
Washington ........-----] 170, 204, 228, 310, 321.--.------ 2-2-2 nee wee een 5 
aWiesbaVincrinigee strc scle 151, 152, 153, 189, 198,239, 266, 298, 322, 364, 367, 389, 404, 460, 
2 Ee peace Sonn SACOUaUEoostiaden npageDcEpsoocUdededonohdoAcscse 15 
IWHSCONSIN se a cleo m ss la PAs, tie Sey (Oe nebo oe0 spoaoos Hnooe Ocope SocacesScaesoossonsS=2 4 
Wyoming Territory -.--. P(t het Uae esesere Bona rico se neoSnOec aD DbrOTSaSOUSacogoaaOnISoeasTcS 2 
Wiestalndies aes a,tri-lae 1st OE eS On Coe be Cop UU Geo oun nate coda So enonendoSscddp aco SoD Scclsocte 1 
South America: 
HBT AZM Serle late aleieyaiaiaiceint= = BU BRE eames pont SOS SCOR En AGUS HOSEICGoESUaOSoE Sanoncéicenassccos 2 
HUROPE. 

TABI! Ae opAaGonoconoseacod BE) Rea ea on iocatisocdec soko nohsond ssnocbontionaLenoscgctsonc 1 
IWOLWEN oc oacbeqosasenbRoESce | DU RACE RRR Ap BCE RES ScD oSo0 Goon e cep sneoacub aDasqQanpasCosGONec 1 
OCHANICA, 

Polynesia: 
Sandwich Islands........ SOD ee acts ace ae ele Serato wate eis eae setts eee tere le ele eee ene 1 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 137 


I.—CO-OPERATION OF THE DEPARTMENTS AND BUREAUS 
OF THE GOVERNMENT. 


The National Museum has continued to enjoy the friendly co opera- 
- tion of the departments and bureaus of the Government, and many of 
them have contributed very liberally to the collections of the Museum 
during the year. In addition to the contribution of specimens, a wide 
interest in the affairs of the Museum has been manifested. The most 
extensive aid to the Museum, as far as the receipt of collections is con- 
cerned, has been rendered by the U. 8. Geological Survey, whose work 
is in many ways Closely allied to that of the Museum. The co-operation 
of officers of the War and Navy Departments has been especially con- 
spicuous and gratifying, and the Department of State, particularly 
through the agency of its consuls, has contributed largely to the inter- 
esting material received during the year. 


DEPARTMENT OF STATE. 


Hon. T. F. Bayard, Secretary of State, sent photographs of Indians 
of the Goajira Peninsuia, which forms the extreme northwestern part 
of Venezuela. 

Hon. A. L. Rives, First Assistant Secretary of State, sent a collec- 
tion of water-color sketches and photographs of Samoan scenery and 
life. 

Iron ore, coal, coke, and specimens of shale from Brazil were re- 
ceived through Hon. A. A. Adee, Assistant Secretary of State. 

A valuable and interesting collection of textile fabrics of wool, 
worsted, silk, cotton, mohair, and alpaca was received through Hon. 
William Grinnell, United States consul, at Bradford, England. 

Twenty-four specimens of ores were transmitted by Hon. Otto E. 
Reimer, United States consul at Santiago de Cuba. 

Consul Mason, at Marseilles, sent an interesting series of samples of 
ramie. 

The United States consul at Sydney, New South Wales, sent samples 
of Australian wool. 

A package of engravings illustrating the breeds of foreign cattle, 
sheep, and swine, were received from Mr. J. Fenner Lee, chief clerk. 

Through the courtesy of the Department facilities have been ex- 
tended to collectors for the National Museum by means of letters of 
introduction to ministers and other officials in the countries to be visited, 
and in other ways. 


TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 


The Treasury Department has bestowed the usual courtesies in pass- 
ing, free of entry, material sent from abroad and intended for the 
Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum. The thanks of the 


138 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Museum are due to the Department for its friendly offices in affording 
facilities to collectors and explorers in behalf of the Museum. ‘The 
Light-House Board, the Life-Saving Service, the U. S. Coast and Geo- 
detic Survey, and the Revenue Marine Division have eavh contributed 
interesting specimens to the Museum, and have in various ways facili- 
tated the work of some one or more of the departments in the Museum. 

Life-Saving Service.—Hon. 8. I. Kimball, Superintendent of the Life- 
Saving Service, has aided the Museum by giving instructions to the 
keepers of Life-Saving stations to forward to the Museum any marine 
specimens captured in their vicinity which might be desired. As a 
result of this co-operation the following material has been received: A 
fresh specimen of Sowerby’s whale (Mesoplodon bidens), from Capt. J. 
L. Gaskill, keeper of the Absecom Life-Saving station, Atlantic City. 
William H. Gaskill, keeper of the Cape Lookout Life-Saving station, 
North Carolina, transmitted a fresh specimen of Sunfish (Mola mola). 

Light-House Board.—A collection of blue prints of lamps and flames, 
illustrating the illuminating system of the Light-House Service, was 
sent, at the request of the Museum, for exhibition at the Cincinnati 
Exposition, and formed an important feature of the photographie ex- 
hibit of the Museum on that occasion. W. M. Quinn, keeper of the 
Cape Sanbias Light-House station, Florida, sent a collection of turtles. 

Revenue Marine Division.—A valuable and interesting collection of 
photographs of the natives and scenery of Alaska, taken by the officers 
of the revenue steamer Bear, was lent to the Museum by Mr. Peter 
Bonnett, chief of the division. 

Secret Service Division.—A collection of photographs of counterfeiters 
was, through the kindness of Mr. John S. Bell, chief of the division, 
lent to the Museum for exhibition at Cincinnati, for the purpose of illus- 
trating the uses to which photography had been applied in connection 
with the requirements of the Government service. 

‘The Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Mr. J. 8S. Miller, presented 
two living Black bears from West Virginia. 

Dr. J. W. Jewett, examiner of drugs, Custom-House, New York City, 
sent a collection of drugs. 

U. 8S. Coast and Geodetic Survey presented a series of photographs, 
showing the methods of mounting photographic exhibits. Specimens 
of marine invertebrates, fishes, mollusks, and insects collected at Cape 
Sable, Florida, were transmitted to the Museum. 

Several specialists engaged in making collections for the Museum 
have, through the courtesy of the Superintendent of the Coast Survey, 
been supplied with charts of the regions along the coast to be explored. 


WAR DEPARTMENT. 


The Museum has received valuable aid from this Department in many 
ways, especially through the Quartermaster’s Department of the Army. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. £39 
Through its medium collections of living animals and other objects in- 
tended for the Museum have been promptly forwarded, which might 
have been injured by the ordinary methods of transportation. 

Six photographs of Hell Gate explosion were sent by Maj. W. R. 
King, Willetts Point, New York, for exhibition at the Cincinnati Ex- 
position. 

Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U. 8. Army, Fort Snelling, Minn., sent a small 
collection of reptiles, fishes, and batrachians from Arizona. 

Dr. J. L. Wortman, U.S. Army Medical Museum, presented four liv- 
ing rattlesnakes and a Bee-eating buzzard. 

Lieut.-Col. S. C. Kellogg, U. S. Army, deposited a buffalo robe. 

Dr. John 8S. Billings, Curator of the Army Medical Museum, pre- 
sented specimens of pottery and stone implemen.s from old graves 
in the mountains near Lima, Peru, and three pieces of pottery from 
Ancon, Peru. 

Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S. Army, stationed at Fort Wingate, New 
Mexico, presented the following specimens : a hawk, a long-billed marsh 
wren, a living rattlesnake, a pigeon hawk, field mice and pocket mice, 
two bird skins, eight batrachians, and a skin of a western red-tailed 
hawk. 

Capt. Charles E. Bendire, U.S. Army, has continued his valuable 
service as Honorary Curator of the collection of birds’ eggs. 

U.S. Signal Office—Generat A. W. Greely, Chief Signal Officer, sent a 
specimen of flexible sandstone, collected by the stgnal observer at Char- 
lotte, North Carolina. A Secchi meteorograph and two sections of Beck’s 
pantograph,and Myers’ autograph telegraphic instrument were deposited 
in the Museum, and have been added to the collection of scientific ap- 
paratus. Photographs of meteorological records were contributed to the 
exhibit of photography prepared by the Museum in connection with the 
Cincinnati Exposition. Through the kindness of the Chief Signal Officer 
a large number of correspondents and collaborators of the Museum 
have been supplied with Mr. Lucian M. Turner’s “Contributions to the 
Natural History of Alaska.” 


. NAVY DEPARTMENT. 


The principal accession has been a collection of fifty-nine mounted 
birds, transmitted by the U. S. Naval Academy, at Annapolis, Md. 

Several pieces of bronze and copper from the Washington Navy-Yard 
were obtained through the kindness of Commodore M. Sicard, Chief of 
the Bureau of Jrdnance. 

The Ordnance Office of the Naval Academy sent, through Lieut. 
Albert Gleaves, several photographs of a projectile in flight from a 
Hotchkiss magazine-rifle. 

Through the courtesy of Commander C. F. Goodrich, several photo- 
graphs of torpedo experimental work were obtained. 


140 REPORT OF NATJONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


At the request of the Museum, Lieut. George L. Dyer, hydrographer, 
furnished a copy of the British admiralty chart, and also charts of 
Queen Charlotte Islands, Hecate Straits, and Dixon Entrance, for use 
in the Ethnological Department of the Museum. 

Dr. J. M. Flint, U. S. Navy, has contributed valuable services as 
Honorary Curator of the section of Materia Medica. 


DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 


U. S. Geological Survey.—The Museum acknowledges with gratitude 
and pleasure the valuable assistance of the Survey, whose operations 
are in many respects closely related to the work of the Museum. The 
researches of the geologists connected with the Survey are of especial 
value by reason of the large collections which are made, and which 
after being worked over and described are transferred to the Museum 
collections. The past year has been, perhaps, as notable as any in the 
acquirement by the Museum of valuable and interesting collections 
from this source, as will be seen from the appended statement. 


The U. 8. Geological Survey presented several pieces of Indian pottery, and 
a number of stone relics found in Prentiss County, Mississippi; a specimen of native 
platinum from Washington Territory ; rock specimens from California, collected by 
J. S. Diller; a large collection of rocks (comprising about 2,000 specimens) of the 
Comstock Lode and Washoe District, Nevada, gathered by S. F. Emmons and G. F. 
Becker. This collection is more fully described-in Mr. Becker’s report of the geolog 
of this region (Monograph 1, U. 8. Geological Survey), and also in Messrs. Hague 
and Iddings’s paper on the Development of Crystallization in Igneous Rocks (Bul- 
letin U. 8S. Geological Survey, No. 17); a collection of minerals, made by Dr. 
W. F. Hillebrand from various localities; a mineral from Yellowstone National 
Park, Wyoming, collected by Walter H. Weed; a collection of 1,371 minerals, col- 
lected by S. L. Penfield in St. Lawrence, Lewis, and Jefferson Counties, New York, 
embracing fluorite, pink tremelite, blue calcite, graphite, tourmaline, talc, pyrite, 
etc.; minerals from Bisbee, Arizona, collected by Dr. W. F. Hillebrand; mineral 
specimens collected by Dr. W. F. Hillebrand in Arizona, Dakota, and New Mexico; 
mineral specimens (87) from Las Cruces, New Mexico, collected by Dr. W. F. Hille- 
brand; minerals from Utah and New Mexico; minerals from Colorado; specimens of 
Oriskany (drift) fossils from Potomac River, below Washington, District of Colum- 
bia; rocks and soils from various localities; a large collection of geological speci- 
mens from Arizona, Utah, and California, collected by Mr. J. S. Diller; a speci- 
men of guitermanite containing zunyite, from Silverton, California, sent through 
Dr. W. F. Hillebrand ; specimens of the trachyte body near Rosita, in the Silver Cliff 
region of Colorado, collected by 8. F. Emmons ; specimens (37) of wood opal from the 
Madison River, Montana, collected by Dr. A. C. Peale; specimens (804) of Lower 
Cambrian fossils, from Conception Bay, Newfoundland, collected by C. D. Walcott ; 
specimens (3) of Lower Cambrian fossils from New York, Nevada, and Vermont, 
collected by C. D. Walcott; minerals from Colorado, collected by L. G. Eakins; 
specimens (3,240) of Middle Cambrian fossils from Conception Bay, Newfoundland ; 
minerals from Montana, collected by Dr. A. C. Peale; specimens (39) of trimmed 
rocks from the Trias of the New Jersey region, collected by Nelson H. Darton; min- 
eral specimens (139) collected in Colorado by Messrs. Cross and Hiliebrand ; Miocene 
fossils from New Jersey marls; specimens (24) of crystallized trona, from Dr. T. 
M. Chatard; a specimen of infusorial earth from Patuxent River, near Dunkirk, 
Maryland. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 141 


The Director of the Geological Survey has, on several occasions, ex- 
tended very important assistance to the geological departments of the 
Museum, and has inspired the geologists of the Survey in the matter of 
advancing the interests of the Museum in every possible way, both in 
connection with their field-work and while on duty in Washington. 

Several officers of the Geological Survey are officially connected with 
the Museum in the capacity of honorary curators of collections. These 
are Dr. C. A. White, in charge of Mesozoic fossils; Mr. C. D. Wal- 
cott, in charge of Paleozoic fossils; Mr. William H. Dall, in charge 
of mollusks and tertiary fossils, with Dr. R. E. C. Stearns as adjunet 
curator; Prof. UO. C. Marsh, in charge of vertebrate fossils; Mr. Les- 
ter F. Ward, in charge of fossil plants; Prof. F. W. Clarke, in charge 
of minerals. To all of these gentlemen the National Museum offers its 
sincere thanks for their services during the year. 

U. S. Patent Office—Through the Commissioner of Patents were re- 
ceived specifications and patents illustrating the development of pho- 
tography and the graphic arts in the United States and in Germany. 

Bureau of Education—Hon. N. H. R. Dawson, Commissioner, pre- 
sented to the Museum a series of very interesting publications relating 
to the subject of American educational history. 


DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 


Col. Cecil Clay, chief clerk, collected in Canada and presented to the 
Museum the skin and skeleton of a full-grown moose. 


POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 


By the direction of the Postmaster-General, the Superintendent of 
the Dead-Letter Office has been requested to inform the Museum of the 
receipt in his office of specimens which might be of value to the Mu- 
seum collections. 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUBE. 


Four departments of the Museum are under the charge of specialists 
connected with the Department of Agriculture; namely, the Sectiou of 
Forestry, Dr. B. E. Fernow, Honorary Curator; Departmentof Insects, 
Prof. C. V. Riley, Honorary Curator; Department of Botany, Dr. 
George Vasey, Honorary Curator; and the Section of Foods, Prof. W. 
O. Atwater, Honorary Curator. 

The Division of Entomology sent, through Prof. C. V. Riley, a col- 
lection of insects, principally coleoptera from Michigan. 

The Bureau of Animal Industry transmitted, through D. E. Salmon, 
chief.of Bureau, a collection of parasites prepared by Dr. Cooper Cur- 
tice. 

The Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy sent, through Dr. ©. 
Hart Merriam, collections of mammal skins and skulls, from Florida 


142 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


and California. Dr. Merriam also presented a valuable collection of 
birds’ skins from the old world. 

The Secretary of Agriculture has expressed his willingness to co-op- 
erate with the Museum in the establishment of a Department of For- 
estry, and, as already stated, the collection will be under the charge of 
Dr. B. E. Fernow. 

The Department purchased from Dr. Taylor Townsend a large series 
of insects. This has been incorporated in the Museum collection. 

Through the courtesy of the Secretary of Agriculture, Dr. George 
Vasey has been appointed Honorary Curator of the Department of 
Botany in the National Museum, in connection with his duties as_bot- 
anist of the Department of Agriculture. 


UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 


The chief source of material contributed during the year by the Fish 
Commission has been from the cruise of the U. 8. Fish Commission 
steamer Albatross in the West Indies and on the Pacific coast. The 
most important accessions to the Museum -resulting from the expedi- 
tion are: a large collection of geological and archeological specimens, 
coins, mammals, reptiles, batrachians, insects, arachnids and myrio- 
pods, birds’-eggs, skeletons of birds, mammals, fossils, plants, lichens, 
mosses, fungi, and fossil woods. These were collected during the voyage 
from Norfolk, Virginia, to California, in 1887 and 1588. A collection 
of birds, reptiles, stone implements, plants, ethnological objects, and 
fossil woods was gathered in Alaskan waters. Several reports on these 
collections are being prepared by curators in the Museum and will be 
published as separate papers, forming parts of Vol. x11, Proceedings 
of the National Museum. These will be issued in advance of the bound 
volume. 

The Commission also transmitted to the Museum twelve living ele- 

phant tortoises from the Galapagos Islands, seven living amblystomas, 
three painted terrapins, and three specimens of sting-ray fish (Zrygon 
centura) from Chesapeake Bay; a collection of fishes made by Prof. C. 
H. Gilbert and Dr. J. A. Henshall, from the tributaries of the Ohio 
tiver; three Marble cat- fish, collected by Mr. Rogan, of Russellville, 
Tennessee, through Col. Marshall MeDonald, U.S. Commissioner, two 
living opossums, and six living turtles; a skin and skeleton of Spotted 
porpoise, collected by the Fish Commission schooner Grampus. 

Mr. J. Frank Ellis presented four living alligators from Tampa, 
Florida. 

The valuable services of Mr. Richard Rathbun, as Honorary Curator 
of Marine Invertebrates; Dr. T. H. Bean, as Honorary Curator of Fishes; 
and Capt. J. W. Collins, as Honorary Curator of Naval Architecture, 
have been continued through the courtesy of the Commissioner, and a 
grateful acknowledgment of the same is here made, 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 143 


Bureau of Ethnology.—Through the courtesy of the Director, Maj. J. 
W. Powell, the Department of American Prehistoric Pottery in the 
National Museum, which was established several years ago, was placed 
under the direction of Mr. W. H. Holmes, who has since acted as Hon- 
orary Curator. Through his efforts this department has attained a 
prominent place in the development of the work of the National 
Museum. 

During the year the following collections of pottery, stone implements, 
woven fabrics, shells-beads, etc., were transferred to the Museum by 
the Bureau of Ethnology : 

W. W. Adams sent shell beads from Union Springs, New York ; 
E. Bohan, pottery from Mexico; Arthur P. Davis, pottery from Pu- 
eblo Alto, New Mexico; Gerard Fowke, pottery from Yellow Lake, 
Wisconsin; Dr. L. W. Gill, stone objects from Chain Bridge, Vir- 
ginia; William A. Hakes, pottery fragments and stone objects from 
Susquehanna Valley, New York; H. P. Hamilton, pottery fragments 
from Two Rivers, Wisconsin; H. W. Henshaw, one medicine stone 
collected by L. L. Frost, Susanville, California; W. H. Holmes, 
pottery and stone objects from New Mexico; G. H. Hurlbut, woven 
fabrics from Ancon, Peru; C. C. Jones, pottery fragments from Stal- 
ings Island, Georgia; James D. Middleton, pottery fragments from 
Irvineton, Pennsylvania ; Maj. J. W. Powell, pottery and stone objects 
from near Abiquiu, Mexico; James Stevenson, pottery from Moki, 
Arizona, eight hundred and fifty-one specimens of pottery, stone, and 
other objects from New Mexico, sixty-eight specimens of stone, imple- 
ments from Moki, Arizona, one stone ball from Jemes Springs, New 
Mexico, thirty-two specimens from Flagstaff, Arizona ; Dr. Taylor, pot- 
tery fragments from near Mobile, Alabama; General G. P. Thurston, 
pottery fragments from suburb of Nashville, Tennessee ; James P. Til- 
ton, pottery fragments from Newburyport, Massachusetts ; Charles L. 
R. Wheeler, one cast of stone knife from Westchester County, New 
York. Through James Mooney, a collection of ethnological specimens 
from the East Cherokee Reservation, North Carolina ; fragments of pot- 
tery from New Mexico, collected by Maj. J. W. Powell; pottery from 
Jemes Valley New Mexico, collected by W. H. Holmes; pottery from 
Irvington, Warren County, Pennsylvania, collected by James D. Mid- 
dleton ; fragment of pottery from Yellow Lake, Burnet County, Wis- 
consin, collected by Gerard Fowke; pottery and modern Cherokee work 
from the East Cherokee Reservation, North Carolina, collected by James 
Mooney; fragments of pottery from Pueblo Alto, New Mexico, collected 
by Arthur P. Davis; pottery from Oraibi Moki, Arizona, collected by 
Victor Mindeleff. 


J.—EXPLORATIONS. 


The collections of the National Museum have reeeived valuable ad- 
ditions through the co-operation of several gentlemen who have offered 


: 


144 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


to make special researches in its behalf, or who have allowed the Mu 
seum to share the results of their explorations. The most important- 
of these are here briefly referred to. 

Early in the present year Mr. Talcott Williams, of Philadelphia, vis. 
ited the northern part of Africa, and kindly offered in behalf of the 
Smithsonian Institution to make special inquiries in regard to the civ- 
ilization of the modern Arab and the natural history of the region; 
also to collect linguistic specimens. His plan was to go direct to 
Tangiers, thence to Fez and Mequinez, continuing, if possible, as far 
as Mogador and Morocco. Mr. Williams’s knowledge of the Arabic 
language aided him greatly in his investigations in the country, and 
through his endeavors the Institution will no doubt obtain collec- 
tions, as well as information, of extreme value. Botany, geology, and 
archeology are the special studies to which Mr. Williams intends to 
devote himself. At the time of his arrival the North African flora was 
in flower, and, as his plan was to travel for two or three weeks on horse- 
back, his opportunities in the first direction were excellent. The geol- 
ogy of north Africa is imperfectly represented in the National Museum, 
therefore characteristic rocks and photographs of features of physical 
geology will be of great value. The archeology of this region is, how- 
ever, the subject of the highest importance to the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution, and to which Mr. Williams has promised chiefly to direct his 
attention. He hopes to visit El Kutel, one of the most striking mono- 
lithic remains in north Africa, and other interesting ruins. He has 
been furnished with a photographic outfit, photographs and measure- 
ments being particularly desired. He has been provided with a com- 
plete outfit of instruments for taking observations of temperature and 
altitudes. A preliminary report of the work accomplished has been 
received in the form of a letter to the Secretary of the Smithsonian 
Institution, and is here printed : 


TANGIERS, MOROCCO, June 17, 1889. 

Str: I have the honor to make a preliminary report upon the commission intrusted 
to me in Morocco. 

(1) The collection of musical instruments of north Morocco is, I trust, complete. 
It includes every instrument in use, making six stringed instruments, six wind, and 
four of percussion, with varieties of each ranging from the rudest bayi whistle to 
stringed instruments which require the utmost skill in manufacture. In each instru- 
ment the native name and the native names of all its parts have been noted, the pitch 
of each string in the stringed and the range of each wind instrument, as tuned and 
played by professional native musicians, has been taken and the air and melody of 
a native tune played on each instrument has been noted by a competent musician in 
our own musical notation. 

Aside from this incidental contribution to folk music I know no instance where a 
museum catalogue or label gives the particulars I have mentioned of Oriental musical 
instruments. 

(2) With reference to the Arab tent, I found, after careful examination, that the 
Arab tribes whom LT visited have been so altered by a semi-sedentary life, living half 
and sometimes all the year in one place, and raising grain, that a tent would be mis- 
leading and reflect only the current agricultural life of thiscountry. I therefore did 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 145 


not procure one. The fringe of unsettled region which separates the true Arab from 
settled regions is here a wide one, and this plan of the Museum, which is altogether 
feasible, can only be carried out at some point like Aden and the upper Nile, say at 
Wady Halfa-Tripoli or near the present work of the Babylonian Expedition, of Penn- 
sylvania University, where the true nomad Arab is within a few hours of an Amer- 
ican agent. Modification in this type is in rapid progress, and in a few years it will 
be too late. 

(3) Ihave been able to find but one book in the Berber language in the possession 
of an European. Nearly every one, including native scholars and European residents 
of long standing, have told me that they have neverheard of one. The utmost Ihave 
been able to secure is a leaf or two of an old Berber manuscript on Moslem law, which 
is, I think, unique. 

(4) A large share of my purchases has therefore been of ‘simple utensils.” A 
full list, giving in each case the native name of each article, will be transmitted later. 
The chief objects I have sought to illustrate are, in brief— 

The lamp in ordinary use here is the ‘‘ Roman lamp” form, and I have this from a 
rude metal up through a series of elaborate brass forms. 

Fires are built in small pots. These range from earthenware shaped by hand, 
through successive additions to a tall iron stove. 

The preparation of food is illustrated among other phases by a complete set with 
samples of the plant used in making cooscoosu, the national dish. 

The ground palm, Chamerops humile, plays a most important part in domestic 
economy, nowhere noted, and this is illustrated in all stages of its leaf and fiber. 

Comb manufactures, giving carpenter’s tools, form a single compact exhibit with 
photographs, and this is supplemented by a primitive lathe. 

The Fry pottery offers an unusual instance of a local pottery unaffected by modern 
methods, and a full set of its patterns are included. 

There are also a number of lesser articles, of which an interesting one is the sur- 
vival of the wooden sword, unnoticed by any previous traveler. 

Three costumes have been purchased: (1) Fry woman; (2) mountaineer man; (3) 
mountaineer woman. 

In each case the native name of each article is noted, an omission which robs many 
museum costumes of an important linguistic value. 

IT send in addition three hundred species of flowering plants and fossils from three 
localities, from none of which have they been collected before. 

A small shipment was made from Teheran and another from here will be sent later 
of seven boxes and one bundle, the invoice’, etc., of which I have transmitted to Mr. 
G. Brown Goode. 


* Invoice Mos (Shipped to Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., U. S. A, 


From Teheran— 

i Hatsisesse nes BS Bae ale ete lo atare tela oo a sis aim ataj se aoe etaferars eS Ae OEE $0. 60 
1) VTi >. RRS ee eee ee saan ctete cheers at sleriet tase RE aes 1. 00 
Pee Uh lay OL Ul Wee ye enle a oioi nite ania cis eee onthe sale Sei nlaiaie mets cle a15 
He OOMSINUSICAMINSELMINGNU. cccne scene soccaciccome eee e Seis wee career mene 2. 00 
(ECG yiplleyeete Celene mee tee eR Ae Ee ade ee ee a Seem ort - 40 
GNM DTEGe ste cee Hie teres sees ce erent eres tS Cals orate = batamoeeens . 60 
1 Rabab and parts be Giubneite Su ae eres ei es pe ee wey OC) 
PRIETO Ri estecie a eis Acenso xs = rags & oie rier inrclne oh oicia is Sale oe ae . 10 
Duboga-folley drum ...-... -,..-. epee toe Sn Fs a aoatags Mae airs Sy et RD 
RAW AINE LG-BUIGK BE sce pak haw cn cs cakloaece CE Pe Ta re eo a Pa ee ee . 04 
RIOW=VOKG)ccecer se cek tae by a eS a Soe ele ees Beas BRST Bee doe BE 3.00 

0.14 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2-—10 


146 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


The list which I will also send later will give careful notes on each article. The 
notes on the musical instruments may not be sent until I return. 

When transportation, ete., is paid, the sum in my hands will be exhausted, and an 
account of the same will be duly transmitted, 


I am, very respectfully, yours truly, 
TALCOTT WILLIAMS. 


Hon. 8. P. LANGLEY, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 


At the request of Mr. Williams the examination of the contents of 
his collections will be deferred until he arrives. In the next report.a 
complete list of the collection will probably be published. 

Mr. W. W. Rockhill, formerly of the American Legation of Pekin, has 
recently undertaken a journey through Thibet, with a view to making a 
special study of the ethnology of that region, having already made him- 
self familiar with the customs of the natives. The Smithsonian Institu- 
tion has supplied him with a barometer and other instruments desired by 
him for his journey. His previous investigations have resulted in an 
exceedingly valuable collection of objects, illustrating the religious oc- 
cupations and amusements of the various peoples in different parts of 
China, Thibet, and Turkestan. Among those from Thibet are a number 
of prayer-wheels, a divination bowl made from a human skull, a sprink- 
ler for holy water, a Lama’s drum, a bell and score-book used in re- 
ligious worship, an exercising flute made from a human femur, a rosary 
of one hundred and eight beads made from bones of human skulls, a 
charm box and sacred books, images and scroll pictures of gods. From 
Western China and Mongolia are earved rosaries, and figures of gods 
supposed to preside over medicines, riches, ete. From Northern Tur- 
kestan is a scroll picture showing the occupations and sports of the 
people. 

Dr. James Grant Bey, who some years ago established a sanitarium 
at Cairo, Egypt, attended the International Medical Congress held in 
Washington in 1887, and was much interested in the work of the Na- 
tional Museum. He has, since his return to Egypt, devoted his leisure 
time to special studies of the arts of the ancient Egyptians. Several 
very valuable collections have been received from him, among which 
are the following objects: Fifteen fragments of the Egyptian “ Book of 
the Dead” in Hieratic, seven water-color sketches of ancient lamps, 
many ancient coins of various sorts, a modern Arabic almanac for the 
year Hegira 1300, containing autograph, two gold ornaments of Thoth- 
mes III, flower of the Nymphaea cerulea, the lotos of Upper Egypt, a 
beetle from Thebes, and many other objects of value and interest. 

Mr. Jeremiah Curtin was sent, during the summer, by the Bureau of 
Ethnology to the Hupa Reservation in California, in order to study the 
languages and mythology of the tribes of Indians inhabiting the reser- 
vation. The Smithsonian Institution was fortunate enough to secure 
the assistance of Mr. Curtin in investigating their arts and industries 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 147 


as well. A small sum of money was placed in his hands for the pur- 
chase of objects to complete the series of the Museum collection from 
this region. 

Dr. John M. Crawford, United States Consul-General at St. Peters- 
burgh, expects to make extensive ethnological researches in Russia and 
Finland, and has generously offered to allow the National Museum to 
participate in the results. Dr. Crawford is well known as the author of 
the English translation of the Finnish epic “The Kale yala,” as a philol- 
ogist and a student of Scandinavian antiquities. His acquirements in 
these directions led to his being appointed Consul-General at St. Peters- 
burgh, from which place he would be able to carry on his studies of the 
Finnish race, and related peoples. Letters of introduction to several 
correspondents in Russia and Finland, have been furnished by the 
Smithsonian Institution in order to facilitate his work. 

Rey. Frederick H. Post, late rector of St. Paul’s Church, Salem, Ore- 
gon, has recently assumed charge of the mission of the Episcopal 
Chureh at Anvik on the Yukon River, Alaska. He is. very much inter- 
ested in the study of natural science and history, and has offered to 
serve the Smithsonian Institution in collecting information relating to 
the tribes of the Upper Yukon, and also in transmitting to the Museum 
specimens of the mammals and birds of that region. It is probable 
that Mr. Post will, next vear, be furnished with an outfit of alcohol, 
guns, and ammunition. 

Lient. J. F. Moser, commanding the U.S. Coast Survey steamer Bache, 
has continued his explorations for the Museum and has sent a collection 
of fishes, mollusks, insects, and marine invertebrates from the vicinity 
of Cape Sable, Florida. 

Prof. O. P. Jenkins, of De Pauw University, Indiana, proposes to visit 
the Hawaiian Islands during the summer for the purpose of collecting 
fishes, and has kindly offered to present a duplicate series of specimens 
to the Museum. To aid him in this undertaking the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution has supplied him with seines, giving lim also a letter of intro- 
duction to the curator of the National Museum in Honolulu. 

During the summer of 1888, Mr. George P. Merrill, Curator of Geology, 
made a collecting trip to North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New York, Ver- 
mont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Maine. Large collections 
of rock were obtained for the Museum. 

Mr, Thomas Wilson, Curator of Prehistoric Anthropology, visited 

mounds in Ohio, and made interesting collections. 
- In August Dr. W.F. Hillebrand, of the U. S. Geological Survey, vis- 
ited some of the Western States ana Territories, partly with a view to 
making collections of minerals. These will eventually be incorporated 
with the Museum collections. 

In order to further the work of those who have expressed their willing- 
ness to collect specimens for the Museum, as well as those who have been 
sent out as collectors by the Museum, outfits of apparatus, tanks, al- 


148 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


cohol, ete., have been supplied. During the year the outfits here indi- 3 
cated have been furnished to the following-named collectors: 


1sss. 


August 3.—Mr. W. A. Stearns, of Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, was supplied with 
a large outfitof tanks, dredge-nets, tin tags, pig bladders, bottles, vials, cheese-cloth, 
heavy paper, and a double-barrel shot-gun, for use in collecting natural history speci- 
mens for the National Museum in northern Labrador. It has been found necessary 
to postpone this expedition until next summer. 

December 19.—Lieut. J. F. Moser, commanding the U. 8. Coast Survey steamer 
Bache, has been furnished with tanks, packing-boxes, jars, etc. He has transmitted 
a collection of fishes, mollusks, insects, and marine invertebrates to the National 
Museum from the vicinity of Cape Sable, Florida, and has kindly signified his will- 
ingness to make additional collections, as opportunity may offer. 


1889. 


January 15.—Capt. W. L. Carpenter, who for many years has sent to the Smith- 
sonian Institution collections of natural history specimens, is uow stationed at Pres- 
cott, Arizona. He has kindly promised to continue his efforts in behalf of the Museum, 
in collecting fishes, reptiles, marine invertebrates, etc., for the preservation of which 
tanks and alcohol have been furnished. 

January 18.—Lieut. E. H. Taunt, of Washington, District of Columbia, has offered 
to collect mineral specimens in connection with his eruise to the Congo River, South 
Africa. He has been supplied with a photographic apparatus by the Smithsonian 
Institution, 

February 4.—Dr. L. F. H. Birt, of Greytown, Nicaragua, Central America, having 
in the past sent large collections of mammals, reptiles, fishes, birds, ete., to the 
National Museum, has been supplied with tanks and alcohol for the continuance of 
hisservices. Dr. Birt proposes to direct his attention later to the fishes and crustacea 
of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of this country, the results of which he will share 
with the Smithsonian Institution. 

March 28.—Lieut. W. L. Howard, of San Francisco, California, offered to collect 
fishes and ethnological objects in Alaska for the Smithsonian Institution. To aid 
him in this undertaking the Institution has supplied him with tanks, alcohol and 
trade-supplies. 

May 22.—An outfit of alcohol, a gun, and ammunition was supplied to Mr. I. C. 
Russell, of San Francisco, California, to aid him in his Alaska Expedition. The 
Alaska Commercial Company also afforded facilities to Mr. Russell, introducing him 
to its agent at St. Michael. 

May 27.—Hon. Charles Bartlett, United States consul at Guadaloupe, West Indies, 
sent a number of brilliantly luminous insects, among them the ‘“Cuenjo” (Pyropho- 
rus noctilucus) for purposes of analysis. A number of insect-boxes were sent to him, 
and also to Senor José C. Zeledon of San José, Costa Rica, and Senor Ferrari Perez, 
City of Mexico, for the same purpose. 

June 8.—Tanks and alcohol were sent to Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, of Tacoma, District 
of Columbia, in which place, he states, the opportunity is excellent to collect a num- 
ber of embryo birds, many of which will greatly assist him in working out the mor- 
phology of the group. Dr. Shufeldt kindly offers to collect specimens for the National 
Museum. 

June 11.—An outfit of tanks, alcohol, and shellac was sent to Mr. Frank Burns, of — 
the U. 8. Geological Survey. 

James Mooney, of Cherokee, North Carolina, was supplied with tanks and alcohol. 
No collections haye as yet been received. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 149 


Mr. C. R. Orcutt, of San Diego, California, has, from time to time, transmitted to 
the National Museum valuable collections of fishes, reptiles, fossils, marine inverte- 
brates, ete., from California. During the past year he has been supplied with tanks, 
alcohol, jars, and a seine for this purpose. 

Mr. W. Harvey Brown, of the National Museum, was appointed naturalist to ac- 
company the United States Eclipse Expedition to South Africa. Being in the employ 
of the Smithsonian Institution he was furnished with a large outfit of tanks, alcohol, 
jars, oil, linen, and tools. It is probable that the next report will contain an account 
of the results of this expedition. 

June 13.—Prof. O. P. Jenkins, of De Pauw University, Indiana, intends to visit the 
Hawaiian Islands, and has been supplied with seines to aid him in collecting fishes, 
a duplicate set of which he has expressed his intention of presenting to the National 
Museum. 

December 29.—Dr. John I. Northrup received an outfit of tanks and alcohol to use 
during his visit to the Bahama Islands, where he expects to collect plants and ani- 
mals, especially marine invertebrates and fishes. He offers to present a duplicate set 
of specimens to the Smithsonian Institution. 


K.—REPORTS UPON THE PARTICIPATION OF THE SMITH- 
SONIAN INSTITUTION AND THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 
IN THE EXPOSITIONS HELD AT CINCINNATI AND 
MARIETTA IN 1888. 


Letter from the Assistant Secretary to the Secretary of the Smithsonian 
Institution, relating to the participation of the Institution in the Cin- 
cinnati Exposition. 

MAY 7, 1888. 

Sir: I have the honor to report that all work in connection with the 
participation of the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum 
in the Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States, 
held in Cincinnati in 1888, has now been completed. All objects sent 
to Cincinnati have been returned to their proper places and damages 
suffered by specimens and furniture have been repaired to as great 
an extent as has been found practicable under the arbitrary and un- 
usually stringent rulings of the Treasury officials in charge of the dis- 
bursements and account. 

I transmit herewith a report (Appendix A) upon the Smithsonian 
participation in the Exposition, which has been prepared by Mr. R. 
Edward Earll, who was placed in charge of the administrative work at 
Cincinnati, it having been impossibie for me to be absent from Wash- 
ington during the continuance of the Exposition, and who performed 
the responsible and difficult duties of his position in an exceedingly 
efficient and faithful manner. 

In his report a history of our work is given, and also a history of 
-what was done by the various departments of the Museum and by the 
Bureau of Ethnology. In addition to what is stated in this report, ref- 
erence should be made to the willing and efficient aid rendered by the 
_ curators of the Museum, who prepared a very instructive and impres- 
sive collection in a remarkably short time, notwithstanding the fact 


150 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


that the work was done in the hottest part of the summer. Prof. Otis | 
T. Mason contributed a comprehensive ethnological collection, Mr. 
Thomas Wilson a synoptical series of objects, illustrating prehistorie 
anthropology, the remains of primitive man in the new world and the 
old being shown side by side. Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who was detailed 
for this work by the director of the Bureau of Ethnology, prepared a 
display of the arts and architectures of the Pueblo Indians of the south- 
west. Dr. Cyrus Adler selected from the treasures of the section oi 
Oriental Antiquities an exhibit of Biblical archeology. 

The history of transportation by land and water was happily and suc- 
cessfully shown by Mr. J. E.Watkins, who received most important aid 
from the Baltimore and Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad Companies, 
anda supplementary display of models of ships and boats was arranged 
by Capt. J.W. Collins. Mr. 8. R. Koehler, with great energy and en- 
thusiasm, brought together a most instructive collection, illustrating | 
the history and methods of the graphic arts, supplementing the collec- 
tions already in the Museum by loans from his private collection and 
from those of his friends and correspondents. Mr. T. W. Smillie 
gathered a similar collection to illustrate the history and present condi- 
tion of the art of photography. .Mr. F. W. True, assisted by Mr. F. A. 
Lueas, prepared a collection showing the classification of mammals. 
Mr. W. T. Hornaday, by means of specimens and pictures, preached a 
sermon upon the extermination of the native animals of North America. 
Mr. Robert Ridgway exhibited an attractive collection of birds; Prof. 
C. V. Riley, aided by Mr. John B. Smith, prepared a collection showing 
the classification of North American insects. Dr. R. E. ©. Stearns and 
Mr. Rathbun contributed a few cases from the departments of Mollusks 
and Marine Invertebrates. Mr. F. H. Knowlton prepared an exhibit 
from the botanical collections, and Mr. W. 5S. Yeates, under the super- 
vision of Professor Clarke, arranged a case of North American gems 
and precious stones. <All of these contributions are, as I have said, 
somewhat fully described in Mr. Earll’s report, and this passing refer- 
ence is made solely for the sake of making proper acknowledgment to 
those to whom the success of our work at Cincinnati is entirely due. 

Special reference should be made to the work of Mr. W. V. Cox, who 
in addition to his regular duties in the Museum, undertook the financial 
administration of the work and carried through without a single disal- 
lowance from the Treasury the complicated and perplexing expenditures 
of the exposition’s service. This was a task of much difficulty owing to 
the loose wording of the Congressional act providing for the participa- 
tion ot the Government departments, and still more to the capricious and 
unprecedented decisions of the special auditor appointed by the Presi- 
dent to audit the exposition accounts. In this work Mr. W. W. Karr, 
who also rendered volunteer service, and Mr. W. H. Kimball, were ex- 
ceedingly faithful coadjutors. 

Mr. Cox was also charged with the preparation of a special display to 


| 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 151 


be sent to the Exposition at Marietta, Ohio, a report upon which, pre- 
pared by him, is hereto appended (Appendix Bb). 

In conclusion I submit a brief review of the financial history of the 
work. 

The entire appropriation for the Smithsonian Institution, National 
Museum, and U. 8. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, for the Centen- 
nial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States, as mentioned in 
the act of Congress authorizing the same, was $50,000. Ofthis amount 
the sum of $10,000, by agreement between the Secretary of the Smith- 
sonian Institution and the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, was set 
apart for the use of the Commission, leaving $40,000 to cover all ex- 
penditures of the Smithsonian and Museum for the purchase of new 
material to complete series as well as all charges for services, and for the 
transportation and subsistence of employés sent to Cincinnati and Mar- 
ietta for the preparation, installation, and maintenance of exhibit. 

The first step was the preparation of an estimate of probable expendi- 
tures, leaving a general contingent fund of about $4,000, which was set 
aside to be drawn upon when necessary. 

The act of Congress making the appropriation did not become a law 
until May 28, and the exposition was to be opened on the 4th of July. 
It therefore became necessary to make our selections and purchases 
with all possible haste. The Museum schedule rates were, however, 
taken advantage of when practicable. In cases where this could not 
be done, and where the amount involved was considerable, when the 
articles were such as are usually found in the market, competitive bids 
were obtained. The expense of this hurried work was proportionately 
great, and a considerable waste of time and effort was inevitable. 

This extra exposition work crowded into the hot summer months 
made it necessary for the chief clerk and his assistants to be at their 
desks early and late, a demand which they cheerfully complied with, 
giving up their much needed vacations in order to keep up their regular 
and extra duties. 

Vouchers had to be prepared in quadruplicate, one copy for the 
Smithsonian files, one for the special auditor, one for the disbursing 
officer, and one for the Treasury Department. This involved much 
clerical work, as the number of original vouchers was over three hun- 
dred, making it necessary, in order to fulfill all requirements, to pre- 
pare a total of more than twelve hundred copies of vouchers. 

While the nature and amount of the disbursements could not be ex- 
actly determined in advance, it is gratifying to be able to report that a 
provisional schedule of classified expenditures, which was prepared in 
the beginning, was at least approximately correct, and would have been 
still more accurate but for the postponement of the time of closing the 
Exposition. As it is, the contingent fund of $4,000 more than covers 
all differences between estimated and actual expenditures. 

Although the Exposition was closed as long ago a3 November 8, 1888, 


152 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


our accounts only became ready for final settlement on April 15, 1889. 
This delay was in part due to the fact that the regular routine of for- 
warding, signing, and returning the vouchers for articles purchased in 
foreign countries, necessarily consumed much time. Delay has also 
been caused by the retention and questioning of many vouchers in the 
office of the special auditor of Cincinnati accounts at the Treasury De- 
partment, although in every case his objections have been finally with- 
drawn, and all vouchers have, after protracted delays, been approved 
by that official. These delays, which seemed to us quite unnecessary, 
caused us much annoyance, as many of those who had furnished mate- 
rials or labor, almost daily, either in person or by letter, urged upon us 
their need of funds and the great inconvenience they were compelled 
to undergo by the delays which were entirely beyond our control, but 
for which they were disposed to hold us responsible. 

The Auditor raised many trivial points, which necessitated the writing 
of numerous letters in answer to uncalled for questions. This, together 
with long waiting for replies, which were usually transmitted verbally 
by aclerk, has greatly impeded action. In view of this experience it is 
urged that, should Congress decide to have the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion and National Museum participate in future expositions, the law beso 
framed as to require the appointment of an auditing officer familiar with 
the demands of exhibition work, in order to prevent the unnecessary 
retardment of public business, and the consequent incurring of extra 
expense by the Government. 

If such a course be not adopted, responsibility of selecting and decid- 
ing upon exhibits should be understood to rest entirely with the repre- 
sentatives of the various departments, and the auditor’s province lim- 
ited to the careful examination of accounts, which, of course, should be 
sufficiently detailed to prevent errors. Experience has proved that 
only by some similar division of responsibility can successful results be 
obtained. : 

Another fruitful cause of delay in our work has been the payment of 
all the accounts by a disbursing officer stationed at Newport, Kentucky, 
instead of Washington, where, as is always the case, nine-tenths of the 
bills are contracted. The paymaster drew checks upon the Cincinnati 
depository only, a method very unjust to employés and workmen, who 
were obliged to wait many days before receiving their checks, and then 
to lose something of their hard earned money by the refusal of the 
Treasury in Washington to honor the same. The only alternative for 
them was to present the checks to local banks, paying the usual dis- 
count rates. 


ee 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY 153 


Statement showing condition of appropriation for Centennial Exposition of Ohio Valley 
and Central States, April 15, 1859. 


LST RN DUIITT Meee 688-65 CoG ace COU SOO RSC ECOE Bee BEDE ESRB Sep aIAeee eee $50, 000. 00 
BANE OMA SSlONe al OUNEN Gea ste saa Stan cnn we ce ccict Se cioeen Reems 10, 000. 00 
INGUES PLO DL AWM OU deacem seas eicce = cn is nooo Nace mel: ios oselcns cect 40, 000. 00 


ESTIMATE OF EXPENDITURES. 


(a) Services of assistants, clerks, laborers, etic -.......----- $16, 752. 00 
(b) Fittings, materials, cases, travel, freight, storage, ete... 13, 300. 00 
(c) New material completing series, specimens, models, ete- 5, 750. 00 
(@)pGeneral’contingentifundy.-.s2o0 22 eeeere nee sees 4,198. 00 
40, 000. 00 
ACTUAL EXPENDITURES. 
(a) Services of assistants, clerks, laborers, etc........---.-- 20, 305. 41 
(b) Fittings, materials, cases, travel, freight, storage, etc-.-.. 13, 841. 33 
(c) New materials completing series, specimens, models, etc - 4, 542. 62 
(a) Unexpended: balance. 22225 2222 .cjssces. cess: esc senso 1, 310. 64 
40, 000. 00 


I recommend that the balance to the credit of the Institution, amount- 
ing to $1,310.64, be covered into the Treasury according to law. 
Very respectfully, 
G. BROWN GOODE, 
Assistant Secretary. 
Prof. S. P. LANGLEY, LL. D., 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 


APPENDIX A. 


REPORT UPON THE EXHIBIT OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, INCLUDING THE U. 8S. 
NATIONAL MUSEUM, AT THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION OF THE OHIO VALLEY AND CEN- 
TRAL STATES, HELD AT CINCINNATI, OHIO, IN 1888. 


By R. EDWARD EARLL. 
1. HISTORY OF THE MOVEMENT. 


The series of industrial exhibitions which culminated in the recent 
Centennial Exposition at Cincinnati had their origin in the annual fairs 
of the Ohio Mechanics’ Institute. These fairs, though limited in scope, 
and depending largely both for their exhibits and patronage on the im- 
mediate vicinity, were very successful. They were held regularly for 
about twenty years prior to the war of the rebellion, but owing to the 
nearness of the city to hostile territory it became necessary to tempo- 
rarily abandon them during this period. When revived in 1868 it was 
decided to greatly enlarge their scope. The Mechanics’ Institute invited 
the co-operation of both the Chamber of Commerce and the Board of 
Trade, the result being the Cincinnati Annual Industrial Exposition, 
with a board of fifteen directors consisting of five representatives from 
each of the bodies named. The expositions, which from that date were 
held almost yearly, met with much encouragement, not only from the 
local population, but from residents of other portions of Ohio and of the 
adjoining States. This encouragement led to the erection of perma- 
nent buildings in the center of the city at a cost of more than a million 
dollars. 

As early as 1883 it was decided that the exposition for the centennial 
year (1888) should exceed any of those previously held, and that an 
attempt should be made to show the progress ‘of art, science, and in- 
dustry” in the States comprising the original Northwest Territory dur- 
ing the first century of their occupation by civilized man. This was 
in accord with the action taken at the semi-centennial celebration of 
the settlement of Cincinnati in 1838, when a eommittee was appointed 
to see that “the one-hundredth anniversary of the settlement of Cin- 
cinnati, occurring in 1888, be properly celebrated.” An organization 
was soon perfected and plans developed for holding “ the Centennial 
Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States,” including * the States 
of the Northwest Territory and those which border upon the Ohio and 
even farther to the south.” After considerable discussion it was de- 
cided, in view of the central location of the permanent buildings, that 


154 
: 


——— 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 155 


these should be used as a nucleus, and that additional space be secured 
for the erection of other buildings. Application was made to the board 
of public affairs, which granted the use of Washington Park on the east, 
and of certain streets bordering the Miami Canal on the west. In this 
way floor space aggregating 400,000 square feet, with 142,500 additional 
feet of wall space, was secured in the heart of the city. To place the 
project on a sound financial basis a guaranty fund of $1,050,000 was 
raised among the citizens of Cincinnati. 

The movement was indorsed by the city councils of Cincinnati, Cov- 
ington, and Newport, and by the Ohio State legislature, which author- 
ized the appointment of honorary commissioners, voted a small sum of 
money for State representation, and directed the governor, in behalf of 
the State, to invite ‘‘ the assistance and co-operation of the Federal Gov- 
ernment, our sister States, and especially the Central States of West Vir- 
ginia, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, and Michi- 
gan, and that they be requested to appoint five honorary commissioners 
each to assist in the organization and carrying on of this Centennial Ex- 
position.” These States passed formal resolutions of acceptance and 
appointed honorary commissioners, but, as a rule, little was attempted 
in the way of preparing State exhibits. 

Copies of the resolutions extending an invitation to the Federal Gov- 
ernment were sent to the President and to Congress; and after con- 
siderable delay the initiative was taken by the Appropriations Committee 
of the House of Representatives, the chairman of which addressed let- 
ters to the heads of the several Departments with a view to ascertaining 
what could be done, and the amount of money needed by each for mak- 
ing a suitabie display. This correspondence resulted in the draughting 
of a bill by members of said committee, which, after slight amendment, 
passed both Houses of Congress and received the President’s signature. 
The bill as passed read as follows: 


AN ACT making an appropriation to enable the several Executive Departments of the Government 
and the Bureau of Agriculture and the Smithsonian Institution, including the National Museum 
and Commission of Fish and Fisheries, to participate in the Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Val- 
ley and Central States, to be held at Cincinnati, Ohio, from July fourth to October twenty-seventh, — 
eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. 

Whereas the States which comprise the Northwest Territory and the adjacent 
States will hold at Cincinnati, Ohio, from July fourth to October twenty-seventh, 
eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, a centennial exposition commemorative of the 
organization of the Northwest Territory under the ordinance of seventeen hundred 
and eighty-seven, in which exposition all the States and Territories of the United 
States and the GeneralGovernment have been invited to participate, the object being 
in said exposition to present a panorama of the nation’s resources and present state of 
progressive development, by an exhibition of the products of agriculture, of the 
various industries and fine arts; also the results of advancement made in the sciences ; 
the whole illustrating the opportunities secured to and the possibilities which wait 
upon the citizens of this Republic; and 

Whereas the citizens of the Ohio Valley and the several States adjacent thereto 
have made suitable and adequate preparation and arrangements for holding said ex- 
position, and are desirous,and it being fit and proper,that the several Executive 
Departments of the Government, the Department of Agriculture, the Smithsonian 


156 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Institution, including the National Museum and Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 
should participate in said exhibition: Therefore, 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 
America in Congress assembled, That the head of each of the several Executive De- 
partments of the Government, the Commissioner of Agriculture, and the Smithsonian 
Institution, including the National Museum, and Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 
under the direction of the President of the United States, be, and they are hereby, 
authorized and directed to prepare and make suitable exhibits at the said Centennial 
Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States to be held at Cincinnati, beginning 
on the fourth of July, and closing October twenty-seventh, eighteen hundred and 
eighty-eight. 

That there shall be appointed a committee of Congress composed of ten members, 
five to be appointed by the President of the Senate and five by the Speaker of the 
House of Representatives. Said committee is authorized and directed to visit said 
exposition, and make such report to Congress in that behalf as they may deem need- 
ful and proper: Provided, That the President may, in the exercise of his discretion, 
allow such documents and exhibits as relate to early settlement at Marietta, Ohio, 
and the establishment of civil government in the Territory Northwest of the Ohio 
River, to be taken to Marietta and exhibited during the time from July fifteenth to 
nineteenth, eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, inclusive, under such restrictions and 
custody as he may direct. 

That to enable the several Executive Departments of the Government, the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, and the Smithsonian Institution, including the National 
Museum and the Commission of Fish and Fisheries, to participate in said exposition 
to be held as aforesaid, there is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury 
not otherwise appropriated one hundred and forty-seven thousand seven hundred 
and fifty dollars, apportioned as follows: 

For the War Department, seven thousand one hundred and fifty dollars 

For the Navy Department, fifteen thousand dollars. 

For the State Department, two thousand five hundred dollars. 

For the Treasury Department, seven thousand five hundred dellars. 

For the Interior Department, thirty-six thousand one hundred dollars. 

For the Department of Agriculture, twenty thousand dollars. 

For the Post-Office Department, five thousand dollars, 

For the Department of Justice, two thousand dollars. 

For the Smithsonian Institution, including the Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 
fifty thousand dollars. 

For the expenses of the committee of Congress, two thousand five hundred dollars. 

That the President may, if in his judgment it shall be deemed necessary and expe- 
dient in order to secure the best results with greatest economy, transfer a part of the 
fund hereby apportioned to one Department or Bureau to another Department or Bu- 
reau. The term Bureau wherever used herein shall be construed to inelude the Agri- 
cultural Department, the Smithsonian Institution, and Commission of Fish and 
Fisheries. 

That the President of the United States is hereby authorized to detail an officer of 
the pay department of the Army or Navy to disburse the fund appropriated by this 
act. 

The payments on account of the expenses incurred in carrying out and into effect 
the provisions hereof shall be made on itemized vouchers approved by the représenta- 
tive of the Department incurring the liability, and a person to be designated by the 
President to make final audit of said accounts: Provided, That payment of the ex- 
penses incurred by the committee of Congress shall be made on vouchers approved 
by the chairman of said committee. 

That the head of each of said Executive Departments and of the Department of 
Agriculture, Smithsonian Institution, and Commission of Fish and Fisheries shall, 
from among the officers or employees thereof, appoint a suitable person to act as rep- 


a 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 157 


resentative of such Department or Bureau, and said representative shall, under the 
direction and control of the head of the Department or Bureau, supervise the prepa- 
ration and conduct of the exhibits herein provided for. 

That no officer or employee appointed as aforesaid shall be paid extra or additional 
compensation by reason of services rendered in virtue of such employment; but noth- 
ing herein shall be so construed as to prevent the payment of the just and reasonable 
expenses of any committee, officer, or employee appointed or employed under or by 
virtue of the provisions of this act. 

That all articles imported from the Republic of Mexico or the Dominion of Canada 
for the purpose of being exhibited at said exposition shall be admitted free of duty, 
subject, however, to such conditions and regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury 
may impose and prescribe. 

Approved May 28, 1888. 


Shortly after the passage of the above bill the President, in accord- 
ance with its requirements, designated one of the officials of the Treas- 
ury Department as special auditor. This gentleman at the outset 
questioned the right of the various Departments under the act to pur- 
chase any specimens for the completion of their exhibits, claiming that 
the collections must be made up of materials already on hand. This 
necessitated further action on the part of Congress which took the 
shape of a joint resolution declaring the meaning of the act. The reso- 
lution read as follows: 


JOINT RESOLUTION declaring the true intent and meaning of the act approved May twenty-eighth, 
eighteen hundred and eighty-eight. 

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in 
Congress assembled, That it is the true intent and meaning of the act of Congress 
approved May twenty-eighth, eighteen hundred and eighty-eight, by the President of 
the United States, entitled ‘‘An act making appropriation to enable the several 
Executive Departments of the Government, and the Bureau of Agriculture, and the 
Smithsonian Institution, including the National Museum, and the Commission of Fish 
and Fisheries, to participate in the Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Cen- 
tral States to be held at Cincinnati, Ohio, from July fourth, to October twenty-seventh, 
eighteen hundred and eighty-eight,” that the President of the United States may, in 
his discretion make an order directing that any documents, papers, maps, not origi- 
nal, books or other exhibits which properly and pertinently relate to the establish- 
ment of civil government in the territory northwest of the Ohio River, may be sent 
upon an Executive order from any of the several Departments in said act named, or 
from the exhibits now at Cincinnati; and that the appropriation of money in said 
act to defray the expenses of such exhibits, may be made applicable, in so far as the 
President of the United States may direct, to the payment of the expenses, of the care, 
transportation to, and return of, such exhibits from Marietta. And the same shall be 
paid from such fund heretofore set apart for each Department as the President may 
order. Nor shall anything in said act be so construed as to prevent the purchase of 
suitable materials, and the employment of proper persons, to complete or modify 
series of objects, and classes of specimens, when in the judgment of the head of any 
Department, such purchase or employment or both is necessary in the proper prepara- 
tion and conduct of an exhibit. Nor to authorize the removal from their places of 
deposit in Washington of any original paper or document or laws or ordinances what- 
ever. 

Approved, July 16, 1888. 


The original bill received the President’s approval May 28th and on 
the following day in accordance with its requirements the Secretary of 


- 158 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


the Smithsonian Institution appointed Dr. G. Brown Goode the Assist- 
ant Secretary in charge of the U.S. National Museum, as its represent- 
ative. 

The item of $50,000, appropriated for the Smithsonian institution in the 
pill, included the U.S. Fish Commission, and, by an agreement with the 
Commissioner of Fisheries, $10,000 was set apart for the use of said Com- 
mission, leaving $40,000 to be expended under the direction of the Insti- 
tution. As little more than a month remained before the exposition was 
to open, it was impossible for the Smithsonian, or, in fact, for any of the 
Departments to prepare suitable exhibits, ship them to Cincinnati, and 
have them properly installed by the opening day. However, as no time 
was to be lost, a meeting of the representatives of the various Depart- 
ments was called with a view to the organization of a board, and the set- 
tlement of questions relating to the amount and location of the space 
to be assigned to each Department. At the first conference it was found 
that at least 100,000 square feet of floorspace would be required to accom- 
modate the exhibits which the several representatives proposed send- 
ing, but upon inquiry it was learned that the exposition officials, owing 
to the delay in the passage of the bill, and to the uncertainty as to the 
final action upon it, as well as to their lack of information concerning 
the amount of space required by the Government, had reserved only 
one short wing of the park building, aggregating about 13,000 square 
feet, for its use, the remainder having already been assigned to private 
exhibitors. As this amount was wholly inadequate, they at once con- 
sented to erect additional buildings in the park adjacent to, and com- 
municating with, the wing already reserved. But as the unoccupied 
space in the park was limited, it was impossible, notwithstanding their 
very generous disposition, to find room for new buildings of sufficient 
size to furnish the additional accommodations desired. It was finally 
decided to erect two annexes, one on either side of the Government 
wing of the main building, and in this way 29,000 feet additional were 
secured making a total of about 42,000 square feet available for the use 
of the Government. 

This space was divided approximately as follows: 


Feet 

\ivEelbeyy i nn@ isssdoScsceonoomcd one aan Sopa qosconeSaese 4, 000 
NEAR LUG SEU M ho ssobses pasces onOsSe SoSnos sancoOasSece 4,750 
SHALE ID MMU sooo gosces so5ce5rosses nose con soa deosse 750 
MreasuLry LOC Parvum eb occ oss sao icles laterite seis = ee eee 4, 250 
Interior Departments... -osa-)--e oe siseinelsisictaie steiner 6, 000 
Acricultural Department: ..-s0.)ssseee omens eee 4, 000 
Post-Offiice: Department sees -eleee teeta eerste eee 2,500 
Departmentiof Justices s-../-<0 oc se ee ee eee ee 750 
Smibhsoniany nstioution\. 5 <<. cece eee eee eee 12, 000 
Commission of Fish and Fisheries. .......--..- eee ee 3, 000 

Ota Foo oo eemasicos sc eeec' ode ecouciccce meee eee 42, 000 


It will thus be seen that the space oceupied by each Department 
was very much less than that desired, in some cases only a little 
more than one-third of the amount asked being assigned. 


"en 


“ae 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 159 


2. PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION OF THE SMITHSONIAN EXHIBIT. 


Immediately on his appointment Dr. Goode commenced active op- 
erations. He soon outlined an exhibit which would require at least 
20,000 feet of floor space, and it was not until the work was well under 
way that it became known that only 12,000 feet could be secured. This 
necessitated considerable change in the plans, and it was finally decided 
to omit entirely certain subjects and to substitute pictures and models 
for the more bulky specimens in other groups, in order to bring the 
exhibit within the space assigned. 

In deciding upon the general character of the exhibit and the sub- 
jects to be represented, he was governed largely by the objects of the 
exposition as set forth in the preamble to the bill—viz: “To present a 
panorama of the nation’s resources and present state of progressive 
development, by an exhibition of the products of agriculture, of the 
various industries and fine arts; also the results of advancement made 
in the sciences; the whole illustrating the opportunities secured to and 
the possibilities which wait upon the citizens of this Republic.” 

As the National Museum has an averageattendance of about 300,000 
visitors yearly, it was necessary that its interests also should be consid- 
ered; and it was decided to interfere as little as possible with those 
departments, the exhibits of which were fairly complete and properly 
arranged, but in so far as might be practicable, to select the specimens 
for Cincinnati from the newer departments, and from theduplicate ma- 
terials, and to secure from other sources such additional articles as 
might be necessary to complete the exhibits, By this plan the eduea- 
tional value of the Museum was largely preserved, and its most inter- 
esting series were left intact for comparison and study byits numerous 
visitors. 

Having outlined, in a general way, the plan of the exhibit, Dr. 
Goode called to his aid the curators of the several Museum depart- 
ments which were to be represented. These officials were charged with 
the responsibility of preparing the necessary collections for their respect- 
ive departments; and, as only four weeks remained before the opening 
of the exposition, they were obliged to neglect their regular museum 
duties and to devote their entire time and energies to the Cincinnati 
work. A large force of laborers and mechanics was at once employed 
in packing such articles as were ready for shipment, and in mounting 
specimens, making models, cases, and other necessary articles, while 
the curators busied themselves with the selection and arrangement of 
the available museum specimens, and in securing such new material as 
was required for completing the collections under their charge. 

The first car-load of exhibits left on June 22, and others followed in 
rapid succession, so that by the 30th of the month eight of the twelve 
car-loads had been forwarded, all of the remainder, with the exception 
of the photographic exhibit, which was of necessity considerably delayed, 

Jeaving by the 12th of July. 


160 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


To save time, articles obtained from other parts of the country and 
from abroad, were sent direct to Cincinnati without coming to Wash- 
ington at all. 

Owing to the departure of Professor Langley for Europe, in June, 
for an absence of some months, the duties of Acting Secretary of the 
Smithsonian Institution devolved upon Dr. Goode. This rendered it 
quite impossible for him to go to Cincinnati, and the writer was desig- 
nated deputy representative. He left Washington in company with 
Mr. James S. Morrill, who was to act as clerk, on the 26th of June, 
arriving in Cincinnati the following day. He was soon joined by a 
number of the Museum curators who came on to superintend the instal- 
lation of their respective exhibits. About the same time Mr. Henry 
Horan arrived with several skilled mechanics and laborers to assist 
in the general work. 

The space assigned to the Surihanation was located in the northern 
annex to the park building near the Race street entrance. It consisted 
of a rectangular space 125 feet long by 95 feet wide, an uninterrupted 
wall space 13 feet high, extending along one entire side, this being 
practically continued around the remainder of the area by means of 
partitions which were built to separate itfrom the adjoining departments. 
This gave a floor space of 11,875 square feet with about 6,000 additional 
feet of wall space, the latter being increased to over 10,000 feet by 
means of screens and partition, which it was found desirable to put up. 
After setting off a strip 174 feet wide through the center of the space 
in its longest direction for a main aisle or thor oughfare, the remainder 


was assigned to the sectional exhibits as follows: 
Square feet. 


PrehistoriesAnthropolopy.s-----i-s-se0 see ee -2- seeieee eee 600 
Generalebithnolo ayer e ara sate amie ne = eleleaoeelete = sete 1, 120 
Bureau of Ethnology. ---- hoseecs cossge sesdoecadegdsocss 1, 425 
Biblical mAncheoloty-ccsccsetoms-iane cole necro ee eee 280 
Transportahlonrwecceceosmecte cere e sees eerie eeeeeer 600 
NavaleAnchitectunessssssee sane eee eee eee eee eee 3124 
Creole isis esoo sooces cooqua BoSbouSHoEas Geasou se eaase 1,500 
Photography. . 5... 3 esc sss eee es oasess sss eee see eee 925 
Mammal si(systematichextbit) ease see se neeee ence eee ee 953 
Mammals (extermination series) 2-2-2. -2.2...2--2oseccee 884 
Bind Sse aes eke s soe Por ee Reto ceaee ee aeeane 325 
MMSE CUS. Ss. aiafoan a) farsleie oe Jae, aad se eee ee ec eee sae 238 
MoNusksxe: %....°2--. 322. a aeeeeeeee es 250 
Marine dnvyertepraves..c..s-22 > eee se eooto. | eee eeee 125 
Botany: 22 sa. vasonssinisse ects ese emcee eee eee eee 90 
Miamerailogey sets. cicc20 aos cure eee sea ae eee cee eee 60 


The first four car-loads of exhibits reached the exposition on the 28th 
of June, but, as the annex in which they were to be placed was not com- 
pleted, they were temporarily stored on adjoining space in the main 
building. Two days later the workmen completed the annex and the 
boxes were at once moved into it. Forty-five men, including the Wash-~ 
ington party, were soon at work unpacking and arranging the exhibits, 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 161 


and while it was wholly impossibie to have everything ready for the 
opening day an effort was made to have the installation as far advanced 
as possible, and by working early and late the work was rapidly ad- 

vanced, so that by 10.30 on the morning of July 4, when at the request 
of the Commissioners work was temporarily suspended, enough had 
been accomplished to give the visitor an idea of the character of the 
exhibit, and of what might be expected when finally completed. Equal 
activity prevailed in the other departments, and though none had their 
collections permanently installed, the progress made was very gratify- 
ing. After the opening ceremonies were over, work was resumed, and as 
the articles arrived, they were rapidly put in place, but owing to soot 
which filled the air and settled upon the exhibits in such quantities as 
to seriously injure them, and also to the tendency of the visitors to 
handle the specimens, it became necessary to put many articles under 
glass, which otherwise would have remained uncovered. In this way 
the work of installation was somewhat prolonged, and it was more than 
four weeks before it was fully completed, though the public was ad- 
mitted to all of the Government departments during the progress of 
the work. 

The private exhibits in the various classes were as a rule in place on 
the opening day, and all of the available space was occupied. 

The Exposition, while in every way creditable to the management, did 
not receive that support from the public which its merits justified. The 
attendance during the first two months, possibly owing somewhat to 
the warm weather and the demands upon the time of the agricultural 
classes during the harvest season, was very light. However, as the 
weeks passed, it gradually improved, and during the months of Septem- 
ber and October was fairly satisfactory; but the lack of co-operation 
on the part of the railroads unquestionably had a marked influence on 
the attendance of people residing at a distance. Thinking that possibly 
the high price of admission had kept many away, it was decided to con- 
tinue the exposition for a few days beyond the 27th of October, which was 
the time set for closing, and to reduce the entrance fee to 25 cents, thus 
giving all classes the opportunity of seeing and studying the exhibits. 
But this did not result in any marked increase in the number of vis- 
itors, and when the doors were finally closed to the public on November 
8, the turnstiles showed a total attendance of only 1,055,276, or an aver- 
age of 9,593 daily, as against a daily attendance of 55,061 at Philadel- 
phia in 1876. It was, however. considerably in excess of the daily 
attendance at New Orleans in 1885, which averaged (Sundays included) 
only 6,438. When it is remembered that Cincinnati is in the center of 
a very prosperous country, with a population of nearly five millions of 
people within easy access, the figures are certainly far below what 
might reasonably have been expected. Yet it should not be inferred 
that the Exposition was a failure, for the visitors as a rule appeared to 
be greatly interested, and the collections were studied with very great 

H. Mis. 224, pt. 2-——11 


162 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


care by various classes, notably by students from the institutions of 
learning in Ohio and adjoining States, and the educational influence 
upon these can not be overestimated. 

Governmental participation in the expositions of the past has usually 
been urged on the ground of the great educational value of such under- 
takings to the intelligent visitors. No one who has given the slightest 
thought to this subject or who has observed the crowds in their examina- 
tion of the collections, will for a moment deny this, nor will they fail to dis- 
cover that the exhibits ofthe General Government attract by far the most 
attention. If these departmental exhibits, when properly installed in 
Washington, were accessible to all, there would certainly be no excuse 
for ever sending them to other localities ; but as such a vast majority 
of the people of the country never visit the National Capital, the prac- 
tice of sending educational collections to the larger centers of population 
is perhaps justifiable. 

On November 8, the day set for closing, a party of eight arrived from 
Washington to assist in the work of packing the exhibits. It consisted 
of Mr. F. A. Lucas, who was to superintend the packing of the natural 
history collections, and Mr. Horan, who, with six skilled workmen, was 
to assist in the general work. A number of local mechanics and laborers 
were also employed and the work of packing was vigorously pushed. 
Five car-loads of exhibits were ready for shipment on the 20th of the 
month, and others were forwarded at intervals during the next two 
weeks, the last starting on December 4. They arrived with less than 
the usual amount of breakage, and by the middle of the following Feb- 
ruary, a very large percentage of them had been unpacked, repaired, and 
returned to their places in the Museum collections. 

In accordance with the provision of the law, the President on July 11, 
authorized the sending of an exhibit to Marietta, Ohio. Most of the 
material for this exhibit was sent direct from Washington, though a few 
articles were forwarded from the collections at Cincinnati. This collec- 
tion was under the direction of Mr. W. V. Cox, chief clerk of the Mu- 
seum, who has prepared a detailed report on the subject. 


3. REVIEW OF THE SMITHSONIAN EXHIBIT. 


The collective exhibit of the Smithsonian was, as already intimated, 
made up of separate collections prepared by the curators of several of the 
departments of the Museum. The general display may be divided into 
three groups, namely: Anthropological exhibits, natural history col- 
lections, and series belonging to the department of arts and indus- 
tries. A detailed description of the separate exhibits, or in fact, even 
a list of the objects exhibited, would extend this paper far beyond the 
proper limit. It, however, seems desirable to give a brief statement of 
the general character of the exhibits of the various sections. Such a 
statement will be found in the following pages, When fuller informa- 


PLATE I. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Earll. 


*HLYON DNIMOOT ‘SLISIHX4 NVINOSHLINS SHL JO M3lA TWYANSS 


PLATE Ik 


Earll 


Nationa 


Report of 


‘HLNOS ONIMOOT ‘LIDIHXA NVINOSHLINS, SHL 4O M3IA AWYSN35 


a 
os. 


0 
~ 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 163 


tion is desired, it can be found in the reports of the curators, under 
whose direction the separate exhibits were prepared. 


SECTION OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 


Mr. Thomas Wilson, Curator of Prehistoric Anthropology, was re- 
quested to prepare an exhibit which should illustrate the methods em- 
ployed in the study of prehistoric man, and the present state of our 
knowledge of his manners and customs, and of his geographical distri- 
bution during the different periods. To accomplish this purpose, he 
selected about two thousand specimens which would best represent man’s 
progress during the early centuries of his existence. These included 
objects from all parts of the world. They were arranged in continuous 
series in cases placed end to end to represent the stream of time during 
the prehistoric ages. The entire series of cases was divided longitudi- 
nally, each separate division being devoted to a different country or group 
of countries. At the top was Great Britain, next below came France 
and Belgium, then Italy, Switzerland, the Scandinavian countries, Asia, 
Africa, Oceanica, and at the bottom the United States. Perpendicular 
divisions were also made to represent the various epochs of prehistoric 
civilization. By this arrangement it was easy to compare the progress 
of man in the different countries, and to show the variations in the im- 
plements used in each. Special attention was given to demonstrating 
that our own country was inhabited during the earliest periods. This 
was done by the exhibition of large series of specimens similar in all 
important particulars to those belonging to the earlier epochs from the 
Old World. 

The collection began with the Chellian epoch, when man used but 
one implement, a crudely chipped stone, and followed down through 
the different divisions of the stone age, then through the age of 
bronze to that of iron, showing clearly the steps in human progress from 
a lower to a higher civilization. Charts showing the distribution of pre- 
historic man and the location of his settlements during different epochs 
were exhibited ; also drawings and models of the Swiss Lake dwellings; 
a Skeleton of the cave bear; and a series of crude stone, ivory, bone, and 
metal implements, used by Indians of modern times, to illustrate the 
various methods of fastening them to handles. 


SECTION OF ETHNOLOGY. 


The Curator of Ethnology, Prof. O. T. Mason, was asked to prepare 
an exhibit to illustrate in a general way the leading characteristics of 
the different races of men; and to show the tribal relations of the North 
American Indians and the progress made by them in civilization. His 
exhibit occupied more than 1,100 square feet of floor space, and at- 
tracted much attention. It was divided into two series, namely: the 
general ethnological exhibit, which ineluded all of the principal races 
of men, and the collections illustrating the life and habits of the various 


164. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Indian tribes. The first series contained diagrams showing the classi- 
fication of mankind into races, and maps indicating, by colored areas, the 
distribution of the various races over the face of the earth. These were 
followed by models in plaster of the heads of many of the semi-civilized 
people of the Old World, and by full-sized figures showing the character- 
istic costumes of the various nationalities. 

The exhibit relating to the North American Indians was naturally 
more extensive. It inelu‘led a large number of hand-colored photo- 
eraphs showing both profile and front views of prominent members of 
each of the more important tribes. The life and habits of these Indians 
were iliustrated by means of carefully selected collections of their im- 
plements, utensils and costumes. Among the specimens shown were 
war-clubs, bows, arrows, spears, tomahawks, scalping-knives, cooking 
utensils, samplesof weaving, dressed skins and agricultural implements. 
Collections illustrating the art, religion, and pastimes of the Indians 
were also exhibited. 

In the center of the space occupied by this department was a collec- 
tion showing the chemical composition of the human body. The series 
was based upon a man weighing 154 pounds, the exact quantity of each 
of the various solids, liquids, and gases being represented. On the 
opposite side of the same case were series showing the daily income and 
expenditure of the human body, and the amount of food required during 
a day of twenty-four hours by a man of moderate work, based upon the 
latest investigations by physiological chemists ; also a series showing 
the chemical constituents of a pound of wheat bread. 

Adjoining the general ethnological exhibit was a collection prepared 
by Mr. Walter Hough, to show the development of the lamp. It was 
not limited to the United States, but contained objects from various 
other countries as well. The series began with the fire-fly cage from the 
West Indies and the candle-fish of the Eskimo, and ineluded the more 
interesting forms of torches, candles, lanterns, and the various stone, 
metal, and glass lamps adapted to both animal and mineral oils and to 
electricity. : 

EXHIBIT OF THE BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY. 


In addition to the exhibit made by the department of ethnology in 
the National Museum, already referred to, the Director of the Bureau of 
Ethnology, Maj. J. W. Powell, was requested to furnish a sappiemental 
exhibit which should illustrate the methods employed by said Bureau 
in the study of the North American Indians. This exhibit, which was 
prepared by Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, related chiefly to the Pueblo In- 
dians and the mound-builders. It contained plaster models from life, 
by Theo. A. Mills, of six of the leading members of the Zuni tribe. 
These were dressed in their characteristic costumes, including the orna- 
ments worn by them. In an adjoining case was a relief map of a sec- 
tion of the Zuni country showing the location of their settlements. 
Next came a series of scale models and photographs of many of their 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 165 


dwellings, both ancient and modern. Among these were some of the 
most noted ruins as well as several of their most populous villages. 
The largest model, which was about 15 feet square, represented the vil- 
lage of Zuni on a seale of 1 to 60, all of the important details being 
carefully reproduced. The arts and industries of these people were 
represented by cases containing large collections of their textiles, bask- 
etry, pottery, agricultural implements, and household utensils. The 
mound-builders were represented by several carefully prepared models 
of noted mounds from different parts of the country ; among these were 
the Great Elephant Mound of Grant County, Wisconsin, and the Large 
and Small Etowah Mounds of Bartow County, Georgia, with samples 
of pottery and other articles taken from them. 


EXHIBIT OF BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY. 


Owing to the wide-spread interest in biblical studies, Dr. Cyrus Ad- 
ler, Assistant Curator of the Section of Oriental Antiquities, was called 
upon to prepare an exhibit which should enable Bible students (of 
whom it is estimated that there are already more than four millions 
in the Sunday-schools of the United States) to see something of the 
results of the work of the numerous specialists who have devoted their 
time and energies to the study of the people of Bible lands, and to be- 
come familiar with some of the interesting objects which have been col- 
lected and studied, with a view to the better understanding of the lan- 
guage, history, art, social life, and religion of these people. Nearly 
all of the most interesting objects secured by archeologists are in for- 
eign museums, and the time was too short to have casts of them made 
and forwarded ; but by the co-operation of a number of people in this 
country who had articles in their possession, and by the liberal use of 
photography, it became possible to get together considerable material, 
which with the articles already in the possession of the Museum made 
a very instructive exhibit. The collection was not confined to the Is- 
raelites, but included all of the people with whom they came in contact. 
‘ Owing to the unparalleled conservatism of these people,” says Dr. Ad- 
ler, “ proper names, dialectic forms, architecture, costumes, and, what 
is more surprising, considering the changes of faith, even religious 
practices have persisted in the East through thousands of years,” and 
the collections therefore properly included many objects still in use. 
The exhibits were arranged by countries, including Assyria and Baby- 
lonia, Egypt, Elam, and Palestine. They contained objects from a 
period beginning 3800 years B. C., and continuing to the present time, 
including royal seals and impressions of same, casts of obelisks and 
tablets containing pictorial and historical inscriptions, photographs of 
the Egyptian pyramids, sphinxes, sculptures, mummies of noted kings, 
with specimens of plants, shells, lamps, and costumes collected in the 
several countries named. Among the more interesting objects were the 
easts of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser II, the Rosetta Stone, the 
Moabite Stone, and the Siloam Inscription. 


166 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSETIM, 1889. 
SECTION OF MAMMALS. 


The Curator of the Department of Mammals, Mr. F. W. True, was 
asked to prepare an exhibit which should illustrate the principles on 
which the present classification of mammals was based. The family 
was selected as the division which would best represent the general 
theory of classification, and it was decided to send a collection which 
should include one or more characteristic specimens of every known 
family. As quite a number of the families were not represented in the 
museum collection it became necessary to secure specimens from other 
sources, and when such could not be obtained, to represent the family 
by means of pictures. Owing to the fact that classification rests partly 
on external and partly on internal characters, both skeletons and stuffed 
specimens were included. The families, excepting only a few of the larg- 
est forms, which from their size had to be separated from the systematic 
series, were arranged in zoological order in one continuous case 140 feet 
long, beginning with the highest order, man, and ending with the lowest 
or egg-laying mammals, thus affording excellent opportunities for study 
and comparison. The collection naturally included many animals with 
which the publie had thus far had little opportunity for becoming ac- 
quainted. Among these were the gorilla, chimpanzee, aye-aye, panda, 
walrus, coney, tapir, saiga, antelope, almiqui, shrew, tana, chinchilla, 
coypu, whale, porpoise, manatee, aard-vark, pangolin, armadillo, ant- 
eater, duck-bill, and many other forms seldom found in expositions 
in this or any other country. 


MAMMAL EXTERMINATION SERIES. 


Adjoining the systematic mammal collection was a special exhibit pre- 
pared by Mr. W. 'T. Hornaday, Curator of Living Animals, to direct the 
attention of the public to the rapid destruction of many of the larger 
animals which are fast disappearing from the country, and are already 
in great danger of extermination. The series included the bison, or 
American buffalo, moose, elk, antelope, mountain goat, mountain sheep, 
walrus, elephant-seal, and the beaver. The bison was the object of 
special attention, and a large series of pictures were shown to illustrate 
the numerous methods employed by both Indians and whites in its de- 
struction. In the center of the exhibit, upon a sod-covered pedestal, 
was a Skeleton of a bison from which the hide had been removed, show- 
ing the condition in which the carcasses are left upon the plains by the 
hide-hunters; and on adjoining screens were specimens of the various 
grades of commercial hides, with a schedule of their past and present 
market values. There was also on exhibition a very instructive map of 
North America, showing by colored areas the original territory covered 
by the buffalo, and its narrowing range from time to time during the 
past quarter of a century, due to the destructive agency of man. In 
the rear of the exhibit was a case containing samples of the hides of 


PLATE III. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Earll. 


“LIDIHXQ NVINOSHLINS ‘SSaINaS NOILVNINYSLXA 


WWI IAI 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 167 


other animals which have been eagerly sought by the hide-hunter, and 
an exhibit of the different weapons used in the destruction of the va- 
rious species. 


SECTION OF BIRDS. 


An instructive exhibit of birds was prepared by the Curator of Birds, 
Mr. Robert Ridgway. It consisted of an extensive collection of finely 
mounted and carefully labeled specimens of the birds of North America, 
and of smaller series of the principal birds of foreign countries. 

The collection of North American birds was very complete, including 
examples of every known genus excepting onlyafewof the larger water 
birds and birds of prey, which were omitted for lack of space. They 
were arranged in proper sequence, thus affording an excellent oppor- 
tunity for the study of the latest scientific classification. In a few in- 
stances, where the birds were too rareand valuable to warrant the send- 
ing of specimens, they were represented by means of original water-color 
paintings by the curator. The coliection of foreign birds, though much 
smaller, consisted of the characteristic types of various countries selected 
for the purpose of showing something of the bird fauna of the principal 
zoo-geographical regions of the earth. Among those represented were 
the Australian, Indo-Malayan, and Ethiopian regions, and the principal 
birds of Europe. Another series which attracted much attention from 
the exposition visitors was a collection of the principal birds of litera- 
ture, with the names by which they are known in poetry and appropriate 
quotations from the leading authors regarding them. <A collection of 
birds’ eggs and casts of same to represent the various sizes, from the 
egg of the extinct epyorius or giant ostrich of Madagascar, with a ca- 
pacity of two gallons, to that of the humming-bird, and a set of fac- 
simile reproductions of the plates of Audubon’s books on the birds of 
North America were also exhibited. 


SECTION OF INSECTS. 


This exhibit was prepared by Dr. C. V. Riley and Mr. John B. Smith. 
It consisted of a systematic collection illustrating the various families 
of insects, and economic series showing separately the species injurious 
to agriculture and to forests. Thesystematic series represented, either 
by specimens or detailed drawings, all of the families of American in- 
sects. Where practicable, care was taken to select large and showy 
specimens to represent the different families, thus attracting the atten- 
tion of the public as well as that of the specialist to the exhibit. This 
was notably true in the case of the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, which 
contained many attractive forms. Each family was accompanied by a 
descriptive label calling attention to its peculiar characters, and in 
many instances was illustrated by several species. This series con- 
tained several thousand specimens, and was much admired both by the 


168 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


public and by students interested in this branch of natural history, 
The economic exhibit contained separate series, each being devoted to 
a particular species, including insects that feed upon the different 
grains, the cotton plant, the apple, the grape, and the various species 
of ornamental and forest trees. It was prepared for the benefit of the 
agricultural classes, and contained specimens and drawings illustrating 
the development of the various species, their methods of feeding, and 
samples of roots, stalks, branches, leaves, flowers, and fruits that had 
been injured by them. The descriptive label accompanying each speci- 
men contained information of practical value to the farmer and fruit- 
grower, and suggested methods by which they could to a greater or less 
degree protect their crops from the ravages of these pests. 
SECTION OF MOLLUSKS. 

The Department of Mollusks in the Museum forwarded a collection, 
prepared by Dr. W. H. Dall and Prof. R. E. C. Stearns. The object, 
as in the case of the other natural history collections, was to illustrate the 
principles on which the present system of classification was based. 
The exhibit, though occupying only about 250 feet of floor space, was 
very complete, and contained specimens representing all of the impor- 
tant families of marine mollusks not only of this country, but of other 
parts of the world. No attempt was made to show the land shells, as the 
time was too short to get up a collection, and there was not sufficient 
space for displaying the same, even if it had been prepared. 


SECTION OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES. 


A collection of marine invertebrates was prepared by Mr. F. A. Lucas, 
osteologist of the Museum. It consisted of a carefully selected series of 
typical representatives of the various families of sponges, corals, jelly- 
fishes, echinoderms, and star-fishes. As a rule, the species were repre- 
sented by dried and carefully mounted specimens of the animals them- 
Selves; but such groups as could not be preserved in this way were 
Shown by means of glass models obtained from Europe. The collection 
of sponges contained full series of both the ornamental and commercial 
species of our own country and a number of the more important com- 
mercial species from the Mediterranean Sea. The families of corals 
were represented by numerous species from the off-shore banks of the 
North Atlantic, by a number of the more attractive forms from the Gulf 
of Mexico, and by a collection of the typical forms from Polynesia. 
The growth of the red or precious coral of commerce was shown by 
means of models. The exhibit illustrating the families of jelly-fishes 
was made up exclusively of glass models, by means of which a number 
of the more delicate forms, including the Portuguese man-of-war, were 
represented. 

SECTION OF BOTANY. 

The botanical exhibit was prepared by Mr. F. H. Knowlton, Assist- 
ant Curator of Botany. It consisted of a collection of chromo-litho- 
graphs of the flowering plants and ferns of the country, and of an ex- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 169 


hibit of specimens of marine alge. The series illustrating the tlower- 
ing plants included about two hundred and fifty plates, each repre- 
senting a different species. It contained examples of all the princi- 
pal orders, the specimens selected being such as, on account of their 
beauty or curious form, would be most likely to attract the attention 
of the public. In many of these plates all of the parts of the plant 
were represented, and in some instances the parts of the Hower were 
enlarged to show the important characters of the species. 

The collection of ferns was more complete. It contained eighty-one 
plates, on which one hundred and fifty, out of one hundred and sixty 
species of North American ferns were represented. These plates 
were taken largely from the published works of Eaton, Meehan, 
Sprague, and Goodale. ; . 

The collection of alge included nearly all of the species known to 
occur on the Atlantic coast of the United States and many of the 
common species from the Pacific. It was originally intended, in addi- 
tion to the above, to show separate collections of the flowers and 
ferns of the Ohio Valley, and also to prepare a comprehensive forestry 
exhibit, which should include sample woods and herbarium specimens 
of the principal trees of the Ohio Valley, photographs of the forest 
trees of the United States, and maps locating the present forest areas 
of the country; but the delay in the passage of the bill authorizing 
the exhibit and the lack of space made it impossible to do so. A 
collection of fossil plants to show the progress made in the study of 
paleontological botany was omitted for a similar reason. 


SECTION OF MINERALOGY. 


This exhibit was prepared by Prof. I’. W. Clarke, Honorary Curator of 
the Department of Minerals, with the aid of the Assistant Curator, Mr. 
W.S. Yeates. It was at first intended to send a complete collection of 
the minerals of North America, the floor space required being estimated 
at 1,200 square feet, and negotiations were begun for the purchase of a 
collection, valued at $5,500, belonging to Mr. Joseph Willcox, of Phil- 
adelphia, which was especially rich in North American materials, to 
serve as a nucleus of the exhibit. The auditing officer for the Govern- 
ment, however, objected to the proposed expenditure, and the plan of, 
making a systematic exhibit was therefore of necessity abandoned. The 
exhibit as finally sent consisted of a single case, containing such gems 
and ornamental stones as were available from the collections already in 
possession of the Museum, with the addition of a smallamount of gem 
material from other sources. It was limited almost exclusively to North 
American specimens. 


SECTION OF TRANSPORTATION. 


Some months prior to the passage of the exposition bill, Mr. J. E. 
Watkins, formerly with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, was ap- 
pointed curator of a newly-formed section of transportation in the Na- 


170 REPORT OF NATIONAT) MUSEUM, 1889. 


tional Museum, and considerable interest was already manifested by the 
public in the small collection which he had succeeded in getting together. 
He was requested to secure additional material to supplement this col- 
lection, and to send to Cincinnati a comprehensive exhibit which should 
illustrate so far as practicable, the development of the principal 
systems of transportation in the various countries of the world. 

He outlined a scheme based on the different motive powers, including 
man, the various animals, wind, steam, and electricity. In the division 
of steam transportation, special attention was given to the development: 
of the railroad, and numerous models were secured illustrating the 
growth of the locomotive, the car, and the track, including rail, road- 
bed, and bridge. These were supplemented by a map, showing by de- 
cades the progress of railroad construction in the United States. The 
track exhibit was especially complete, containing scale models of nearly 
every Style used in this country since the introduction of railroads, and 
also much interesting material from foreign lands. The collection con- 
tained many articles of historic interest, including models or drawings 
of many of the earliest locomotives and steam-boats, chief among which 
were Murdock’s high-pressure locomotive, 1784; Trevithick’s locomotive, 
1804; Stevens’s experimental locomotive, 1825; ‘ Rocket” and *Stour- 
bridge Lion,” both of 1829; Hull’s steam-boat, 1739; Rumsey’s steam- 
boat, 1787; steamer “ F’. R. Stockton,” 1839; also, the original papers, 
signed by Louis X VI of France in 1791, granting a patent to John Fitch 
for steam-boat propellers. 

The systematic exhibit already referred to was supplemented by an 
independent series showing the early methods of transportation in the 
original Northwest Territory. This collection, as was expected, proved 
of special interest to the exposition visitors, a majority of whom were 
residents of Ohio and adjoining States. It included a model of the 
*‘Sandusky,” 1837—the first locomotive in the State of Ohio, and of the 
** Orleans,” 1812—the first steam-boat on the Ohio River. 

While numerous collections had previously been prepared to illus- 
trate the progress of one or another of the various systems of trans- 
portation, this was, so far as we know, the first attempt ever made to 
bring them all together, and to treat them systematically in one com- 
prehensive series. 

Much assistance was rendered by the Baltimore and Ohio, and Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad Companies, both of which furnished valuable collections 
showing the progress made on their respective lines; and by the officers 
of the Stevens Institute at Hoboken, N. J., who loaned various objects 
of historical interest and allowed photographs and models of others to 


be made. 
SECTION OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE. 


This exhibit was sent for the purpose of showing the various types 
of vessels of the world, especially those of North America. It was pre- 
pared by Capt. J. W. Collins, Curator of the Section of Naval Archi- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. ETS 


tecture, and was arranged in such a way as to direct attention to the 
improvements in vessels of modern times over those of earlier years. 
The exhibit consisted chietly of rigged models, builders’ models, and pict- 
ures. Itcontained many objects of historic interest which attracted much 
attention. The historical series began with the viking ship, dating back 
to 800 A. D., and included the famous Columbus fleet of 1492, the Car- 
rack of the Sixteenth century, the Spanish Galleon of the Sixteenth 
and Seventeenth centuries, the “Sally Constant” (the “Mayflower” of 
the Virginia Colony), the ** Mayflower” of 1620, and the “Cumberland”, 
sunk at Hampton Roads during the late war. The other series contained 
models of the kyack or skin-boat of the Eskimo, the various types of 
fishing vessels of different periods, the principal kinds of merchant ves- 
sels and other sailing craft, and both river and ocean steamers of mod- 
ern pattern. 


SECTION OF PHOTOGRAPHY, 


The photographic exhibit was prepared by Mr. T. W. Smillie, the 
photographer of the National Museum. The original plan was very 
comprehensive, the intention being to show, in so far as practicable, the 
origin and growth of the science, the various processes and appliances, 
the different uses of photography, and the literature of the subject; 
but the limited time remaining after the passage of the bill made it im- 
possible to fully carry out the scheme. The representation of origin 
and growth was therefore practically neglected, and the collection of 
appliances was of necessity somewhat limited, Mr. Smillie’s attention 
being devoted chiefly to showing the more important processes and the 
various uses of the science. The collection of apparatus included por- 
trait and landscape cameras of former years, both single and stereo- 
scopic, a complete daguerreotyper’s outfit, and a number of the more 
satisfactory portrait, enlarging, landscape, and detective cameras of the 
present day. The series of processes included the Daguerreotype, Tal- 
botype, albumen, collodion, and gelatine negative processes; also series 
showing samples of plain, albumen, bromide, and other silver prints, as 
well as prints by the platinum, carbon, uranium, asphalt, and the nu- 
merous iron processes. Enlarged prints by the use of whey, platinum, 
and bromide, the collodion transparency, and transferotypes on paper, 
canvas, and porcelain were also exhibited. 

In addition to the ordinary uses to which photography is applied, at- 
tention was directed to its great value in other directions. One series 
of photographs illustrated its use, in connection with the microscope, in 
the study of disease germs, embryology, lithology, mineralogy, ete.; and 
another in connection with the telescope, in making astral charts, in 
studying eclipses, stellar spectra, and the like. Examples were also 
displayed showing its value for other purposes, such as the study of 
botany, zodlogy, architecture, lam p flames, explosives, in the detection 
of criminals, in map and chart making, in recording the fluctuations in 


WZ REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


various scientific instruments, as thermometors, barometors, and mag- 
netic needles, in the study of special industries, in the illustration of 
of books, and as an aid to the artist and engraver. The literature of the 
science was represented by a series of photographs of the title-pages of 
more than three hundred books and pamphlets relating to photography. 
A small collection of photographs, forwarded by Mr. A. Howard Clark, 
curator of the section of personal and historical relies, was exhibited in 
this space. It consisted of a series of photographs of Washington and 
Grant relies in the possession of the Museum, and a collection of por- 
traits of men prominent in the various branches of science during the 
past three centuries. 
SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. 


This exhibit, prepared by Mr. 8. R. Koehler, Curator of the Section of 
Graphie Arts, was intended to illustrate the various methods employed 
in the preparation of blocks and plates for pictorial printing. It was 
divided into four groups as follows: 

(1) The various processes of engraving and printing from the begin- 
ning of the Sixteenth century to the present time, exclusive of the mod- 
ern photo-mechanical processes; (2) The history of wood-engraving in 
the United States; (3) The history of etching in the United States ; 
(4) The modern photo-mechanical processes. The first group contained 
prints illustrating all of the most important processes of this division, 
twenty-four in number, and in the case of the principal ones an attempt 
was made to give some idea of their history by the exhibition of care- 
fully selected series showing the progress made in several of the lead- 
ing countries including England, Germany, France, the Netherlands, 
and Italy, during different periods. 

As both wood-engraving and etching owe much of their present popu- 
larity to American artists either by nativity or adoption, and as the 
Exposition was largely for the purpose of showing the progress made 
in the arts and sciences, it was thought desirable to prepare extensive 
exbibits showing separately the growth of these processes in the United 
States. Considerable space was given to these collections in which 
specimens of the work of all prominent artists in either branch were 
displayed. The series of wood-engravings began with samples of the 
earliest work of Dr. Alexander Anderson, 1818, and included engrav- 
ings by no less than sixty different artists. The earliest etchings shown 
were those by Chapman in 1852, the bulk of the collection being made 
up of work executed within the past ten years. ‘ Special stress” says 
Mr. Koehler was “laid upon the painter etchings (#. e. original work), 
and the smaller reproductive plates made from about 1877 to about a 
year or two ago, while the large plates of a more commercial character 
which have appeared lately were represented only by a few selected 
specimens.” In this collection over fifty of the leading etchers of the 
country were represented, thirteen of them being women. 

The fourth group was devoted to the modern photo-mechanical proc- 


a 


PLATE IV. 


Report 


i 


“LIGIHXS4 NVINOSHLINS “AHdVYDOLOHd JO NOILOSS 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. lis 
esses which are playing so important a part in the pictorial printing of 
the present time. Photography proper, being a photo-chemical process 
in which the print is made by the action of the sun’s rays, was excluded, 
the exhibit being limited to those processes in which the printing-press 
is necessary to the manifolding of the picture, even though the block or 
plate may have been made wholly or in part by the chemical action of 
light. The various relief, photo-lithographic, zincographic, calographic, 
and intaglio processes were grouped separately, and an effort was made 
to show, by means of prints, the improvement made in each since its 
discovery ; though, as the processes are usually either wholly or in part 
secret, no attempt was made to illustrate the methods by which the 
blocks were produced. Mr. Koehler has prepared a detailed catalogue 
of the exhibit, in which the various processes are briefly described and 
much valuable information regarding their history is given. 


4. REVIEW OF THE EXHIBITS OF THE OTHER DEPARTMENTS OF THE 
GOVERNMENT. 


State Department.—The State Department exhibit was under the di- 
rection of Mr. Haughwout Howe. It was prepared for the purpose of 
illustrating the work of that Department. It contained many papers 
and other objects of great historical interest. The series of diplomatic 
papers included the letter addressed by Benjamin Franklin to the pre- 
mier of France in December, 1776 (this being the first official communi- 
cation ever sent toa foreign court by an officer of our Government) and 
many other equally interesting papers, among which were letters bear- 
ing the signature of many of the leading sovereigns of the world during 
the past century, and of almost every one now in power. The original 
treaty of 1782 with Great Britain, which secured to us our independence, 
was exhibited, as were also a number of other treaties with Great Britain, 
France, The Netherlands, and Turkey, each bearing the seal of its 
respective government, and a whale’s tooth sent asa treaty by the King 
of the Fiji Islands. There was also a complete series of portraits of 
the Presidents of the United States, and another of the Secretaries of 
State from the time of Jefferson; also photographs of the principal 
Government buildings of Washington, and of certain of our foreign 
offices, with maps showing the location of our diplomatic and consular 
stations in all parts of the world. To the above were added many 
interesting historical relics from the library of the department, series 
of medals awarded to the United States, to officers of the Army and 
Navy, and to private citizens, and a full set of the department publica- 
tions, including United States laws, diplomatic correspondence, foreign 
relations, consular reports, consular regulations, commercial relations, 
and reports on various expositions. 

War Department.—The exhibits of this Department, prepared by 
Capt. H. A. Russell, Bureau of Ordnance, assisted by Lieut. EK. 5. 
Benton, Third Artillery, were among the most interesting of the Govern- 


174 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


ment exhibits. They occupied a floor space of about 4,000 square feet 
in the eastern part of the south annex adjoining the space oceupied by 
the Navy Department. The collections were made up of materials 
obtained from different sources to show the various implements of war 
and the improvements in tic same during recent years. The older forms 
consisted chiefly of war relics from different parts of the world, the 
greater part of them being objects captured from, or surrendered by the 
enemy during the wars with Great Britain, Mexico, the various In- 
dian wars, and the War of the Rebellion. These were supplemented by 
a large series showing many of the older styles of weapons used by our 
own army during the earlier years of 1ts existence. The series of war 
relics contained a great variety of objects from all parts of the world, 
including spears, pikes, lances, bayonets, halberds, daggers, creeses, 
sabers, swords, scimeters, shields, armors, small-arms, and mounted 
and unmounted guns of various kinds. The collections showing the 
modern war implements were furnished in large part by the Bureau of 
Ordnance, and contained asufficient number of primitive forms to show 
the origin and development of many of the implements of the present 
day. The series of small-arms began with the old match-lock, which 
was in turn followed by the wheel-lock, flint-lock, pereussion-lock, and 
the breech-loading rifle. The series of larger guns contained mounted 
and unmounted specimens of various forms, including the muzzle- 
loading cannon, Napoleon gun, breech-loading steel field-piece, Gatling 
gun, volley gun, Krupp gun, Hotchkiss gun, and numerous other forms. 
There was also a large series of projectiles of various styles, a colleetion 
of fuses, and samples of the uniforms worn by soldiers of different rank 
in the various branches of the Army. 

Navy Department.—The Naval exhibits, prepared under the direction 
of Lieut. Richard Rush, assisted by Ensigns E. A. Clements and John 
Gibson, occupied about 4,750 square feet of floor-space fronting on the 
main aisle of the Government wing of the Park building, and extending 
backward for some distance into the south amnex. They consisted of 
separate collections forwarded by the Bureau of Ordnance, Bureau of 
Construction and Repairs, Bureau of Navigation (including the Hydro- 
graphic Office, Office of Compasses and Naval Observatory), and by the 
U.S. Naval Academy. 

The exhibit of the Bureau of Ordnance consisted of steel breech-load- 
ing rifle guns of various sizes, Parrot rifle gun with fittings, howitzers, 
Gatling guns, small-arms of different patterns, specimens of projectiles 
and fuses, and a fully equipped torpedo-boat. The Bureau of Construc- 
tion and Repair sent a very valuable collection of models of our largest 
and most modern war vessels, including several now building. The 
Bureau of Navigation exhibited a complete set of day and night siznals, 
and the flags of all nations. The Hydrographic Office forwarded a series 
of instruments used in its survey work, a portable observatory with the 
necessary equipment for the telegraphic determination of longitude, a 
collection illustrating the methods of chart construction from the first 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 175 


rough survey plottings to the completed chart, relief models in plaster 
showing the contour of the ocean-bed in various localities, and wind, 
current, thermal and other charts issued by this office as aids to navi- 
gation. The Office of Compasses sent a full set of mariner’s compasses 
and other instruments for determining magnetism. The Naval Observa- 
tory exhibited a complete outfit of apparatus for astronomical work, pho- 
tographs of the heavenly bodies, and a set of instruments and electric 
apparatus to illustrate the operations of the Observatory time system, 
and to show its relation to the various commercial interests of the coun- 
try. During the continuance of the Exposition this department, through 
its Washington office, operated a time-ball by means of which the cor- 
rect time was furnished daily. 

Treasury Department.—The exhibits of this Department were made 
up of separate collections by several bureaus, including the Depart- 
ment proper, the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Bureau of Print- 
ing and Engraving, and the Life-Saving Servite. The collective ex- 
hibit, which occupied an area of 4,250 square feet at the farther end 
of the south annex, was under the general direction of Maj. Herman 
Kretz, representative, assisted by Lieut. C. H. McClellan of the Life- 
Saving Service, and Capt. C. O. Boutelle and Dr. J. H. Clark of the 
Coast and Geodetic Survey. 

The exhibit of the Treasury proper consisted of a complete collection 
of portraits in oil of the Secretaries of the Treasury from the organiza- 
tion of the Department. The exhibit of the Coast and Geodetic Survey 
was composed in large part of the scientific instruments and other 
apparatus used in its magnetic, hydrographic, geodetic, and topographic 
work, with a full set of the maps, charts, and publications of the sur- 
vey, and a set of standard weights and measures, and of the weights 
and measures of the metric system. 

The Bureau of Printing and Engraving sent an exhibit illustrating 
the various kinds of work done by its employés, including the different 
styles of engraving, and samples of printing by both hand and steam 
presses. The objects selected for showing the processes were United 
States bonds varying in size from $100 to $50,000, currency notes and 
silver and gold certificates ranging from $1 to $10,000, internal rev- 
enue certificates and a collection of vignette portraits of two hundred 
of the leading American statesmen and inventors. 

The collections sent by the Life-Saving Service consisted of a care- 
fully selected series, illustrating by means of pictures, apparatus, and 
models, the methods employed by it in the saving of both life and prop- 
erty. It contained a complete station outfit, including self-bailing 
life-boat and carriage, cannon, projectile, shot-line, life-car, breeches- 
buoy, and a complete set of lines, ropes, blocks, and signals; also a 
beach wagon fully equipped for service, samples of the life-jackets and 
SWimming-suits worn by the crew, and statistical summaries of the 
work accomplished during the past few years. 


176 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Department of the Interior.—The exhibits of this Department occupied 
the east front of the park building and the eastern side of the north 
annex. They were made up of separate collections from the Patent 
Office, General Land Office, Census Office, Geological Survey, Bureau 
of Education, Indian Bureau, Railroad Bureau, and Pension Office. 
The representative of this Department was thelate Marcellus Gardner, 
who died after a brief illness while the exposition was still in progress, 
Prof. F. W. Clarke being designated as his successor. The bulk of the 
collections were sent by the Patent Office and the Geological Survey. 
The former sent upwards of two thousand five hundred models, which 
were arranged systematically by classes of inventions. Among the 
number were several of historic interest, including the original models 
of the Howe sewing-machine, the Morse electric telegraph, and the 
Whitney cotton-gin. This office also exhibited enlarged photographs 
of the public buildings of Washington, portraits of all ex-Commissioners 
of Patents, and of prominent inventors. The Geological Survey ex- 
hibited a series of interesting geological maps and relief models, an edu- 
cational series of rocks, and an extensive collection of specimens of rocks 
and minerals from Yellowstone Park; also sketches in water color 
illustrating the different kinds of erosion, and a large collection of both 
plain and colored photographic transparencies of natural scenery in dif- 
ferent parts of the country. The Land Office exhibited maps and charts 
of the United States, and paintings in oil relating to gold, silver, and 
coal mining and to oil-wells. The Bureau of Education sent collections 
to illustrate the methods employed in educational work among the 
Japanese, in schools for the blind in our own country, and the latest 
kitehen and kindergarten methods. It also sent models of ancient im- 
plements, portraits of ex-Commissioners and prominent American and 
foreign educators, with statistics of schools and colleges. The Indian 
Bureau forwarded a collection illustrating the methods employed by it 
in the education of Indian children at the Government schools, with 
samples of the work done by the pupils. The Census Office displayed, | 
by means of maps, the results of the Tenth Census of the United States; 
and the Railroad Bureau exhibited maps showing the development of 
our present railroad system, with photographs of the most noted rail- 
road bridges of the country. 

Department of Agriculture.—The exhibits of this Department oceu- 
pied about 4,000 square feet of space fronting on the main aisle of the 
Government wing of the Park building, opposite the Post-Office exhibit, 
and extending back a short distance into the northern annex. They 
consisted of separate collections prepared by several bureaus of the De- 
partment under the general direction of Mr. William Saunders, repre- 
sentative. The Botanical Division sent about two hundred species of 
grasses, all carefully identified, with the locality from which they came, 
and other information regarding them. ‘The Forestry Division exhib- 
ited sections of the wood of about one hundred of the commercially im- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. hay Gt ( 


portant forest trees of the United States, with samples of their seeds, 
These were accompanied by maps showing the location of forests, prai- 
ries and other treeless regions of the country, and the farmer’s interest 
in forest property. The same division sent a series of photographs 
illustrating the effects of deforestation, another to show the methods 
adopted in France for restoring the forests, and a third to direct atten- 
tion to the results of tree planting in the city of Washington. The 
Pomological Division sent a series of colored drawings of the principal 
American and English fruits. The Mycological Division prepared a 
collection to show the various diseases of plants and the methods of 
treating them. The Ornithological Division sent a very interesting col- 
lection of the birds which are either directly or indirectly beneficial or 
injurious to agriculture, with a list of the various animals and plants 
upon which they feed. The Division of Animal Industries forwarded 
specimens illustrating the diseases of animals, their distribution, and 
the apparatus and methods employed in their study and treatment. 
The Chemical Division established a laboratory for practical work in 
agricultural chemistry, under the supervision of Mr. G. L. Spencer, who 
was in attendance at the Exposition to explain the details of the various 
methods. The Statistical Division sent several series of maps and 
charts to show, first, the distribution of the different food plants and 
other plants of economic interest; second, the area devoted to the cul- 
tivation of each, with statistics of production at different periods; third, 
the effect of price upon production; and fourth, the yearly export of 
agricultural products to different countries. 

Post- Office Department.—The exhibits of this Department occupied 
about 2,500 square feet in the east wing of the Park building at the end 
adjoining the central fountain. They were prepared under the direction 
of Maj. R. D. 8. Tyler, representative of the Department. The main 
feature of the exhibit was a working post-oftice, complete in every par- 
ticular, which, through the co-operation of the postmaster at Cincin- 
nati, supplied the necessary mail facilities for the Exposition. Adjoin- 
ing this was an exhibit consisting of objects, models, and pictures 
illustrating the work of the several branches of the postal service. 
These included representations of the various methods of carrying the 
mails, such as the mounted carrier, sled, stage-coach, postal-car, and 
both river and ocean steamers, maps showing the post routes with the 
frequency of service and the location of the various offices, photographs 
of the principal post-office buildings of the United States and of several 
European countries, portraits of the leading post-office officials, copies 
of postmasters’ appointments, and the uniforms worn by post-office 
employés of this and other countries. It contained also publications 
relating to the history and growth of the postal service, copies of postal 
treaties, collections of stamps, both domestic and foreign, samples of 
American and international postal cards, postal notes, and money- 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——12 


178 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


orders, historical series of stamping tools, mail-bags, letter-boxes, locks, 
and other articles. There was also an exhibit showing the work of the 
Dead-Letter Office, and, in addition, full statistics of the work of the 
Post-Office Department in its various branches. A very interesting 
addition to the exhibit was a machine for the manufacture of stamped 
envelopes, forwarded and operated by the owners. This machine au- 
tomatically gummed, stamped, folded, counted, and bunched envelopes 
at the rate of about 4,500 per hour. 

Department of Justice.—The exhibits of this Department occupied 
about 750 square feet of floor space to the right of the Department of 
State in the south annex. They were under the direction of Col. Cecil 
Clay, representative, who prepared several series of pictures.to illus- 
trate the work of the Department. One of the features of the exhibit 
was a collection of large portraits in oil of all the Attorneys-General 
from the establishment of the Government. Another series of pictures 
showed the principal court buildings, with a list of the court oflicers in 
each judicial district, statistics of the work of the United States courts 
from 1883 to 1887, inclusive, and statistics of the legal business of the 
United States Supreme Court and the Court of Claims. A full set of 
the publications of the Department was also exhibited. 

The United States Fish Commission.—A very popular and instructive 
display was made by this Department under the direction of Capt. J. 
W. Collins and Dr. T. H. Bean. It occupied a space of about 3,000 
square feet at the extreme end of the north annex. The exhibit con- 
sisted of collections illustrating the methods employed by the Commis- 
sion in its scientific investigations, in its fish-cultural work, and in its 
study of the commercial fisheries. One of the most attractive features 
was a series of aquaria containing live fishes and other aquatic animals 
and plants. Among the fishes were many of the economic species of 
the Ohio River basin and a number of interesting forms from other 

parts of the country. The Division of Scientific Inquiry was repre- 
sented by photographs of its zoological stations, models of its vessels 
for exploration, and by samples of its apparatus for biological and phys- 
ical research, such as nets, dredges, sounding apparatus, thermometers, 
etc. It also exhibited a large series of marine animals from various 
localities and different depths. The Division of Fish-culture showed, 
by means of models, the method adopted by the Commission in taking 
the eggs from the parent fish for purposes of artificial propagation, and 
by apparatus supplied with live eggs of different species the methods 
employed in hatching them and in rearing the fry. This exhibit was 
supplemented by a complete fish-cultural outfit, including apparatus 
for collecting and transporting the eggs, hatching-troughs, boxes and 
jars suitable for developing eggs of the various species, models of cars 
and samples of tanks, cans, and pails used in the transportation of fry, 
rearing and feeding troughs, samples of fish-food, and models and pho- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 179 


tographs of the more important fish-cultural stations. The Division 
of Fisheries exhibited plaster casts of all of the principal food fishes, 
papier-maché casts of the porpoises, the oil and bone whales, specimens 
of the edible mollusks of the country, and maps showing the distribu- 
tion of the fishes of greatest commercial importance. It also sent pho- 
tographs of fishermen engaged in different branches of the sea and river 
fisheries, as well as pictures of their homes and villages, and, in addition, 
a series of pictures showing the various forms of fishing-vessels and 
boats, and the apparatus and methods employed in the cod, halibut, 
herring, mackerel, and other fisheries, and statistical charts showing 
the yield in different years. 


APPENDIX B. 


REPORT UPON THE EXHIBIT OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, INCLUDING THE UNITED 
STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, AT THE CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION, MARIETTA, OHIO, JULY 
16 TO 21, 1885. 


Bevis Win Coxe 


The Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum participated 
in the Centennial Exposition at Marietta, in conformity with the Pres- 
ident’s order of July 11, 1888, which permitted the head of any Depart- 
ment to send such exhibits to Marietta, as, in his discretion, it was 
proper and expedient to remove. 

The executive order, together with a letter from the Hon. John Eaton, 
former Commissioner of Education, and Public Resolution No. 26, are 
given herewith. 

EXECUTIVE MANSION, July 11, 1888. 

The action of the State Department, as indicated in the extract from the order 
issued by the said Department submitted to me, is approved to the extent of permit- 
ting the head of any Department to determine what, if any, of the exhibits from his 
Department should be sent to Marietta, pursuant to the provisions of the act, and to 
cause the removal of the same to Marietta, in charge of some careful and discreet 
person, if the appropriation allowed his Department is sufficient, and if in the discre- 
tion of the head of said Department such removal is proper and expedient. 

GROVER CLEVELAND. 


WASHINGTON, D. C., July 11, 1888. 
Srr.—I have the henor to invite your attention to the provision in the act relating 
to the Exhibition in Cincinnati, placing within your discretion the approval of an 
exhibit of certain articles at Marietta, Ohio, during the Centennial celebration 
there. The time for the Exhibition is short, only a few days now intervening. 
Would it be in accordance with your judgment to provide the action of the State 
Department already taken for the guidance of the other Departments in the exer- 
cise of the discretion committed to you by law? 
Very respectfully, your most obedient servant, 
JOHN EATON. 
The PRESIDENT. 
180 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 181 


{Public Resolution No. 26.) 
JOINT RESOLUTION declaring the true intent and meaning of the act approved May 28, 1888. 


Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in 
Congress assembled, That it is the true intent and meaning of the act of Congress ap- 
proved May 28, 1888, by the President of the United States, entitled “An act making 
appropriation to enable the several Executive Departments of the Government, and 
the Bureau of Agriculture, and the Smithsonian Institution, including the National 
Museum and the Commission of Fish and Fisheries, to participate in the Centennial 
Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States, to be held ati Cincinnati, Ohio, 
from July 4 to October 7, 1888,” that the President of the United States may, in his 
discretion, make an order directing that any documents, papers, maps, not original, 
books, or other exhibits which properly and pertinently relate to the establish- 
ment of civil government in the territory northwest of the Ohio River, may be sent 
upon an Executive order from any of the several Departments in said act named, or 
from the exhibits now at Cincinnati; and that the appropriation of money in said 
act to defray the expenses of such exhibits may be made applicable, in so far as the 
President of the United States may direct, to the payment of the expenses of the care 
and transportation to and return of such exhibits from Marietta ; and the same shall 
be paid from such fund heretofore set apart for each Department, as the President 
may order. Nor shall anything in thisact be so construed as to prevent the purchase 
of suitable materials and the employment of proper persons to complete or modify 
series of objects and classes of specimens, when, in the judgment of the head of any 
Department, such purchase or employment, or both, is necessary in the proper prep- 
aration and conduct of an exhibit. Nor to authorize the removal from their places 
of deposit in Washington of any original paper or document, or laws or ordinances 
whatever. 

Approved, July 16, 1888. 


Owing to the absence in Europe of Professor Langley, the secretary 
of the Smithsonian Institution, Mr. G. Brown Goode, the acting secre- 
tary and representative to the Exposition, was unable to leave his 
official post in Washington. I was therefore delegated to represent 
Professor Goode at the Marietta Centennial Exposition. 

The executive order permitting the sending of exhibits to Marietta 
was not received until noon of July 14, the day before the opening of 
the Centennial, and at 9.40 p. m. of that day, I, together with Mr. Paul 
Brockett, took the first express train at Washington, with thirty-one 
boxes, containing 7,327 pounds of exhibits in charge. 

Arriving about noon of the 15th, these exhibits were conveyed to 
the City Hall, and by 2.30 a. m. the following day, the centennial 
anniversary of the inauguration at Marietta of General St. Clair as 
the governor of the “ Northwest Territory,” the display of the Smith- 
sonian Institution and the National Museum was in order and ready 
for examination. 

It was thought that students of Marietta and the archeologists would 
be interested in a collection illustrative of the arts of the Haida Indians 
of Queen Charlotte Archipelago, British America, as these Indians are 
in the same condition of culture as the builders of the earthworks at 
Marietta, and so, to give a general idea of the arts of the ancient mound- 


7 


182 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


builders, a collection composed of the following objects was brought 
from the National Museum. 


Haida boxes. Ammunition bag. Medicine-man’s clapper. 
Carved canes. [Lorn spoon. Whale-oil dish. 

Slate totem posts. Gambling sticks. Food dish. 

Stone knife. Baskets. Carved images. . 

Slate knives. Carved dishes. Carved masks. 

Slate plate. Carved wooden Spoon. Model of Haida house. 
Carved slate box. Carved horn spoons. Model of Haida boat. 

Slate dish. Rattles. Mask. 

Carved war club. Wooden dipper. Stone maul. 

Horn dishes. Mask, Bilhula. Stone maul-head. 

Carved dipper. Fish hook. Bottle covered with woven 
Painted hat. Wooden spoon. grass. 

Chief’s wooden hat. Wooden fork. Unit boxes of Haida carv- 
Stone pipe. Papoose cradle. ings, dishes, etc. 


One of the original Audubon plates, from which was printed “ Birds 
of North America,” was exhibited, as were also eighteen lithographs 
from Goode and Kilbourne’s work, “‘The Game Fishes of the United 
States.” These lithographs, the list of which is appended, were greatly 
admired : 


Grayling, Thymallus tricolor. Brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. 

Perch, Perca americana. Blue-fish, Pomatomus saltator. 

Weaktish, Cynoscion regale. Sheep’s-head, <Archosargus probatoceph- 
Red snapper, Lutjanus blackfordt. alus. 

Sea bass, Serranus atrarius. Pompano, Trachynotus carolinus. 

Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush. Rockfish, Roccus lineatus. 

Salmon, Salmo salar. Spanish mackerel, Scomberomorus macula- 
King-fish, Menticirrus nebulosus. tus. - 
Mackerel, Scomber scombrus. Channel bass, Sciwnops ocellata. 

Bonito, Sarda sarda. California salmon, Onchorynchus chowicha. 


The following medals, made of copper at the mint from the original 
dies, were on exhibition. These medals are of great historic interest, 
the originals, of gold and silver, having been struck by order of Con- 
gress in commemoration of national events, or in recognition of heroic 
actions in the history of our country, thus furnishing an enduring 
record, and a means of familiarizing future generations with the feat- 
ures of American heroes of every class of events, military, naval, civil, 
and scientific. 

MILITARY AND NAVAL MEDALS. 


General Washington, siege of Boston. Col. George Croghan, Fort Stephenson. 
General Gates, Saratoga. General Harrison, the Thames. 

Maj. Harry Lee, Powles Hook. Governor Isaac Shelby, the Thames. 
General Morgan, Cowpens. General Winfield Scott, Chippewa and 
Col. J. E. Howard, Cowpens. Niagara. 

Col. De Fleury, Stony Point. Capt. Stephen Decatur, naval victory. 
Capt. Paul Jones, naval victory. Captain Bainbridge, naval victory. 
Captain Truxton, naval victory. Capt. Jacob Jones, naval victory. 

Capt. Isaac Hull, naval victory. Captain Lawrence, naval victory. 
Commodore Preble, naval victory. General P. B. Porter, Chippewa, Niagara, 
Col. W. A. Washington, Cowpens. Erie, 


REPORT OF 
General Jacob Brown, Chippewa, Niag- 
ara, Erie. 
General James Miller, Chippewa, Niag- 
ara, Erie. 
General E. W. Ripley, Chippewa, Niag- 
ara, Erie. 
Lieut. E. R. McCall, naval victory. 
Capt. O. H. Perry, Lake Erie (three med- 
als). ° 
General Jackson, New Orleans. 
Lieutenant Burrows, naval victory. 
General Zachary Taylor (three medals), 

Monterey, Buena Vista, Rio Grande. 
Capt. J. D. Elliott, Lake Erie. 


ASSISTANT 


SECRETARY. 183 

Capt. Warrington, naval victory. 

Capt. Blakely, naval victory. 

Captain Macdonough, Lake Champlain. 

General Winfield Scott (two medals), 
Mexico. 

General Ulysses 8. Grant, Fort Donelson, 
Vicksburg, Chattanooga. 

General Alex. Macomb, Plattsburg. 

Capt. R. Henley, Lake Champlain. 

Lieutenant Cassin, Lake Champlain. 

Capt. J. Biddle, naval victory. 

Capt. C. Stewart, naval victory. 

General E. P. Gaines, Lake Erie. 


MISCELLANEOUS MEDALS. 


Diplomatic medal. 

Loss of brig Somers. 

Wreck of steam-ship San Francisco. 

Commander D. N. Ingraham, release of 
Coszta. 

Two shipwreck medals. 

Japanese embassy. 

Dr. Fred. Rose, heroic conduct. 

Colonel Armstrong, Kittanning. 

Cornelius Vanderbilt, patriotism. 

John Horn, jr., heroic conduct. 

G. F. Robinson, heroic conduct. 

Commodore M.C.Perry,treaty with Japan. 

Loss of steam-ship Metis. 

Emancipation proclamation. 

Prof. Louis Agassiz, scientific medal. 

Coast survey. 

Pacific Railway, the oceans united. 

‘‘Let us have Peace,” U.S. Grant. 

Cyrus W. Field, completion of Atlantic 
cable. 


President J. Adams, Indian peace medal. 
President Thomas Jefferson, Indian peace 
medal. 
President Madison, Indian peace medal. 
President Monroe, Indian peace medal. 
President J. Q. Adams, Indian peace 
medal. 
President Jackson, Indian peace medal. 
President Van Buren, Indian peace medal. 
President Tyler, Indian peace medal. 
President Polk, Indian peace medal. 
President Taylor, Indian peace medal. 


President Fillmore, Indian peace medal. 


President Pierce, Indian peace medal. 
President Buchanan, Indian peace medal. 
President Lincoln, Indian peace medal. 
President Johnson, Indian peace medal. 
President Grant, Indian peace medal. 
President Hayes, Indian peace medal. 
President Garfield, Indian peace medal. 
President Arthur, Indian peace medal. 


A large survey map, which showed the geological formation of North 


America through the area of the United States, was exhibited, as were 
also fine photographs of the Smithsonian Institution, National Mu- 
seum, State, War, and Navy Departments, Patent Office, and Execu- 
tive Mansion. These photographs were enlargements, 45 by 7 feet in 
size, made by the photographer of the National Museum, by means of 
the electric light, and are among the largest ever made. 

Many autotypes of pictures by the old masters, and by the most 
famous modern painters, were shown on the walls of the exposition 
room. These pictures, the list of which is given here, were constantly 
surrounded by appreciative groups. 


Group of ects etiecapyin: 
Procession of Saints, ra Angelico. 
The Crucifixion, Fra Angelico. 
Pieta, Van der Weyden. 


The Virgin and St. Elizabeth, Lippi. 

St. Michael, Perugino. 

St. Bernard and the Virgin, Perugino, 
Infant Jesus, Virgin and Saints, Perugino. 


184 


The London Madonna, Perugino. 

The Coronation of the Virgin, Botticelli. 

Portrait, Francia. 

The Nativity, Memling. 

Christ preaching tothe Apostles, Leonardo 
da Vinci. 

A portrait, Leonardo da Vinci. 

Virgin and Child, Albertinelli. 

The Erythrean Sibyl, Michael Angelo. 

The Delphic Sibyl, Michael Angelo. 

The Prophet Jeremiah, Michael Angelo. 

The Prophet Zacharias, Michae! Angelo. 

Four Frescoes from the Sistine Chapel, 
Michael Angelo. 

The Manchester Madonna, Michael An- 
gelo. 

Entombment of Christ, Titian. 

The Virgin with a Rabbit, Titian. 

St. Sebastian, Sodoma-Bazzi. 

The Sistine Madonna, Raphael. 

Madonna della Sedia, Raphael. 

The Miraculous Draught of Fishes, Raph- 
ael. 

Dispute Concerning the Sacrament, Raph- 
ael. 

La belle Jardiniére, Raphael. 

Holy Family, with Catharine, Elizabeth, 
and the Infant Jesus, Andrea del Sarto. 

The Madonna of St. Francis, Andrea del 
Sarto. 

Innocence, Romano. 

Ecce Homo, Correggio. 

Die heilige Nacht, Correggio. 

Picture from the Exposition du Palais 
Bourbon, Palma. 

Descent from the Cross, Carracci. 

Nude figure seated, Carracci. 

The Annunciation, Guido Reni. 

Deianira and Nessus, Guido Reni. 

The Little Princess, Moreelse. 

Descent fiom the Cross, Rubens. 

Henri IV installing Marie de Medici as 
Regent, Rubens. 

The Triumph of Youth, Rubens. 

The Rape of Antiopa, Rubens. 

Fish Woman, Hals. 

Saint Cecelia, Domenichino. 

Victorious Love, Domenichino. 

Theseus finding his father’s sword, Pous- 
sin. 

Madonna, Van Dyck. 


. . > . . . id 
The composition of the human body, its daily income and expend- 
iture, and casts, in plaster, of the articles of food ordinarily used as a 
day’s rations, were shown, as well as specimens of the different chemi- 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Portrait, Van Dyck. 

The Good Shepherd, Champaigne. 

The Three Ages of Man, Sassoferrato. 

The Abbess, Rembrandt. 

Portrait of Himself, Rembrandt. 

The Temptation of St. Anthony, Teniers. 

Village Festival, Teniers. 

Old Woman at a Window, Gerard Dow. 

Winter Scene in Holland, Van Ostade. 

War, Salvator Rosa. 

Christ appearing before Mary Magdalene, 
Le Sueur. f 

The Field, Potter. 

Group of Sheep, Potter. 

Cows and Sheep, Potter. 

Wandering Musician, Jan Steen. 

Study from Nature, Metzu. 

A Dead Calm, Van de Velde. 

Marine View, Van de Velde. 

Louis XIV, Rigaud. 

“Gilles” or ‘‘ Pierrot,” Watteau. 

The Chocolate Girl, Liotard. 

Pastoral Subject, Boucher. 

The Village Groom, Greuze. 

A Portrait, Greuze. 

Portrait of M. Rabuti, Greuze. : 

Picture from the Musée du Louvre,Greuze, 

The Horatii, David. 

Madame Recamier, David. 

The Marquise d’Orvilliers, David. 

Portrait of the Artist and her Daughter, 
Vigée Le Brun. 

The Burial of Attala, Girodet. 

Daphnis and Chloe, Gerard. 

CEdipus and the Sphinx, Ingres. 

Joan of Arc, Ingres. 

Arab Hunter, Vernet. 

The Wreck of the Medusa, Gericault. 


Willows at Marseilles, near Beauvais, 
Corot. 

The Princes in the ‘Tower, Paul Dela- 
roche. 

The Forest at Fontainebleau, Sunset, 
Rousseau. 

The Shore at Antibes, Meissonier, 

Napoleon, Meissonier. 


A Shepherd, Millet. 

| The Reaper’s Repast, Bida. 

| The Return of the Gleaners, Breton, 
| Tobit and the Angel, Doré. 


ee 


pea *& 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 185 


cal elements and compounds of the body, so far as possible to science 
to obtain or represent them. ‘This exhibit, which is explained by the 
accompanying list of objects Shown, and by copies of the large descrip- 
tive labels, attracted perhaps more attention than any other sent by 
the Museum, curious and interested crowds being seen at all times ex- 
amining it. 

In addition to the collections from Washington, Mr. J. E. Watkins, 
Curator of the Department of Transportation in the National Museum, 
who was in attendance at the Cincinnati Exposition, was telegraphed 
to bring from his department at that Exposition such models, engrav- 
ings, and paintings as could be spared, illustrative of the methods of 
transportation adopted by the early settlers in America, and of the 
early navigation of the Ohio River, together with the means of reach- 
ing the Ohio Valley from the sea-board, from aboriginal times to the 
introduction of the locomotive. 

This exhibit, which was placed in the center of the hall and directly 
in front of the entrance, proved very attractive, so much so, in fact, 
that it was found necessary to protect it with a railing from eager but 
not unfriendly hands, that frequently took the birch-bark canoe on im- 
promptu journeys around the room, and sometimes tried to set the ma- 
chinery to work in the models of the antiquated steam-boats on exhibi- 
tion. 

The transportation exhibit may be briefly described as follows : 

(1) Type of birch-bark canoe used on the Ohio River by the Indians. 

(2) Engraving of ship Sally Constant, which brought the first settlers 
in Virginia to Jamestown, among whom were many of the ancestors 
of the pioneers of the ‘‘ Northwest Territory.” 

(3) Boat similar in construction to that built by Captain Devoll in 
1787, and known as the Mayflower of the Ohio. Captain Devoll having 
been a constructor of whaling ships in Massachusetts, the lines of the 
hull are similar to boats of that time constructed in the east. 

(4) The Orleans, 1812, the first steam-boat on the Ohio River; con- 
structed in 1811 at Pittsburgh. Fulton and Livingstone, having met 
with success in introducing the steam-boat on the Hudson, four years 
later transferred their sphere of labor to the western waters. This boat 
was on her way to New Orleans during the earthquake of 1812, and, 
reaching there safely, contiaued to run between that point and Natchez 
until July 14, 1814, when she was sunk off Baton Rouge. Her ma- 
chinery, however, was saved, and with a new boiler was transferred to 
another boat, which was called the New Orleans. 

The Baltimore and Ohio Railway in 1828 began to lay its tracks from 
Baltimore toward the Ohio River. The steam locomotive at that time 
was not in successful operation, and many experiments were mede in 
the construction of cars and in the application of power. Models illus- 
trating these experiments were also shown. 

(5) Closed passenger-car with weather-boarded sides, and windows 
Similar to those in dwelling-houses; built to be drawn by horses. 


7 


186 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1886. 


(6) Double-deck, stage-body car, also to be drawn by horses. 

(7) Horse-power tread-mill car. This car was driven at the rate of 12 
miles per hour by a single horse in the tread-mill, which was geared to 
the wheels by a band. 

(8) Sail-car, with which experiments were made with a view to utilize 
the power of the wind, as in boats. 

(9) First car drawn by a locomotive on the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
way. 

(10) Engraving of first train of cars drawn by a locomotive in the 
State of New York, on the line of communication between Boston and 
New York. 

(11) Engraving of the first passenger-car on the Camden and Amboy 
Railway; used on the route from New York to Philadelphia. 

(12) Model of canal packet-boat; used on the Pennsylvania Canal on 
the through route from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. 

(13) Model of canoe used by the Haida Indians. 

(14) Indian of the Northwest returning from the hunt with a bunch 
of ptarmigan. The full-sized figure illustrates the manner in which 
snow-shoes are used to aid individual movement. 

In the Exposition Hall, besides the exhibits sent by the Smithsonian 
Institution and the National Museum, was the interesting display of 
the State Department. This embraced copies of the most important 
treaties made by the United States, a faec-simile of the Declaration of 
Independence, photographs of several historical pictures of much in- 
terest, and pictures of most of the Presidents of the United States. 

Tne U.S. Geological Survey had an attractive exhibit of photographs 
and transparencies, one of the finest of the latter being a view of the 
Grand Canon of Colorado, looking west. The photographs of dwellings 
in the Zuni villages, showing the mode of entrance to the houses, and 
giving an accurate idea of many features in the life of a people just now 
the object of so much interesting ears attracted the attention of 
ethnologists and others. 

In the armory bailding of Marietta the roan display proper was to 
be seen. Here one could find relics of the mound-builders and of the 
Indian tribes who disappeared at the coming of the white man. Then 
there were precious heirlooms of the first families of the Northwest ter- 
ritory, in the shape of antique furniture, clocks, books, deeds, pictures, 
needle-work, old china, silver, pewter, spinning-wheels, and watebes. 

There were Washington relics, there were La Fayette relics, there 
were many articles that had belonged to General Israel Putnam, and 
to his grandson, the Israel Putnam who was one of the pioneers of Ohio, 
and there were relics of many other of Ohio’s most distinguished chil- 
dren, civil and military; there were also many articles that had been 
the property of Burr and of Blennerhassett. The historian and the 
relic hunter alike were attracted by this remarkable collection. 


APPENDIX C. 


BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF JAMES STEVENSON. 


James Stevenson was born in Maysville, Ky., December 24, 1840. 
His father, who settled in Kentucky early in the century, was a Vir- 
ginian, and, it is believed, probably of that hardy Scotch-Irish family 
of Indian fighters and riflemen to which belonged Col. Hugh Steven- 
son, of the Berkeley Riflemen, and his brothers, Col. Richard and 
Col. Valentine Stevenson, all soldiers of the Revolution. He was 
a vigorous, active boy, and at an early period showed an enthusiasm 
to explore the Rocky Mountain region and to see the Indian in his 
home. He read all the books of travel and adventure he could borrow, 
and at the age of thirteen he ran away from home and joined a party 
of the Hudson Bay Fur Company’s traders, bound up the Missouri 
River. Dr. F. V. Hayden was a passenger on the same packet, on his 
way to explore the fossiliferous regions of the Upper Missouri and Yel- 
lowstone. He noticed that Stevenson had taste for natural history, 
and invited him to join him in his work. 

The boy showed tireless energy in collecting objects of natural his- 
tory and ethnology along the buttes, mesas, and river benches of the 
Mauvaises Terres, and in time became an explorer of intrepid courage 
and indefatigable zeal. 

He remained in the region of the Upper Missouri and the Yellowstone 
mouth for three years, and became acquainted with the Crows, Black- 
feet, Gros Ventres, and other Indians, up to that time little changed by 
intercourse with white men, and acquired a knowledge of their customs 
and characteristics. 

In 1857 the Pacific Railroad surveys of the Government having been 
fairly begun, Stevenson, still an assistant of Professor Hayden, was 
attached to Lieut. G. K. Warren’s party, and subsequently to that of 


Lieut. F. W. Reynolds. At this time he made a useful collection of 
fossil mammals and reptiles, and another illustrating the zoology and 


botany of the ‘‘ Bad Lands.” ‘The labor and exposure incident to ex- 
ploration at that time can not be properly appreciated in these days 
of rapid and luxurious travel. 

In 1861 James Stevenson enlisted as a private soldier in the Thir- 
teenth Regiment, New York Volunteers, and remained in the service 
until 1865. He took part in all the heavy battles of the Army of the 

187 


188 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Potomac and won an officer’s commission. After the war he again 
joined Professor Hayden in his exploration of the Upper Missouri, 
under the auspices of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. 

Soon after the return of peace, the Pacific Railroad project was taken 
up by Congress. Among the Western members of the House who be- 
came its advocates was General John A. Logan, who took the lead in 
combating the statement that the Territories had no coal. He main- 
tained that coal existed in abundance, and that it could be located by a 
proper geological survey of the region. Stevenson was his principal 
authority for his statements, and urged upon him the necessity for such 
surveying works. After consultation with Professor Baird, General 
Logan, in the winter of 1867, proposed an amendment to the sundry 
civil bill authorizing the organization of a geological survey under the 
direction of Professor Hayden, and by a vigorous effort secured its 
passage. 

The legislation of 1867 was the beginning of the geological and geo- 
graphical survey of the Territories. Stevenson was made the executive 
officer of the new organization, and retained this position during its 
entire existence. 

His tastes were rather toward ethnology than geology, and his win- 
ters among the Blackfoot and Sioux Indians were occupied in part in 
studying their customs and their dialects. 

From 1868 to 1878 he took part in al! the adventures of the Hayden 
survey; with it he explored almost all of the Territories, and hada 
share in bringing to light the hidden marvels of Yellowstone Park, and 
in urging its retention as a public reservation. He followed the great 
rivers of the continent to their sources, and discovered a new path 
across the Rocky Mountains. He ascended the Great Teton, and veri- 
fied an Indian tradition of the presence of a stone altar upon its top. 

His frontier experience fitted him for understanding thoroughly the 
requirements of explorers in the field. He was a good judge of char- 
acter and showed much tact in planning and expediting the operations 
of the mixed trains engaged in the survey work. He led working par- 
ties of experts trained in topography, geology, and natural history over 
the unexplored regions of Nebraska, Colorado, New Mexico, Montana, 
Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and Dakota.* 

When the various geological and geographical surveys were consol- 
idated in 1879, Mr. Stevenson became associated with the operations 
of the Bureau of Ethnology, under Major Powell, and continued his 
- investigations of the Indians. When Clarence King resigned the direct- 
orship of the new geological survey and Major Powell was selected to 
succeed him, Mr. Stevenson was appointed the executive officer of the 
latter organization. In this new trust the had charge of outfitting and 


* His work was chiefly in the following regions: 185153, Upper Missouri. 1859- 
60, Wyoming and Montana (then Nebraska), with Reynolds. 1866, Bad Lands in 
Dakota, with Hayden, 1867, Nebraska, with Hayden. 1868, Wyoming,-with Hay- 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 189 


supplying its parties in the field and of its business operations in the 
East. His relations with the members of both Houses of Congress, dur- 
ing the many years he appeared before that body in the interests of the 
U.S. Geological Survey and other scientific organizations, were always 
pleasant, and the members of Congress, of both parties, had faith in 
his integrity. Senator Edmunds once declared on the floor of the 
Senate, when some Senator proposed a reduction in the salaries of the 
director and executive officer of the Geological Survey, that Mr. Steven- 
son was ‘one of the best workers in the world.” 

In 1879 he began the exploration of the prehistoric cliff and cave 
dwellings of Arizona and New Mexico, unearthing an extended series 
of buried ruins and making a large invaluable collection of ancient 
pottery, costumes, weapons, and ceremonial and industrial utensils, 
now in the National Museum. He made a study of the religious prac- 
tices of the Zuni tribe of Indians and the history and folk lore of the 
Navajos and the Moquis. In this latter work he had a faithful assist- 
ant in Mrs. Stevenson, who made an especial study of the domestic 
and religious side of the Indian character. It was a source of regret 
to Mr. Stevenson that his duties with the Survey prevented him from 
completely publishing the investigation he had planned, and it remains 
for his widow to complete for publication the results of the work which 
they began together. 

In 1886, while exploring some of the highest mesas of Arizona and 
New Mexico, he was attacked by that singular disease of those regions 
known as “mountain fever,” from which he partially recovered after 
his return to the East. In spite of the remonstrances of his friends he 
spent the season of 1887 among the ruins in the Tewan Mountains of 
New Mexico and at the pueblo of Sia, where he found a rich field for 
study. He discovered that the Sia, like the Moki, hold ceremonials 
with the rattlesnake (a secret most jealously guarded by these Indians), 
and he succeeded in obtaining one of the ancient vases in which the 
snakes are each year gathered. His collection of idols and fetishes 
from Sia is the rarest yet obtained from any pueblo. 

When he came East in November he was suffering from valvular 
heart trouble, and, after a brave fight for life, died in New York City 
July 25, 1888. 

The full story of his useful life would fill a book. His resources 
when leading a party through a wild district were limitless, and he was 
always ready to meet, by quick action and apt understanding, any acci- 
dent or miscarriage in the field. One of his associates tells the follow- 
ing incident, which illustrates the readiness of his faculties: 


den. 1869, Colorado and New Mexico, with Hayden. 1870, Wyoming and Utah, 
with Hayden. 1871, parts of Utah, Idaho, Montana, and Yellowstone Park. 1872, 
parts of Idaho, Wyoming, and Yellowstone Park. 1873-76, Colorado, under Hayden, 
1877, Wyoming and Utah, with Hayden. 187s, Yellowstone National Park, with 
Hayden, 1879~87, among the Navajos and Pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona and 
Mission Ii.dians of Southern California, under Major Powell. 


ii 


190 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


In July, 1871, the Hayden survey reached the shores of the Yellowstone Lake, and 
as it came into camp for the first time on its banks, the beautiful sheet of water 
courted navigation. No provision whatever had been made for building a boat—the 
thought had not entered the minds of Dr. Hayden or Mr. Stevenson when they out- 
fitted for the exploration, and nothing therefore was taken into the luggage of the 
party and its pack-train for such a contingency. As the members of the party gazed 
with delighted eyes upon the broad expanse of this big mountain lake, a general 
desire to sail out to the islands upon its waters was loudly expressed, coupled with 
regret that no fit means for so doing was available, rafting being wholly inadequate. 
Stevenson said nothing, but quietly took the cook’s axe, called two of the packers 
and went with them into a thicket of young birch and spruce trees, where he speed- 
ily trimmed out the ribs and gunwales of a double-ended and skiff-shaped boat. He 
lashed these into place and then took one of the cargo covers—a large square sheet 
of heavy canvas—with which he neatly covered this rude frame. A small mast was 
stepped, and a pair of oars adjusted as they were hewn out, together with a large 
steering sweep. He began this work about 2 o’clock in the afternoon; just before 
nightfall or dark (about 9 o’clock then and at that place) the little boat, some 13 feet 
in length, was launched, and Mr. Stevenson pushed out from the shore for a brief 
trial trip. The boat was a perfect success, and by its aid a complete hydrographic 
survey was made before the party left that region. 


In ways like this he overcame the many-unforeseen obstacles which 
arise in the path of a scientific exploring party. Climbing mountains, 
winding through forests and caiions, crossing ugly, treacherous streams 
and arid plains, in heat or in cold, in rain or in sunshine, or meeting 
hostile savages, Mr. Stevenson was always in the front, always ready, 
and always genial, and always the quiet and resolute master of the sit- 
uation. 

Three descriptive and illustrated catalogues of archeological and 
‘ pueblo collections were prepared by Mr. Stevenson and were published 
by the Bureau of Ethnology. He also prepared for publication papers 
relating to the myths, ceremonials, and sand paintings of the Navajo 
Indians, and to the archeological remains of the southwest. 

The death of James Stevenson was a positive loss to the institutions 
to which he devoted his life, viz, the'U. S. Geological Survey, National 
Museum, and Bureau of Ethnology, and to scientific explorations. No 
offers however flattering could allure him from his life’s work. He 
labored from a love for truth, and was ever ready to lend his aid to 
any movement for the advancement of science. His modesty and un- 
selfishness won for him the esteem of all who knew him. 


APP HN DEXx ]. 


LISTS OF INSTITUTIONS AND FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC 
LIBRARIES TO WHICH IT IS DESIRED TO SEND 
FUTURE PUBLICATIONS OF THE 
NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


191 


[-—LISY OF INSTITUTIONS UNDER STATE CONTROL, AND OF COLLEGES OF 
LIBERAL ARTS, TO WHICH IT IS DESIRED TO SEND FUTURE PUBLICA- 
TIONS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


{The Reports of the Commissioner of Education are, as a rule, the authority for the official name of 
au institution, and for the number of volumes in a library. Libraries the names of which are printed 
in italics contain more than 10,000 volumes. ‘The figure [1] after a name indicates that it already re- 
ceives regularly the Smithsonian Report; [ii] that it receives the Report anid the Smithsonian Mis- 
cellaneous Collections ; (iii) that it receives the two preceding and the Smithsonian Contributions to 
Knowledge. ‘The letter D after a name indicates that it is one of the 400 libraries known as deposit- 
ovies of public documents, and thus receives regularly all public documents published by the Govern: 
ment. The letter X after a name indicates that it is one of the 800 libraries officially designated to 
receive certain classes of documents, including the publications of the U.S. Geological Survey. | 

Note: This list is not intended to indicate the distribution of Smithsonian publi- 
cations, but shows incidentally what publications of the Institution are sent to the 
libraries mentioned, 


ALABAMA. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Alabama State and Supreme Court Library. Montgomery. D 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Alabama Historical Society (1851). Tuscaloosa. Li] 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872). Auburn. [1i] D 
Agricultural Experiment Station (Agricultural and Mechanical Col- 
lege), Auburn. 
Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station (Agricultural and Me- 
chanical College). Uniontown. 
University of Alabama (1819~21). (University P. O.) Tuscaloosa. [iii] D 
Law Department, University of Alabama. ‘Tuscaloosa. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Howard College. (Kast Lake P. O.) Birmingham. . [iii] D 
Selma University. Selma. 

Southern University. Greensborough. [iii] D 
Spring Hill College. (Spring Hill P. O.) Mobile. [ii] D 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 

Alabama Normal College for Girls. (White.) Livingston. [i] 
Florence State Normal School. (White. ) Florence. x 
Huntsville State Normal and Industrial School. (Colored.) Huntsville [i] 
Jacksonville State Normal School. (White. ) Jacksonville. D 
Montgomery State Normal University. Montgomery. 

‘Troy Normal School Troy. xX 
Tuskegee State Normal School. (Colored. ) Tuskegee, [i] 


ARIZONA. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
Territorial Library. Phanix, [i] D 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCIIOOLS. 


University of Arizona (1889), Tueson, 
College of Agriculture (University of Arizona). Tucson. 


H. Mis, 224, pt. 2 13 193 


194 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Territorial Normal Scbool. Tempe. 
- ARKANSAS. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Arkansas State Library. Little Rock, 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Arkansas Historical Society. Little Rock. 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
Arkansas Industrial University. (3868-’72.) Fayetteville. 


Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (Arkansas Industrial Uni- 
versity). Fayetteville. 

Substation Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (Arkansas In- 
dustrial University). Newport. 

Substation Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (Arkansas In- 
dustrial University). Texarkana. 

Substation Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station (Arkansas In- 
dustrial University). Pine Bluff. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Arkansas College. Batesville. 
Cane Hill College. Boonsborough, 
Little Rock University. Little Rock, 
Philander Smith College. Little Rock. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
Branch Normal College of Arkansas, Industrial University, Pine Bluff. 
CALIFORNIA. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
California State Library. Sacramento. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


California Historical Society. San Francisco. 
California Academy of Science. (1854.) San Francisco. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
University of California. (1868-’69.) (Berkeley P.O.). San Francisco. 
Lick Observatory (Astronomical Department, Univer- 
sity of California). Mount Hamilton. [iii] 
College of Agriculture of the University of California 
(1866-’68.) (Berkeley P. O.). San Francisco. 
Agricultural Experiment Station of College of Agricult- 
ure (Berkeley P. O.), San Francisco. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Hesperian College. Woodland. 
Napa College. Napa City. 
Pacific Methodist College. Santa Rosa. 
Pierce Christian College. College City. 
Saint Augustine, College of. Benicia. 
Saint Ignatius College. San Francisco. 
Saint Vincent’s College. Los Angeles. 
San Joaquin Valley Collage. Woodbridge. 
Sanla Clara College. Santa Clara. 
University of the Pacific. San José. 
University of Southern California. Los Angeles. 


iii] 


lit] 


Li] 
[i] 


[i] 


[1] 


[ii] 


[iii] 
[ii] 


bd bd 


: 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
Trinity College. Hartford, 
Wesleyan University. Middletown. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
Cedar Street Training School. New Haven, 
; Connecticut State Normal School, New Britain. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Chico State Normal School. Chico. 
Los Angeles State Normal School. Los Angeles. 
Normal Department of Girls’ High School. San Francisco, 
State Normal School of California. San José, 


COLORADO. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 


Colorado State Library. Denver. 
Colorado Supreme Court Law Library. Denver. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Colorado State Historical Society. Denver. 


Colorado Scientific Society. Denver. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


University of Colorado (1875-77), Boulder. 

State Agricultura] College of Colorado (1879), Fort Collins. 

Agricultural Experiment Station (State Agricultural College). Fort 
Collins, 

State School of Mines (1874). Goiden, 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Colorado College, Colorado Springs, 
University of Denver, Denver. 


CONNECTICUT. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
State Library of Connecticut. Hartford. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Connecticut Historical Socicty (1825). Hartford. 
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. (1799.) (Yale University.) 
New Haven. (No library.) 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Yale University (1700). New Haven. 
Divinity School of Yale University. New Haven. 
Law School of Yale University. New Haven. 
Medical Department of Yale University. New Haven. 
‘Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University (1847 and L864). New Haven. 


Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. New Haven. [1] 


Storrs Agricultural School (1831). Manstield. 


Storrs School, Agricultural Experiment Statiou. Storrs. [i] 


— Welch Training School, New Haven. 


(i) 


[iii] 


iii] 


[iii] 


195 


D 
Xx 


196 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 
DHLAW ABE. 
Delaware State Library. Dover. [iti] D 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCLENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Historical Society of Delaware (1884). Wilmington. EG] 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Delaware College (1234). Newark. [iii] x 
Agricultural Experiment Station (Delaware College). Newark. [i] 


IOVS DI SWKOWh psy Choi OU) MSI Ue. - 
NATIONAL LIBRARY. 


Congressional Library (1800). Washington. 


NATIONAL HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Smithsonian Institution. Washington. 
American Historical Society. Washington. 
National Academy of Sciences. Washington. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Catholic University of America. Washington, 
Columbian University. Washington. 
Georgetown University (Georgetown P. O.). Washington. 
Howard University. Washington. 


NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Miner Normal School. Washington. 
Washington Normal School. Washington, 
FLORIDA. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
Florida State Library. Tallahassee. D 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCLENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Historical Society of Florida. Saint Augustine. 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Florida State Agricultural and Mechanical College (1234). lake City. 
Agricultural Experiment Station (State Agricultural and Mechan- 
ical College). Lake City. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
Rollins’ College. Winter Park. 


NORMAL SCHOOL, 


Florida State Normal College. De Funiak Springs. 
Florida State Normal School. Tallahassee. 
GHORGIA. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
Georgia State Library. Atlanta. [iii] D 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Georgia Historical Society (1839). Savannah. [(ili] D 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS, 


University of Georgia (( 1784], 1301). Athens. 

Medical Department (University of Georgia). Augusta. 
Atlanta University (colored) (1869). Atlanta. 
Georgia State College of Agricultural and Mechanie Arts (the Univer- 
sity of Georgia) (1872). Athens. 


Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station. (State College of Agricult- 
ure and Mechanic Arts). Athens. 


Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College (1880.) Milledgeville. 


North Georgia Agricultural College (1873.) Dahlonega. 
South Georgia Agricultural College. Thomasville. 
Sonthwest Georgia Agricultural College (1879). Cuthbert. 
West Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1882). Hamilton. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Bowdon College. Bowdon. 
Clark University. Atlanta. 
Emory College. Oxtord. 
Mercer University. Macon. 
Pio Nono College. Macon. 
IDAHO. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Idaho State Library. Boisé City. 
ILLINOIS. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 


Illinois State Library. Springfield, 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Illinois State Historical Society and Natural History Museum. 


Sprinetield. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


University of Illinois (1865). Urbana. 
State Laboratory of Natural History (University of Illinois). 
Normal. 


College of Agriculture of the University of Illinois (1867). Champaign. 


Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois. 


Champaign. 
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
Augustana College. Rock Island. 
Carthage College. Carthage. 
Chaddock College. Quincey. 
Eureka College. Eureka. 
Ewing College. (Ewing College P. 0.) Ewing. 
Hedding College. Abingdon. 
German-English College. Galena. 
Ilinvis College. Jacksonville. 
Illinois Wesleyan University. Bloomington. 
Knox College. Galesburgh. 
Lake Forest University. Lake Forest. 
Lincoln University. Lincoln. 


s 


[ iii | 


Li] 


[iii] 
[iii] 


iii] 


Les 


D 


D 


12) 


198 REPORT OF 
Lombard University 

McKendree College. 

Monmouth College. 
Northwestern College. 
Northwestern University. 
Shurtleff College. 

Saint Francis Solanus College. 
Saint Ignatius College. 

Saint Joseph’s Diocesan College. 
Saint Viateur’s College. 
Westfield College. 

Wheaton College. 


NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Galesburgh. 


Lebanon. 
Monmouth. 
Naperville. 

Evanston. 

Upper Alton. 
Quiney. 

Chicago. 
Teutopolis. 
Jourbonnais Grove. 
Westfield. 

~ Wheaton. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Cook County Normal School. 
Illinois State Normal University. 


Southern Illinois Normal University. 


Indiana State Library. 
Indiana State Law Library. 


(Englewood P.O.) 


STATE 


Normal. 
Jarbondale. 


INDIANA. 


LIBRARIES. 


‘ 


Indianapolis. 


Indianapolis. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIEVIBS. 


Indiana Historical Society (1832). 


State Academy of Science (1885). 


Indianapolis. 
(Unlocalized.) 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Indiana University (1820-26). 


Bloomington. 


Chicago. 


Department of Geology and Natural History (Indiana State Uni- 
versity). Indianapolis. [1] 
Purdue University (1874). La Fayette. 
School of Agriculture, Horticulture, and Veterinary Science (Purdue 
University). La Fayette. 
Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana (Purdne University). 


La Fayette. 
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Butler University. (Irvington P. O.) Indianapolis. 
Concordia Coilege. Fort Wayne. 
De Pauw University. Greencastle. 


Theological School (De Pauw University). Greencastle. 


Earlham College. Richmond. 
Franklin College. Franklin. 
Hanover College. Hanover. 
Hartsville. Hartsville. 


Moore’s Hill. 
Ridgeville. 
Terre Haute. 
Saint Meinrad. 
Merom. 

Notte Dame. 


Moore’s Hill College. 
tidgeville College. 
Rose Polytechnic Institute. 
Saint Meinrad’s College and Abbey. 
Union Christian College. 
University of Nolre Dame du Lac. 
Wabash College. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Indiana Normal College. Covington. 
Indianapolis Normal School. Indianapolis. 


Indiana State Normal School. Terre Haute. 


Crawfordsville. 


[ii] 
Lit] 
Li] 


[iii] 
Ci] 


Li] 


[i] 
[11] 
Liii] 


[i] 
[i] 
[ii] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


fii] 


[iii] 
[ii] 
[iii] 


[i] 
Li] 
[iii] 
Li] 
[it] 
Li] 
[iii] 
[11] 
[ii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 


Lit] 


Dp 


D 


Swno 


dD 
D 


a 


—— = 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


ro LAIN, ERT ORY. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Cherokee National Couneil Library. Tahlequah. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Cherokeé National Female Seminary. Tahlequah, 
Cherokee National Male Seminary. Tahlequah. 


IOWA. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
Towa State Library. Des Moines, 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


State Historical Society of Towa. Iowa City. 
Iowa Academy of Sciences (1875). Iowa City. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


State University of Iowa (1847-60). Iowa City. 
Law Department (State University of Iowa). Iowa City. 
Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts (1858). Ames. 


Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station. Ames. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Amity College. College Springs. 
Central University of Iowa. Pella. 
Cornell College. Mount Vernon. 
Drake University. Des Moines. 
German College. Mount Pleasant. 
Griswold College. Davenport. 
fowa College. Grinnell. 
Iowa Wesleyan University. Mount Pleasant. 
Lenox College. Hopkinton. 
Norwegian Luther College. Decorah. 
Oskaloosa College. Oskaloosa. 
Parsons College. Fairfield. 
Penn College. Oskaloosa. 
Simpson College. Indianola. 
Saint Joseph’s College. 5 Dubuque. 
Tabor College. Tabor. 
University of Des Moines. Des Moines. 
Upper Iowa University. ; Fayette. 
Western College. Toledo. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Iowa State Norinal School. Cedar Falls. 
West Des Moines Training School. Des Moines, 
KANSAS. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
Kansas State Library. Topeka. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Kansas State Historical Society. Topeka. 
Kansas Academy of Sciences (1868). Topeka, 


Lid 


iii] 


[ii] 
[ii] 


199 


va 


xX 


mr 


D 


200 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


University of Kansas (1861-66). Lawrence. 
Kansas State Agricultural College (1863). Manhattan. 


Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Manhattan. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Baker University. Baldwin City. 
College of Emporia. Emporia. 
Highland University. Highland. 
Kansas Weslevan University. Salina. 
Lane University. Lecompton. 
Ottawa University. Ottawa. 
Saint Benedict’s College. Atchison. 
Saint Mary’s College. Saint Mary’s. 
Washburn College. Topeka. 


STATE NORMAT. SCHOOLS. 
Kansas State Normal School. Emporia. 
KENTUCKY. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Kentucky State Library. Frankfort. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Kentucky Historical Society. Frankfort. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Kentucky University. Lexington. 
Agricultural and Mechanieal College of Kentucky (18565). Lexington. 


Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station (Agricultural and Me- 
chanical College), Lexington. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Berea College. Berea. 
Bethei College. Russellville. 
Central University. Richmond. 
Centre College. : Danville. 
Eminence Coliege. Eminence, 
Georgetown College. : Georgetown. 
Kentucky Classical and Business College. North Middletown. 
Kentueky Wesleyan College. Millersburgh. 
Murray Male and Female Institute and Western Kentucky Normal 

School. Murray. 
Ogden College. Bowling Green. 
Saint Mary’s College. Saint Mary’s. 
South Kentucky College. Hopkinsville. 

LOUISIANA. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 


State Library of Louisiana. New Orleans. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Louisiana State Historical Society. Baton Rouge. 


[iii] 
[ir] 
[iii] 
[i] 
iii] 


Li] 


[iii] 


D 
D 


D 


D 


D 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS, 


Tulane University (1847). New Orleans. 
Fisk Library of Tulane University. New Orleans. 
New Orleans Academy of Science (Tulane University). New 
Orleans. 
Southern University (colored) (1880). New Orleans. 


Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College (1873). 
Baton Rouge. 


North Louisiana Experiment Station (Agricultural and Mechanical 
College). Calhoun. 

State Experiment Station (Agricultural and Mechanical College). 
saton Ronge. ; 

Sngar Experiment Station (Agricultural and Mechanical College). 


Kenner. 
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
Jefferson College. (Saint Mary’s.) Convent. 
Saint Charles College. Grand Coteau. 
Centenary College of Louisiana. Jackson. 
Keachi College. Keachi. 
College of the Immaculate Conception. New Orleans. 
New Orleans University. New Orleans. 
Straight University. New Orleans. 
Thatcher Institute. Shreveport. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
New Orleans Normal School. New Orleans. 
Louisiana State Normal School. Natchitoches. 
MAIN EK. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Majne State Library. Augusta. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Maine Historical Sociely (1822). Portland. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts (1865). Orono. 


Maine State College Agricultural Experiment Station. Orono, 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Bowdoin College. Brunswick. 
Bates College. Lewiston. 
Colby University. Waterville. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
Eastern State Normal School. Castine. 
Madawaska Training Schoo). Grand Isle and Fort Kent. 
Normal] Training and Practice Class. Portland. 
State Normaland Training School. Farmington. 
State Normal School. Gorham. 
MARYLAND. 
STATE LIBRARIES. — 
Maryland State Library. Annapolis. 
\ 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Maryland Historical Society. Baltimore. 


Maryland Academy of Sciences (1822), Baltimore. 


[iii ] 


[iii] 


Li] 
[iii] 
[i] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


[ili J 


Li] 
[iii] 


iii] 


(iii) 
[ii] 


201 


D 


8) 


D 
D 


D 


D 


2()? 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Maryland Agricultural College ([ 1856 ], 1859). 


Agricultural College P.O. 


Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station (Agricultural College). 


Agricultural College P.O. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Baltimore City College. 

Johns Hopkins University. 

Mount Saint Mary’s College. 

New Windsor College and Windsor Female College. 
Rock Hill College. 

Saint Charles College. ‘ 
Saint John’s College. 

Washington College. 

Western Maryland College. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Maryland State Normal School. 


MASSACHUSHTTS. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 


Massachusetts State Library. 


Baltimore. 
Baltimore. 
Emmitsburg. 
New Windsor. 
Ellicott City. 
Ellicott City. 
Annapolis. 
Chestertown. 
Westminster. 


Baltimore. 


Boston. 


STATE -HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Massachusetts Historical Society. 
American Academy of Arts and Sciences (i780). 


Boston. 
Boston. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Harvard University (1636). Cambridge. 
Astronomical Observatory, Philips Library. Cambridge. 
Botanic Garden and Herbarium (Harvard University). Cambridge. 


Bussey Institution, Agricultural and Horticultural. Jamaica Plains. 
Harvard Divinity School. Cambridge. 
Harvard Medical School (Harvard University). Boston. 


Episcopal Theological School of Harvard University. Cambridge. 


Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University Cambridge. [i] 


Law School, Harvard (Harvard University). Cambridge. 

Museun: of Comparative Zoology, Harvard (Harvard University). 
Cambridge. [iii] 

Natural History Society, Harvard (Harvard University). Cambridge. 


Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology. Cam- 
bridge. [iil] 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1863~65). Boston. [iii] 
Massachusetts Agricultural College (1856). Amherst. 
Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station. Amberst. 

Hatch Experiment Station. Ambherst. 

COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 

Amherst College. Amherst. 

Lawrence Observatory. Amherst [1]. 
Boston College. Boston. 
Boston University. Boston. 
Clark University. Worcester. 
Smith College. Northampton. 
Tufts College. College Hill. 
Wellesley College. Wellesley. 


{iii | 


[iii] 
[iii] 
aia 
[iii] 
[iii] 
[ii] 


[it] 


iii] 


[iii] 
[iii] 


[iil] 


(i) 


[ii] 


[i] 


[ii] 


[iii] 


[iiJ 
[ii] 
[iii] 
[ii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 


D 


D 


acti 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


MWilhams College. 
Observatory (Williams College). Williamstown. 
Lyceum of Natural History (Williams College). 
Museum of Williams College. Williamstown. 
College of the Holy Cross. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Boston Normal School. 

Fall River Training School. 
Haverhill Training School. 
Lawrence Training School. 
Massachusetts Normal Art School. 
Massachusetts State Normal School. 
State Normal School. 

State Normal School. 

State Normal School. 

Westfield State Normal School. 


MICHIGAN. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Michigan State Library. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC 


Historical Society of Michigan. 


Willhamstown, [111] 


Williamstown. 


Worcester. [iii] 


Boston. 

Fall River. 
Haverhill. 
Lawrence. 

Boston. 

Worcester. = [i] 

sridgewater. [ii] 
Framingham. 
Salem. 
Westfield. 


Lansing. [iii | 


SOCIETIES. 


Detroit. [i] 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Universitu of Michigan. 
Dental Department (University of Michigan). 
Law Department (University of Michigan). 
Medical Department (University of Michigan). 
Observatory (University of Michigan). 
Michigan Agricultural College. 


Experiment Station of Michigan Agricuitural College, 


College. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Adrian College. 

Albion College. 

Battle Creek College. 
Grand Traverse College. 
Hillsdale College. 

Hope College. 
Kalamazoo College. 
Olivet College. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Training School for Teachers. 
State Normal School. 


MINNESOTA. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 


Minnesota State Library. 


Ann Arbor. [iii] 


Ann Arbor. 

Ann Arbor. 

Ann Arbor. 

Ann Arbor. 

Agricultural College. [iii] 


Agricultural 


Adrian. [iii] 
Albion. [iii] 
Battle Creek. [i] 
Benzonia. 
Hillsdale. [iii] 
Holland. 
Kalamazoo. [iii] 
Olivet. [ii] 


Adrian. 
Ypsillanti. [i] 


St. Paul. [iii] 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Minnesota Historical Society. 
Minnesota Academy of Natural Science (1873). 


St. Panl. [iii] 
Minneapolis. [i] 


203 


D 


D 


D 


D 


204 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
University of Minnesota. Minneapolis. 
College of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota (1868). (St.Anthony 

Park P. O.) Minneapolis. State School of Agriculture of the Univer- 
sity of Minnesota. (St. Anthony Park P. 0.) Minneapolis. 

Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota. St. 
Anthony Park. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Augsburg Seminary. Minneapolis. 
Carleton College. Northfield. 
Hamline University. Hamline. 
Saint John’s University. : Collegeville. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


State Normal School. Mankato. 

State Normal School. Moorhead. 

State Normal School. Saint Cloud. 

State Normal School. Winona. 
MY © SSSR ISS) 0 2) 2) 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
Mississippi State Library. (Smithsonian publications transferred to the 
Agricultural and Mechanical College.) Jackson. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Mississippi Historical Society. Jackson. 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
University of Mississippi (1874). (University P. O.) Oxford. 
Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi (1880). (Agricult- 
ural College P. O.) Starkville. 


Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station. (Agricultural College 
P. O.) Starkville. 


Aleorn Agricultural and Mechanical College (colored). Rodney. 
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
Kavanaugh College. Holmesville. 
Mississippi College. Clinton. 
Rust University. Holly Springs. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
State Normal School. Holly Springs. 
Tougaloo University. Tougaloo. 
MISSOURI. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Missouri State Library. Jefferson City. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIITIES. 
Missouri Historical Society. St. Louis. 
Saint Louis Academy of Sciences (1857). St. Louis. 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
University of Missourt. Columbia. 
Law Library of University of Missouri. Columbia. 
Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy (1870). (University of 
Missouri). Rolla. 
Agricultural and Mechanical College of the University of Missouri 
(1870). Columbia. 
Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Mis- 
souri. Columbia. 


[iii] 


[ii] 
i] 


Li] 


[ii] 
[i] 


Li] 


D 
D 


D 


D 


D 


oe 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Ceutral College. Fayette. 
Central Wesleyan College. Warrenton. 
Christian University. Canton. 
College of the Christian Brothers. St. Louis. 
Drury College. Springfield. 
Grand River College. Edinburgh. 
La Grange College. La Grange. 
Lewis College. Glasgow. 
Morrisville College. Morrisville. 
Pritchet School Institute. Glasgow. 
Saint Louis University. St. Louis. 
Saint Vincent’s College. Cape Girardeau. 
Southwest Baptist College. Bolivar. 
Washington University. St. Louis. 
Westminster College. Fuiton, 
William Jewell College. Liberty. 
: STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
Missouri State Normal School (1st District). Kirksville. 
Missouri State Normal School (2d District). Warrensburg. 
Missouri State Normal School (3d District). Cape Girardeau, 
Saint Louis Normal School. St. Louis. 
MONTANA. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
Montana State Library. Helena. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


HLlistorical Society of Montana. Helena. 
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
College of Montana (1883). Deer Lodge. 
NEBRASKA. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
Nebraska State Library (1851). Lincoln. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


State Historical Society of Nebraska (1878). Lincoln. 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 

University of Nebraska (1369). Lincoln. 

Industrial College of the University of Nebraska (1869). Lincoln. 


Agricultural Experiment Station (University of Nebraska, Lincoln). 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Creighton College. Omaha. 
Doane College. Crete. 
Gates College. Neligh. 
Methodist Episeopal College of Nebraska. York. 
Nebraska Central College. Central City. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, 


Nebraska State Normal School. Peru. 


IN HVA DA... 


STATIC LIBRARIES. 
Slate Library of Nevada. Carson City. 


[ii] 


Lit j 


ID 
DD 


D 
D 


1) 


1) 


1) 


DD) 


206 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


State University of Nevada. Reno. Li] 
School of Agriculture of the Nevada State University (1387). Reno. 


Nevada State Agricultural Experiment Station (University of 
Nebraska). Reno. 
NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 


New Hampshire State Library. = Concord. [ili | 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
New Hampshire Historical Society (1823). Concord. — [iii] 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
Dartmouth College. Hanover, [111] 
Chaudler Scientitic Department of Dartmouth College. Hanover. 
Thayer School of Civil Engineering of Dartmouth College. Hanover. 
Shattuck Observatory (Dartmouth College), Hanover. 
New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Hanover. [ii] 
New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. Hanover. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


City Training School. Manchester. 
New Hampshire State Normal School. Plymouth, 


NH W JHRSHY. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
State Library of New Jersey. Trenton, [iii] 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES, 
New Jersey Historical Society (1845). Newark. [iii] 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


College of New Jersey (1746). Princeton. [iii] 
Green, J. C., School of Science (College of New Jersey). Princeton. [i] 
Halstead Observatory (College of New Jersey). Princeton. [i] 
Museum, E.M., of Geology and Archwology of the College of New 

Jersey. Princeton. [ii] 
Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church. Princeton. [iii] 
Rutgers Scientific School of Rutgers College. New Brunswick. [i] 


New Jersey Agricultural College Experiment Station (Rutgers 
College). New Brunswick. 

New Jersey State Agricultural Experiment Station (Rutgers 
College). New Brunswick, 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Rutgers Cotlege. New Brunswick. [iti] 
College of the Sacred Heart. . Vineland. 
Saint Benedict’s College. Newark. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


New Jersey State Normal School. Trenton. [il] 
Newark Normal School. Newark. 
Patterson Normal Training School. Patterson. 


NEW MEXICO. 
SPATE LIBRARIES, 


Territorial Library of New Mexico. Santa Fé. [1] 


D 


D 


D 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 207 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Historical Society of New Mexico. Santa Fé. [i] 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
University of New Mexico (1881). Santa Fé. [ii] 
Agricultural College of New Mexico, Las Cruces, 
NEW YORK. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 


New York State Library. Albany. [ili] D 
New York State Law Library (New York State Library). Albany. D 
; STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
New York Historical Society (1804). New York. [iii] D 
New York Academy of Science (1817). New York. [iii] 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
Cornell University. Ithaca. [iil] D 
Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. Ithaca. 
College of Agriculture of Cornell University (1888). Ithaca. 
New York Agricultural Experiment Station. Geneva. [1] 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Alfred University. Alfred Centre. [ii] 
Observatory, Alfred University. Alfred Centre. 
Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute. Brooklyn. x 
Canisius College. Buffalo. [ii] 
College of St. Francis Xavier. New York. [iii] 
College of the City af New York. New York. [iii] D 
Columbia College. New York, [iii] D 
Observatory, Columbia College. New York. 
School of Mines, Colambia College. New York. [ii] 
Hamilton College. Clinton. [iii] xX 
Litchfield Observatory, Hamilton College. Clinton. 
Hobart College. Geneva. [iii] xX 
Madison University. Hamilton. [iii] 
Manhattan College. New York. [i] 
Niagara University. (Niagara University P. O.) Suspension Bridge. Li] 
Saint Bonaventure’s College and Seminary. Allegany. [i] 
Saint Francis College. Brooklyn. 
Saint John’s College (formerly epeiiam): Tremont. [iii] D 
Saint Lawrence University. Canton, [il] D 
Saint Stephen’s College. Annandale. — [ii] 
Syracuse University. Syracuse. [iii] D 
Union College. Schenectady. [iii] D 
University of Rochester. Rochester. [ili] D 
University of the City of New York. New York. [iii] 


Scientific Department (of the Universitv of the City of New York). 
New York. 


Vassar College. Poughkeepsie. [iii ] x 
_ Wells College. Aurora. [iJ 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
Brooklyn Training School. Brooklyn. 
Female Normal School. New York. 
_ State Normal =chool. Albany. [iii] x 
State Normal and Training School. Broekport. — [i] X 


State Normal and Training School. Buffalo, 


208 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


State Normal and Training School. Cortland. [ii] 

State Normal and ‘Praining School. Fredonia. fil 

State Normal and Training School, Geneseo. 

State Normal and Training School. New Paltz. [i] 

State Normal aud Training School. Oswego. — [i] x 
State Normal and Training School. Potsdam. X 
Syracuse Training School. Syracuse. 

Teachers’ Normal Training Class, Rochester. 

Teachers’ ‘Training Class of Albany. Albany. 


NOBYWVE CAROLINA... 
STATE LIBRARIES. 


North Carolina State Library. Raleigh. [it] D 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill. [iii] D 
Elisha Mitchell Science Society (University of North Carolina). 
Chapel Hill. [i] D.¢ 


Law Department of the University of Nerth Carolina, Chapel Hill. 
Medical School of the University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill. 
College of Agricultural and Mechanic Arts of North Carolina. Chapel 


Hill. 
North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh. [i] 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 
siddle University. Charlotte. 
Davidson College. Davidson College. [ili] 
North Carolina College. Mt. Pleasant. 
Rutherford College. Rutherford, 
Shaw University. Raleigh. 
frinity College. Trinity College. [ii1] 
Wake Forest College. Wake Forest. [11] x 
Weaverville College. Weaverville. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
New Berue State Normal School. New Berne. 
Plymouth State Colored Normal School. Plymouth. 
State Colored Normal School. ; Fayetteville. 
State Colored Normal School. Salisbury. 
IOV Mse IDWANe Old hyate 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
North Dakota State Library. Bismarek. [i] D 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS, 
University of North Dakota (1883~-’84). Grand Forks. D 
North Dakota Agricultural College (1890). Fargo, 
OHIO. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
Ohio State Library. Columbus. [iii] D 
Ohio Stale Law Library. Columbus. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. Cincinnati. [iil] 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECIINICAL SCHOOLS. 


Ohio State University (18735). Columbus. — [ii] 
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (Ohio State University),  Co- 
lumbus. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT 


SECRETARY. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. 
Antioch College. 

Ashland College. 

Baldwin University 

Belmont College. 

Buehtel College. 

Observatory (Buchtel College). Akron. 
Calvin College. (Brooklyn Village P. O.) 
Capital University. 

Denison University. 

German Wallace College. 

Heidelberg College. 
Hiram College. 
Kenyon College. 
Marietta College. 
Miami University. 
Mount Union College. 
Muskingum College. 
Oberlin College. 

Obio University. 

Normal Department of the Ohio University. 
Ohio Wesleyan University. 

Otterbein University. 
Rio Grande College. 
Scio College. 

Saint Joseph’s College. 
Saint Xavier’s College. 
Twin Valley College. 
University of Cincinnati. 
University of Wooster. 
Urbana University. 
Wilberforce University. 
Wilmington College. 
Witlenberg College. 


(Mount Union P. O.) 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
Cincinnati Normal Sehool. 
Cleveland Normal School, 
Dayton Normal School. 
Geneva Normal School. 
ORHKWGON. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Oregon State Library. 


Cleveland. 


Yellow Springs. 
Ashland. 


Berea. 


College Hill. 
Akron. 


Cleveland. 


Columbus. 


Granville. 


Berea. 


Tiffin. 


Hiram. 


Gambier. 
Marietta. 
Oxford. 
Alliance. 

New Concord. 
Oberlin. 
Athens. 
Athens. 
Delaware. 
Westerville. 


Rio Grande. 

Scio. 
Cincinnati. 
Cincinnati. 


Germantown. 
Cincinnati. 


Wooster. 


Urbana, 


Wilberforce. 
Wilmington. 


Springfield. 


Cincinnati. 
Cleveland. 
Dayton. 
Geneva. 


Salem. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Oregon Pioneer and Historical Society. 


Astoria. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


University of Oregon. 
Oregon State Agricultural College (1833). 
Oregon Experiment Station. 
Corvalles. 


Kugene City. 
Corvallis. 


(Oregon State Agricultural College.) 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Christian College. 
Corvallis College. 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——14 


Monmouth. 
Corvallis. 


[iii] 
[i] 


Liii] 
[i] 


[iil] 


[iii] 
[ii] 
iii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 
[ii] 
Li] 
[iii] 
[iii] 


[iii] 
[iii] 


(iJ 


Li] 
Ciii] 
[iii] 

[ii] 
[x] 

[1] 
[iii] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


209 


D 


D 
1) 


210 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


MeMinnville College. McMinnville. ° 
Tualatin Academy and Pacitic University. Forest Grove. 
Philomath College. Philomath. 
Willamette University. Salem. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Ashland College and Normal School. Ashland. 
Gregon State Normal School. Monmouth. 
State Normal School. Drain. 


PHNNSYLVANTIA. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
Pennsylvania State Libraru. Harrisburg. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Historical Society of Pennsylvania (1824). Philadelphia. 
Academy of Natural Sciences. Philadelphia. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


University of Pennsylvania (1751). Philadelphia. 
Stillé Medical Library. Philadelphia. 
Pennsylvania State College. State College. 


Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station (Penn- 
sylvania State College). State College. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Allegheny College. Meadville. 
Observatory of Allegheny College. Allegheny. 
Bryn Mawr College. Bryn Mawr. 
Bucknell University. Lewisburg. 
Catholic College of the Holy Ghost. Pittsburg. 
Dickinson College. Carlisle. 
Franklin and Marshall College. Lancaster. 
Geneva Coliege. Beaver Falls. 
Grove City College. Grove City. 
Haverford College. Haverford. 
Observatory, Haverford College. Haverford. 
Lafayette College. Easton. 
Pardee Scientific Department. (Lafayette College.) Easton. 
La Salle College. Philadelphia. 
Lebanon Valley College. Annville. 
Lehigh University. South Bethlehem. 
Sayer Observatory. (Lehigh University.) South Bethlehem. 
Lincoln University. (Lincoln University P. O.) Oxford. 
Muhlenberg College. Allentown. 
Pennsylvania College. Gettysburg. 
Pennsylvania Military Academy. Chester. 
Saint Vincent’s Abbey and College. Beatty. 
Swarthmore College. Swarthmore. 
Theil College. Greenville. 
Ursinus College. (Collegeville P. O.) Freeland. 
Villanova College. Villanova. 
Washington and Jefferson College. Washington. 
Westminster College. New Wilmington. 
Western University of Pennsylvania, Allegheny. 


STATI. NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Cumberland Valley State Normal Sehool. Shippensburg, 
Central State Normal School, Lock Haven. 


Lili] 
i] 


D.€ 
D 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Keystone State Normal School. : Kutztown. 
Pennsylvania State Normal School of the Fifth District. Mansfield. 
Pennsylvania State Normal School of the Second District. Millersville. 
Pennsylvania State Normal School of the Sixth District. | Bloomsburg. 
Philadelphia Normal School for Girls. Philadelphia. 
Southwestern State Normal School. California. 
State Normal School of Clarion. Clarion. 
State Normal School, Edinborough. Edinborough. 
State Normal School. Indiana. 
Teachers’ Training School. Erie. 
Teachers’ Training School. Reading. 
West Chester State Normal School. West Chester. 


RHODE ISLAND. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Rhode Island State Library. Providence. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Rhode Island Historical Society. Providence. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Brown University (A764). Providence. 

Agricultural and Scientitic Department of Brown University. Prov- 
idence. 

Rhode island State Agricultural School (1888). Kingston. 


Rhode Island State Agricultural Experiment Statiou. Kingston. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Rhode Island State Normal School. Providence. 


SOM DEL, GACEOl EN As, 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
South Carolina State Library. Columbia. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
South Carolina Historical Society. Charleston, 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


University of South Carolina (1801). Columbia. 
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts of the University of South 
Carolina (1879). Columbia. 


Sonth Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station (University of South 
Carolina). Columbia. 
Clatlin University and South Carolina Agricultural College and Mechan- 


ics’ Institute (1872). Orangeburg. 
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
Adger College. Walhalla. 
Allen University, Columbia. 
College of Charleston. Charleston. 
Erskine College, ; Due West. 
Astronomical Observatory of Erskine College. Due West. 

Furman University. Greenville, 
Newberry College. Newberry. 
South Carolina College. Columbia, 
Wotford College. Spartanburg. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, 


Winthrop Training School for Teachers, Columbia, 


Li] 
[ii] 
Li] 


{i] 
[i] 
Li] 


[iii] 


[ iii} 


[ili ] 


[ii] 


[iii] 


Li] 


211 


D 
D 


D 


D 


D 


D 


D 


Oe REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 


SOUTH DAKOTA. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
South Dakota State Library. Pierre. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


University of South Dakota (1883). Vermillion, 

South Dakota Agricultural College (1889). Brookings. 
South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station. Brookings. 

South Dakota School of Mines (1886), Rapid City. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
Pierre University. (East Pierre P. O.) Pierre. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


South Dakota Normal School. Madison, 
State Normal School, Spearfish. 


THNN ESS HE). 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Tennessee State Library. ashville. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Tennessee Historical Society, Nashville. 
STATE UNLVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


University of Tennessee (1806). Knoxville, 
Nashville Medical College (University of Tennessee). Nashville. 
State Agricultural and Mechanical College of the University of Tennes- 
see (1869). Knoxville. 

Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station (University of Tennes- 
see). Knoxville. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES, 


Bethel College. McKenzie. 
Carson College. Mossy Creek. 
Central Tennessee College. Nashville. 
Chattanooga University. Chattanooga. 
Christian Brothers’ College. Memphis. 
Cumberland University. Lebanon. 
Fisk University. Nashville. 
Grant Memorial University. Athens, 
Greeneville and Tusculum College. Tusculum. 
Hiawassee College. Hiawassee. 
King College. Bristol. 
Maryville College. Maryville. 
Milligan College. Milligan. 
Roger Williams University. Nashville. 
Southwestern Baptist University. Jackson. 
Southwestern Presbyterian University. Clarksville. 
University of the South. Sewanee. 
Vanderbilt University. Nashville. 


Observatory of Vanderbilt University. Nashville. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOL. 


State Normal College, University of Nashville. Nashville, 


[ii] 
Li] 


[ii] 


[iii] 
[i] 


[iii] 


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REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


THXAS. 
STATE, LIBRARIES. 


Texas State Library. Austin. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


University of Texas. Austin. 


Agricultural and Mechanicéal College of Texas. College Station. 
Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. College Station. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Austin College. Sherman. 
Baylor University. Waco. 
Hope Institute. Italy. 
Mansfield Male and Female College. Mansfield. 
Salado College. Salado. 
Southwestern University. Georgetown. 
Trinity University. Tehnacana. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
Prairie View Normal Institute. Hempstead. 
Sam Houston Normal Institute. Huntsville. 


UTAH THRRITORY. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 


Utah Territorial Library. Salt Lake City. 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 

University of Deseret (1850). Sait Lake City. 

Utah Agrieultural College (1888). Logan City. 


VERMONT. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Vermont State Library. Montpelier. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 

Vermont Historical Society. Montpelier. 

State Cabinet of Natural History (with State Library). Montpelier. 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 

University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. Burlington. 
Vermont State Agricultural Experiment Station. Burlington. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
Middlebury College. Middlebury. 
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Johnsou State Norma! School. Joblnson. 
Castleton State Normal School. Castleton. 
Randolph State Normal School. Randolph. 


VIRGINIA... 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
Virginia State Library. Richmond. 
Virginia State Law Library. Richmond. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Virginia Historical Society (1831). Richmond. 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECUNICAL SCHOOLS. 
University of Virginia (1819). (University P. O.) Charlottesville. 
Leander McCormick Observatory (University of Virginia), Univer- 
sity P.O. 
Virginia Military Institute (University of Virginia). Lexington. 


[i] 
[i] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


[iii] 
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iii] 
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D 


D 


D 


214 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (1872). Blacksburg. 
Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station. Blacksburg. 
Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (1868). Hampton. 
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 
Jimory and Henry College. Emory. 
Hampden-Siduey College. Hampden-Sidney. 
Randolph Macon College. Ashland. 
Richmond College. Richmond. 
Roanoke College. Salem. 
Washington and Lee University. Lexington. 


School of Civil Engineering and Mining (Washington and Lee Uni- 
versity). Lexington. 
William and Mary College. Williamsburgh. 


STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


State Normal School of Virginia. Farmville. 
Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute. Petersburg. 
WASHINGTON. 


STATE LIBRARIES. 
Washington State Library. Olympia. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECIINICAL SCHOOLS. 


University of Washington (1862). Seattle. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Whitman College. Walla Walla. 
Washington College. Tacoma. 


WHST VIRGINIA. 
STATE LIBRARIES. 
West Virginia State Library. Charleston. 
STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
West Virginia Historical Society. Morgantown. 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


West Virginia University and Agricultural College. Morgantown. 
West Virginia Experiment Station. (University of West Virginia.) 
Morgantown. 


COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES. 


Bethany College. : Bethany. 
West Virginia College. Flemington. 
- STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS. 
Fairmont State Normal School. Fairmont. 
Glenville State Normal School. Glenville. 
Marshall College State Normal School. Huntington. 
Shepherd College State Normal School. Shepherdstown. 
Storer College. Harper’s Ferry. 
West Liberty State Normal School. West Liberty. 
WISCONSIN. 


STATE LIBRARIJS. 
State Library of Wisconsin. Madison. 


Li] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


[iii] 
[ii] 


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[ii] 


D 


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i 


State Historical Society of Wisconsin. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


STATE HISTORICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 
Madison. 
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


Madison. 


7 
re 
fm 
: 


University of Wisconsin. 


Washburn Observatory of the University of Wisconsin, 
Department of Agriculture of the University of Wisconsin (1866), Mad- 


ison. 
Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Wisconsin, 
Madison. 
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES 
Beloit College. Beloit. 
Smith’s Observatory, Beloit College. Beloit. 
Galesville University. Galesville. 
Lawrence University. Appleton. 
Milton College. Milton. 
Northwestern University. Watertown. 
Racine College. Racine. 
Ripon College. Ripon. 


(St. Francis P. O.) 
NORMAL SCHOOLS. 


Seminary of Saint Francis of Sales. 
STATE 

Oshkosh State Normal School. 
River Falls State Normal School 
Whitewater State Normal School. 
Wisconsin State Normal Schoel. 
Wisconsin State Normal School. 

W YOMING, 

STATE LIBRARIES. 


Wyoming State Library. 


Madison. 


Milwaukee. 


Oshkosh. 
River Falls. 
Whitewater. 
Platteville. 
Milwaukee. 


Cheyenne, 


STATE HISTORICAL 4ND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. 


Wyoming Academy of Art, Science, and Letters. 


Cheyenne. 


STATE UNIVERSITIES AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS. 


University of Wyoming. 


‘ 


Laramie City. 


iii] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


[i] 
[iii ] 
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[ii] 
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[i] 
[i] 
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Lit) 


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215 


D 


216 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1839. 


{f.—LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES TO WHICH IT TS 
DESIRED TO SEND FUTURE PUBLICATIONS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


{ This list includes all libraries known as Government depositeries, all libraries officially designated 
to receive certain classes of publications, including those of the U.S. Geological Survey, all additional 
libraries of over 10,000 volumes, a representative library in every city of over 10,000 inhabitants not 
otherwise supplied, and, in brackets, the State institutions, colleges of liberal arts, and State normal 
schools mentioned in the preceding list, all being arranged alphabetically by States and towns. IL.te 
use of small capitals in the names of towns signifies that the population was more than 10,000 by the 
census of 1880. The figures at the right of an institution indicate the number of volumes in its 
library, compiled chiefly from the published reports of the Commissioner of Education. The names 
of all libraries containing more than 10,090 volumes are printed in italics. As in the preceding list, D 
indicates that the library is a Government depository; X, that it receives the publications of the U. 
S. Geological Survey; [i], that it receives regularly the Smithsonian Report; [ii], that it receives the 
Report and the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections ; |iii], that it receives the two preceding and in 
addition the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowled ge. | 


Nore.—This list is not intended to indicate the distribution of Smithsonian publi- 
cations, but shows incidentally what publications of the Institution are sent to the 


libraries mentioned. . 
ALABAMA, 
Abbeville. 
[South East Alabama Agricultural School. ] 
Atheus. 
[North Alabama Agricultural School. ] 
Auburn. 
[Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College. ] 1,500 [ii] D 
Birminghaw. 
Alabama Club. ie 
[Howard College.] (East Lake P. O.) 5,000 [iii } 1) 
Young Men’s Christian Association. Xx 
Courtland. 
Publie Literary and Law Library Association, D 
Demopolis. 
Marengo Institute Library. xX 


East Lake (see Birmingham). 
Florence. : 


[State Normal School.] (White.) 1,000 x 
Greensborough. 

[Southern University. ] 1,470 [iii] D 
Huntsville. 

[State Normal and Industrial School.] (Colored.) 800 [i] 
Jacksonville. 

[Jacksonville State Normal School.] (White. ) 500 D 
Livingston. 

{[ Alabama Normal College for Girls.] (White. ) 250 [i] 
Marion. 

Judson Female Institute. 3,000 Xx 
MostiLe. 

[Spring Hill College.] (Spring Hill P. O.) 25,000 [ii] D 
MONTGOMERY. 

[State and Supreme Court Library. | 17,626 D 

[ Montgomery State Normal University] (formerly at Marion). 400 

State Board of Health. 3,000 [i] D 

Young Men’s Christian Association. D4 
Selma. 

[Selma University. ] 400 

Young Men’s Christian Association, 1,000 xX 


ibe. . 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Spring Hill (see Mobile. ) 


Troy. 
Troy Normal School. 50 
Tuscaloosa. : 
{ Alabama Historical Society. | 500 
Pierson Library. 1,500 
| University of Alabama.] (University P. O.) 7,000 
Tuskegee. 
[Tuskegee State Normal School.] (Colored.) 3,000 


Uniontown. ; 
{[Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station.] (Agricult- 
ural and Mechanical College. ) 
Wetumpka. 
Pablie Library of Wetumpka Academy. 


ARIZONA. 

Phenix. 

Pheenix Publie Library. 

| Territorial Library. } 5,000 
Tempe. 

{Territorial Normal School. ] 
Tombstone, 

Tombstone Public Library. 400 
Tucson. 

Free Publie Library. 800 


| University of Arizona. ] 
{ College of Agriculture of the University of Arizona. | 


ARKANSAS. 
Altus. 
Central College Institute. 
Arkadelphia. 


Ouachita College Library. 
Batesville. 

{Arkansas College. | 800 
Boousborough. . 

{Cane Hill College. | 
Conway. 

Public Library. 

Young Men’s Christian Association. 
Evening Shade. 

Evening Shade High School. 
Fayetteville. 

{Arkansas Industrial University. ] 6,000 
Fort Smith. 

Publie School Library. 
La Crosse. 

La Crosse Academy. 
LITTLE Rock. 

Architects’ Society of Architects and Surveyors. 

{ Arkansas Historical Society. ] 


[Arkansas Stale Library. | 20,000 
{Little Rock University. ] 1,000 
{Philander Smith College. ] 500 


Pine Bluff. 
{ Branch Normal College of Arkansas Industrial University. ] 739 


Li] 


[ii] 


{iii ] 


[i] 


217 


D 


8) 


218 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
CALIFORNIA. 

Alameda. 

Alameda Free Library and Reading Room. 5,150 
Benicia. 

[College of St. Augustine. ] 3,700 
Berkeley (see San Francisco). 
Biggs. 

Public School Library. 
Chico. 


Chico State Normal School. 
College City. 

[Pierce Christian College. ] 200 
Gredley. 

Publie School Library. 
Los ANGELES. 


Los Angeles Public Library. 3,964 

[Saint Vincent’s College. ] 3,000 

[State Normal School. ] 1,300 

[ University of Southern California. } 1,000 
Marysville. 

Marysville City Library. 4,000 
Monterey. 

Monterey Library Association. 
Napa City. 

[Napa College. ] 700 
OAKLAND. 

Free Public Library. 10,7338 
Petaluma. 

Petaluma Publie Library. 3,500 
SACRAMENTO. 

[ California State Library. | 61,612 

Sacramento Free Library. 11,778 
San Buenaventura. 

Ventura Publie Library. : 2,500 
San Diego. 

San Diego Public Library. 1,600 

San Diego Society of Natural History. 458 
SAN FRANCISCO. 

Bancroft Library (Pacifie Library). 45,000 

Bibliotheque de la Ligue Nationale I'rancaise. 13,000 

[California Academy of Sciences. | 10,000 

[California Historical Society. | 

Mechanics’ Institute. 40,000 

Mercantile Library Association. 55,000 

{Normal Department, Girls’ High School. ] 

Odd Fellows’ Library Association. 40,131 

[Saint Ignatius College. ] 10,000 

San Francisco Free Public Library. 65,000 

San Francisco Law Library. 25,500 

Sutro Library. 110,000 

Theological Seminary of San Francisco. 16,000 

[ University of California.] (Berkeley P. O.) 33,170 


{College of Agriculture of the University of California. ] 
(Berkeley P. O.) 


[i] 


[i] 


[iii] 
[iii] 


[i] 


[iii] 
[iii] 


[i] 
[i] 


[iii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 


[iii] 
iii] 


[iii] 
[11 j 
[iii] 
Li] 
iii] 


[iii] 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


San José. 
[ California State Normal School. ] 
San José Free Publie Library. 
{ University of the Pacific. ] 
San Mateo. 
San Mateo Publie Library. 
Santa Barbara. 
Santa Barbara Free Public Library. 
Santa Barbara Society of Natural History. 
Santa Clara. 
[ Santa Clara College. | 
Santa Cruz. 
Free Library. 
Santa Rosa. 
[ Pacific Methodist College. ] 
Free Library. 
STOCKTON. 
Free Publie Library. 
Vacaville. 
California Normal College. 
Woodbridge. 
[San Joaquin Valley College. ] 
Woodland. 
{ Hesperian College. | 
COLORADO. 
Boulder. 
| University of Colorado. | 
Colorado Springs. 
{ Colorado College. | 
DENVER. 
Chamber of Commerce. 
[Colorado Scientific Society. ] 
[Colorado State Historical Society. ] 
Denver Publie Library. 
[State Library. ] 
High School Library. 
{ University of Denver. | 
Durango. 
Durango Club Library. 
Fort Collins. 


[State Agricultural College of Colorado. ] 
Golden. 
[State School of Mines. } 
LEADVILLE. 
Young Men’s Christian Association. 
CONNECTICUT. 
_ BRIDGEPORT. 
{ Bridgeport Public Library and Reading Room. 
Canaan. 
Douglas Library. 
DANBURY. 
Danbury Library. 
Danielsonyille. 


Peoples’ Library Association. 
DerBy. (No library.) 


3,000 
6,500 
2,800 


4,500 
2,600 


12,000 
3,000 


1,000 
1,200 


8,147 
2.500 
1,000 


400 


2,100 


6,000 


8,000 


1,000 


900 
1,000 


600 


16,550 


{iJ 
Li] 
Lil | 


[ii | 
[i] 


[iii] 


Li] 


[iii] 


219 


1D 


D 
D 


220 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


A ARTEORD, 


[ Connecticut Historical Society. } 21,000 [ii] 
Hartford High School. 1,500 xe 
Hartford Library Association. 36,500 [iii] x 
Hartford Theological Seminary. 42,000 [iii] 
State Library of Connecticut. 15,000 {iii ] D 
[| Trinity College. | 28,000 [iii] 
Watkinson Library of Reference. 40,000 
Mansfield. 
[Storr’s Agricultural School.] (State.) (Storrs P. O.) 939 [i] 
MERIDEN. 
Young Men’s Christian Association. 4,200 
Middletown. 
Berkeley Divinity School. 17,387 
[ Wesleyan Oniversity.1 35,000 [iii] x 
NEW Britain. 
Public High School. 420 [i] x 
{State Normal School. ] 4,000 [ili ] 
New HAVEN. 
American Oriental Society. 3,000 [iii] 
[Cedar Street Normal Training School. ] 1638 
[Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences.} (No library.) 
Linonian and Brother's Library. 298 000 
New Haven Young Men’s Institute 12,000 [iii] 
New Haven Publie Library. D. 
Peabody Museum. (Yale University.) [i] 
[Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. ] 6,000 [ii] xX 
[Welch Normal Training School. ] 400 
[ Yale University. | 130,000 ili] D 
New Lonpon. 
New London Public Library. D 
NORWALK. 
Library Corporation. 1,800 x 
Norwicnu. 
Otis Library. 15,640 [ii] D 
STAMFORD. 
Fergurson Library. 5,000 x 


Storrs (see Mansfield. ) 
WATERBURY. 


Silas Bronson Library. 36,500 iii] D 
Willimantic. 
Dunham Hall. 2,000 


DHLAWARE. 
Dover. 


[| Delaware State Library. } 15,000 [iii | 

Dover Library. 1,890 

Scott Library. ; 1,600 
Milford. 

Milford Library Association. 800 
Newark. 

[ Delaware College. | 8,000 [iit] 
New Castle. 

New Castle Library Company, 4,000 [iii] 
Seaford. 


Seaford Publie School. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY 


WILMINGTON. 


{ Historical Society of Delaware. | 6,500 [i] 
Shields Library Association. 758 
Wilmington Institute. 15,632 {iii |} 


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 


WASHINGTON. 

{ American Historical Society. ] 
Army Medical Museum. 76,735 [i] 
Bureau of Education. 17,000 fii] 
Bureau of Ethnology. [iil | 
{Catholic University of America. ] [iii] 
Columbian Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 3,000 [iii] 
[Columbian University. ] 8,000 [iii] 
[ Congressional Library. ] 565,134 [iii] 
Cosmos Club. [i] 
Department of Agriculture. 18,000 [ili] 
Department of State. 22,625 Li] 
Engineer Department, U.S. Army (Office Chief of Engineers). [iii] 
[ Georgetown University. } 35,000 [iii] 
[ House of Representatives. | 125,000 [i] 
{ Howard University. ] 13,000 [ii] 
Interior Department Library. 8,000 [ii] 
Metropolitan Club. [i] 
[ Miner Normal School. ] 75 
{National Academy of Sciences. ] 
Navy Department Library. 17,000 [itil 
Quartermaster-Generai’s Office. [ii] 
Rotunda of United States National Museum. [i] 
Signal Office Library. 10,540 [ii] 
{ Smithsonian Institution.| (Books deposited in Congressional 

Library.) [iti] 
Surgeon-General’s Office. 76,733 [ iii ] 
Treasury Department Library. 18,000 [ii] 
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. 4.500 [i] 
United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. [ iii ] 
United Slates Geological Survey. 17,255 [iii ] 
United States National Museum. 13,000 [iii J 
United States Naval Observatory. 12,000 [ iii | 
United States Patent Office (Scientitic Library). 50,000 [iii] 
United States Senate. 30,000 
War Department Library. 17,500 [iii] 
Washington High School Library. [iii] 
| Washington Normal School. } 

FLORIDA. 
De Funiak Springs (Lake De Funiak). 

De Funiak Springs Library. 500 [i] 
[Florida State Normal College. } ASO 


~ De Land. 
John B. Stetson University. 
_ Jacksonville. 
Jacksonville Library Association. 500 Lii] 
Lake City. 
[Florida State Agricultural and Mechanical College. | 


222 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Milton. - 
Santa Rosa Academy Public Library. 
Pensacola. 

Pensacola Public School Library. 
Saint Augustine. 

[Historical Society of Florida. | 
Tallahassee. 

_ [Florida State Library.) 

[Florida State Normal School. | 

Florida University. 
Winter Park. 

[ Rollins College. } 


GHORGIA, 


Aeworth, 
Acworth Literary and Library Association. 
Americus. 
Americus Library Association. 
Athens. 
[ University of Georgia. | 
ATLANTA. 
[ Atlanta University. } 
[Clark University. | 
[ Georgia State Library. } 
Young Men’s Library Association. 
AUGUSTA. 
Young Men’s Library Association. 
Bowdon. 
[ Bowdon College. } 
Cave Spring. 
_ Georgia Institution for the Deaf and Dumb. 
Cedartown. 
Cedartown Library. 
CuLUMBUS. 
Columbus Publie Library. 
Conyers. 
Rockdale Library. 
Crawfordsville. 
Stephens’ High School. 
Cuthbert. 
[Southwest Georgia Agricultural College. ] 
Dahlonega. 
[ North Georgia Agricultural College. ] 
Gainesville. 
Gainesville College Library. 
Young Men’s Library Association. 
Griffin. 
Granthier Club Library. 
Hamilton. 
[ West Georgia Agricultural and Mechanical College. ] 
Hawkinsville. 
Hawkinsville Library and Literary Association, 
Jetterson, 
Martin Institute, 


4,000 ii] 


12,500 
2,200 [il 


1,500 


484 
1,909 
13,000 [iii] 
6,000 
2,000 
45,000 [iii] 
115343 4! [ang 
5769 2 Ly 
350 fi] 


1,200. [ii] 


6,000 [i] 


500 [i] 


1,400 


D 


D 


D 
D 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


MAcon. 
[ Mercer University. | 10,000 
[ Pio Nono College. ] 600 
Public Library and Historical Society. 10,000 
Wesleyan Female College. 2,500 
Milledgeville. 


[ Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College. ] 
Newnan. 


College Temple. 15,000 
Oxford. 

{Emory College. ] 5,000 
Perry. 

Perry Public Academy. 
Quitman. 

Brook County Library. 
Rome. 


Young Men’s Library Association. 
SAVANNAH. 


[Georgia Historical Society. | 15,250 
Thomasville. 
Thomasville Library Association. 300 
[South Georgia Agricultural College. ] 
Waynesboro. 


Waynesboro Library Association. 
West Point. . 
Young Men’s Library Association. 1,200 


IDAHO. 

Boisé City. 

{Idaho State Library. } 5,000 
Camas. 

Camas Library. 
Lewiston. 

Lewiston Public School Library. 
Murray. 

Murray Library. 


HELIN OLS: 
Abingdon. 


{ Hedding College. | 1,300 
Alton. 

Alton Public Library. 6,000 
AURORA. 

Aurora Free Public Library. 6,333 
De LLeVILLe. 

Believille Public Library. 9,702 
ISLOOMINGTON. 

Bloomington Library Association. 9,661 

{Illinois Wesleyan University. ] 3,408 
Bourbonnais Grove. 

[Saint Viateur’s College. | 2,000 
Cairo. 

Cairo Public Library. 2,650 
Carbondale. 

{Sonthern Ilinois Normal University. | 8,260 

arrollton. 
Carrollton Library Association, 


iii] 
[i] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


[i] 


Lii] 
[iii] 


[ii] 


224 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Carthage. : 
[Carthage College. } 3,000 [i] 


Champaign (see Urbana). 
[Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illi- 


nois. | 
CHICAGO. 
Chicago Academy of Sciences. 4,500 [iti] 
Chicago Historical Society. 12,024 [iii | D 
Chicago Law Institute. 19,000 
Chicago Public Library. 119,570 [ui J D 
Chicago Theological Seminary. 7 .5U0 [ili] 
[Cook County Normal School.] (Englewood P. O.) 5,000 [i] D 
Englewood High School Library. (Englewood P. 0.) 1,300 xX 
Married Men’s Sodality and Railroa:l Library. x 
Newberry Library. [ili] D 
[Saint Ignatius College. | 12,000 [i] 
Young Men’s Literary Association. xe 
Young Men’s Christian Association. 3,900 [ii] 
Cobden. 
Cobden Library Association. 1,796 x 
Danville. 
Danville High School. [il] 
Danville Publie Library. 4,000 [i] xX 
Decatur. 
Free Public Library. 7,322 [i] x 
Elgin. 
Elgin Publie Library. 8,223 [i] D 


Englewood (see Chicago). 
Huareka. 


[ Kureka College. ] 4,500 - [ii] 
I; vanston. 
[ Northwestern University. | 26,000 [iti] De 
Ewing. 
[ Ewing College. } ; 1,000 [i] x 
Freeport. 
Freeport Young Men’s Christian Association. xg 
Galena. ; | 
[German English College. ] 500 
GALESBURG, 
Galesburg Pubtic Library. oa 
[ Knox College. ] 6,600 [iii] 
{Lombard University. ] 6,600 [11] 


Gnothantie Library. 
Greenville. 
Greenville Public Library. 
Hillsborough. 
Hillsborough Public Library. 
Ilyde Park. 
Hyde Park High School Library. 400 
JACKSONVILLE. 


[| Illinois College. ] 9,000 [iui] 
Illinois Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. 7,284 [it] 


JOLIET. 
Joliet Business College. 11,000. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Kankakee. 
Kankakee Ladies Library Association. 2,000 
Knoxville. 
Saint Mary’s School. 900 
Lake Forest. 
[ Lake Forest University. ] 5,672 
Lebanon. 
{McKendree College. } 6,500 
Lincoln. 
{ Lincoln University. ] 3,000 
Macomb. 
Macomb City Free Public Library. : 2,059 
Monmouth. 
{ Monmouth College. ] 2,000 
Warren County Library and Reading Room. 11,196 
Morgan Park. : 
Baptist Union Theological Seminary. 25,000 
Mount Carroll. 
Mount Carroll Seminary. 5,000 
Mount Morris. 
Mount Morris College (Cassel Library). 12,000 
Mount Sterling. 
Mount Sterling Library Association. 
Mount Vernon, 
Mount Vernon Supreme Court Library. 7,000 
Naperville. 
[| Northwestern College. ] 1,200 
Normal. 
[Illinois Museum of Natural History. ] (University of Illinois. ) 
[Illinois State Normal University. ] 3,000 
Oak Park. 
Scoville Institute. 
Olney. 
Olney Publie Library. 2,500 
Ottawa. 
Ottawa City High School, 1,100 
Paxton. 
Paxton Library. 
PEORIA, 
Peoria Publie Library. 25,350 
QUINCY. 
{ Chaddock College. ] 300 
Quiney Library. 6,400 
[Saint Francis Solanus College. ] 2,230 
Rantoul. 
Rantoul Literary Society. B00 
Ravenswood. : 
Raveuswood Public Library. 
Rockrory. 
Public Library of Rockford. 13,100 
Rock IsLanp. 
[Augustana College. ] 7, 900 
Rock Island Public Library. 8; 057 


Shawueetown. 
Shawneetown Public Reading Room. 


‘ H. Mis. 224, pt. 9—==15 


M 


[i] 
[1] 
[iii] 
[i] 
[i] 


[i] 
iii] 


[iii] 


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[i 
Li] 


[i] 


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Lii 


226 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
Shelbyville. 

Shelbyville Public School Library. 600 
SPRINGFIELD, 


[Ilinois State Historical Society and Natural History Mu- 
seum. | 


[Lllinois State Library. | 40, 000 
Springfield Public Library 8, 000 
Streator. 


Streator High School. 
Sycamore. 
Sycamore Public Library. 


Teutopolis. , 

[Saint Joseph’s Diocesan College. ] 2, 000 
Upper Alton. 

[Shurtleff College. ] 6, 300 
Urbana (see Champaign). 

[University of Illinois. } 15,539 
Vandalia. 

Vandalia Public Library. 
Westfield. 

[ Westfield College. ] 2,500 
Wheaton. 

[ Wheaton College. ] 2, 500 

INDIANA. 

Aurora, 

Aurora Public Library Association. | 2, 000 
Bloomington. 

[Indiana University. ] 5, 000 
Brookville. 

Brookville Society of Natural History. 2, 000 
Covington. 

[Indiana Normal College. ] 1, 200 
Crawfordsville. 

[ Vabash College. | 23, 000 
Crown Point. ; 

Crown Point Publie School Library. 500 
Danville. 

Central Normal College. 1, 300 
I VANSVILLE. 

Willard Library. 10, 000 
Fort WAYNE. : 

Catholic Library Association. 4,700 

LConcordia College. ] 2, 000 

Fort Wayne Public School Library, 5, 500 
Frankfort. 

Frankfort Public Library. 1, 200 
Franklin. 

{ Franklin College. ] 5, 000 


Greencastle. 
[| De Paww University.] (Formerly Asbury University. ) 13, 000 
Ifanover. 


[ Hanover College. ] ; 6, 000 
Ilartsville. 

[ Hartsville College. ] 1,000 
Huntingburg. \ 

Petoka Township Library 634 


[ij 
iii] 
[iii] 


[i] 
[iii] 


[it] 
[iii] 


iii] 
[i] 
[ii] 
[i] 


[i] 
[iii] 
[iii] 

i] 


REPOKT OF ASSISTANT 


Huntington. 
Publie Sehool Library. 
INDIANAPOLIS. 
[ Butler University.] (Irvington P. O.) 
[Indiana Historical Society. ] 
Indiana State Law Library. 
[Indiana State Library. ] 
Indianapolis High School Library. 
[Iudianapolis Normal School. ] 
Indianapolis Public Library. 
Medical College of Indiana. 
Irvington (see Indianapolis). 
Kokomo. 
Kokomo Free Library. 
La FAYETTE. 
La Fayette Public Library. 
[Purdue University. ] 


SECRETARY. 


5,000 


3,000 
1,200 
14,500 
23,000 


200 
39,590 
2,000 


8,600 
2,300 


[School of Agriculture, Horticulture, and Veterinary Sci- 


ence.] (Purdue University.) 
La Porte. 
High School Library. 
La Porte City Library. 


Puble Library and Natural History Society. 


LOGANSPORT, 
American Normal College. 
Marion. 


Marion Public School Library. 
Merom. 

{Union Christian College. ] 
Moore’s Hill. 

[ Moore’s Hill College. ] 
Muncie. 

Muncie Public Library. 
New ALBANY. 

New Albany High School. 
New Harmony. 


New Harmony Working Men’s Institute. 


Notre Dame. 

[ University of Notre Dame du Lac. } 
Plainfield. 

Plainfield Central Academy. 
RICHMOND. 

{ Earlham College. } 

Morrison Library. 
Ridgeville. 

[Ridgeville College. ] 
Rising Sun. 

Natural History Club. 
Rockville. 

Rockville High School Library. 
Saint Mary’s. 

Saint Mary’s Institute. 
Saint Meinrad. 

[ Saint Meinrad’s College and Abbey. ] 


820 


700 


1,200 


6,111 


#,000 


25,000 


5,000 
13,500 


12, 508 


[i] 
[iii] 


[iii] 


[iii] 
[ii] 


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[ii] 


Lit) 


[ii] 


[iii] 


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[iii] 


Li] 
[i] 


Li] 
{iJ 


|i] 


227 


228 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


SoutTH BEND. 


Young Men’s Christian Association. 1, 000 
Spiceland. 

Spiceland Academy Library Association. 1, 200 
TERRE HAUTE. 

| Indiana State Normal School. ] 4, 000 

[ Rose Polytechnic Institute. ] 4, 212 
Valparaiso. 

Northern Indiana Normal School. 5, 000 
Vincennes. 

Vincennes University. 4, 000 
Wabash. 

Noble Township Library. 650 
Washington, 


Washington Public School Library. 


INDIAN THRRITORY. 


Tahlequah. 
[Cherokee National Council Library. ] 2,100 
[ Cherokee National Female Seminary. ] 600 
[Cherokee National Male Seminary. ] 1,000 
IOW A. 
Ames. 
[Iowa State College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts. ] 800 
Audubon. 
Audubon High School Library. 
Bloomfield. 
Bloomfield Library. 400 
Boone. 
Public Library Association. 
BURLINGTON. 
Burlington University. 3,000 
Cedar Falls. 
Public Library. 2,600 
[Iowa State Normal School. ] 1,760 
CEDAR RaPips. 
Grand Lodge of Masons of Lowa. 10,000 


Charles City. 
Charles City Free Public Library. 


Clarinda. 

Clarinda Young Men’s Christian Association. 
Clinton. 

Clinton Public School Library. 2,800 
College Springs. 

[Amity College. ] 1,000 
CouNCcIL BLUFFS. 

Free Public Library. 5,300 
DAVENPORT. 

Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences. 10,000 

[Griswold College. ] 3,000 

Library Association. 10,500 
Decorah. 

[Norwegian Lutheran College] 4,300 


[i] 
[i] 


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iii] 


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4 


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‘ 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Des MoINrEs. 
[ Drake University. | 
[ Iowa State Library. ] 
| University of Des Moines. ] 
[West Des Moines Training School. ] 
Poblie Library. 
DUBUQUE. 
[Saint Joseph’s College. ] 
Young Men’s Library Association. 
Fairfield. 
Jefferson County Library Association. 
[Parsons College. ] 
Fayette. 
| Upper Iowa University. ] 
Grinnell. 
{ Iowa College. | 
Hopkinton. 
{ Lenox College. ] 
Hull. 
Pattersonville Institute. 
Humboldt. 
Humboldt College. 
Independence. 
Independence Free Public Library. 
Indianola. 
{Simpson College. ] 
Towa City. 
{Iowa Academy of Sciences. ] 
[ State Historical Society of Iowa. ] 
[State University of Iowa. | 
KkOKUK. 
Keokuk Library Association. 
Le Mars. 


Northwestern Normal Institute and Business College. 


Missouri V:lley. 

Missouri Vailey High School Library. 
Mount Pleasant. 

[German College. ] 

{Iowa Wesieyan University. ] 

Mount Pleasant Publie Library. 
Mount Vernon. 

{ Cornell College. ] 
Osage. 

Cedar Valley Seminary. 
Oskaloosa. 

[Oskaloosa College. ] 

[Penn College. ] 
Pella. 

[Central University of Iowa. ] 
Shenandoah. 


22,000 
22,904 
2,000 
40 
5,800 


2,000 
13,000 


8,500 
2,400 


2,500 
12,250 


200 


585 
2,000 
4,030 
7,500 
650 


2,000 
2,000 


2,000 


Western Normal College and Shenandoah Commercial Insti- 


tute. (Private.) 
Tabor. 
[ Tabor College. ] 


3,006 


6,000 


[ii] 
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iii] 
iii] 


[iii] 
[1] 


[iii] 
[ii] 


[iii] 
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no 


230 REPORT OF NATIONAL 


Toledo. 

| Western College. | 
Washington. 

Washington Public Library. 
Waterloo. 

Waterloo Library Association. 


MUSEUM, 1889. 


3,200 


KANSAS. 


ATCHISON. 
Atchison Publie Library. 
[Saint Benedict’s College. } 

Baldwin City. 
{ Baker University. ] 

Dodge City. 

> Dodge City Library. 

Emporia. 
[College of Emporia. ] 
[Kansas State Normal School.] 


Garnett. 

Garnett Library Association. 
Harlan. 2 

Gould College. 
Hiawatha. 

Morrill Library. 
Highland. 

{ Highland University. ] 
Holton. 


Campbell University. 
Independence. 

Mdependence Ladies’ Library Association. 
Lawrence. 

| University of Kansas. | 

Lawrence City Library. 
LEAVENWORTH. 

Public Reading Room. 
Lecompton. 

[ Lane University. ] 
Manhattan. 

[Kansas State Agricultural College. ] 
Mankato. 

Mankato High School Library. 
McPherson. 

McPherson City Library. 
Newton. 

Newton Library. 
Oswego. 

Oswego College for Young Ladies. 

Oswego Public Library. 
Ottawa. 

[ Ottawa University. ] 
Paola. 

Paola City Library. 
Saint Mary’s. 

[Saint Mary’s College. ] 
Salina. 


| Kansas Weslevan University. 1 


2,894 


5,000 


3,000 


700 
2,000 


603 


10,000 
4,000 


1,160 
3,100 
8,000 


159 


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[ii] 


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REPORT OF ASSISTANT 


TOPEKA, 
[Kansas Academy of Science, ] 
| Kansas State Historical Society. } 
[ Kansas State Library. | 
Topeka Free Public Library. 
[ Washburn College. | 
Trey. 
Troy Publie Library. 
Wichita. 
Garfield College. 


LORNA CSN 


Ashland. 
Ashland Reading Room Association. 
Bardstown. 
Saint Joseph’s College. 
Berea. 
[ Berea College. ] 
Bowling Green. 
{ Ogden College. ] 
Burkesville. 
Alexander College. 


Cecilian. 
Cecilian College. 
Clinton. 


Clinton College Reference Library. 
Columbia. 

Columbia Christian College. 
COVINGTON. 

Covington High School Library. 

Covington Law Library Association. 
Danville. 

[Center College. ] 

Danville Theological Seminary. 
Earlington. 


Catholic School Library at Saint Bernards. 


Eminence. 

[ Eminence College. ] 
Farmdale. 

Kentucky Military Institute. 
Frankfort. 

Kentucky Geological Survey. 

[Kentucky Historical Society. ] 

[ Kentucky State Library. ] 
Frenchburg. 

Frenchburg High School Library. 
Georgetown. 

[ Georgetown College. ] 

Georgetown Public Library. 


Glasgow. 

Glasgow Normal School. 
Hartford, 

Hartford College. 
Hopkinsville. 

[South Kentucky College. ] 
Jackson. 


Jackson Academy Library. 


SECRETARY. 


Lii] 


24,121 [ii]: 


23,988 [iii] 


5,000 [ii] 


800 
4,000 

G00 [i] 
1,000 


2,000 


2,000 
5,000 [iii] 


10,000 


2,000 Li] 


33,900 [i] 


8,000 [iii] 


1,500 [i] 


1,000 


1,000 


D 


D 


232 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


LUXINGTON. 
[State College of Kentucky.] (Agricultural and Mechanical.) 


Hamilton Female College. 500 

{ Kentucky University. ] 13,400 

Lexington Library. 15,000 
LOUISVILLE. 

Louisville Library Association. 10,000 


Louisville Trade and Labor Assembly. 
Male High School. 


Polytechnic Society of Kentucky. 40,533 
Sonthern Baptist Theological Seminary. 8,500 
Madisonville. 


National Institute Library. 
Mayfield. 

Western Kentucky College, 
Maysville. 

Limestone Lodge Knights of Pythias. 


Millersburg. 

[ Kentueky Wesleyan College. } 1,500 
Murray. 

[Murray Male and Female Institute and West Kentucky 

Normal School. } 45 

NEWPORT. 

Odd Fellows’ Library. 3,600 
North Middletown. 

[Kentucky Classical and Business College. ] 200 
Princeton. 

Princeton Collegiate Institute. 800 
Richmond. 

{Central University. ] 7,000 
Russellville. 

[ Bethel College. ] 2,000 
Saint Mary’s. 

[Saint Mary’s College. ] 5,000 
Vanceburgh. 

Riverside Seminary. 
Versailles. 


Versailles Publie Library. 


LOUISIANA. 
Baton Rouge. 
College Institute. 
[ Louisiana State Historical Society. ] 
[ Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical 
College. | 18,085 
Calhoun. 
{ North Louisiana Experiment Station.] (Agricultural and 
Mechanical College.) 
Convent. 
[ Jefferson College.] (Saint Mary’s.) 
Grand Coteau. 


[Saint Charles College. ] 8,000 
Jackson. 

{Centenary College of Louisiana. ] 2.000 
Keachi. : 

| Keachi College. ] 200 


[i] 
[iii] 
[ii] 
[i] 


[iii] 
[ii] 


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[ii] 
[iii] 


[i] 
[iii] 


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oy 


ba 


va 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT 


Kenner. 


[Sugar Experiment Station. ] (Agricultural and Mechan- 


ical College.) 
Monroe. 
Monroe Public Library. 
Mount Lebanon. 
Mount Lebanon College Library. 
Natchitoches. - 
{ Louisiana State Normal College. ] 
NEW ORLEANS. 
City Public School and Lyceum Library. 
{ College of the Immaculate Conception. | 
Howard Memorial Library. 
[ New Orleans Normal School. ] 
New Orleans Law Asseciation. 
New Orleans Publie School and Lyceum Library. 
[New Orleans University. ] 


Soulé Commercial College and Literary Institute. 


[Southern University.] (Colored.) 
[State Library of Louisiana. | 
{Straight University. ] 
{ Tulane University of Louisiana. ] 
Shreveport. 
{ Thatcher Institute. ] 
Winsted. 
Gilbert Seminary. 


MAIN E. 

Augusta. 

[ Maine State Library. ] 
BaNGOn. 

Bangor Public Library. 

Bangor Theological Seminary. 
BIDDEFORD. 

Biddeford Public Library. 
Brunswick. 

[ Bowdoin College. ] 
Bucksport. 

East Maine Conference Seminary, 
Calais. 

Saint Croix Library. 
Castine. 

{Eastern State Normal School. } 
Dexter. 

Dexter Town Library. 
Ellsworth. 

Ellsworth City Library. 
Farmington. 

[State Normal Training School. ] 
Gorham. 


[State Normal School. ] 
Grant Isle and Fort Kent. 

{Madawaska Training School. ] 
Hebron. 

Hebron Academy (MWamlin Library.) 


j 


SECRETARY. 


400 
500 


17,000 
13,000 


200 
10,00C 
17,000 

2,000 
1,964 


0) 
21,000 
400 
15,500 


250 


41,000 


23,955 


17,000 
4,000 
35,000 
3,200 
4,000 
1,300 
2,300 
2,560 
1,712 
1,687 
200 


600 


[iil] 


[ii] 


233 


Nr 
<<. 


D 


D 


234 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Kent’s Hili. 


Maine Wesleyan Seminary and Female College. 4,515 
Kittery. 

Rice Publie Library. 2,700 [i] 
LEWISTON. 

{ Bates College. ] 9,237 Li] 

Manufacturers and Mechanics’ Library Association. 9,085 [ii] 
Norway. 

Norway Public Library. 1,200 
Orono. 


[ Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanie Arts.] 6,500 [iii] 
PORTLAND. 


CUMBERLAND. (No publie library.) 
Easton. 


aston High School. 


[ Maine Historical Society. ] 10,000 [iii] 

[Normal Training and Practice Class. ] 216 

Portland Public Library. 31,000 [iii] 

Portland Society of Natural History. 1,300 [ili] 
Saco. 

York Institute. 1,100 [ii] 
Waterville. 

[ Colby University. | 21,000 [iii | 

MARYLAND. 

Agricultural College. 

{Maryland Agricultural College. ] 2,000 [iii] 
Annapolis. 

{ Maryland State Library. | 75,000 [ili] 

[Saint John’s College. ] 6,000 [iti] 

United States Naval Academy. 26,893 [iii] 
BALTIMORE. 

Archiepiscopal Library. 15,000 

[Baltimore City College. ] 5,000 

Calumet Club. 

Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore City. 40,888 [iii | 

[Johns Hopkins University. ] 30,000 [iii] 

Library Company of the Baltimore Bar. 10,000 

Loyola College. 12,000 Lil] 

{Maryland Academy of Sciences. | 800 [ii] 

Maryland Historical Society. 20,000 [iii] 

Maryland Institute for the Promotion of Mechanic Arts. 20,515 [iit ] 

{Maryland State Normal School. 2.516 [ii] 

Mercantile Library Association of Baltimore. 40,000 [iii] 

Mount Clare Library. 

Odd Fellows’ Library. 21,952 

Peabody Institute. 83,000 [ili] 

Saint Mary's University and Theological Seminary of Saint 

Sulpice. 26,000 [iii } 

Catonsville. 

Catonsville Library Association. 3,000 
Charlotte Hall. 

Charlotte Hall School Library. 1,000 
Chestertown. 

{ Washington College. | 2,000 [iit] 
College of Saint James. 

College of Saint James (High School), 6,000 [iii] 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Ellicott City. 
[ Rock Hill College. ] 
[Saint Charles College. ] 
Smmittsburg. 
{Mount Saint Mary’s College. ] 
Hagerstown. 
Hagerstown Library Association, 
Ilchester. 
Mount Saint Clement’s College. 
New Windsor. ; 
[New Windsor College and Windsor Female College. | 
Reisterstown. 
Hannah Moore Academy. 
Sandy Springs. 
Sandy Springs Library. 
Westminster. 
[ Western Maryland College. } 
Westminster Library. 
Woodstock. 
Woodstock College. 


MASSACHUSETTS, 
Amherst. 


[ Amherst College. } 

{ Massachusetts Agricultural College. ] 
Andover. 

Andover Theological Seminary. 
ATTLEBOROUGH. 

Attleborough Free Public Library. 
Beverly. 

Public Library. 
Boston. 

[American Academy of Arts and Sciences. ] 


American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. 


American Congregational Association. 

American Statistical Association. 

Boston Atheneum. 

Boston Chamber of Commerce. 

[ Boston College. ] 

Loston General Theological Society. 

Boston Library Society. 

Boston Medical Library Association. 

{ Boston Norinal School. ] 

Boston Publie Library. 

Boston Social Law Library. 

Boston Society of Natural History. 

| [ Boston University. 
{ Massachusetts Historical Society. } 
{ Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ] 
{ Massachusetts Normal Art School. ] 
Naval Library and Institute (United States). 
New England Historic-Geneéalogical Society. 
[State Library of Massachusetts. 

Bridgewater. 

; [State Normal School. } 


' 


6,309 
9,900 


8,000 


10,600 


3,000 


1,000 


67,000 


40,000 
4,400 


42,938 
2,400 
10,211 


18, 000 
7,273 


yee 
50 


25,4 
150,261 


10,000 
15,000 
26,000 
15,000 


434,837 
19,500 
30,000 
12,000 
31,000 

4,117 
300 
2,390 
20,778 
60,000 


4,000 


[ii] 


[iii] 


iii] 
[ii] 


[iii] 


Ui] 


iii] 
[iii] 

[i] 
iii] 
iii] 


[ii] 


[iii] 
[ii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 
[ii] 
iii] 
[iii ] 
[iii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 


Lit] 


A 


wn 


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236 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Brockton. 
Brockton Public Library. 10,341 
Brookline. 
Brookline Publie Library. 30,842 
CAMBRIDGE. 
Cambridge Public Library. 18,000 
[ Divinity School, Harrard.|] (Harvard College.) 17,400 
| Harvard University. | 239,500 
[ Law School, Harvard.] (Harvard College.) 21,600 
{ Museum of Comparative Zoology.| (Harvard College. ) 17,600 
Porcelain Club. (Harvard College. ) 10,000 
[ Peabody Museum of American Archeology and Ethnology. ] 
(Harvard College. ) 795 


Cambridgeport. 
Cambridge Publie Library. 


CHELSEA. 

Chelsea Public Library. 8,646 
CHICOPEE. 

Chicopee Town Library. 8,300 
Clinton. 

Bigelow Free Public Library. 13,000 
Coliege Hill. 

[ Tufts College. ] 22,000 
Concord. 

Concord Tree Public Library. 19,643 
Cummington. 

Bryant Free Library. 5,300 
Danvers. 

Peabody Institute and Library. 12,000 
Dedham. 

Dedham Public Library. 8,920 


FALL RIVER. 
Fall River Publie Library. 


[Fall River Training School. ] 300 
FITCHBURG. 

Fitchburg Public Library. 17,000 
Framingham. 

Framingham Town Library. 12,000 

[State Normal School. ] 2,000 
GLOUCESTER. 

Sawyer I’ree Library. 7,000 
HAVERHILL. 

Haverhill Public Library. 39,268 

{ Haverhill Training School. ] 50 
Hingham. 

Hingham Publie Library. 5,800 
Hingham Centre. 

Hingham Publie Library. 5,800 
HOLYOKE. 

Holyoke Public Library. 11,000 
Ipswich. 

Ipswich Public Library. 10,000 


Jamaica Plains. 
[Bussey Institution. (Harvard University.) Agricultural 
and Horticultural. ] 2,700 


[iJ 
[ii] 


[iii] 
Liiiq 


[iii] 


[ii] 


[iii] 
[iii | 


[ii] 


[iii] 


iii] 
[iii] 


iii] 


[ii] 


[ii] 


* 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Lancaster. 

Lancaster Town Library. 
LAWRENCE. 

Lawrence Public Library. 

[ Lawrence Training School. ] 
Leominster. 

Public Library. 
Lexington. 

Carey Memorial Library. 
LOWELL. 

Lowell City Library. 

Middlesex Mechanics’ Association. 
LYNN. 

Lynn Free Public Library. 
MALDEN. 

Malden Public Library. 
MARLBOROUGH. 

Marlborough Free Public Library. 
Medford. 

Medford Public Library. 
Middleborough. 

Middleborough Public Library. 
Milton. 

Milton Public Library. 
Nantucket. 

Nantucket Atheneum. 
Natick. 

Morse Institute. 
New Beprorp. 

Free Public Library of New Bedford. 
NEWBURYPORT. 

Newburyport Public Library. 
NEWTON. 

Newton Free Library. 
Newton Centre. 

Newton Theological Institution. 
Nortu Avams. 

North Adams Public Library. 
NorTHAMPTON. 

Northampton Pree Public Library. 

[Smith College. } 
North Easton. 

Ames Free Library. 
Peabody. 
| Peabody Institute. 
‘PirrsFieip. 

Berkshire Atheneum. 
QUINCY. 

Thomas Crane Public Library. 
Randolph. 

Turner Free Library. 
Roxbury. 


‘SALEM. 
Essex Institute. 


‘5 Peabody Academy of Science, 


€ 
Fellows’ Athenzeum (formerly Roxbury Athenwum). 


10,800 
10,000 


30,000 
20,000 


34,411 
10,724 
8,600 
10,260 
3,955 


10,000 


13,647 
50,000 
23,282 
23,309 
18,000 

5,777 


20,000 
5,000 


11,059 
25,507 
16,000 
14,000 


10,000 


37,000 
5,000 


iii] 


[iii] 
Liii ] 
[ii] 
iii] 


[iii] 
[ii] 


[iii] 
Li] 
[ii] 


[iii] 


[iii] 
Lili] 


dD 


238 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


SaLeEM—Continued. 

Salem Atheneum. 

| Salem State Normal School. } 
SOMERVILLE. 

Somerville Public Library. 
Southbridge. 

Southbridge Public Library. 
South Hadley. 

Mount Holyoke Female Seminary. 
South Natick. 

Historical and Natural History and Library Society. 
Spencer. 

Spencer Public Library. 
SPRINGFIELD. 

City Library Association. 
TAUNTON. 

Public Library. 
WALTHAM. 

Waltham Public Library. 
Watertown. 

Free Public Library. 
Wayland. 

Wayland Free Public Library. 
Wellesley. 

[ Wellesley College. | 
Westfield. 

Westfield Atheneum. 

[ Westfield State Normal School. ] 
WEYMOUTH. 

Tuft’s Library. 
Williamstown. 

| Williams College. | 
Winchester. 

Winchester Public Library. 
WOBURN. 

Woburn Public Library. 
WORCESTER. 

American Antiquarian Society. 

[Clark University. | 

Free Public Library of the City of Worcester. 

[ College of the Holy Cross. ] 

{ Massachusetts State Normal School. ] 

Worcester County Free Institute of Industrial Sciences. 

Worcester Society of Antiquity. 


MICHIGAN. 
Adr: 
| Adrian City Training School for Teachers. ] 
[ Adrian College. ] 
Agricultural College. 
[ Michigan Agricultural College. ] 


Albion. 
[ Albion College. ] 
Alma. 


Alma College. 


19,000 
5,000 


12,637 
10,180 
11,000 
965 
6,000 
55,000 
24,434 
13.000 
15,791 
10,000 
30,321 


14,000 
2,000 


9,114 
34,000 

6,300 
23,789 
80,000 
63,941 
14,000 

6,329 


1,200 
10,000 


4,000 
5,000 
7,474 


5,621 


[iii] 


[i] 
[ii] 
Lit] 


[iii] 
Liii] 
[ii] 
iii] 
li] 
iii] 


[i] 
[iii] 
[ii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 
[ili] 
{iil} 
Li] 
[ii] 
Li] 


[iii] 
[iii] 
iii] 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Aun Arbor. 

[ University of Michigan. | 
Battle Creek. 

[ Battle Creek College. ] 

Battle Creek Public School Library. 
Bay Ciry. 

Bay City Public Library. 
Beuzonia, 

[Grand Traverse College. ] 
Big Rapids. 

Big Rapids Public School Library. 
Cassopolis. 

Cassopolis Public School Library. 
DETROI?. 

Detroit College. 

Detroit Scientific Association. 

{ Historical Society of Michigan. ] 

Public Library of the City of Detroit. 
East SAGANAW. 

Hoyt Public Library. 
Escanaba. 

Escanaba High School Library. 
Grand Haven. 

Akley College. 
GRAND Rapips. 

Grand Rapids Public Library. 
Hillsdaie. 

[ Hillsdale College. ] 
Holland. 

[| Hope College. | 
Houghton. 

Houghton Historical Society and Mining Institu 
Jonia. 

Tonia Publie School Library. 
JACKSON. 

Jackson Publie Library. 
Kalamazoo, 

[Kalamazoo College. ] 

Kalamazoo Publie Library. 

Ladies’ Library Association. 
Lapsing, 

[| Michigan State Library. | 
Lapeer. 

Lapeer High School Library. 
Manistee. 

Manistee Public School Library. 
MuskreGon. 

Muskegon Public School Library. 
Olivet. 

[| Olivet College. | 
Orchard Lake. 

Michigan Military Academy. 
Petoskey. 

Ladies’ Library Association, 


60,201 


1.300 
7,000 


10,000 


1,665 


59,653 
6,531 


800 


17,000 
7,060 
6,923 

500 
500 
5,338 
3,376 

11,419 
3,290 

46,000 


500 


4,007 
14,700 
650 


335 


iii] 


[i] 
Li] 


[i] 
Li] 
[i] 
[iii] 


[ii] 
[iii] 


[i] 
[ii] 
Li] 


209 


D 


D 


D 


D 


D 


D 


240 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Pontiac. 

Ladies’ Library Association. 
Port Huron. 

Ladies’ Library Association of Port Huron. 
SAGINAW. 

Saginaw Publie and Union School Library. 
St. Clair. 

Union School Library. 
Sault de Ste. Marie. 

Sault de Ste. Marie Public School Library. 
West Bay City. 

Sage Public Library. 
Wyandotte. 

Wyandotte Public Library. 
Ypsilanti. 

[State Normal School. } 


MINNESOTA. 

Albert Lea. 

Albert Lea College for Young Ladies. 
Alexandria. 

Alexandria Public Library. 
Collegeville. 

[Saint Jolin’s University. ] 
Duluth. 

Duluth Chamber of Commerce, 

Duluth Public Library. 

Young Men’s Christian Association Reading Room. 
Faribault. 

Faribault Publie Library. 
Hamline. 

[ Hamline University. ] 
Mankato. 

[State Normal School. } 
MINNEAPOLIS. 


[ College of Agriculture of the University of Minnesota. ] 


Minneapolis Public Library. 
[Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences. ] 
[ University of Minnesota. ] 
[ Augsburg Seminary. | 
Moorhead. 
| Moorhead State Normal School. ] 
New Ulm. 
New Ulm Turneverein Library. 
Northfield. 
[Carleton College. | 
Saint Anthony Park. (Sec Minneapolis. ) 
Saint Cloud. 
Saint Cloud City Library. 
[State Normal School. ] 
SAINT PAUL. 
{ Minnesota Historical Society. ] 
Saint Paul Public Library. 
[ State Library. ] 
Saint Peter. 
Gustavus Adolphus College. 


925 
3,000 
4,000 


300 


12,000 
1,000 


7,938 


1,025 


9,500 


31,000 


21,000 
1,000 


1,064 
8,000 
1, 600 
6, 000 
12, 338 
11,500 


14, 142 


2, 000 


[ii] 


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[iii] 


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iii] 


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Kw OKO 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY, 


Stillwater. 
Stillwater Library Association. 2, 600 
WINONA. 
[State Normal School. } 5, 0UO 
Winona Free Library. 3, 000 


MISSISSIPPI. 


Agricultural College. (See Starkville.) 
Blue Mountain.’ 


Blue Mountain Female College. 443 
Brookham. 
Whitworth Female College. 600 


Buena Vista. 
Buena Vista Normal College. 
Carrolton, 


Carrolton Female College. 700 
Carthage. 

Carthage High School Public Library. 
Clinton. 

Central Female Institute. 2, 000 

[Mississippi College. ] 2, 000 
Columbus. 

Columbus Public Library. 1, 895 


Female Ludustrial College. 
Daleville. 

Cooper Normal College. 3, 500 
Giltsborough. 

Giltsborough College. 
Greenville. 

Greenville Public Library. 2, 200 
Grenada. 

Grenada Female College. 
Harpersyille. 

Harpersville Publie Library. 
Holly Springs. 


[Mississippi State Normal School. ] 3, 000 
[Rust University. ] 1, 000 
Holmesville. 
(Kavanaugh College. } 
Jackson, 


[Mississippi Historical Society. ] 
[State Library.] (Smithsonian publications transferred to 


Agricultural and Mechanical College. ) 40, 000 

Jefferson. 

Jefferson Academy. 
Natchez. 

Natchez Library Association. 3, 100 
Oxford. 

[ University of Mississippi.] (University P. 0.) 12, 000 
Rodney. 


[Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College.] (Colored.) 1,353 
Starkville. 


[Agricultural and Mechanical College of Mississippi. ] 2, d42 
Summit. 
Lea Female College. 300 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——16 


[iii] 


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Li] 


{i] 


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[iii] 
[i] 
[iii] 
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241 


£s 


D 


Xx 


D 


D 


242 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Tougaloo. 
[Tougaloo University. ] 
VicksspurG. (No public library.) 
Washington. 
Jetferson College. (Academy, ) 
West Point. 
West Point Male and Female Academy. 


MISSOURI. 
Albany. 
Albany Public School, 
Avalon. 
Ayalon College of the United Brethren in Christ. 
Bolivar. 
[Southwest Baptist College. ] 
Boonville, 
Kemper Family School. 
Cameron. 
Cameron Library. 
Canton. 
[Christian University. ] 
Cape Girardeau. 
[ Missouri State Normal School. ] (Third District. ) 
[ St. Vincent’s College. | 
Carthage. 
Public School Library. 
Chillicothe. 
Chillicothe High School Library. 
Clinton. 
Baird College. 
Columbia. 
[Agricultural and Mechanical College. } 
[ University of Missowri. | 
Denver. : 
Denver Public Library. 
Edinburgh. 
[Grand River College. ] 
Fayette. 
[Central College. | 
Howard Female College. 
Fulton. 
| Westminster College. ] 
Gallatin. 
Gallatin Publie School Library. 
Glasgow. 
[ Lewis College. | 
[Pritchett School Instifute. ] 
HANNIBAL. 
Hannibal Public Library. 
Independence. 
Independence Young Men’s Christian Association. 
Jefferson City. 
[ Lincoln Institute. ] 
[ Missoura State Library. | 
Kansas CITY. 
Kansas City Public Library. 


e 


2, 000 


1,000 
14,520 


850 
18,000 


12,000 


Lit] 


[i] 
[i] 


iii] 


[i] 
li] 


[i] 


iii] 
Lit] 


lop leh I 


REPORT OF ASSISCANT 


Keytesville. 


Keytesville Library. 


Kirksville. 


SECRETARY. 


[ Missouri State Normal School.] (First District.) 1,127 


La Grange. 


[La Grange College. ] 


Liberty. 


{ William Jewell College. ] 


Marionville. 


Marionyille Collegiate Institute. 


Morrisville. 


[ Morrisville College. ] 


Nevada. 


Nevada Public School Library. 


Parkville. 


Parkville College. 


Rolla. 
{ Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy, University of Missouri. ] 
SAINT JOSEPH. 


600 
400 


1,500 


Mechanical and Scientific Library Association. 


Saint Louis. 


[College of the Christian Brothers. ] 
Law Library Association of St. Louis. 
Missouri Botanical Gardens. 

[ Missouri Historical Society. | 
[Saint Louis Academy of Sciences. | 
Saint Louis Labor Library. 

Saint Louis Mercantile Library. 
[Saint Louis Normal School. ] 

Saint Louis Public Library. 

[Saint Louis University. | 

Saint Theresa’s School. 

{ Washington University. ] 


Sedalia. 


Sedalia Natural History Society. 
Young Men’s Christian Association. 


Springfield. 


{ Drury College. | 
Knights of Labor Library. 


Warrensburgh. 


[State Normal School.] (Second District.) 


Warrenton. 


[ Central Wesleyan College. ] 


5,000 
14,320 
3,000 
4.000 
10,000 


65,657 
500 
60,000 
25,000 
8,000 


500 
600 


20,000 


1,500 


3,600 


IVEOIN TAIN, A... 


Deer Lodge. 


[College of Montana. } 


Helena. 


[ Historical Society of Montana. ] 
| Montana State Library. ] 


1,000 


5,000 
4,000 


NHK BRASKA,. 


Beatrice. 


Beatrice Publie Library. 


Central City. 


{ Nebraska Central College. ] 


300 


Li] 
[i] 


[iii] 


[ii] 
Li] 


[ii] 
Li] 


D 
D 


244 REPORL OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
2) 


Crete. 
{ Doane College. } 
Franklin. 
Franklin Academy. 
Fremont. 
Fremont Normal School Library. 
Fremont Reading Room Library. 
Hastings. 
Hastings College. 
Humboldt. 
Brunn Memorial Public Library. 
LINCOLN. 
Industrial College cf the University of Nebraska. 
[State Historical Society of Nebraska. ] 
[ Nebraska State Library. | 
| University of Nebraska. | 
Nebraska City. 
Ladies’ Library Association. 
Nebraska Institute for the Blind. 


Nelich. 

[ Gates College. ] 
Norfolk. 

Norfolk Publie Library. 
Omaha. 


[Creighton College. ] 
Omaha Public Library. 
Peru. 
[State Normal School. ] 
York. 
{ Methodist Episcopal College of Nebraska. ] 


NHVADA. 

Carlin. 

Carlin Library Association. 
Carson City. 

| State Library of Nevada. | 
Paradise. 

Paradise Public Schooi Library. 
Reno. 

Reno Library Association. 

[School of Agriculture of the Nevada State University. | 

[State University of Nevada. ] 
VIRGINIA CITy. 

Miners’ Union Library of Virginia City. 
Wadsworth. 

Nevada Engineers and Mechanics’ Library. 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
Claremont. 


Fiske Free Library. 
CONCORD. 
Concord Public Library. 
| New Hampshire Historicai Society. ] 
! New Hampshire State Library. ? 
Dovern. 
Dover Public Library. 


349 
24,398 
8,382 


1,743 
400 


3,000 


5,300 
14,237 


3,250 


ibericige 


18,000 


1,000 


4,000 


4,857 
11,900 
10,300 
20.000 


7,153 


[ii] 
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[iii] 


i el a ete Bd 


co 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY, 


Great Fails. 

Great Falls Manufacturers and Village Library. 
Hanover. 

{ Dartmouth College. | 

{New Hampshire College of Agriculture. ] 
Keene. 

Keene Public Library. 
MANCHESTER. 

Manchester City Library. 

{Manchester City Training School. ] 
NASHUA. 

Nashua Publie Library. 
Plymouth. 

{New Hampshire State Normal School. ] 
Portsmouth. 

Portsmouth Antheneum. 

Portsmouth Free Publie Library. 
Rochester. 

Rochester Publie Library. 

-NHW JHRSEHY. 

Burlington. 

Burlington Library. 
CAMDEN. 

Microscopical Society of Camden. 
Delanco. 

Delanco Library. 
ELIZABETH. 

Elizabeth Publie Library and Reading Room. 
Hightstown. 

Peddie Institute. 
HOBOKEN. 

German Academy of Hoboken, 

Stevens Institute of Technology. 
JERSEY CITY. 

Jersey City Publie School Free Library. 

St. Peter’s College. 
Long Branch. 

Long Branch Free Reading Room and Library. 
Lakewood. 

Lakewood Publie Library. 
Lawrenceville. 

Lawrenceville High School. 
‘Madison. 

Drew Theological Seminary. 
Morristown. 

Morristown Library and Lyceum. 
Mount Holly. 


Burlingtou County Lyceum of History and Natural Science. 


Newark. 
Newark Library Association. 
{ Newark Normal School. } 
|New Jersey Historical Society. ] 
[St. Benedict’s College. ] 
New Brunswick. 
ai [ Rutgers College. } 
[Rutgers Scientific School of Rutgers College. } 


w 
r 


_ _ Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church in America. 


7,500 


67,000 


6,000 


28,660 
140 


8,560 


10,000 


340 


4,500 


1,200 


5,000 


5,000 


1,600 


1,450 


18,000 
11,000 
4,800 
27,523 
140 
8,114 
2,930 


19,000 


28,000 


[iii] 
li} 


[iii] 


[iii] 


Li] 


D 


D 


246 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM 1889. 


Newton. 

Dennis Library. , 6,445 
ORANGE. 

New England Society of Orange. 705 
Passaic. 


Passaic Free Publie Library. 
PATERSON. 


[ Paterson Normal Training School. ] 1,200 

Paterson Free Public Library. 7,000 
Princeton. : 

[ College of New Jersey. | 60,000 


i. M. Museum of Geology and Archeology of the College 
of New Jersey. 


Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church. 48,000 
Rahway. 

Rahway Library Association. 9,043 
Salem. 

Salem Library Company. 9,000 
TRENTON. 

[New Jersey State Normal School. ] 500 

[State Library of New Jersey. ] 31,000 
Vineland. 

[College of the Sacred Heart. ] 5,000 

Vineland Public Library. 1,500 


NHW MEXICO. 
Las Cruces. 
[Agricultural College of New Mexico. } 
Las Vegas. 
Las Vegas College. 3,000 
Santa Fé. 
[ Historical Society of New Mexico. | 


St. Michael’s College. 1,300 
[Territorial Library of New Mexico. ] 7,570 
[ University of New Mexico. ] 300 


NHW YORK. 
ALBANY. 
Albany Catholic Union. 
New York State Agricultural Society. 
New York State Library. (See New York State Library. ) 37,300 


[ New York State Library. | 128,871 

New York State Museum of Natural History. 1,C00 

[New York State Normal School. ] 5,000 

[ Teachers’ Training Class of Albany. ] 

Young Men’s Association. 17,000 
Albion. 

Albion Union School. 625 
Alfred Centre. 

{ Alfred University. ] 5,000 
Allegany. 

[St. Bonaventure’s College and Seminary. ] 6,358 
Annandale. 

[St. Stephen’s College. ] 5,500 
AUBURN. 

Seymour Library Association. 9,439 

Theological Seminary of Auburn. 16,417 


[ii] 


[ii] 
[iii] 
[ii] 


[iii] 


[ii] 
Li] 


[ii] 
[iii] 


[i] 


[i] 
[ii] 


[iii] 
iii] 
Lili] 
[iii] 


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[ii] 

[i] 
[ii] 


[ii] 
[ii] 


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ois) 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT 
Aurora. 

{ Wells College. ] 
Bath. 

Bath Library Association. 
BINGHAMTON. 

Binghamton Library Association. 
Brockport. 


[State Normal and Training School. 
BRQOKLYN, 
Adelphi Academy. 


SECRETARY. 


[ Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute. ] 


Brooklyn Institute. (Youths’ Free Library.) 

Brooklyn Library. 

[ Brooklyn Training School. | 

Columbian Club. 

Eastern District School Library. 

Long Island Historical Society. 

Packer Collegiate Institute. 

Saint Augustine Mechanical Library. 

Saint Francis’s College. | 

Saint Peter’s Library. 

Young Men’s Christian Association. 
BUFFALO. 

Buttalo Catholic Institute. 

Buttalo Historical Society. 

Buffalo Library. 

Buffalo Mechanics’ Institute. 

Buttalo Society of National Sciences. 

{ Butfalo State Normal and Training School. ] 

{ Canisius College. 

Grosvenor Library. 
Canastota. 

Union School and Academy. (District No. 9.) 
Canton. 

[St. Lawrence University. ] 
Catskill. 

Catskill School Library. (District No. 1.) 
Cattaraugus. 

Cattaraugus Union Free School, 
Cazenovia. 

Cazenovia Seminary. 


Clinton. 

{ Hamilton College. ] 
Cobleskill. 

Union School Library. 
COHOES. 

Cohoes City Library. 
Corning. 

Corning Library Association, 
Cortland. 


Franklin Hateh Library Association. 
[State Normal and Training School. ] 
Dansville. 
Union Schoo! Library. 
Ellicottville. 
Ellicottville Union Free School, 


2.600 
5,500 
3,000 
7,000 


1,846 
3,000 


90,000 


7389 
17,000 
41,000 
4,929 
3,000 
7,854 
4,000 
8,237 
53,000 
6,000 
3,300 


14,500 
31,000 


500 
‘9,400 


1,672 


3,000 


20,000 


2,000 


8,600 


2,220 


1,000 


247 


[i] 
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[i] 
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x 

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x 
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[ii] xX 
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D 
X 

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D 

[iii] 

[ii] 
[iii] D 
x 
[ii] D 
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x 
x 
[ iii} x 
D 

[ii] 
x 

[ii] 
xX 
x 


248 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


ELMIRA, 
Young Men’s Christian Association. 
Fordham (see Tremont. ) 
Fredonia. 
[State Normal and Training School. | 
Geneseo. 
[State Normal and Training School. ] 
Wadsworth Library. 
Geneva. 
[| Hobart College. } 
Gleus Falls. 
Union Free School Library. 
Hamilton. 
[ Madison University. } 
Havana. 
Cook Academy. 
Herkimer. 
Union Free School. 
Hornellsville. 
Hornell Library Association, 
Hoosick Falls. 
High School Library. 
Tludson. 
Franklin Library. 
Tthaca. 
[ Cornell University. ] 
[College of Agriculture of Cornell University. ] 
Cornell Library. 
Jamestown. 
City Public School Library. 
KINGSTON. 
Kingston Academy. 
Lima. 
Genesee Wesleyan Seminary (formerly Genesee College). 
LOckPORT. 
Loekpor& Union School Library. 
LONG ISLAND City. 
Fourth Ward School Library. (Astoria P. O.) 
Macedon Centre. 
Macedon Academy. 
Malone. 
Mead Library (District School Building). 
Monticello, 
Monticello Free School Library. 
NEW BRIGHTON 
Natural Science Association of Staten Island. 
Ne WBURGH. 
Newburgh lree Library. 
New Palz. 
[State Normal and Training School. ] 
NEW YorK CITy. 
American Geographical Society. 
American Institute of the City of New York. 
American Institute of Mining Engineers. 
American Museum of Natural History. 
American Numismatic and Archeological Society. 


3,890 


2,500 


4,000 
10,000 


18,000 


7,300 


4,674 
54,840 


13,851 


1,145 


4,100 
600 


320 


18,000 
13,000 
2,000 
6,094 
1,000 


fii] 


[iii] 


[ii] 


[iii] 


iii] 


be 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


New York Ciry—Continued. 


American Seamen’s Friend Society. 38,592 
American Society of Civil Engineers. 16,375 
Apprentices’ Library. 69,537 
Astor Library. 223,284 
Bar Association of the City of New York. 21,230 


Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church. 
Central Park Menagerie. 


Century Club. 4,536 
Chamber of Commerce. 
[ College of the City of New York.) 23,878 
College of Pharmacy of the City of New York. 3,500 
{ College of St. Francis Xavier. ] 22,000 
{ Columbia College. | 93,144 
School of Mines of Columbia College. 
Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art. 20,000 
Free Circulating Library and Ottendorfer Branch. 21,624 
General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal 

Church. 19,000 
Grand Lodge Free and Accepted Masons. 10,000 
Harlem Library. 12,000 
Harmonic Social Club. 10,000 
Lenox Library. 25,000 
Maimonides Library, L. O. B. B. 26,840 
{ Manhattan College. ] 10,000 
Mercantile Library Association. 210,431 
Metropolitan Museum of Art (Central Park). 1,371 
New York Academy of Medicine. 30,000 
[New York Academy of Sciences, ] 8,000 
New York Apprentices’ Library. 69,537 
{New York Female Normal School. ] 
[ New York Historical Society. | 75,000 
New York Hospital. 16,00 
New York Law Institute. 34,000 
New York Press Club. : 2,000 
New York Society Library. 80,000 
New York Turnverein Bibliothek. 4,860 
School of Mines. (See Columbia College. ) 
Union Theological Seminary. 50,000 
University Club Library. 2,907 
| University of the City of New York. } 10,000 


Saint James’ Library. 
Saint Mary’s Library. 
Xavier Union of the City of New York. 13,746 
Young Men's Christian Association. 33,111 


Niagara University (see Suspension Bridge). 


OGDENSBURGH. 


Ogdensburgh Educational Institute. 7,350 
Oneonta. 

Union School (District No. 5). 600 
OSWEGO. 

Oswego City Library. 8,634 

[Oswego State Normal and Training School. } 1,475 
Peekskill. 


Field Library. 


Lit] 
[i] 


249 


Dp: 


i) 


D 


D 


til a 


250 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Plattsburgh. 

Railroad Yonng Men’s Christian Association. 
Potsdam. 

[State Normal and Training School. ] 
POUGHKEEPSIE. 

Poughkeepsie City Library. 

Vassar College. 
ROCHESTER. 

Court of Appeals. 

Public School Central Library. 

Reynolds Library. 

[ Teachers’ Normal Training Class. | 

Rochester Theological Seminary. 

{ University of Rochester. | 
ROME. 

Central New York Institution for Deaf Mutes. 
SCHENECTADY. 

[ Union College. ] 
Sing Sing. 

Mount Pleasant Military Academy. 
Skaneateles. 

Skaneateles Library Association. 
Spriveville. 

Griffith Institute. 
Suspension Bridge. 

De Veaux College. 

[Niagara University ] (Niagara University P. O.) 
SYRACUSE. 

Central Library. 

Court of Appeals. 

[Syracuse Training School. ] 

[Syracuse University. ] 
Tremont. 

[ St. John’s College] (formerly Fordham). 
TROY. 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. 

Troy Female Seminary. 

Troy High School Library. 

Troy Young Men’s Association. 
UTICA. 

Oneida Historical Society. 

State Lunatic Asylum. 

Utica City Library. 
WATERTOWN. 

Watertown Public School Library. 
West Point. 

United States Military Academy. 
Whitestone. 


Engineer School of Application of United States Army. 


YONKERS. 
Yonkers Public Library. 


NORTH CAROLINA. 


Chapel Hill. 


14,240 
15,000 


12,000 


14,249 
14,000 


24,038 


12,000 


497 


9,000 


15,889 
10,420 


1,441 
3,500 
10,479 
5,000 


30,827 


4,600 


Elisha Mitchell Science Society. (University of North Carolina.) 
[ North Carolina College of Agrienlture and Mechanic Arts.] 2,000 


[ University of North Carolina. ] 


8,000 


[ii] 
[iii] 


[i] 
[iii] 


[iii] 
[in] 


[ili] 


[iii 


<a 


ae) 


a ee 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Charlotte. 

[ Biddle University. ] 
Clinton. 

Clinton Female Seminary. 
Conover. 

Conover College. 
Davidson College. 

{ Davidson College. | 
Fayetteville. 

Fayetteville Library Association. 

[ Fayetteville State Normal School. ] 
Goldsborough. 

Goldsborough Graded School. 
Greensborough. 

Greensborough Graded School, 
Haysville. 

Haysville High School. 
Ledger. 

Goodwill Free Library. 
Lenoir. 

Davenport Female College. 

Pioneer Library of North Carolina, 
Mount Airy. 

Mount Airy Library. 
Mount Pleasant. 

{North Carolina College. ] 
New Berne. 

[New Berne State Normal School. ] 


New Berne Young Men’s Christian Association. 


Plymouth. 
[Plymouth State Colored Normal School. ] 


Raleigh. 


{North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station. ] 


[ North Carolina State Library. | 
[Shaw University. ] 


Rutherford. 
[ Rutherford College. ] 
Salisbury. 


{Salisbury State Colored Normal School, ] 
Trinity College. 

[Trinity College. ] 
Wake Forest. 

[Wake Forest College. ] 
Warrenton. 

Warrenton Female Collegiate Institute. 
Weaverville. 

[ Weaverville College. ] 
WILMINGTON. 

Historical and Scientifie Society. 


Wilson. 
Wilson High School. 
Winston. 


Winston Graded School Library. 


3,120 


3,000 


760 


1,100 


45,000 
3,000 


4,000 

800 
3,900 
8,400 
1,500 


113 


2,500 


[iii | 


[ii] 
Li] 


[iJ 
[iii] 


251 


D 


Xx 


D 


X 


fo) 


NORTH DAKOTA.’ 


Jismarck. 


[North Dakota State Library. ] 


Fargo. 


[North Dakota Agricultural College. ] 


Grand Forks. 


[ University of North Dakota. ] 
OHIO. 


Ada. 


Ohio Normal University. 


AKRON. 


Akron Publie Library. 
[ Buchtel College. ] 


Alliance. 


[Mount Union College]. (Mount Union P, O.) 


Ashland. 


[ Ashland College. ] 


Athens. 


[ Ohio University. ] 


Berea. 


[ Baldwin University. ] 
[German Wallace College. | 


Bluftton. 


Bluffton Publie Library. 


Brooklyn Village. 


[Calvin College. ] 


Bryan. 


Bryan Library. 


Cainbridge. 


Cambridge Public School Library. 


CANTON. 


Canton Public School Library. 


Cuyahoga Falls. 


Cuyahoga Falls Public Library. 


CHILLICOTHE. 


Chillicothe Public Library. 


CINCINNATI. 


Cincinnati Law Librarye 

[ Cincinnati Normal School. ] 

Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 

[ Cincinnati University. | j 
Cincinnati Wesieyan College. 

[ Hiscorical and Philosophical Society of Ohio. ] 


[Industrial and Art School of Ohio Mechanical Institute. ] 


Lane Theological Seminary. 

Public Library of Cincinnati. 

[Saint Joseph’s College. } 

[Saint Xavier’s College. | 

Young Men’s Mercantile Library Association. 


Circleville. 


Circleville Public Library. 
y 


CLEVELAND. 


[ Adelvert College of Western Reserve University. ] 
Case Library. 

Case School of Applied Sciences. 

Cleveland Law Library. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


1,000 


4,000 


8,000 
3,500 


6,000 


6,000 


713 


3,000 


1,100 


10,000 


10,000 
100 
2,800 


1,000 
9,720 
2,000 
13,690 
142,853 
3,000 
15,300 
50,000 


3,800 


9,000 
20,000 


7,141 


[iii] 


[i] 


[iii] 
[iii] 

[ii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 


[iii] 


[iii] 
[ii] 


ok 


De 


SP eed Pe PS 


AA 


Sy 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 29a 


CLEVELAND—Continued. 
_ [Cleveland Normal School. } 


Cleveland Public Library. 45,905 [iii] D 

Socialar Turnverein. x 

Western Reserve University. [ili] 
College Hill. 

[ Belmont College. ] 1,500 [iii ] x 
COLUMBUS. 

[Capital University.] - 3,781 

Ohio State Board of Agriculture. 1,500 [iri] 

Ohio State Law Library (Ohio State Library). 18,000 

[ Ohio State Library. } 53,500 [iii] D 

[Ohio State University. ] 5,500 [ii] 


Public Library and Reading Room of the City of Columbus. 18,500 [ii] D 


DAYTON. 


[ Dayton Normal School. ] 256 

Public Library. 21,232 [iii] D 
Defiance. 

Defiance Library Association. 1,300 x 
Delaware. 

[Ohio Wesleyan University. ] 13,7586 [iti] D 
Fremont. 

Birchard Library. 9,000 [ii] D4 
Gallipolis. 

Union School Library. 700 xX 
Gambia. 

[ Kenyon College. ] 20,000 [iii] D 
Geneva. 

[ Geneva Normal School. ] 100 
Germantown. 

Germantown Public Library. x 

[Twin Valley College. ] [i] 
Granville. 

[ Denison University. ] 9,000 [iii] D 
HAMILTON. ‘ 

Lane Free Library. 4,500 xX 
Hillsborough. 

Public Library. 5,250 [i] Xx 
Hiram. 

{Hiram College. ] 5,000 [ii] D 
Ironton, 

Briggs Library Institute. 514 xX 
Lancaster. 

Laneaster Free Library and Reading Room. 3,900 X 
Lebanon, 

Mechanics’ Institute. . 600 [ii] 

National Normal University. 5,000 [i] xX 
Lee. 

Wells Library. 1,625 [i] X 
Leipsic. 

Union School. X 
Lima. 

Citizens’ Library. 500 Xx 
Mansfield. 


Mansfield Memorial Library. 3,500 [i] ».4 


254 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Marietta. 

[ Marietta College. | 
Mount Vernon. 

Mount Vernon Public Library. 
New Concord. 

{ Muskingum College. | 


New Lexington. 


New Lexington High School Library. 


Norwalk. 


Young Men’s Library and Reading Room Association. 


Oberlin. 

[ Oberlin College. | 
Oxford. 

{ Miami University. ] 
Painesville. 

Lake Erie Female Seminary. 


20,130 


300 

5,000 
13,819 
7,000 


2,500 


Temperance Society and Young Men’s Christian Association. 2,000 


Piqua. 

Piqua High School Library. 
PORTSMOUTH. 

Portsmouth Public Library. 
Rio Grande. 

[Rio Grande College. | 
SANDUSKY. 

Sandusky Public School Library. 
Scio. 

[Scio College. ] 

Scio College Libraries. 
Sidney. 

Sidney Public Library. 
SPRINGFIELD. 

Public Library. 

[ Wittenberg College. ] 
STEUBENVILLE. 

Odd Fellows’ Library. 


Syracuse. 

Carleton College. 
Tiffin. 

[ Heidelberg College. } 
TOLEDO. 

Public Library of Toledo. 
Urbana. 


Urbana Library Association. 
[Urbana University. ] 
» Washington. 

Washington Public Library. 
Westerville. 

[ Otterbein University. ] 
Wilbertorce. 

[| Wilberforce University. ] 
Wilmington. 

[ Wilmington College. ] 
Wooster. 

| University of Wooster. | 


600 
7,180 


570 


1,000 


12,037 
8,000 


3,000 


6,000 


23,000 


6,000 


4,000 
4,000 
1,130 


10,300 


iii] 
[i] 
Li] 


[i] 
[ii] 
[iii] 


[ii] 


[i] 


Li] 


iii] 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Yellow Springs. 

[ Antioch College. ] 
YOUNGSTOWN. 

Youngstown Young Men’s Christian Association. 
ZANESVILLE. 

Zanesville Athenzwum., 


ORHGON. 


Ashland. 
[Ashland College and Normal School. | 
Astoria. 


[Oregon Pioneer and Historical Society. | 
Corvallis. 

[Corvallis College. ] 

| Oregon State Agricultural College. | 
Drain. 

{State Normal School. ] 
Eugene City. 

[ University of Oregon. | 
Forest Grove. 

[Pacific University and Tualatin Academy. } 
MeMinnville. 

{McMinnville College. | 
Monmouth. 

[Christian College. ] 

{ Oregon State Normal School. ] 
Philomath. 

[Philomath College. ] 
PORTLAND. 

Alpine Club. 

Bishop Scott Grammar and Divinity School. 

Library Association of Portland. 

Odd Fellows’ Hall. 
Roseburgh. 

Roseburgh Academy. 
Salem. 

{ Oregon State Library. | 

{[ Willamette University. | 


PHNNSYLVANTIA.: 
ALLEGHENY, 


Lincoln School. 


Theological Seminary of the United Presbyterian Church. 


Public School Library. ° 
Western Pennsylvania Theological Seminary. 
Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church. 
| Western University of Pennsylvania. ] 
ALLENTOWN. 
Allentown High School Library. 
[ Muhlenberg College. ] 
ALTOONA. 
Mechanies’ Library and Reading Room Association. 
Andalusia. 
Kingdale Library. 
Annville. 
[Lebanon Valley College. } 


6,000 


9,000 


200 


1,000 


1,256 
5,400 


600 


600 


1,500 
13,436 


12,000 
3,000 


3, LOO 
10,000 


25,000 
5,600 
3,000 


6,000 


259 


[iii] 
p< 
x 
D 
x 
[iii] D 
[ante ex 
xj 
[i] 
ue 
Lil] 
(aii SD 
x 
[ii seb 
Xx 
x 
fit DD 
[iii] 
Lit} 
x 
x 
Be 
% 


{iJ 


256 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Beatty. 


[ St. Vineent’s Abbey and College. | 24,000 
Beaver Falls. 

[ Geneva College. ] 1,000 
Blairsville. 

Blairsville Library Association. 
Bloomsbure. 

Columbia County Law Library. 710 


[ Pennsylvania State Normal School of the Sixth District.] — 1,160 
3ryn Mawr. 


[ Bryn Mawr College. ] 3,000 
California. 

[ Southwestern State Normal School. ] 800 
Carlisle. } 

[ Dickinson College. ] 8,485 

Belles Lettres Society (Dickinson College). 10,611 

Union Philosophical Society (Dickinson College). 10,681 
Chambersburg. 

Wilson Female College. 2,000 
CHESTER. 

{Pennsylvania Military Academy. ] 1,200 

Crozer Theological Seminary. 10,000 
Clarion. 

[Clarion State Normal School. ] 1,500 
Collegeville. 

{ Ursinus College. ] 6,000 
Columbia. 


Schock’s Library. 
Curwensville. 
Curwensville Publie School Library. 


2 


Danville. 

Thomas Bearer Library. 
EASTON. 

Easton Library. 5,700 

[ Lafayette College. | 19,946 
Edinborough. 

[State Normal School. } : 6,500 
ERIE. 

Law Library of the City of Erie. 
Germantown. 

Friends’ Free Library and Reading Room. 13,000 

Germantown Library Association. 

Workingmen’s Club of Germantown. 2,600 
Gettysburg. 

{Pennsylvania College. | 9,000 

Theological Seminary of the General Synod of the Evangical 

Lutheran Church. 12,000 

Greenville. 

[ Thiel College. j 5,00 
Grove City. 

[Grove City College. ] i 2,000 
HARRISBURG. 

[ Pennsylvania State Library. | 60,000 

Young Men’s Christian Association. 2,350 
Hatborough. 

Union Library. 10,164 


Li] 


iii] 


[il 


a a 


be! 


Sy IS Ph ee 


oo 


————— ee eee 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT 


Haverford. 

[ Haverford College. | 
Hazleton. 

Young Men’s Christian Association. 
Honesdale. 

Honesdale School Library. 


Huntingdon. 
Normal College. 
Indiana. 
[State Normal School. | 
Jetterson. ¢ 
[ Monongahela College. | 
Jenkintown. 


Friends’ Library, of Abington. 
Jersey Shore. 

Eclectic Institute. 
Johnstown. 

Cambria Library Association. 
Kutztown. 

[ Keystone State Normal School. ] 


LANCASTER. 
{ Franklin and Marshall College. } 


SECRETARY, 


15,530 
1,000 
7,298 
1,524 
1,300 
310 
400 

10, 000 
6, 029 
1, 843 


3, 556 


Theological Seminary (German Reformed). 10, 000 

Young Men’s Christian Association of Lancaster. 5, 763 
Lewisburg. 

[ Bucknell University. ] 12, 000 
Lincoln University. 

[Lincoln University. } 9, 000 
Lock Haven. 

[Central State Normal School. ] 850 
Mansfield. 

[Pennsylvania State Normal School. } 4, 500 
Mauck Chunk. 

Dimmick Memorial Library. 
Meadville. 

[ Allegheny College. | 12, 000 

Library, Art and Historical Association. 4, 000 

Meadville Theological School. 18, 000 
Media. 

Delaware County Institute of Science. 2, 500 
Millersville. : 

[Pennsylvania State Normal School of Second District. ] 2, 000 
Minersville. 

Minersville Lyceum. 
Montrose. 


Montrose School Library. 
New Castle. 

Young Men’s Christian Association. 
New Wilmington. 

{ Westminster College. ] 
NORRISTOWN. 

Norristown Library Company. 
Overbrook. 


Theological Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo. 


H. Mis, 224, pt. 2——17 


— 


4,500 
8, 009 


16, 500 


[iii J 


[ii 
[il 


[i] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


257 


xX 


D 


D 


D 


D 


258 ; REPORT OF NATIONAL 


MUSEUM, 1889. 


Patterson. 
Melford Grange. 
PHILADELPHIA. 
| Academy of Natural Sciences. | 40, 000 
American Baptist Historical Society. 7, 100 
American Baptist Publication Society. 3, 000 
[ dmerican Philosophical Society. | 50, 000 
American Sunday School Union (Editorial Library). 10, 000 
Apprentices’ Library Company. 18, 000 
Atheneum of Philadelphia. 25, 000 
[Central High School. ] 
College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Z 37, 048 
Franklin Institute. 24, 240 
George Institute. 5, 000 
German Society of Pennsylvania. 22, 000 
Girard College for Orphans. 8, 512 
[ Historical Society of Pennsylvania. } 28,162 
Home for F. and A. Masons (Masonic Temple). 
[La Salle College. ] 4,000 
Library Association of Friends. 9,951 
Library Company of Philadelphia. 150,000 
Mercantile Library Company of Philadelphia. 152,000 
Mutual Library Company of Philadelphia. 43,400 
Odd Fellows’ Library. 12,000 
Pennsylvania Hospital. 15,000 
Philadelphia Club. 2,000 
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. 4,000 
Philadelphia Law Association. LONELES 
{Philadelphia Normal School for Girls. ] 1,600 
Presbyterian Board of Publication. 3,000 
Presbyterian Historical Society. 20,000 
Southwark Library. 9,746 
Spring Garden Institute. 13,000 
Theological Seminary (Evangelical Lutheran). 17,000 
| University of Pennsylvania. | 28,000 
Wagner Free Institute of Science. 6,000 
West Philadelphia Institute. 6,000 
Young Men’s Christian Association. 5,600 
Zoological Society of Philadelphia. 300 
PITTSBURGH. 
Allegheny County Law Library. 15,000 
Bishop Bowman Institute. 15,000 
[ Catholic College of the Holy Ghost. ] 3,000 
Tron City Microscopical Society. 
Pennsylvania Female College. 
Pittsburgh Female College. 1,100 
Pitishurgh Library Association. 19,000 
POTTSVILLE. 
Law Library of Schuykill County. 2,702 
Pottsville Athenw#um, 3,500 
READING. 
Reading Library. 7,000 
SCRANTON. 
Lackawanna Institute. 1,200 
Sewickley. 
Sewickley Public Library. 2,500 


[ili] 


[iii] 
[iii] 


[iii] 
[iii] 
[ii] 
Li] 
iii] 


[iii] 
[iii] 
iii] 
[ii] 
[i] 
[iii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 


[iii] 
(iJ 
[iii] 


Lilt] 
[i] 
[iii j 


iii] 
iii] 


[ii] 
[i] 


D 
D 


~ 


a 


REPORI OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 
Sharon. %, 
Sharon Publie School Library. 867 
SHENANDOAH. 
Shenandoah High School. 
Shippensburg. 


[Cumberland Valley State Normal School. ] 325 
Somerset. 

Somerset County Law Library. 500 
South Bethlehem. 

[ Lehigh University. ] 61,000 
State College. 

[ Pennsylvania State College. ] 3,900 
Swarthmore. 

[Swar hmore College. ] 7,415 


Tunkhannock. 
Tunkhannock School Library. 
Van Dyke. 
~ Center Library Society. 
Villa Nova. 
[ Villa Nova College. ] 


Warren. 

Warren Library Association. 4,800 
Washington. 

[| Washington and Jefferson College. | 5,200 
Waynesburg. 

Waynesburg College. 2,000 
West Chester. 

Chester County Law and Miscellaneous Library. 1,940 

[State Normal School. ] 3,600 

West Chester Library Association. 2,050 
West Grove. 

West Grove Free Library. 1,100 


WILKES BARRE. 
Ely Post, Grand Army of the Republic. 


Wyoming Historical and Geological Society. 5,200 
Wilkinsburg. 
WILLIAMSPORT. 

Dickinson Seminary. 2,500 

Williamsport School District Library. 1,263 
YORK. 

United Library Association of York. 3,600 

RHODE ISLAND. 

Bristol. 

Rogers Free Library. 8,432 
East Greenwich. 

East Greenwich Academy. 2.500 
Kingston. 


[ Rhode Island State Agricultural School, } 
LINCOLN. (No public library.) 


NEWPORT. 
Naval Institute. 
People’s Library. 25,650 
Redwood Library and Anthenwum. 31,700 
PAWTUCKET. 
Pawtucket Free Public Library, 9,313 


[iii] 
[ii] 
[iii] 


[iii] 
[i] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


[i] 


[i] 


259 


D 


D 


)D 


260 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


» 


PROVIDENCE. 

[ Brown University. ] 

Franklin Lyceum. 

Friends’ Boarding School. 

Providence Anthenwum. 

Providence Public Library. 

Publie School Library. 

| Rhode island Historical Society. | 

[ Rhode Island State Library. | 

[Rhode Island State Normal School. ] 
WARWICK. 

Crompton Free Library. 
Westerly. 

Paweatuck Library. 
WOONSOCKET. 

Harris Institute Library. 


SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Aiken. 

Aiken Library. 
CHARLESTON. 

Charleston High School. 

Charleston Library Society. 

Citadel Academy. 

[ College of Charleston. | 

[South Carolina Historical Society. ] 

Medical College of the State of South Carolina, 

South Carolina Military Academy. 

Young Men’s Christian Association. 


Cheraw. 

Cheraw Lyceum. 
Clinton. 

Thornwell Orphanage. 
COLUMBIA. 


[ Allen University. ] 
{College of Agricultural and Mechanical Arts of the Uni- 
versity of South Carolina. ] 

[South Carolina College. } 

[South Carolina State Library. | 

[ Presbyterian Theological Seminary. | 

[ University of South Carolina. | 

{ Winthrop Training School for Teachers. ] 
Due West. 

[ Erskine College. ] 
Edgetield Court House. 

Edgefield Publie Library. 
Florence. 

Ilorence Library Association. 
Gatfney City. 

Cooper Limestone Institute. 
Greenville. 

[Furman University. ] 
Marion. 

Young Men’s Club. 
. Newberry. 
i Newberry College. ] 


62,800 
9,000 
6,300 

44,582 

33,047 
2,200 

16,000 

12,000 
1,200 
3,091 
4,000 


9,166 


19,000 
10,000 
4,000 

840 
“1,000 


1,816 


27,000 
36,000 
22,000 
27,000 

50 


2,000 


2,500 


6,000 


[iii] 
[ii] 
[iii] 
[ii] 
[iii] 
lit] 


[i] 
Lit] 
[i] 
[iii] 
iii] 


[1] 
[vit] 


Li] 


[iii] 
Li] 
[iil] 


[ii] 


[iii] 


[i] 


ss) 


mA 


SKE 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 261 


Oats. 

Oats Library. xX 
Orangeburg. 

[Clatlin University and College of Agriculture. } 1,500 [i] 
Spartanburg. 

[Wofford College. } 6,000 D 
Walhalla. 

{[ Adger College. ] 

Wahailla Female College. 300 Xx 
Yorkville. 

King’s Mountain Military Institute. 800 xX 


SOME es yATCO AS. 

Brookings. 

{South Dakota Agricultural College. | 500 [i] D 
East Pierre. (See Pierre.) 
Madison. 

{South Dakota Normal School. ] 650 
Pierre. 

[Pierre University.] (East Pierre P. O.) 1,200 [ii] D 

[South Dakota State Library. | D 
Rapid City. 

{[Sonth Dakota School of Mines. ] 


Spearfish. 
[State Normal School. } 2,600 D 
Vermillion. 
| University of South Dakota. ] 2,000 [ii] D 
THNNESSE EH, 
Athens. 
{Grant Memorial University. ] 2,230 
Bellbuckle. 
Webb School. x 
Bristol. 
[King College. ] 756 
Brownsville. 
Brownsville Female College. xX 
CHATTANOOGA, 
Chattanooga Public Library. *X 
[Chattanooga University. ] 644 
Chuckey City. 
Warren College. x 
Clarksville. 
[Southwestern Presbyterian University. ] 3,500 [i] xX 
Columbia. 
Columbia Athenw#um. 5,000 [ii] X 
Columbia Institute. Xx 
Hiwassee College. 
[ Hiwassee College. ] 2,300 [ii] x 
Jackson. 
Jackson Free Public Library. 1,100 x 
[Southwestern Baptist University. } 3,000 [ii] D 
Knoxville. 
Publie Library of Knoxville. 3,729 [i] X 


{ University of Tennessee. ] 7,000 [iii] D 


262 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Lebanon. 
[ Cumberland University. ] 
Lewisburg. 
Lewisburg Institute Library. 
Maryville. 
[ Maryville College. | 
McKenzie. 
[ Bethel College. ] 
MeMinnville. 
MeMirnville Library Association. 
MEMPHIS. 
Bar and Law Library Association. 
[Christian Brothers’ College. | 
Cossett Library. 
Cotton Exchange. 
Young Men’s Hebrew Library. 
Milligan. 
[ Milligan College. | 
Mossy Creek. 
[ Carson College. } 
NASHVILLE. 
{Central Tennessee College. ] 
[Fisk University. ] 
| Roger Williams University. ] 
[State Normal College, University of Nashville. ] 
[ Tennessee Historical Society. ] 
[ Tennessee State Library. ] 
[ Vanderbilt University. | 
Watkins Institute. 


Pulaski. 

Martin College. 
Ripley. 

Wesleyan Methodist Academy. 
Rugby. 

Hughes’ Free Publie Library. 
Sewanee. 

[ University of the South. | 
Tuseulum. 


[Greeneville and Tusculum College. ] 
Union City. 

Union City College. 
Winchester. 

Winchester Normal School. 


TMXAS. 

Athens. 

Athens Public School Library. 
AUSTIN. 

Austin Publie Library. 

{Texas State Library. ] 

(University of Texas. ] 
Belton. 

Baylor Female College. 


10,000 [iii] 
1,000 [i] 
6,000 [iii] 

700 
1,500 [i] 


6,630 
35005 © <(aiil 


320 


2,150 [i] 
3,125 
3,000 

500 [iii] 

[i] 

30,000 [ii] 

10,000 [iii] 


6,195 [ii] 
16,000 iii] 


5,820 [ii] 
Ce 


[iii] 
5,000 [iii] 


1,000 


4 


Se ail o 


b 


Opel ee AN ra ernest ale Sits wed 


oa 


“w OUR 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


\ 


Bonhani. 

Carlton Library. 
Cisco. 

Cisco Public School Library. 
College Station. 

[ Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas. ] 


DALLas. 
Publie Library and Reading Room. 
Fairfield. 


Fairfield Public School Library. 
Fort Worth. 

Commercial Exchange Library. 
GALVESTON. 

Free Paublie Library. 

St. Mary’s University. 
Georgetown. 

[Southwestern University. ] 


Hempstead. 
_ [Prairie View Normal Institute. ] 
Hillsboro. 

Hillsboro Publie Library. 
Houston. 

Houston Lyceum Library. 
Huntsville. 

[Sam Houston Normal Institute. | 
Italy. 

{ Hope Institute. } 
Mansfield. 

{ Manstield Male and Female College. | 
Palestine. 


[Academy of Science of Texas. | 
Publie Library Association of Palestine. 
Prairie Lea. 
The Grange Library. 
Salado. 
[Salado College. } 
SAN ANTONIO. 
San Antonio Literary and Scientifie Association. 
Savoy. 
Platonian Literary Society. 
Sherman. 
{ Austin College. } 
Sulphur Springs. 
Central College. 
Tehuacana, 
{Trinity University. | 
Terrell. 
Terrell Public Library, 
Waco. 
[Baylor University. ] 
Waxahachie, 
Marvin College. 
Weatherford. 
High School Library. 


5,600 
500 


1,000 


395 


3,000 


3,000 


400 


1,000 


800 


[ii] 


Li] 


[i] 


[i] 


263 


xX 


D 


D 


D 


264 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


(OEWASEE MAEVE Ons 


Logan City. 

[Utah Agricultural College. ] 
SaLr LAKE Ciry. 

{Utah Territorial Library. ] 

[ University of Deseret. ] 


VERMONT. 
Bellows Falls. 
Bellows Falls Lyceum. 
BURLINGTON. 
Fletcher Free Library. 


University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. 


Vermont Episcopal Institute. 
Castleton. 

[ Castleton State Normal School. ] 
Johnson. 

{ Johnson State Normal School. ] 
Lunenburgh. 

Cutting’s Public Library and Museum. 
Middlebury. 

- [Middlebury College. ] 

Montpelier. 


[State Cabinet of Natural History.] (Merged*with State 


Library.) 
[ Vermont Historical Society. ] 
[| Vermont State Library. | 
Randolph. 
[State Normal School. ] 
Richmond. 
Richmond Lyceum. 
RUTLAND. 
Rutland High School. 
St. Johnsbury. 
St. Johnsbury Athencum. 
Strafford. 
Harris Library (Publie Library). 
Vergennes Library. 
Windsor. 
_ Windsor Library Association. 
Woodstock. 
Normal Williams Publie Library. 


IVAbEYGoleNpeAs- 
ALEXANDRIA. 


Alexandria Library. 
Ashland. 

[ Randolph Macon College. | 
Blacksburg. 

[ Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College. ] 
Charlottesville. 

[ University of Virginia. | 
Emory. 

[Emory and Henry College. ] 
Farmville. 

[State Normal School of Virginia. | 


3,621 


18,600 
35,000 
4,000 


900 
14,000 


1,600 


18,600 


1,000 


12,000 


2,062 
99.99 


"yee 


4,480 


4,400 — 


5,000 
10,000 
1,200 
47,000 
4,580 


500 


iii] 
[iii] 


[iii] 
[iii] 
[i] 
[iii] 
[i] 
li] 
[iii] 


[iii] 
iii] 


Li] 


[iii] 
[ii] 


Ci] 


[iii] 

[ii] 
iii] 
[iii] 


no 


‘KHoUoO 


Fortress Monroe. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


United States Artillery School. 5,900 
Hampden-Sidney. 

{ Hampden-Sidney College. ] 2,200 

Tnion Theological Seminary. 12,400 

Hampton. P 

{Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. ] 3,500 
Jonesville. 

Jonesville Town Library. 
Lexington. 

[ Virginia Military Institute. ] 8,800 

{ Washington and Lee University. | 18,000 
LYNCHBURG. 

Young Men’s Christian Association. 450 
Newmarket. 

Polytechnic Institute. 500 
Norfolk. 


Norfolk Library Association. 
Young Men’s Christian Association. 


PETERSBURG. 
{ Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute. ] 625 
Young Men’s Christian Association. 2,000 


PortsMouTH. (No public library.) 


RICHMOND. 


Richmond Academy of Science. 


[Richmond College. } 8,000 
Richmond Mechanies’ [nstitute. 3,200 
[ Virginia Historical Society. | 13,883 
{ Virginia State Library. | 45,000 
Young Men’s Christian Association. 3,300 


Roanoke City. 


Young Men’s Christian Association of Roanoke. 


Salem. 
[ Roanoke College. ] 16,000 
Staunton. 
Young Men’s Christian Association. 1,426 
Theological Seminary. 
Protestant Episcopal Theological Seminary. 12,000 
University of Virginia (see Charlottesville. ) 
Wytheville. 
Wytheville Library Association. 600 
WASHINGTON. 
- Olympia. 
[State Library. ] ° 1,200 
Seattle. 
{ University of Washington. ] 2,260 
_ Tacoma, 
{Washington College. ] 
Walla Walla. 
{Whitman College and Seminary. } 1,976 


Bethany College. 


WHST VIRGINIA. 


[Bethany College. } 2,000 


Buchanan. 


Buchanan Academy Library. 


[iii] 


[in] 


li] 


[iii] 
[iii] 
iii] 

[i] 


iii] 
[i] 
[iii] 


265 


Mao WO 


SoOoCKAy 


ve 


266 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 


Charleston. 

[State Library. | 
Clarksburg. 

Clarksburg Academy. 
Concord. 

Concord Normal School. 
Fairmont. 

[Fairmont State Normal School. | 
Farmington. 

Farmington High School. 
Flemington. 

[ West Virginia College. | 
Glenville. 

[Glenville State Normal School. ] 
Harper’s Ferry. 

[Storer College. ] 
Huntington. 

{ Marshall College State Normal School. } 
Martinsburg. 

Grammar School Library. 
Morgantown. 

[ West Virginia Historical Society. | 

[West Virginia University. ] ‘ 
Romney. 

Literary Society of Romney. 

West Virginia Institute for the Deaf, Dumb, and Blind. 
Shepherdstown. 

[Shepherd College State Normal School. | 
West Liberty. 
: { West Liberty State Normal School. | 

WHEELING. 

Wheeling Publie Library. 


WISCONSIN. 
Appleton. 


| Lawrence University. | 
Ashland. 
Vaugh Library. 
Beloit. 
[ Beloit College. } 
EAU CLAIRE. 
Kau Claire Free Library. 
FonpD bu Lac. 
Free Library of Fond du Lae. 
Galesville. 
[Galesville University. ] 
Green Bay. 
Green Bay Business Men’s Association. 
LA CrossE. 
Publie Library of La Crosse. 
MADISON. 
[College of Agriculture of the University of Wisconsin. ] 
[State Historical Society of Wisconsin. | 
[ State Library of Wisconsin. | 
| University of Wisconsin.) 
[ Wisconsin Society of Science, Art, and Letters. ] 


1889. 


6,000 


800 


3,500 


700 


500 
8,000 


2,000 
734 


10,740 


12,840 


3,000 


116,750 
18,954 
14,436 


[iii] 


Li] 


Li] 


[iii] 


Li] 
[ii] 


[i] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


iii] 


[iii] 
[iii] 


D 
x 
x 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


- Marinette. 


Marinette Library. 


MILWAUKEE. bi 
Milwaukee Public Library. 
Publie School Libraries (6). 
Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee. 
[Seminary of Saint Francis of Sales. | 
Wisconsin Natural History Society. 
{ Wisconsin Normal School. ] 
Milton. 
[ Milton College. | 
Nashotah. 
Nashotah Theological Seminary. 
Neenah. 
Neenah High School. 
OSHKOSH. 
Oshkosh High School Library. 
{ Oshkosh State Normal School. | 
Platteville. 
{ Wisconsin State Normal School. } 
Portage. 
Portage High School. 
Prairie du Chien. 
College of the Sacred Heart. 
RACINE. 
{ Racine College. } 
Ripon. 
[ Ripon College. ] 
River Falls. 
[State Normal School. } 
Saint Francis (see Milwaukee.) 
Sheboygan. 
Business Meu’s Association. 
Watertown. 
{ Northwestern University. | 
Waukesha. 
Waukesha Free Library. 
Waupun. 
Waupun Library Association. 
Whitewater. 
{State Normal School. ] 
WYOMING. 


Cheyenne. 

[ State Library. ] 

[Wyoming Academy of Art, Science, and Letters. } 
Larimie City. 

{ University of Wyoming. | 


34,687 
4,137 
788 
11,000 
720 


3,316 


10,500 


1,600 


700 


4,000 
8,200 
5,800 


1,498 


1,205 


3,200 


4,000 


1,586 


10,000 


[i] 
iii] 


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D 


268 REPORT OF NATYONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


IIL—LIST OF FOREIGN LIBRARIES T0 WHICH IT I8 DESIRED TO SEND FUTURE 


PUBLICATIONSOF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


{Asin the preceding lists, [i] indicates that the library receives regularly the Smithsonian Report ; 
[ii] thatit receives the Report and the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections ; [iii] that it receives the 


two preceding and the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. } 


Nore.—This list is not intended to indicate the distribution of Smithsonian pub- 
lications, but shows incidentally what publications of the Institution are sent to 


the libraries mentioned. 
ABRICA.. 


Société Algérienne de Climatologie, Sciences Physiques et Naturelles. 


Algiers, Algeria. 


South African Musenm. Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. 
South African Philosophical Society. Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope. 
Musée de Boulaq. Cairo, Egypt. 
Société d’Histoire Naturelle. Port Louis, Mauritius. 


AMERICA (NORTE). 


Le Naturaliste Canadien. Cape Rouge, Quebec. 
McGill University. Montreal, Quebec. 
Natural History Society. Montreal, Quebec. 
Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 
Royal Society of Canada. Ottawa, Ontario. 
Université Laval. Quebec, Quebec. 
Canadian Institute. Toronto, Ontario. 
Natural History Society of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario. 
Provincial Museum. Victoria, British Columbia. 
Manitoba Historical and Scientifie Society. Winnipeg, Manitoba. 
University of New Brunswick. Fredericton, New Brunswick. 
Natural History Society. St. John’s, New Brunswiek. 
Geological Survey of Newfoundland. St. John’s, Newfoundland. 
Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Sciences. Halifax, Nova Scotia. 
Museo Nacional. San José, Costa Rica. 
Museo de Historia Natural. Guatemala, Guatemala. 
Museo Nacional. San Salvador, San Salvador. 
El Museo Nacional. Mexico, Mexico. 
Mexican Geographical Exploring Expedition. Mexico, Mexico. 
Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural. Mexico, Mexico, 
Bermuda Library. Hamilton, Bermudas, West Indies. 
Real Universidad de la Habana. Habana, Cuba. 
Musée l’ Herminier. Point-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe. 
Publie Museum. Kingston, Jamaica. 


AMERICA (SOUTH). 


Museo Piuiblico de Buenos Ayres. Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic. 
Sociedad Zoologica Argentina. Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic. 
Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactes. Corboba, Argentine Republic. 
Museo Nacional. Rio Janeiro, Brazil. 
Public Museum. Georgetown, British Guiana. 
Museo Nacionai. Santiago, Chile. 
Sociedad de Historia Natural. Santiago, Chile. 
National Library. Bogota, Colombia. 
Museo Nacional. Bogota, Colombia. 
National Library. Lima, Peru. 
Academia de Ciencias Naturales. Lima, Peru. 
Museo Nacional. Caracas, Venezuela. 


[i] 
[i] 
[1] 
Li] 


[i] 
[iii] 
[i] 
[ii] 
Li] 
[iii] 
[iii] 
[i] 


[ili] 
[iii | 


[i] 
[il 


Li] 


[iii] 
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[i] 
[i] 


[iii } 


Li] 
Li] 


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REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 269 


ASTA. 
Royal Asiatic Society (China branch). (Care James Bairn, Haymarket, 
London, England. ) Shanghai, China. [iil] 
Bombay Natural History Society. Bombay, India. [i] 
Government Central Museum (now Victoria and Albert Museum). 
Bombay, India. [i] 
Asiatic Society of Bengal. Calcutta, India. [ii] 
Geological Survey of India. Caleutta, India. [ili] 
Indian Museum. Calcutta, India. [i] 
Municipal Library and Museum. Kurrachee, India. [i] 
Government Central Museum and Library. Madras, India. [i] 
Trevandrum Museum. Trevandrum, India. 
Museum of Natural History. Hakodadi, Japan. 
Asiatic Society of Japan (formerly in Yokohama). Tokio, Japan. {iJ 
Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Natur- und Vélkerkunde Ost-Asiens. Tokio, Japan. [i] 
Mombusho Museum. Tokio, Japan. [iil] 
Tokio Daigaku (formerly Kaisei Gakko). Tokio, Japan. [iii] 
Koninklijke Naturkundige Vereeniging in Nederlandsch-Indié. 
Batavia, Java. [ili] 
Rafiles Library and Museum. Singapore, Straits Settlements. [i] 
Perak Government Museum. Perak, Straits Settlements. 


AUSTRALASIA. 


AUSTRALIA. 


Australian Museum. . Sydney, New South Wales. [i] 
Linnean Society of New South Wales. Sydney, New South Wales. [i] 
Natural History Society. : Sydney, New South Wales. 
Queensland Museum of Natural History. Queensland, Australia. 
Royal Society of South Australia. Adelaide, South Australia. [i] 
Royal Society of Tasmania. (Packages sent through G. W. Wheatly & Co., 

165 Leadenhall street, London, E. C.) Hobarton, Tasmania. [iii] 
Melbourne Museum. Melbourne, Victoria. 
National Museum of Victoria. Melbourne, Victoria. [i] 
Natural History Society. Melbourne, Victoria. [iJ 
Public Library, Museum, and National Gallery Melbourne, Victoria, [iii] 
Zoological and Acclimatization Society. ; Melbourne, Victoria, [i] 


NEW ZEALAND. 


Auckland Museum. Auckland, New Zealand. 


Canterbury Museum. Christchurch, New Zealand. [i] 
— Otago Museum. Dunedin, New Zealand, [i] 

Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department. 
| Wellington, New Zealand. [i] 
New Zealand Institute. Wellington, New Zealand. [ii] 

POLYNESIA. 
i Department of Foreign Affairs. Honolulu, Sandwich Islands. [i] 
4 KHUROPE. 
AUSTKIA-HUNGARY. 
National Museum. Agram (Zagreb), Croatia. [i] 


-Vorarlberger Museums- Verein, Bregenz, Austria, [i] 


270 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Naturforschender Verein. Briinn, Austria. 
K. Magyar Tudomdanyos Egyetem. Budapest, Hungary. 
K. Magyar Természettudomanyi Tarsulat. Budapest, Hungary. 
Magyar Nemzeti Musenm. Budapest, Hungary. 
Musée d’Anthropologie de Université. Budapest, Hungary. 
Naturforschender Verein. Budapest, Hungary. 
Zoologisch-Zootomisches Institut. Gratz, Styria. 
idelyi Museum Egylet. Klausenburg, Transylvania. 
Akademija Umiejetno6sci. Krakau, Galicia. 
Landes-Museum. Laibach, Illyria. 
Museum Fransciseo Carolinum. Linz, Austria. 
Comité fiir naturwissenschaftliche Landesdurehforschung. Prag. Austria. 
K. b6hmisches Museum. Prag, Bohemia. 
Verein fiir Natur- und-Heil kunde. Presburg, Hungary. 
Verein der Naturfreunde. Reichenberg, Bohemia. 
Stiidtisches Museum Carolino-Angusteum. Salzburg, Austria. 


Civico Museo di Storia Naturale Ferdinando- Massimiliano. 
Trieste, Illyria. 
Anthropologische Gesellschaft, Wien, Austria. 
Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften (Universitiits-Platz 2). 
Wien, Austria. 


K. K. Botanisches Hof-Cabinet. Wien, Austria. 
K. K. Naturhistorisches Hof-Museum. Wien, Austria. 
K. K. Oesterr. Museum fiir Kunst und Industrie. Wien, Austria. 
K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft. Wien, Austria. 
K. K. Zoologisches Hof-Cabinet. Wien, Austria. 
K. K. Handels Museum. Wien, Austria. 


BELGIUM. 


Société Royale de Zoologie. Anvers (Belgium), 
od oD 5S 


Académie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique. 


Bruxelles (Belgium). 


Musée Rvuyal d@’ Histoire Naturelle de Belgique. Bruxelles (Belgium). 

Société Entomologique de Belgique. Bruxelles (Belgium). 

Société des Naturalistes Dinantais. Dinant, Belgium. 

Société d’Histoire Naturelle. Gand (Belginm). 

Muséum Commercial et Industriel. Melle, near Ghent (Belgium). 
DENMARK. 

Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. Kj6benhavn (Denmark). 


Kongelige Danske Selskab for Fxedrelandets Historie og Sprog. 


Kjébenhavn (Denmark). 


Naturhbistoriske Forening. Kjébenhayn (Denmark). 
Universitets Bibliotheket. Kjébenhayn (Denmark). 
Universitets Zoologiske Museum. Kjébenhavn (Denmark). 
FRANCE. 
Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle. Bordeaux, France. 
Société Linnéenne de Bordeaux. . Bordeaux, France. 
Société Linnéenne de Normandie. Caen, France. 
Musée d’ Histoire Naturelle. Caen, France. 
Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Savoie. Chambéry, France. 


Société Nationale des Sciences Naturelles et Mathématiques de Cherbourg. 


Cherbourg, France. 


[iii] 
[ii] 
[i] 


REPORT OF. ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Musée d’Histoire Naturelle. Douai (Nord), France. 
Musée d’Histoire Naturelle. Laval, France. 
Musée d'Histoire Naturelle. Lille, France. 
Société des Sciences, de Agriculture et des Arts. * Lille, France. 
Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de Lyon. Lyon, France. 


Société @Agriculture, Histoire Naturelle et Arts Utiles de Lyon. 
Lyon, France. 
Muséum d’tlistoire Naturelle. Marseilles, France. 
Société d’Horticulture et d’Histoire Naturelle de lHérault. 
Montpellier, France. 


Société de la Loire inferieure. Nantes, France. 
Bibliothéque Nationale Paris, France. 
Académie des Sciences. Paris, France. 
“Ta Nature” (120 Boulevard St. Germain). Paris, France. 
L’Anthropologie. Paris, France. 
Musée Guimet, Ministére de l’Instruction, ete. Paris, France. 
Musée d’Ethnograpbic (Trocadero), Paris, France. 
Musée d'Histoire Naturelle. : Paris, France. 
Musée du Louvre. Paris, France. 
Société d’Acclimatation (11 rue de Lille). Paris, France. 


Société Entomologique de France (& la Mairie du VI° Arrondissement). 
Paris, France. 


Société Zoologique de France. Paris, France. 
Siq ’ 

Musée d’Histoire Naturelle de Rheims. Rheims, France. 

Académie des Sciences, Belles-Lettres et Arts de Rouen. Rouen, France. 


Société d’Histoire et d’Archéologie et d’ Histoire Naturelle de la Manche. 
Saint Lo, France. 
Musée de Saint-Germain. Saimt-Germain-en-Laye, France. 
Matériaux pour VHistoire Primitive et Naturelle de ’Homme. 
Toulouse, France. 


Société d’Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse. Toulouse, France. 
GERMANY. 

Naturforschende Gesellschaft des Osterlandes. Altenburg, Saxe-Weimar. 

Annaberg-Buchholzer-Verein fiir Naturkunde. Annaberg, Saxony. 

Naturhistorischer Verein. Augsburg, Bavaria. 

Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte. Berlin, Prussia. 


Berliner Gesellschaft fiir Anthropologie, Ethnolugie und Urgeschichte. 
Berlin, Prussia. 


Beuth-Schineckel Museum. Berlin, Prussia. 
Deutsche Zoologische Gesellschaft. Berlin, Prussia. 
Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde. Berlin, Prussia. 
Koénigliche (Preussische) Akademie der Wissenschaften. Berlin, Prussia. 
Koénigliche (Preussische) Museen, General-Direction. Berlin, Prussia. 
Miirkisches Provinzial-Musenin. Berlin, Prussia. 
Mineralien-Cabinet Mineralogisch Petrographisches Institut der Universi- 

tit. Berlin, Prussia. 
Rauch Museum. Berlin, Prussia. 
Societatum Litters. Frankfurt, Prussia. 
Zoologisches Museum der Universitit. Berlin, Prussia. 
Museum Ludwig Salvator. Meissen, Saxony. 
Mineralogisches Museum und Institut der Universitiit. Boun, Prussia. 


Naturhistorischer Verein der Prenssischen Rheinlande und Westfalens. 
Bonn, Prussia, 


272 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Herzogliches Naturhistorisches Museum. Braunschweig (Germany ). 
Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein. Bremen, Germany. 
Universitits-Bibliothek., Breslau, Prussia. 
Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Colmar. Colmar, Alsace. 
Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Danzig, Prussia. 
West-Preussisches Provinzial-Museum. Danzig, Prussia. 
Grossherzogliches Museum. Darmstadt, Hesse. 
Naturhistorischer Verein. Dessau, Anhalt. 


Verein fiir Geschichte und Naturgeschichte der Baar. 
Donaueschingen, Baden. 
Koénigliches Mineralogisch-Geologisch und Prahistorisches Museum. ) 
Dresden, Saxony. 
Konigliches Zoologisches und Anthropologisch-Ethnographisches Museum. 
Dresden, Saxony. 


Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Emden, Prussia. 
Universitats-Bibliothek. Erlangen, Bavaria. 
Deutsche Malakozoologische Gesellschaft. Frankfurt-am-Main, Prussia. 
Neue Zoologische Gesellschaft. Frankfurt-am-Main, Prussia. 


Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. 
: Frankfurt-am-Main, Prussia. 


Zoologischer Garten (Redaktion). Frankfurt-am-Main, Prussia. 
Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Freiburg-im-Breisgau, Baden. 
Verein fiir Naturkunde. Fulda, Prussia. 
Universitits-Bibliothek. Giessen, Hesse. 
Zoologisches Museum. Giessen, Hesse. 
Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Gorlitz, Prussia. 
Koénigliche Societiit der Wissenschaften. Gottingen, Prussia. 
Zeitschrift fiir Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. G6ttingen, Prussia 
Zoologisches Museum. Gottingen, Prussia. 
Geographische Anstalt (Justus Perthes). Gotha, Saxe-Goburg. 
Verein der Freunde der Naturgeschichte in Mecklenburg. (Care of Opitz & 

Co.) Giistrow, Mecklenburg. 
Universitiits-Bibliothek. xreifswald, Prussia. 


Kaiserliche Leopoldina Carolina Akademie der Deutschen Naturforscher. 
Halle-an-der-Saale, Prussia. 


Die Natur Redaktion: (Dr. Karl Miiller), Halle-an-der-Saale, Prussia. 
Naturhistorisches Museum (Dr. Pagenstecher). Hamburg, Germany. 
Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein Hamburg-Altona. Hamburg, Germany. 
Konigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek. Hannover, Prussia. 
Naturhistorische Gesellschaft. Hannover, Prussia. 
Universitiits-Bibliothek. Heidelberg, Baden. 
Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftiiche Gesellschaft. Jena, Saxe-Weimar. 
Verein fiir Naturkunde. Kassel, Prussia. 
Universitits-Bibliothek. Kiel, Prussia. 
Naturhistorischer Verein. Koblentz, Prussia. 
Museum fiir V6lkerkunde. Leipzig, Saxony. 
Koniglich-Sichsische Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften. Leipzig, Saxony. 
Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Leipzig, Saxony. 
Zoologischer Anzeiger. Leipzig, Saxony. 
Naturhistorisches Museum. Liibeck, Germany. 


Museum-Verein. (United with the Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein. ) 
Liineburg, Prussia. 


Naturforschender Verein. Meiningen, Saxe-Meiningen. 
Société d’ Histoire Naturelle de Metz. Metz, Lorraine. 
Universitits-Bibliothek. Miinchen, Bavaria. 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


Provinzial-Verein fiir Wissenschaft und Kunst. Miinster, Prussia. 
Naturhistorische Gesellschaft. Niirnberg, Bavaria. 
Naturhistorischer Verein. Passau, Bavaria. 
Kaiserliche Universtiits-und Lander-Bibliothek. Strassburg, Alsace. 
Musée d’Histoire Naturelle. Strassburg, Alsace. 
Koénigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek. Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg. 


Verein fiir vaterlindische Naturkunde in Wiirtemberg. 
Stuttgart, Wiirtemberg. 


Koénigliche Universitiits-Bibliothek. Tiibingen, Wiirtemberg. 

Von Malzan’sches Naturhistorisches Museum. Waren, Mecklenburg. 

Verein fiir Naturkunde. Wiesbaden, Prussia. 

Naturhistorischer Verein. Zweibriiken, Bavaria. 
ENGLAND. 

Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club. Bath, England. 


Birmingham Free Libraries (J. D. Mullins, Librarian, Radcliffe Place). 
Birmingham, England. 
Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society. (Care of Mason Col- 


lege of Science. ) Birmingham, England. 
Brighton and Sussex Natural History Society. Brighton, England. 
Bristol Museum and Library. Bristol, England. 


Suffolk Institute of Archeology and Natural History. 
Bury St. Edmunds, England. 
Morphological Laboratory, New Museum. Cambridge, England. 
Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy (Downing Street). 
j Cambridge, England. 


University Library. Cambridge, England. 
East Kent Natural History Society. (Care of W. H. Housley, St. Stephen’s 
Lodge, Canterbury, formeriy in Dover.) Canterbury, England. 


Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Society. | Devizes, Eugland. 
Devon and Exeter Albert Memorial Museum, School of Science and Art, and 


Free Library. Exeter, England. 
Natural History Society. Folkestone, England. 
Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Isle of Man, England. 
Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew, England. 
Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. Leeds, England. 
Leicester Town Museum. Leicester, England. 
Free Public Library, Museum, and Walker Gallery of Art of the town of 

Liverpool. Liverpool, England. 
Liverpool Marine Biological Station. Puffin Island, Liverpool, England. 
Annals and Magazine of Natural History. (Care of Taylor & Francis, Red 

Lion Court, Fleet Street, E. C.) London, England. 
Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (3 Hanover Square, 

Wie): London, England. 


“Atheneum” (20 Wellington Street, Strand, W. C.). London, England. 
British Museum (Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury, W. C.). 
London, England. 
British Museum, Natural History Division (Cromwell Road, South Kensing- 
ton, S. W.). London, England. 
Entomological Society (11 Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, W.). 
London, England. 
Geological Society of London (Burlington House, W.). London, England. 
Linnwen Society (Burlington House, W_). Londen, England. 
Quekett Microscopical Club (University College, Gower Street, W. C.). 
London, England, 
18 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 


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[1] 


iii] 
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iii] 


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274 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Royal Geographical Society of London (1 Savile Row, W.). Loudon, England. 
Royal Microscopical Society( King’s College,Strand,W.C.). London, England. 


Royal Society of London (Burlington House, W.). Lendon, England. 
South Kensington Museum. London, England. 
Victoria Institute (or Philosophical Society of Great Britain, 8 Adelphi 

Terrace, W.C.). London, England. 


Zoological Society of London (1 Hanover Square, W.). London, England. 
‘ Zoologist.” (Care of Van Voorst, 1 Paternoster Row, E. C.) 
London, England. 
Manchester Public Free Library (formerly ‘and Museum.”) 
Manchester, England. 
Natural History Society of Northumberland, Durham, and Neweastle-upon- 
Tyne (Museum, Newcastle). Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. 
Norfolk and Norwich Museum. Norwich, England. 
Free Library and Museum of the Borough of Nottingham. 
Nottingham, England. 


Bodleian Library. Oxford, England. 
Museum of Natural History. Oxford, England. 
Radcliffe Library (Museum), Oxford, England. 
Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Penzance, England. 


Marine Biological Association ef the United Kingdom. Plymouth, England 
Plymouth Institution and Devon and Cornwall Natural History Society. 


Plymouth, England. 


Natural History Society of Rugby School. Rugby, England. 


Salford Royal Museum and Library. Salford, England. 


Shropshire Archzological and Natural History Society. 


Shrewsbury, England. 


Somersetshire Archwological and Natural History Society. 


Taunton, England. 


Natural History Society. Torquay, England. 
Royal Institution of Cornwall. Truro, England. 


Warwickshire Natural History and Archeological Society. 


Warwick, England. 


IRELAND 


Natural History and Philosophical Society Belfast, Ireland. 
Royal Dublin Society (Kildare Street). Dubhin, Ireland. 
Royal Irish Academy. Dublin, Ireland. 
Serence and Art Museum. Dublin, Ireland. 


SCOTLAND. 


Aberdeen University. Aberdeen, Scotland. 
University College. Dundee, Scotland. 
Museum of Science and Arts. ; Kdinburg, Scotland. 
Royal Physical Society. ' Edinburg, Scotland. 
University Library. Edinburg, Scotland. 
Glasgow University. (Care of Mr. Maclehose, Glasgaw, per Mr. Billing, 
Ave Maria Lane, London, E. C.) Glasgow, Scotland. 
Natural History Society of Glasgow (207 Bath Street). Glasgow, Scotland. 
Montrose Natura! History and Antiquarian Society. Montrose, Scotland. 
WALES. 
Free Library and Mnseym, Cardifi, Wales, 
Naturalists’ Society, Cardiff, Wales, 


[iii] 
[iii] 
[iii] 

[i] 


[iii] 


[iii] 


Lili] 
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[i] 
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(1) 
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[i] 


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REPORT OF ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 


GREECE. 


Natural History Museum of the National Library. 


GREENLAND (South) 


Syd Gronlande Inspektorat. 
ICELAND. 
National Library of Iceland. 
ITALY 


Accademia delle Scienze dell’ Istituto di Bologna. 
Museo Civico di Archeologia. 

Reale Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale. 
Museo Civico di Storia Naturale. 

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale. 

Reale Istituto Lombardo di Scienze e Lettere. 
Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali. 

Societa di Naturalisti in Modena. 

Biblioteca Nazionale. 

Museo Nazionale di Napoli. 

Stazione Zoologica di Napoli. 


Reale Accademia di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti di Padova. 


“T] Naturalista Siciliano.” 

Museo di Storia Naturale. 

Reale Universita. 

Universita. 

Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele. 
Reale Accademia dei Lincet1. 

Reale Museo Industrale Italiano. 
Societa Italiana delle Scienze. 
Accademia Reale delle Scienze. 
Direzzione di ‘‘ Cosmos” (Guido Cora) 
Reale Museo di Storia Naturale. 
Reale Museo Zeologico di Torino. 


Athens, Greece. 


Godthaab, Greenland. 


Reykjavik, Iceland. 


Bologna, Italy. 
Bologna, Italy. 
Firenze, Italy. 
Geneva, Italy. 
Milano, Italy. 
Milano, Italy. 
Milano, Italy. 


Modena, Italy. 


Napoli, Italy. 
Napoli, Italy. 
Napoh, Italy. 
Padova, Italy. 
Palermo, Italy. 
Paroma, Italy. 
Pavia, Italy 
Pisa, Italy. 
Rome, Italy. 
Rome, Italy. 


Rome, Italy. 


Rome, Italy. 
Torino, Italy. 
Torino, Italy. 
Torino, Italy. 
Torino, Italy. 


Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia comparata della R. Universita di Torino. 


Archives Italiannes di Biologie. 
Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti. 


NETHERLANDS. 


Koninkhjke Akademie van Wetenschappeu. 


Torino, Italy. 
Torino, Italy. 


Venezia, Italy. 


Amsterdam, Netherlands. 


Koninkhjke Zoologisch Genootschap ‘Natura Artis Magistra.” 


Amsterdam. Netherlands, 
Gravenhbage (Hol- 


Koninkhjk Zoologisch-Botanische Genootschayp te 


land). 
Natuurkundig Genootschap,« 


Hollandsche Maatschapp1j van Wetenschappen. 
Rijks Musenm van Natuurlijke Historie. 

Rijks Ethnographisch Museum. 

Rijks Universiteit. 

Société Néerlandaise de Zoologig 

Rijks Universiteit, 


SGravenhage (The Hague). 
Groningen, Netherlands. 
Rijks Universiteit (formerly Academia Groningana). Groningen Netherlands. 
Haarlem, Netherlands. 
Leiden, Netherlands. 
Leiden, Netherlands. 
Leiden, Netherlands. 
Rotterdam, Netheylanda, 
Utrecht, Nethertands, 


215 


[i] 


276 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


NORWAY. 
Arendals Skoles offentlige Bibliothek og Museum. Arendal, Norway. fi] 
Bergen Museum. Bergen, Norway. [iil] 
Library of the University. (Det Kongelige Norske Frederiks. ) 
Christiania, Norway. [iii] 
Museum ot Zoology. (Det Kongelige Norske Frederiks. ) 
Christiania, Norway. Lili] 
Videnskabs Selskabet. Christiania, Norway. Li] 
Stavanger Museum. Stavanger, Norway. 

Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabernes Selskab. Trondhjem, Norway. [iii] 
Troms6 Museum. Troms6, Norway, Li] 
PORTUGAL. 

Academia Real des Sciencias. Lisbon, Portugal. [iui] 
Museo de Lisbéa (Lisbon). Lisbon, Portugal. [i] 


Museo de Historia Natural da Camara Municipal do Porto. 
Oporto, Portugal. 


RUSSIA. 
Derptskoie Obshchestvo Iestesto-Ispytalelei. Derpt, Russia. {il 
Finskoie Uchonoie Obshchestvo (Societas, Scientiarum Fennica, Finska Ve- 
tenskaps-Societets). Helsingfors, Russia. [iii] 
Obshchestvo dla izsledovania Iaroslafskoi gubernii v iestestvenuo-istoriches- 
kom otnoshenii. Taroslavl, (Yaroslav) Russia. [i] 
Imperial Kazanskii Universitet. Kazan, Russia. [iii] 
Imper. Kharkofskii Universitet. Kharkof, Russia. [t] 
Imper. Universitet Sviatovo Vladimira. Kief, Russia. [i] 
Imper. Moskofskoie Obshchestvo Iestestvo-Ispytatelei. 
Moskva (Moscow), Russia. [iii] 
Imper. Obshchestvo Lubitelei Iestestvoznania, Antropologii i Etnografii. 
Moscow, Russia. [i] 
Moskofskii Publichnyi i Rumiantsefskii Muzei. Moscow, Russia. [i] 
Novo-Rossiiskoie Obshchestvo Testestvo-Ispytatelei. Odessa, Russia. 

(The library of this society is inseparably connected with the university. ) 
Obshchestvo Testestvo-Ispytatelei (Naturforscherverein). Riga, Russia. [iii] 
Imper. Akademia Nauk. Sankt-Peterburg (St. Petersburg), Russia. fil] 
Imper. Sankt-Peterburgskii Universitet. St. Petersburg, Russia. [i] 
Sankt-Peterburgskoie Obshchestvo Iestestvo-Ispytatelei. 

St. Petersburg, Russia. [i] 
Kavkazskii Muzei. Tiflis, Russia. 

Imper. Varshafskii Universitet. Varshava (Warsaw), Russia. [i] 
Vilenskaia Publichnaia Biblioteka i Musei Drevvostei. Vilna, Russia. [il 
SPAIN. 

Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. Madrid, Spain. [i] 
SWEDEN. 

Gotheborg Museum. Gotheborg, Sweden. 
Kongliga Universitet. Lund, Sweden. [iit] 
Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien. Stockholm, Sweden. [ili] 
Nordiska Museet. Stockholm, Sweden. 
Royal Museum of Natural History. Stockholm, Sweden. 
Kongliga Universitet. Upsala, Sweden, {il 


REPORT OF ASSISTANT 
SWITZERLAND. 
Aargauische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. 


Naturforschende Gesellschaft. 
Universitiits-Bibliothek. 
Naturforschende Geselischaft. 
Universitiits- Bibliothek. 


Thurgauische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. 


‘Bibliotheque Universelle.” 
Musée Zoologique. 


Société de Physique et d’ Histoire Naturelle. 


Société Vaudoise des Sciences Natureiles. 
Société des Sciences Naturelles. 


Naturforschende Gesellschaft Graubiindens. 


Naturhistorische Gesellschaft. 
Naturforschende Gesellschaft. 
Naturforschende Gesellschaft. 
Zoologisches Museum. 


TURKEY. 


Robert College. 


SECRETARY. 


Aarau, 
Basel, 
Basel, 

Bern, 

Bern, 
Frauentfeld, 
Geneve, 
Geneve, 
Genéve, 
Lansanne, 
Neufchatel, 
Olten, 
Rheinfelden, 
Solothurn, 
Zurich, 
Zurich, 


Constantinople, Turkey. 


Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 

Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 
Switzerland. 


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[iii] 
[i] 
[iii] 
[iii] 
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[iii] 
[i] 
[iii] 
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SEOTION HI. 


' REPORTS OF THE CURATORS OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


UPON THE PROGRESS OF WORK DURING THE FISCAL | 
— YEAR ENDING JUNE 380, 1889. 


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REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY 
IN THE U. 8S, NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By Ottis T. Mason, Curator. 


Among the collections secured during the year, the following are 
worthy of especial mention : 

Dr. Washington Matthews’s type set of Navajo blankets upon which 
his paper published in the third annual report of the Bureau of Eth- 
nology is based. 

A small lot of specimens from the Klyoquot Indians well authenti- 
cated by James G. Swan, to be used in labeling older objects from the 
same locality. 

Antiquities and sketches from Egypt, by Dr. James Grant Bey, of 
Cairo, Egypt, accompanied by letter giving full information. 

The entire contents of an Indian grave, presumably Choctaw, by 
Dr. W. A. Whitten, Moline, Mississippi, to be exhibited as a polyor- 
ganic museum unit. 

A valuable series of religious objects from Thibet, collected by Mr. 
W. W. Rockhill. Each specimen was secured by Mr. Rockhill himself 
and is well authenticated. 

A lot of objects from Mr. Edward Lovett, in England, especially use- 
ful in the illustration of the first steps in our modern inventions. 

Mr. James Mooney, having spent two summers among the Cherokees, 
in western North Carolina, studying their dances and ceremonies, con- 
tributes excellent series of dance paraphernalia, with full information. 

From Mrs. Col. James Stevenson the Museum has secured some rare 
pieces of old Pueblo pottery, and her own private collection of Zuni 
arts, with detailed instructions for labeling and mounting. 

Col. J. I. Allen, of Stillwater, Montana, has sent a rare collection 
from that almost inaccessible region. 

Special mention is made of these accessions, because they fulfill the 
requirement of the curator with regard to accurate information. 

During the year new sections have been organized in the exhibition 
series. In order to interest a large number of scholars not hitherto 
specially attached to the institution, efforts were made to gather in the 
National Museum fac-similes of all the inscriptions, seals, ete., in the 
country, relating to what is called in England “ Biblical Archeology,” or 


281 


232 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. - 


the study of countries lying within an 800-miie radius around Palestine. 
So rapidly has this plan developed that a new section was formed under 
the curatorship of Dr. Paul Haupt, with Dr. Cyrus Adler, as assistant 
curator. Both of these gentlemen are connected with the Johns Hop- 
kins University, Baltimore. A report of this section will be made by 
Dr. Adler. 

Another exhibit organized may be called the ethnic series. In it 
by means of charts, colored maps, life-size lay figures, busts, miniature 
lay figures, painted portraits, and colored photographs, it is designed 
to teach the visitor the spread of various types of mankind, and to show 
just how these types appear. Great care has been bestowed upon this 
section. I’rom Paris have come M. Hebert’s reproductions. Many 
pieces have been prepared by our own workmen. The Bureau of Eth- 
nology contributes photographs of all Indian delegations visiting the 
city. The Austrian minister has given a set of maps. This series is so 
installed that a public-school teacher may bring her class to the Museum 
and give to them a practical lesson in ethnology. 

In another section of ethnic installation the curator is enabled to ex- 
press lis reuewed obligation to the U.S. Navy. Ina former report men- 
tion was made of the great help rendered by Lieut. T. Dix Bolles, U. 8. 
Navy, in the installation of the Eskimo collections. During the last 
year the curator was aided by Ensign Albert P. Niblack, U.S. Navy, 
in arranging the specimens from the strip of our continent lying be- 
tween Mt. St. Elias and Vancouver Island, along the Pacific coast, 
partly in British Columbia and partly in Alaska. This region is 
sometimes called the Northwest coast of America. The only objection 
to this title is the fact that in the Wilkes’ narrative the same term is 
applied to the strip from San Francisco Bay to the Straits of San 
Juan de Fuca. There are several distinet linguistic stocks here, the 
Koloshan, the Haidan, Tsimsian, Haeltzukan,.and Salishan, but the 
region forms one of these unique areas in which the arts, the modes 
of life, even the philosophical and religious conceptions have been 
enided and molded by surroundings. 

Ensign Niblack was on duty in the Museam from October 3 to 
March 22. He was ordered to the Smithsonian to prepare a report on 
the Coast Indians of Alaska and Northern British Columbia from 
notes made in connection with the survey of Alaska in 1885, 1886, and 
1887, such orders being in pursuance of a plan formed by the Navy 
Department in 1881, to further the progress of scientific research by 
enlisting the interest of naval officers on their cruises in making such 
collections and notes as might prove of value. The ethnological ma- 
terial in the National Museum from southern Alaska offered a fine 
field for illustrating the ethnographic character of these Indians, 
and in connection with the photographs and sketches taken in the 
field, form the basis of the illustrations of the report. Two charts also 
accompany the report, one representing the Indian stocks, as defined 


DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. © 283 


by the most recent investigations in British Columbia, and the other 
the location of the different tribes of the Koloshan and Haidan stocks 
about Dixon Entrance, which arm of the sea forms the natural 
boundary between Alaska and British Columbia. fn connection with 
this latter chart it may be well to state that it outlines the hunting 
and fishing grounds of the different tribes as far as obtainable by the 
writer. The report itself does not deal with the linguistic character- 
istics, the religious beliefs, or superstitions and traditions of the 
Indians. Otherwise it aims at a somewhat systematic general ex- 
position of the habits, customs, arts, industries, and characters of the 
Indians composing the Koloshan, Haidan and Tsimshian stocks and 
in connection with the accompanying illustrations will serve as a de- 
scriptive catalogue of the collection in the National Museum from this 
region. In the selection of the material for illustrations from the 
Museum collections, characteristic specimens were formed into an 
ethnographic collection illustrative of these Indian stocks, similar to 
the Eskimo collection now so graphically arranged in the Museum. 
General descriptive cards were written to temporarily explain. the 
significance of the collections until such time as the individual cards 
may be prepared from the report. From the narrative of early voy- 
ages the primitive customs and characteristics of these natives are 
contrasted with those of the different periods in the past century. 
Much new material is presented, notably the illustrations of ancient 
wooden and leather armor, the preparation of tobacco, details of 
house and canoe construction, several methods of hunting and fish- 
ing, the significance of totemism, the steps in the development of the 
arts of painting and carving and outline of their principal ceremonial 
institutions. This report will undoubtedly form the basis of any 
further ethnological research in that region, and the section will be an 
object lesson to explain the report. 

Another series of objects arranged for public inspection in the Museum 
is designed to teach the history and elaboration of a single group of 
industries, namely, those connected with the protection and manipula- 
tion of fire. Mr. Walter Hough, my assistant, has devoted much time 
to this study, and has been able to gather the fire-making tools of 
nearly all the tribes of our aborigines from the farthest north to Cape 
Horn. By study and correspondence he has also found out the methods 
of applying these, until he can, with the simplest savage device, himself 
create fire. Collections have also been made of tinder-boxes, tinder- 
wheels, strike-a-lights, stick-matches or ‘‘spunks,” early friction matches, 
lighters, etc., and the series is now nearly complete for this country. 
Mr. Hough has also devoted much time to the arrangement of the il- 
lumination collection, with a view to filling up the lacunv and showing 
the elaboration of lighting apparatus. While the collection and instal- 
lation of ancient and foreign lamps has been attended to, special atten- 
tion has been given to procuring the earlier forms in our own country 


284 ‘REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


from colonial times down to the era of kerosene. Study has been made 
of the ancestry of the older American lamps, and the forms have been 
traced to Germany, England, Scotland, and other countries—the shapes 
of lamps in the different sections of the United States mlepending on 
the country from which the immigration came. 

Models have been made of candle-dipping apparatus and other 
objects that could not be procured, or were unsuitable for exhibition. 

Germane to this subject is that of heating. This collection, though 
smaller, has been exhibited and has received several important addi- 
tions within the past year. 

A series to illustrate this whole subject, both by countries and in its 
elaboration, was sent to the Cincinnati Exposition of 1883. A series 
of antique lamps was contributed to the exhibition of Biblical Archee- 
ology, also shown at Cincinnati. 

The curator has given especial attention to the study of transporta- 
tion on the backs of men and women, to aboriginal hide dressing, to 
aboriginal cradles, and to the evolution of common tools, the knife, the 
hammer, the saw, etc. To interest the boys who visit the Museum, a 
series of *‘ jack-knives” has been arranged for public inspection, and the 
interest which such a case excites is shown by the gifts made constantly 
to the series. 

In the latter part of the year the curator commenced to collect for 
publie reference a card catalogue of the resources of anthropology. By 
this is meant nota bibliography of anthropology, but a guide catalogue 
to the resources of the science, so that a special student, a lecturer, or 
a college professor can be put at once into communication with the 
chief sources of information. For this work a student at the National 
Deaf Mute College, who has spent his leisure and his holidays with me, 
has been specially detailed. By this means the literary resources of 
the department will be made as useful and instructive as the material. 

For the purpose of educating people in correct methods of anthropo- 
logical study great care was taken in the preparation of exhibits for 
the expositions at Cincinnati and Marietta. 

At the former place were shown a series of charts giving the classi- 
fication of the human species by Heckel, Topinard, Friedrich Miiller, 
Welcker, de Quatrefages, and W. H. Flower, a map of the world 
painted to show the distribution of the chief types of humanity, large 
elass cases fitted up with groups of Zuni and Ute Indians in costume, 
and three hundred painted portraits of individuals belonging to the 
various races of men have been prepared by Mr. A. Z. Shindler. 

Another series to which great attention was paid was a set of vit- 
rines, each devoted to the natural history of a separate art or aseparte 
thing. All the tools and specimens of partly finished work belonging 
to the basket-maker, mat-weaver, root-digger, bread-maker, tanner, 
shoe-maker, bow and arrow maker, ete., were so mounted and illustrated 
as to teach ‘file process of the art. 


DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 285 


Another series was made to teach the lesson of geographical distri- 
bution. For instance, three hundred arrows were so mounted and 
labeled as to help the visitor to trace the effect of environment on the 
arrow. In the same way were treated other implements. At Marietta 
another lesson entirely was taught. Here the object was to make the 
ethnic concept supreme. The Makah Indians, living at the northwest 
corner of Washington, were selected, and specimens of their handiwork 
so arranged as to show their homes, dress, handicrafts, arts, social life, 
and religion. The life history of a single group was made manifest. 

The curator has during the year, at the request of the Director of the 
Museum, made three tours of inspection, to examine the Valentine col- 
lection in Richmond, the Western Reserve collection in Cleveland, and 
to study the public and private museums in the vicinity of Boston. 

The first named is an enormous private gallery in the vicinity of 
Richmond illustrating the aboriginal life on the James River. It is 
worthy of a more public installation. In the same collection are about 
one thousand articles from North Carolina made in soft micaceous mate- 
rial absolutely sui generis. The curator was greatly interested in the 
ingenuity manifested in the design and fabrication of these pieces. 

The Western Reserve collection at Cleveland is located in the upper 
story of a building, and should be more attractively exhibited. There 
are in this hall many pieces of great value. It is especially rich in the 
archeology of Ohio. 

The Peabody Museum at Cambridge exhibits in every room the 
training in anatomy of its two distinguished curators. If we omit the 
National Museum, there is no other place in our country where arche- 
ology is more richly illustrated. In the shell heaps of the whole 
Atlantic coast, the palwolithic relics of New Jersey, the results of care- 
ful dissection of mounds and graves in the Ohio drainage, this museum 
leaves little to be desired and presents a great deal worthy of im- 
itation. . 

Irom these tours of inspection the curator returns impressed with 
the great service which may be rendered to science by the co-operation 
of great museums and by friendly assistance rendered to local collee- 
tions, and would recommend the preparation of a directory of anthro- 
pological and archeological resources in America. 

In lieu of costly expenditures for the purpose of collecting, the cura- 
tor has found it convenient to have in various out-of-the-way places 
local agents and referees, from whom, by patient questioning and care- 
ful collecting, he has been able to gather material under circumstances 
which confer great value upon it. In this way a cradle, a bow and ar- 
row, a weaving-stick, a fire-drill, and so forth, may be followed up until 
the student has received complete information from reliable source. 
Especial mention may be here made of Col. J. I. Allen, Montana; 
Charles Willoughby, Quinaielt; J. G. Swan, Port Townsend, Wash- 
ington; L. Frost, and N. J, Purcell, California; Lieut, T, Dix Bolles, 


286 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


U.S. Navy; John Durand, Paris; Dr. James Grant Bey, Egypt; Lady 
Edith Blake, Nova Scotia. 

Another method adopted for enriching the department of ethnology 
has been a number of exchanges with museums. During the year alarge 
series of objects from our modern Indian tribes was sent to the Peabody 
Museum in Cambridge, for which our collection will receive accessions 
from the explorations of Professor Putnam. 

Exchanges have also been conducted with the Cincinnati Art Museum, 
with Dr. Gosse, of Geneva, Switzerland, with the Royal Ethnological 
Museum in Berlin, and with Mr. Edward Lovett, in England. 


' ADDITIONS TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 


Greenland.—Snow shovel, 4 arrow points, fid, comb; Dr. C. Hart Merriam (21589). 
Water tube, harpoon head, belaying pin, kayak scraper, ice knife or kayak, 
throwing stick, knife. Theodore Holm (21418). 

Sitka.—Caribou-skin jerkin, buckskin ceremonial shirt, deer-skin shirt, bucksin shirt 
ornamented with bear’s claws. Max B. Richardson (21596). 

Queen Charlotte Island.—Dancing shirt of bear skin, very fine; design, the totem of 
the bear. J. G. Swan (20957). 

Fort Rupert, British Columbia.—Nimpkish Indians. Jointed sword (dancevr’s), powder 
bags (3), wythe of cedar (rope), spoons (4), salmon gaft hook, knife for carving 
(4), prepared kelp, seal spear heads and leaders (2). J. G. Swan (20957). 

Vancouver Island.—(Kuyoquats.) Basket of spruce root, cloak, blanket orcloak, cedar 
bark mat, prepared cedar bark. J. G. Swan (20957). 

Vancouver Island.—Brass bracelets. Dr. F. Boas (21890). 

Washington Territory.—Colispel Indians. Camas roots. Dr. E. L. Morgan, (20945). 

Alaska.—Woman’s knife. Dr. Cyrus Adler (22145). 

Rattle, food dish, trap. U.S. Fish Commission (21734). 

Montana.—Stillwater photos of two Crow Indians (20979). . Child’s moceasins (21549). 

Crow Indian medicine shield, medicine case, bone breaker, robe flesher, lariat, sheep- 
skin robe, peace pipe and case, arrow with two scalps, girl’s deerskin dress, par- 
tlesche wallet, broken sword from Custer’s battle-field. Col. J. I. Allen (21558). 
Bow made by Yellow Belly. Capt. Charles Bendire, U. S. Army. 

New Mexico.—Zuni sacred blanket, blue blanket, eagle fetish, medicine stone, red 
paint, grooved axes (3), celt, sacred paint mortars (3), rubbing stones (2), hafted 
axes ground and chipped (2) (Moki); sacred meal trays (27), tray baskets (10), 
bowl-shaped baskets (2), basket materials, wooden images (3), dance sticks (1 
pair), wooden bird, head dress, rattle, lance armlets (2 pairs); (Pueblos), Arrow 
heads, spear heads, knives, awls used as amulets in dance, and for drills, ete, 
(25); (Apaches), baskets (3); Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21665). Arrows, Apaches 
(2); D. Fitz Gerald (21110). 

Arizona.—Apaches, part of fire drill, Capt. John G. Bourke, U. 8. Army (22093) ; 
Navajos, Cap holder and powder charger, silver chain, spindle, blankets (5), 
the large blanket, blankets of coarse and fine diagonal weaving and fine and 
coarse straight weaving (types used to illustrate Dr. Matthews’s paper on Navajo 
weaving in the third annual report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1885, p, 385); 
Dr. Washington Matthews, U.S. Army (20888). 

California.—San Luis Obispo, charm stone; H. W. Henshaw (21792). 

Maine.—Swedish wooden shoes; William Bartlett (21523). 

Massachusetts,—Salem, earliest friction match; F. W. Putnam (20904), 

Niagara Falls,—Basket; W. H. Chandlee (21749). 

New York,—Foot stove; F. S, Hawley (21741), 

New York.—Broadalbin; glass camphene lamp, wheel tinder box and pistol cartridge 
box; F, 8, Hawley (21276), 


DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 287 
Wisconsin.—Milwaukee ; Patent boomerangs, H. Eggers (20974). 
Pennsylvania—Philadelphia; Shaving and splint matches; Geo. G. Fryer (21108). 
Maryland.— Russian lamps (2), whale oil lamps (2), Camphene lamp, J. T. Durney 

(21960). Globe candlesticks (2), cut-glass camphene lamp, flat candlestick and 
extinguisher, student lamp, Diacon lamp, James Russel & Son (21959). Foot 
stove, Joseph Elias & Son (21958). Candle snuffers; T. W. Sweeney (20973). 
Stone with socket; E. P. Valentine (21486). 

Washington.—Camp candlesticks; Paul E. Beckwith (21313). Flint-lock pistol, 
(21535). Old balances; Peter Burger (20972). Gas-lighting attachment; C. A. 
Stewart (21558). Sand bag, knives (6), tweezers and razor; John Graham 
(21270). Luminous match safe, pair of old bellows, pocket match box, model 
of candle-dipping apparatus, model of ‘‘ endless,” or ‘‘ Confederate candle,” used 
in South during the war; W. Hough (21731). Bust of Geronimo; Theo. A. Mills 
(21729). 

Virginia.—Plantation hoe; Frank Burns (21372). Light-wood; Rev. R. Ryland 
(21851). 

West Virginia.—Waiffle tongs (21131), wooden lock (21131), pottery lamp for burning 
grease; Walter Hough (21459). Bread raising basket; Mrs. L. S. Hough 
(21137). Coffee biggin; Mrs. Dr. Casselberry (21132). Dutch oven and brass 
candlestick; Miss Emma Protzman (21133). Muffin rings (3), cake patty and 
wooden lock; Greenland Thompson (21135). Canteen of 1863; Col. Frank 
Thompson (21154). Horse pistol and old lantern; Col. Ashbel Fairchild (21136). 

North Carolina.—Photographs of houses and of the inhabitants of North Carolina; G. 
P. Merrill (21246). Cherokee baskets (3), moccasins, stone for polishing pottery, 
scratchers used in ball play (2), cupping horn, glass lancet, arrow heads and 
stone knife (3), conjuring stones (3), ball uniforms (4), masks (2), rattles worn 
on the knee (1 pair), bullet molds, spoon, pipes, Bureau of Ethnology; James 
Mooney (21449-21450). 

Georgia.—Brass hammer, iron chisel and hatchet, Henry Horan (21381). 

Mississippi.—Objects found in a Creek or Seminole grave, bottles (3), cups (2), san- 
cers (2), iron spoons (5), pewter spoon, brass kettle, bits (2), scissors, semi-lunar 
breast ornaments (4), silver crosses (3), silver amulets (2), silver wristlets (3), 
silver open-work brooches (15), gorgets (3), glass beads, small buckles, trinkets 
(10), brass padlock, silver earrings (1 pair), ear-drops (11); Dr. W. A. Whitten 
(20377). ; 

Mexico.—Pottery owl; Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21664). Aztee idols (3); W.H. Doane 
(20647). Photos of Caribs, ‘‘ Les Habitants de Suriname ;” Prince Roland Bona- 
parte. 

Bohea.—Rice sieve; Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). 

South America.—Venezuela, photos of Goajiro Indians (4); Hon. T. F. Bayard (21344). 
Rio Negro, quiver of poisoned arrows for bow-gun, basket ; Royal Gardens, Kew, 
England (20488). Patagonia, horse bolas and guanaco bolas; Thomas Lee 
(21468). ; 

England.—Toaster and warming-pan one hundred and twenty years old; Mrs. E. J. 
Stone (21419). Spring candlestick; Goldsborough & Co. Snuffers, tinder-box, 
early English cup, liquor pot and base of cup, rush dipped candle, horn lantern; 
EK. Lovett (21292). 

Scotland.—Iron Jamp, ‘‘ Crusie” (3); E. Lovett (21292). Cruisgean or iron lamp; 
Charles Stewart (21706). 

Belgium, Antwerp. Hanging lamp (old style), Flemish tinder box ; E. Lovett (21292). 

Germany, Nurnburg. Box of night-light tapers (old original); George G, Fryer (21,- 
108). Meerschaum pipe; L. Luchs (21891). 

Ttaly.—Etruscan pottery lamp, oil lamp seventeenth century; Goldsborough & Co, 

Egypt.—Fragments of leqthev coyer (fac-simile) of the catafalque of Isi-em-kheb, @ 
queen of the twenty-first dynasty 1000 B, ©, (21417), Water colors of ancient 


288 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


lamps (7) (20975), Piece of mummy cloth with ritual of the dead; Dr. James 
Grant Bey (20730). Small pottery figures and scarabs (26), shubti or respondents 
(2), stucco mask from female mummy ; 8. Prentiss Knut (21919). Wreathes from 
mummies, Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20483). 

Morocco.—Knife ; Henry Horan (21146). 

Jast Central Africa.—Spoon, Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). 

Africa.—Fire drill, South Africa, fire stick (Bushman); F. W. Putnam (145). 

Persia.—Teheran, suit of a Persian Mohammedan priest (12 pieces); Rev. J. L. Potter 
(21866). 

Afghanistan. —Pulley, Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). 

East Turkey.—Complete costumes Koordish soldier (18 pieces); Rey, A. N. Adrus 
(21666). 

India.—Model of the Taj Mahal, (tomb of Nourmahal); Bishop J. P. Newman 
(21043). Madras. Sling; Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). Cup; E. 
Lovett (21292). 

Ceylon.—Betel nut for chewing; R. Hitchcock (21689). Rice strainer; Royal Gar- 
dens, Kew, England (20488). 

Assam.—Tinder; Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). 

Turkestan.—Scroll picture giving scenes in city life in Chinese Turkestan; W. W. 
Rockhill (21260). 

Mongolia.—Mongol Buddiist manuscript book ; W. W. Rockhill. 

Thibet.—Lama’s score book, book with pictures of Buddhist pantheon ; mani-Kanbum. 
Thibetan religious books (2), almanacs, burial service, skull libation bowl], 
priest’s drum, exorcising flute, prayer beads, priest’s bell, charm box, hand 
prayer wheel, table prayer wheel, gift handkerchief, images of Dolma (Jam- 
by-ang), Lok-yo-ma god of medicine, Kun-kar-yi-jin-norbu god of riches, Wu- 
pamed Thibetan form of Buddha, picture of Pal-dan-hlamo one of the chief 
protectors of Thibet, picture of the five gods of hell, picture of the three chief 
gods of Thibet, picture of Tsong-ka-pa, the founder of Lamaism and of the chief 
Lamas, picture of the Mongol Lamaist pantheon, aspergil, inkstand, photo of 
Lama priest, photos in western China (3); W. W. Rockhill (21251). 

China.—Rosary of nuts, rosary of carved seeds, Chinese Buddhist book ; W. W. Rock- 
hill (20261). Kin or moon guitar, Ur-heen and bow, flute, tambourine, San-heen 
or banjo, mandolin (21317). Woman’s costume; Mrs. W. W. Rockhill (21518). 
Canton, compound bow and arrows (5); P. L. Jouy (21264). Jade audience ring, 
Chang Yen Hoon (21964). Strike-a-light, G. G. Fryer (21108). 

Corea.—School book, writing book, and tract on western innovations; Ensign J. B. 
Bernadou, U. 8S. Navy (21599). 

Japan.—Bronze Buddha, bows and arrows in holder, fire engine (20852). Seated 
figures (3), Nio; Daikohu, god of wealth, foxes called man’s servants (2), shoki, 
the demon slayer; Ed. Greey (21176). Head of royal arrow, Hieromich Shugio 
(21737). Scepter of Indra; W. W. Rockhill (21261). Buddhist rosary, P. L. Jouy 

. (21264). 

Yesso.—Fire-making set (Ainos); F. W. Putnam (145). 

Siam.—Bamboo pipe-stems (2); Royal Gardens, Kew, England (21488). 

Borneo.—Sandals ; Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). 

New Zealand.—Sandal; Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). 

Sandwich Islands. —Necklace; E. P. Thorn (21315). Hawaii or Oahu, adze blades 
(2); Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21664). 

Admiralty Islands.—Spear heads of obsidian; Mrs, T. E. Stevenson (21664). 

Solomon Island.—Adze blades (2); Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21664). 

New Guinea.—Jade celt ; Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21664). Motu Group, net bag, neck- 
lace, Royal Gardens, Kew, England (20488). 

Australia.—Hatchet; Mrs. T. E. Stevenson (21664). 

Orkney Islands,—Rush pith wicks; D, Braco Peebles (20965). 


REPORT ON THE SECTION OF ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES 
IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By Cyrus ADLER, Assistant Curator. 


The word “oriental,” as usually understood in museum administra- 
tion or in philological or archeological circles, covers a broad field. 
India, China, Japan, Siam, Armenia, Persia, Phoenicia, and Cyprus, 
Palestine and the Jews, the Samaritans, Arabia and Mohammedanism, 
Syria and Egypt are included within the range of the American Orien- 
tal Society, or of the Royal Asiatic Society. The scope of the Interna- 
tional Congress of Orientalists, held in 1889, is indicated by the follow- 
ing division into sections : 

First. Semitic and Islam: 

a. Languages and literatures of Islam. 
b. Semitic languages, other than Arabic; cuneiform texts and 
inscriptions, ete. 

Second. Aryan. 

Third. African, including Egyptology. 

Fourth. Central Asia and the Far Kast. 

Fifth. Malay and Polynesia. 

Much of the material which would find place in a department estab- 
lished with such a scope, had been collected for the Museum and in- 
stalled in other departments before the organization of a section espe- 
cially devoted to Oriental Antiquities was contemplated. 

The establishment of this section was due originally to a desire to 
collect in the National Museum copies of the smaller Assyro-Babylonian 
objects preserved in this country. These objects (principally seals) are 
of much importance in connection with the history of the Assyro-Baby- 
lonian religion and art, and the Museum has devised a plan for copying 
them which facilitates their study and exhibition. It is hoped that 
among other results there will grow from this work a catalogue of all 
the Assyro-Babylonian objects preserved in this country. 

The Section of Oriental Antiquities, in view of the limitations upon 
its scope and resources, is practically devoted to Biblical Archeology— 
to the history, archeology, languages, arts and religions of the peoples 
of Western Asia and Egypt. Material is chosen which especially illus- 
trates Biblical history, and labels are prepared from this point of view. 

289 
H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——1? 


290 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The first six weeks of the fiscal year (which included a stay of two 
weeks in Cincinnati) were devoted to the arrangement and labeling of 
the exhibit of Biblical Archeology for the Centennial Exposition of 
the Ohio Valley. The last two weeks of August, as much time as could 
be spared from the work at the Johns Hopkins University during the 
winter, and the latter part of May and June were spent in arranging, 
labeling and putting on exhibition specimens acquired, in cenducting 
correspondence with a view t» increasing the collection, in gathering a 
working library for the use of the Section and of properly accredited 
Orientalists visiting Washington, in the preparation of a report on the 
progress of oriental science in America during 1888, and in the trans- 
action of the business connected with the meeting of the Eighth Inter- 
national Congress of Orientalists at Stockholm. ; 

The collection of casts of Babylonian and Assyrian seals has grown 
satisfactorily during the year. 

While attending the exhibition at Marietta, Ohio, in July 1888, Mr. 
W. V. Cox, chief clerk of the Museum, and Mr. J. Elfreth Watkins, 
Curator of the Section of Transportation and Engineering, noticed a 
Persian seal; they secured an impression of this object, which was for- 
warded along with the name of its owner, Maj. E. C. Dawes. The cor- 
respondence which followed, resulted in Major Dawes offering his small 
collection for copy, accompanied by the information of the expected 
return to this country of their collector, the Rev. Dr. J. H. Shedd. Dr. 
Shedd also sent a small collection for copy and gave information of the 
existence of a collection made by himself, but sold some time since; 
through the instrumentality of Mr. A. Van Name, Librarian of Yale 
College, this collection was traced to the hands of Prof. O. C. Marsh, of 
New Haven, who placed it at the disposal of the Museum for copy. 

The small but valuable collection of Miss M. W. Bruce, of New 
York, to which attention was first called by Madame Zenaide A. 
Ragozin,* was secured for copy through the instrumentality of Madame 
Ragozin. Itincludes three cylinder seals and six contract tablets. 

President D. C. Gilman, of the Johns Hopkins University called atten- 
tion toa communication from Prof. Spencer I’. Baird, under date of Jan- 
uary 29, 1864, in which he referred to objects ‘‘ collected at Babylon and 
Nineveh, by my old pupil, Rev. Israel 8S. Diehl.” A careful search 
revealed no trace of their whereabouts, but with the assistance of 
Bishop Newman, it was found that they were in possession of Mrs. 
Anna Randall Diehl, of New York, who deposited the collection of 
seals in the Museum, 

The manner of obtaining these small objects has been dwelt upon to 
show how they are scattered throughout the country, and how the 
kind assistance of friends of learning is necessary to rescue them from 
their hiding places. 


* Media, in the Story of the Nations series, page 251, 


SECTION OF ORIENTAL ANTIQUITIES. 291 


Prof. Paul Haupt, Honorary Curator of the Section, spent the sum- 
mer of 1888 abroad, and visited the Royal Museum of Berlin, and the 
British Museum. From the former he made a selection of casts of 
Assyrian and Egyptian objects, illustrating the collections in the Royal 
Museuw of Berlin, the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities at Turin, Italy, 
the Louvre at Paris, the Boulak Museum at Cairo, Egypt, and the 
British Museum. The National Museum is indebted to the officers of 
the Royal Museum of Berlin for courtesies in its transmission, and for 
excellent packing, whereby the entire collection arrived in good con- 
dition. : 

Two Egyptian searabei, the gift of Miss Aline E. Solomons, Wash- 
ington, a series of Egyptian photographs, and the Egyptian ethno- 
graphie series prepared by Mr. W. Flinders Petrie, have also been 
added to the collection. 

Labels have been prepared for all the Assyro-Babylonian seals men- 
tioned above, as wellas for those received during the previous year. 
Only a portion of these objects has thus far been placed on exhibition. 
The labels included a statement of the material of the original when 
known, a history of the original, translation of the inscription, and sig- 
nification of the representation where it could be determined. Labels 
were also prepared for the series of Assyrian photographs from the 
British Museum, the Bonfils photographs, and the Assyrian and Egyp- 
tian objects from the Royal Museum of Berlin, In February space was 
assigned the section in the west hall, and on March 2 the collection was 
installed, the larger slabs on frames especially constructed for the pur- 
pose. 

There have been no published researches on the specimens collected, 
though the collection of casts of Assyrian and Babylonian seals has 
been studied with a view to future publication. It may not be im- 
proper in this connection to call attention to the proposed edition of 
the “ Life and Writings of Edward Hineks” by the Semitic Seminary 
of the Johns Hopkins University. In July the Acting Secretary of the 
Smithsonian Institution consented to make the Institution a depository 
for papers and manuscripts sent to this country to further the prosecu- 
tion of the work. Prof. F. Max Miiller, of the University of Oxford, 
under date of September 27, forwarded manuscript letters of Dr. Hincks 
in his possession; and under date of October 29, he kindly offered to 
permanently deposit these letters in the Smithsonian Institution.* 

The Museum secured an interesting Persian astrolabe. After a pre- 
liminary examination it was submitted to Dr. C. Johnson, jr., Fellow- 
elect in Semitic languages, of the Johns Hopkins University. Heis 
now engaged upon it, and presented a study, suggested by this instru- 
ment, at the May meeting of the American Oriental Society, entitled, 
* The Chaldean Astronomy.” 


*Cf. Dr. Cyrus Adler. Note on the proposed edition of the life and writings of 
Edward Hincks, Amer, Orient, Soc. Proc., October, 1883, p. 61, 


202 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The catalogue of the section is kept by the Department of Ethnology. 
The number of specimens on exhibition (including one hundred and 
fifty photographs) is about four hundred and twenty-five, with an equal 
number in the reserve and study collections, which include a collection 
of paper squeezes from the Boulak Museum. 

We are indebted for co-operation and assistance, in addition to the 
persons already named, to the Hon. Oscar Straus, ex-United States 
minister at Constantinople; Prof. Howard Osgood, of Rochester, New 
York; Dr. James Grant Bey, of Cairo, Egypt; and Prof. D. G. Lyon, 
of Harvard University. 


REPORT ON THE SECTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING 
IN THE U.S, NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By J. ELFRETH WATKINS, Curator. 


The routine work in the Section of Transportation and Engineering 
during the fiscal year 188889, was interrupted by my absence from the 
Museum during almost the whole month of July, at the Ohio Valley 
Centennial Exposition, at Cincinnati, where several series of models, 
photographs and drawings were placed upon exhibition, to illustrate 
the successive stages in the development of the art of transportation 
from aboriginal times to the present era of the steam-ship and the loco- 
motive. 

It is believed that this was the first attempt in the history of expo- 
sitions, to present an object-lesson of the development, step by step, of 
our great systems of transportation. 

While this first effort must be regarded as an experiment, it is 
gratifying to know that it met the approval of those interested in pre- 
serving the history of engineering science. This is particularly true of 
the objects in the fourth series alluded to below. 

The exhibit was arranged in seven series. 

The first was intended to show the methods adopted by the aborig- 
ines and early settlers, and contained objects of special local interest 
to the residents of the Ohio Valley and of the old Northwest Territory. 

The second contained only objects illustrating the development of (1) 
the American; and (2) the English locomotive. It is believed that this 
series contained a larger number of objects than had ever before been 
assembled to show the history of the locomotive. 

In the third, illustrating the development of the American passen- 
ger car, the objects were arranged according to dates, rather than as a 
series showing the progress of development. This arrangement was 
made necessary owing to the large number of experiments that were 
made before the present type of American car* came into general use. 


i “Many of the objects in this series were illustrated in ‘‘'The Re lniion of the Rail- 
way Passenger Car,” by J. Elfreth Watkins, Harper's Weekly, August 25, 1888. 
293 


294 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


In the fourth series were exhibited forty-five models,* illustrating the 
development of the American rail and track. In addition to these 
models several rail sections that had been in service prior to 1835 were 
shown, attached by the original fastening to the stone blocks which 
were used by early railway constructors. 

In selecting objects for the fifth series, devoted to the development 
of the American steam-boat and modern steam-ship, many illustrations 
of early attempts at invention, which may be regarded as chimerical, 
were omitted. This series was intended to show the beginnings of ma- 
rine steam engineering, together with a very few types of modern steam- 
ships. 

The sixth series contained maps, showing the beginning and extension 
of the American railway system from 1830 to 1888 ; and in the seventh, 
palanquins, sledges, elephant howdabhs, etc., illustrating methods of 
transportation in foreign lands, were assembled. 

The arrangement of objects in the aleove assigned to the Department 
of Transportation and Engineering at Cincinnati was completed about 
the last of July, when, upon returning to Washington, my attention 
was directed to the rearrangement of the few objects which remained 
upon the floor of the Museum. 

Late in November, 1888, many of the objects in the exhibit alluded 
to above were returned from Cincinnati, requiring a rearrangement of 
the exhibition series, which was completed early in March. Since that 
date the work of correspondence and the care of the objects which 
have been added to the collection have engrossed as much of my atten- 
tion and time as could be spared from other duties in the Department 
of Property and Supplies, the present organization of which, I trust, 
will permit me to devote more effort to the extension of the Section. 

At the annual convention of the American Society of Civil Engineers 
held at Seabright, New Jersey, June 20-26, 1889, the following preamble 
and resolutions were unanimously adopted: . 

Whereas the authorities of the Smithsonian Institution have established in the 
National Museum at Washington a department devoted to the preservation of the 
history of American Engineering science: 

Resolved, That the American Society of Civil Engineers hereby expresses its grati- 
fication at the establishment by the Smithsonian Institution, with the authority of 
the General Government, of a department in the National Museum for the preserva- 
tion of objects of interest bearing upon the history of American engineering, and 
recommends that American engineers co-operate with the Smithsonian Institution in 
furthering the objects for which the Department of Engineering has been established. 

Resolved, ‘That copies of this resolution be sent to the Secretary of the Smithsonian 
Institution, and to the Curator of the Engineering Department of the National Museum. 


JOHN BOGART, 
Secretary American Society Civil Engineers. 


*Tllustrations of these models may be found in the ‘‘ Development of the American 
Rail and Track,” by J. Elfreth Watkins, read before the annual convention of the 
American Society of Civil Engineers, Seabright, New Jersey, June 21, 1889. 


SECTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING. 295 


Among the important accessions received during the year the follow- 
ing may be noted: 

A handsome Japanese kago, presented by Tokugawa lyenari, eleventh 
Taikun of Japan to his daughter, upon her betrothal to Prince Hosokawa 
a Daimio of Higo, 1835, obtained through Hieromich Shugio. This 
kago is made of wood, beautifully lacquered and elaborately embellished 
with crests of the Tokugawa and Hosokawa families. The interior is 
handsomely upholstered and decorated. 

A model of a Japanese jinrikisha (light-covered vehicle with two 
wheels, drawn by a man or boy), together with the small painting which 
accompanies it, gives an excellent idea of the manner in which this 
popular conveyance of Japan, which takes the place of the London cab 
is used. 

Among the objects especially prepared for the Cincinnati Exposition 
which have found a permanent place in the collection, is a series illus- 
trative of the history of transportation before the advent of the loco- 
motive, of which the following are worthy of note: 

Apache squaw with carrying basket (full-size figure), illustrating an 
aboriginal form of burden bearing, since known as “ toting” by the 
negroes of the Southern States. 

Pack-mule (mounted specimen), illustrating means adopted by early 
settlers to transport freight across the Alleghany Mountains, the 
pack-saddle and manner of packing being in accordance with prevail- 
ing methods among the mountain “ packers.” 

Ohio River flat-boat (model), The Mayflower of the Ohio. It was 
upon a similar boat that the earliest settlers journeyed down the Ohio 
River and disembarked at Marietta. 

Steam-boat Orleans, 1812 (model), the first steam-boat on the Ohio 
River. This boat was built under the direction of Robert Fulton and 
Nicholas Roosevelt. 

Conestoga wagon, 1785-1830 (model). Wagons of this type were 
used in the transportation of emigrants and freight from the Bast 
across the Alleghanies to the Ohio and Mississippi Valley. 

Stage coach (model). Type in use between Pittsburgh and Phila- 
delphia in 1825. 

Canal passenger packet-boat, 1846 (model). Type used on the 
Pennsylvania Canal, Columbia to Hoilidaysburg, on the through line, 
Philadelphia to Pittsburgh. Through the courtesy of Mr. William J. 
Latta, general agent, and Mr. F. W. Webb, foreman of the Pennsy]- 
vania Railroad Company, at Philadelphia, the last three models 
noted above were constructed at the Philadelphia shops, being a repro- 
duction in miniature of the vehicles and canal packet-boat exhibited 
by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in the trades’ parade at the 
Celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the Adoption of the 
Constitution, in Philadelphia, October, 1887. 

The series illustrating the history of the American locomotive has 


296 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


been very materially strengthened by the addition of several valuable 
models, among them being: 

Trevithick’s locomotive, 1804 (model). This was the first steam ioco- 
motive to help man, and was designed and constructed by Richard Trevi- 
thick. It ran for several months in 1804 between Panydarren Works 
and the Glamorgan Canal, near Aberdare Junction, Wales, hauling cars 
laden with coal and pig iron. 

John Stevens’s experimental locomotive, 1825 (model.) The first 
locomotive built in America of which there is a reliable record. The 
original locomotive built by John Stevens had a multi-tubular boiler,* 
and was experimented with on a circular track at Hoboken, New 
Jersey, during the years 1825, 1826, 1827, and 1828. This model was 
constructed in the National Museum workshops, from information fur- 
rished by Mr. Francis B. Stevens (a grandson of John Stevens), a dis- 
tinguished mechanical engineer of Hoboken, New Jersey, who rode 
upon the locomotive when he was a boy, and who was thoroughly 
familiar with its construction. 

Locomotive Best Friend, 1830 (model). The first locomotive con- 
structed in America for actual service on a railroad. Built at West 
Point Foundry, New York, for the South Carolina Railroad. Made 
trial trip January 15,1531. This modelis constructed from the original 
drawings in possession of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 

Locomotive John Bull. Camden and Amboy Railroad. India ink 
drawing (on mat 30 by 40) from tracings of the original working draw- 
ings which accompanied the locomotive from Stephenson’s Works, New 
Castle-on-Tyne, showing how the locomotive appeared when set up at 
Bordentown, New Jersey, August, 1831. The tender built at Borden- 
town shortly afterward, was improvised from a small four-wheel con- 
struction car, a whisky hogshead being used for a water-tank. The 
connecting-rods shown were never used, owing to sharp curves in the 
road. 

Locomotive Sandusky (model). Driving wheels, 4 feet 6 inches; 
cylinders, 11 by 16 inches. The first locomotive in the State of Ohio, 
1837. This, the first locomotive built by Rogers & Co, (then Rogers, 
Ketchum & Grosvenor), at Paterson, New Jersey, was originally built 
for the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company, but, not 
being accepted by them, was purchased by J. H. James, of Urbana, 
Ohio, president of the Mad River and Lake Erie Railroad. It was 
shipped by canal October 14, 1837, and when it arrived in Sandusky, 
November 17, 1837, not a foot of railroad had been laid in the State. 
The gauge of the wheels of Sandusky, 4 feet 10 inches, thus became the 
established gauge in the State of Ohio. This model was also con- 
structed in the Museum workshops. 


* The original multi-tubular locomotive boiler, constructed by John Stevens in 1825, 
for this experimental locomotive, was deposited in the U. 8. National Museum by the 
authorities of the Stevens’ Institute, Hoboken, New Jersey, in the last fiscal year, 
and is referred to in my annual report for 1887-88. 


SECTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING. 297 


The handsome model of the locomotive Old Tronsides, built by 
Matthias Baldwin in 1832, constructed at considerable expense by the 
Baldwin Locomotive Works, and presented by them to the Museum, is 
one of the most valuable accessions of the year. This model, accurate 
in every detail, a faithful miniature of the early handiwork of the 
founder of the company which has sent locomotives to every quarter 
of the globe, will be a great aid to the future historians who may wish 
to place upon-record the facts connected with the beginnings of loco- 
motive building in America. The original ‘+ Jronsides” hauled the first 
passenger train in the State of Pennsylvania. 

Through the courtesy of the Steel Street Railway Company of Johns- 
town, Pennsylvania, who presented the Museum with fourteen sections 
of street rails, and three sets of joint fixtures, it has become the pos- 
sessor of a nucleus of a collection, which it is to be hoped may soon be 
expanded until it shall illustrate the history of the street railway—pre- 
eminently an American invention in the beginning, which has since been 
carried to every part of the globe. It is highly important that the his- 
tory of a system which has had so much to do with the growth of every 
American city should be preserved. 

It is to be desired that other friends of the Museum will add to this 
nucleus by collecting early forms of street rails and track appliances. 

Through the kindness of Mr. Ff. W. Webb, of the London and North- 
western Railway, of England, whose numerous contributions have been 
acknowledged in previous reports, the Section has been enriched by a 
series of graphic photographs of the exterior and interior views of the 
railway carriages occupied by the Queen of England, and other members 
of the royal family, in their journeyings by rail, to different parts of the 
kingdom. The arrangement and decorations of these carriages, especi- 
ally that reserved for H. R. H. the Prince of Wales, are in marked con- 
trast to the palatial Special” cars used by American railway officials 
and men of wealth. 

Among the railroad relics received isthe bell of the old locomotive 
Rahway, cast in 1838. This bell was one of the first alarm-bells ever 
placed upon a locomotive, the bells which preceded it being generally 
used to communicate signals to the engineer by the conductor or 
brakeman. For this bell, as well as for a section of track, consisting of 
rails and wooden joint blocks, in use for many years on the New Jersey 
Railroad between Jersey City and New Brunswick, the Museum is 
indebted to Mr. James R. Smith, of Newark, New Jersey, one of the 
oldest supervisors op the Pennsylvania Railroad system. 

Another valuable relic is a section of the first heavy iron rail rolled 
in America, a gift of the Baitimore and Ohio Railroad. This rail is N 
shaped in section and was rolled for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
Company, in 1844, by the Mount Savage Rolling Mill in Alleghany 
County, Maryland. To commemorate this event the Franklin Institute 
of Philadelphia awarded a silver medal in October, 1844, to the pro- 


298 REFORT O# NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1899. 


prietors of the Mount Savage Rolling Mill. A duplicate of this medal 
has been promised by that Institute for the collection. 

A number of valuable drawings illustrating the development of 
marine steam-engineering have been added to that series, among them 
being : 

Print of Jonathan Hull’s steam-boat, 1757, from draught published 
according to act of Parliament, 1737. This is the first feasible propo- 
sition for navigating boats by steam on record. 

tumsey’s steam-boat, 1787. This is the boat in regard to the con- 
struction of which General Washington wrote to Rumsey after seeing 
his boat driven by the tide against the stream, and of which there is a 
piece of the original chain-gearing in the collection. 

Steam-boat constructed by John Fitch, 1787. This boat carried pas- 
sengers, who paid fare, between Philadelphia and Burlington, on the 
Delaware River. 

Engine and propeller wheels of steam-boat constructed by John 
Stevens, with twin serews, in 1804; on mat 30 by 40 inches, made from 
the original engine in the Museum of the Stevens Institute, Hoboken, 
New Jersey. 

The Clermont, Fulton’s first American steam-boat. This steam-boat 
made the first trip from New York to Albany in August, 1807, and re- 
mained in continuous service for several years. 

Steam-boat Phoenix, the first steam-boat to navigate the ocean and 
the first vessel built with wave lines. The engine and hull were con- 
structed under the direction of John Stevens, at Hoboken, New Jersey. 
This vessel was launched about fifteen days after the Clermont, aud 
made the ocean trip from Sandy Hook to Cape May, on the way from 
New York to Philadelphia, early in 1808. 

Fulton’s first ferry system, being an enlarged fac-simile of original 
drawing made by Robert Fulton, 1812. This was the system in use at 
Fulton Ferry, New York City, for many years. : 

Steam-ship Savannah, the first steam-ship to cross the Atlantic, 1819. 
This vessel sailed from Savannah May 22, 1819, under command of Capt. 
Moses Rogers, and arrived in Liverpool, June 20, 1819. 

The original log of this voyage in the handwriting of Sailing-Master 
Steven Rogers is aiso preserved iu the collection. . 

Among the relics relating to early steam-boats which have recently 
been obtained, may be noted: Fac-simile of draught of letter from 
John Stevens, of Hoboken, New Jersey, to Robert Hare, jr., of Phila- 
delphia, written November 16, 1805, describing the steam-boat with 
twin screws, which is illustrated in the drawing alluded to above. 

Also an original copy of the Philadelphia ‘“ Federal Gazette and 
Daily Advertiser,” published Monday, July 26, 1790. This paper con- 
tains an advertisement of the time-table of Fitch’s steam-boat, showing 
the leaving and arriving time at Philadelphia, Bristol, Burlington, and 
Bordentown. Deposited by Richard G. Stevens. 


SECTION OF TRANSPORTATION AND ENGINEERING. 299 


During the year an entire re-arrangement of the exhibition series was 
attempted, under the following temporary Classification : 

(1) Objects and implements for burthen-bearing by man and animals. 

(2) Objects and implements of human and animal traction (street- 
railway ears excepted). 

(3) Originals, models, and drawings of stationary steam-engines. 

(4) Originals, models, and drawings of locomotives. 

(5) Models and drawings of passenger and freight cars. 

(6) Originals, models, and drawings illustrating the development of 
the American raii and track (steam railways and _ horse railways.) 

(7) Models, relics, and drawings showing the beginning of the steam- 
boat and development of marine steam-engineering. 

(8) Maps showing beginning and extension of the American railway 
systems. 

(9) Electrical machines (telegraph and motors). 

(10) Air-ships, ete. 

Owing to the nature of things, the study series is composed almost 
entirely of drawings and other graphic illustrations, in arranging which 
the same general classification has been temporarily adopted as pre- 
vails in the exhibition series. 

I cannot close this report without calling attention to the necessity 
for additional space, in order to accommodate the normal growth of the 
Section. 

From personal intercourse and correspondence with a number of 
prominent engineers and railway constructors, I feel satisfied that the 
collection could be rapidly increased by the addition of valuable ob- 
jects, if the space could be found to exhibit them. In no country in 
the world has there been such a revolution in the methods of con- 
structing bridges as in America, yet we are compelled to refuse to ex- 
hibit models of the early structures, now rapidly going out of use, 
owing to the crowded condition of the exhibition series. And the same 
statement holds good in regard to historic locomotives, cars, and other 
bulky objects, it being possible to devote only 600 square feet of floor 
space to the locomotive and railway ear. 

So much progress has been made in solving problems that have 
arisen in connection with electric propulsion, both on land and water, 
during the last few years, that it would seem proper to begin to collect 
objects illustrating the early history of the devices which have gradually 
been developed into the motors, etec., now practically successful and in 
commercial use. 

Such a collection, if properly made, would also require considerable 
space for exhibition, and must therefore be delayed for the present. 


REPORT ON THE SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS 
IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


By 8S. R. Korauer, Curator. 


Although this section was organized in January, 1887, no oflicial re- 
port has as yet been made. The report now submitted embraces, there- 
fore, the period between January 1, 1887, and June 30, 1889. 

It will be advisable to preface the general review of the work done 
within this period by some remarks explanatory of the principal aim 
which has been kept constantly in view in the formation of the collec- 
tions of the section of graphic arts, in consonance with the general 
plan laid out for this section, from the beginning of the present organi- 
zation of the Museum. This aim being of a peculiar character, on the 
one hand, and the notions held by the mass of the people concerning 
the nature and functions of art being, on the other, of the vaguest kind, 
it is often found difficult, even by persons interested in art, to grasp it. 
The concisest way of stating it will be to say, that the aim of the sec- 
tion of graphic arts is to represent art as an industry. This must not, 
however, be understood as implying the application of art to industry. 
The expression must be taken in its literal sense, as conveying the idea 
that art productions of all kinds, from the great frescoes of the most 
distinguished painters to the slightest illustration produced by the 
latest photo-mechanical process, are here to be considered, primarily, 
from their material, that is to say, their technical side. Art thus takes 
its place in the scheme of the Museum, side by side, and on terms of 
equality, with the other great industries,—agriculture, the fisheries, 
mining, transportation, etc.—and the artist is recognized, not merely 
as an ornamental appendage, whose useless labors may be ignored 
with impunity, but as a valuable member in the social organization 
of mankind, whose creations answer to a human want, and whose 
material necessities it is quite as important to understand and minis- 
ter to as those of the farmer, the wool-grower, the fisher, the engineer, 
the weaver, and so on. This view of the matter does not in the least 
degrade art, as those are apt to think who approach it exclusively from 
the esthetic side. Itsimply recognizes the fact that art stands upon a 
material basis, in common with all other branches of human activity. 

It appears from what has thus far been said that the ultimate aim 

301 


302 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


of all art—the expression of ideas by artistic means—is not consid- 
ered directly in the scheme of the section of graphic arts. These 
ideas and their development in the progress of time, are, nevertheless, 
also illustrated, or eventually will be, for, in pursuing the study of 
the technical means employed in the graphic arts, it is necessary to 
inquire into their historical evolution, and this can not be done by a 
mere bringing together of the tools and materials used at different 
times. It unavoidably involves an examination of the results, and 
these latter tend to show that the tools and materials themselves were 
influenced by the ideas which sought expression. An historical col- 
lection of specimens illustrating the progress of the graphic arts is, 
therefore, quite as much a necessity as a collection of tools and mate- 
rials, and it is obvious that such a collection will furnish the oppor- 
tunity also for the study of the intellectual aspect of art. The appar- 
ently purely material and unintellectual starting point of the scheme 
laid out for the section of graphic arts, thus leads in the end to a much 
broader, as well as profounder, illustration of the subject in hand than 
can possibly be provided in ordinary museums of art which ignore 
means and deal with results only. Naturally, in endeavoring to bring 
together a series of examples illustrating the technical activity of the 
artist, it is found much easier to acquire prints of all kinds than draw- 
ings and paintings. This difficulty it has been sought to overcome in 
a measure by adding a collection of photographs from paintings, ete. 
These, however, can give but a very inadequate idea of technical pecu- 
liarities, while, on the other hand, they add largely to the illustration 
of the progress of ideas as expressed in art. 

For the sake of completeness it may be well to state here that the 
section of graphic arts confines itself strictly within the limits indi- 
cated by its name, that is to say, to drawing and painting and the 
various methods of producing pictures to be multiplied in the press, 
or, in other words, to the various methods of delineation on surfaces. 

As comparatively but little material (308 numbers in all) had been 
collected at the time when I took charge of the section, the first thing 
to be done, in the almost total absence of means wherewith to make 
purchases, was to solicit contributions from artists, publishers, and 
private persons. The measure of success attained is shown by the 
list of donors and depositors printed as Appendix A. Of the 2,894 
entries in the catalogue up to June 30, 1889, only 294 represent objects 
purchased, at a cost of $2,368.23,*—mostly old prints and such tools, 
ete., as could not be obtained as gifts. Among these purchases (occa- 
sioned principally by the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition, at which 
the section of graphic arts was represented by a special exhibition) 
there are some very fine and important examples of engraving and 
etching, such as Rembrandt’s “ Christ Preaching,” known as ‘“ Le petit 


*In this statement the collection of photographs acquired before I was appointed, 
is not inclnded, as it has not yet been registered, 


SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. 303 


La Tombe,” B 67, certainly one of the most beautiful impressions of 
this admirable plate in existence; very good impressions of Diirer’s 
“ St. Jerome in his Chamber,” B 60, and ‘The Great Horse,” B 97; ¢ 
fine proof of Nanteuil’s ‘“* Pompone de Belliévre,” R-D 37; a splendid 
proof, before the coat-of-arms, of Wille’s ‘ Satin Gown,” Le BL55; a 
subscriber’s impression, before any of the later retouches, of Miiller’s 
‘‘ Madonna di S. Sisto,” after Raphael, etc. It will be quite impossible 
to speak here at length of the many valuable gifts received during the 
period under review. Some idea of their importance may be gathered 
from the details given in the list of donors and depositors, which in- 
cludes also the material received previous to my official connection 
with the Museum, such as the collection illustrating the etching process, 
given by Mr. Peter Moran; the collection illustrating the technical 
processes of lithography and chromo-lithography, given by Messrs. L. 
Prang & Co.; the exhibit of the Photo-Engraving Company, and that 
illustrating the process of electrotyping made by Messrs. W. H. Whit- 
comb & Co. Two items must, however, be emphasized here as being 
of special importance and fitness in the U.S. National Museum. I 
allude to the plate, with a set of trial proofs, of Asher Brown Durand’s 
‘“ Ariadne,” after Vanderlyn, given by his son, Mr. John Durand, and 
to the collection of proofs from plates engraved by John Cheney, given 
by his sister-in-law, Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney. Generally speaking, 
special stress has been laid, in the historical division, upon a good 
representation of American art, and the list of donors again will show 
that these efforts have been liberally seconded by artists, publishers, 
and other friends of the Museum. 

The time from January, 1887, to February, 1888, was given up wholly 
to the collecting of specimens and the preparation of cases. During 
the months of February and March, 1888, these specimens were placed 
on exhibition on the western side of the northwest range. The extent of 
the collection at that time, and the arrangement adopted, are shown by 
the placard which was prepared for display in the hall, acopy of which 
is annexed to this report as Appendix b. 

Part of the month of May, the month of June, and part of July of the 
same year were devoted to the preparation and installation of the ex- 
hibition of the section of graphic arts at the Ohio Valley Centennial 
Exposition at Cincinnati. To avoid the almost total depletion of the 
exhibition cases at the Museum, the greater part of the specimens 
shown at this exhibition was borrowed for the purpose, and the lack of 
specimens, representative of the work of the past, necessitated the pur- 
chases above alluded to, which were paid for out of the special appro- 
priation made by Congress to defray the expenses of the Smithsonian 
Institution arising out of its participation in the Exposition. A more 
detailed account of this exhibition will be found in the catalogue, printed 
in the “ Proceedings United States National Museum, Vol. x., Appen- 
dix.” The rapid growth of the collection, from 936 entries in the cata- 


304 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


logue on March 31, 1888, the time when the first arrangement of speci- 
mens in the Museum was completed, to 2894 on June 30, 1889, making 
necessary a re-arrangement and expansion, the whole of the northwest 
range was given up to the section of graphic arts, the casts from Mexi- 
can sculptures, ete., which had occupied its eastern half having been 
removed to the Smithsonian building, and the exhibition as it stands 
at this writing was put into place during the months of May and June, 
1889. As arranged at present, the eastern side of the hall is occupied 
by the technical exhibition, illustrating the older processes of producing 
pictures for multiplication in the press (relief engraving, intaglio en- 
graving, lithography, and the substitutes devised to take the place of 
these processes), aids in drawing used by engravers and by draughtsmen 
for photo-mechanical processes, methods of reducing and enlarging, and 
the modern photo-mechanical processes (phototyping, photogravure, 
photolithography, collographic processes, Woodburytype, ete.). On 
‘the western side are shown the specimens iliustrating the various 
methods of drawing and painting, with the monotype, and the histor- 
ical collection of relief engravings, intaglio engravings, lithography, 
and color printing. Asan appendix there have been added some speci- 
mens showing the industrial applications of printing. The collection 
of photographs, illustrating the history of painting, 1s also displayed 
on this side of the hall. The arrangement adopted has already, how- 
ever, Shown itself inadequate, and a re-arrangement and filling up of 
gaps is impending, although the lack of space will preclude any con- 
siderable further expansion. 

It has been impossible, of course, to place on exhibition all the ma- 
terial collected, and the large number of specimens left over has been 
roughly arranged, under technical headings, in two storage cases. AS 
the collection grows, it is to be hoped that this mass of interesting and 
valuable material may be made available to students. For the present, 
all that can be done is to provide for its safe-keeping. The culling and 
arrangement of duplicates, to be used for exchanging, also remains to 
be attended to. It is not to be expected, however, that this feature will 
attain the same proportions in the section of graphic arts which it has 
attained in other departments of the Museum, dealing with the prod- 
ucts of nature. During the period covered by this report only one 
specimen has been obtained by exchange. 

A most valuable subdivision of the section, specially important from 
its practical bearings, is that devoted to patents relating to all the 
graphic arts, including the modern photo-mechanical processes. Under 
the direction of Mr. J. W. Osborne, of Washington, who has given his 
advice and time gratuitously, lists of such patents issued in all coun- 
tries are now being made, and many of them have already been pro- 
cured. But the completion of this work and its utilization by the 
public must be deferred to the future. 

A pressing necessity, finally, is the labeling of the specimens ex- 


SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. 305 


hibited and the preparation of an elementary manual for the use of 
visitors, without which the collection is practically useless. All that 
can be said concerning this matter is that a number of essays have been 
made which, it is hoped, will lead to a result before long. 

The present state of the collection, so far as the number of entries 
on the catalogue shows it, has already been alluded to. On June 30, 
1888, there were 1,671 entries, showing that the additions during the 
fiscal year just ended were 1,223, making a total of 2,894 on June 30, 
1889. Of these entries 26 were loans which have been returned. These 
are=more than offset, however, by the entries which represent series 
consisting of several specimens, so that the number of specimens actu- 
ally constituting the collection may safely be said to be considerably 
over 3,000. How many of these are on exhibition and how many in 
the reserve collection it is impossible to say, as the specimens on exhi- 
bition have not yet been numbered. The varied character of the col- 
lection can in a measure be ascertained from the lst of donors and 
depositors which accompanies this report.* 

Unfortunately this list does not include one of the most important 
gifts received during the year, the collection, namely, of Mr. J. W. Os. 
borne, which has not yet been registered, although many of the most 
important specimens in it have already been placed on exhibition. 
This collection contains, besides a very full record of the development 
of Mr. Osborne’s own photolithographic process, specimens by many of 
the earliest experimenters in the same and similar directions, such as 
Fox Talbot, Paul Pretsch, Poitevin, Asser, ete., together with fine ex. 
amples of lithography, engraving, ete. 

The condition and extent of the section of graphic arts has been thus 
far, and still is, such as to preclude the possibility of special researches 
upon the material belonging to it, and it is to be feared that it will be < 
long while betore the opportunity for such researches can be offered, 
Papers by collaborators there are none, since there are no collaborators. 
My own activity as a student and with the pen during the period em. 
braced by this report has necessarily been quite limited, as my time has 
been taken up almost entirely by the routine work and the purely man- 
ual labor which my position in this museum and as curator of the print 
department at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston have forced upon 
me. A list of the few papers, etc., that [ have published during the 
year will be found in the Bibliography (Section IV). Several papers 
were published during the time of my connection with the Museum 
previous to the fiscal year of 1882-89. These are noticed in the Museum 
report for 1887-838. 

To the preceding report upon the administration of the collection up 


* The accessions to this collection, mentioned in the List of Accessions (Section V of 
the report), refer to those only which were received during the fiscal year ending June 
30, 1889. A complete list of donors and depositors, from January 1, 1887, to June 30, 
1889, is given in the Appendix. 

HA, Mis, 224, pt. 2——20 


306 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


to June 30, 1889, I beg leave to add some suggestions concerning the 
future. 

The first and most important point to be kept in view, if the growth 
of the section of graphic arts is not to be arrested, and if it is the desire 
vo build it up normally and properly proportioned in all its parts, 1s the 
necessity of an adequate yearly appropriation. The appeal to artists, 
publishers, and others has, indeed, been liberally responded to, but it 
goes without saying that a collection depending almost wholly upon 
gifts can not possibly attain to the logical development, the complete- 
ness, and the superlative quality which alone would answer the ends 
sought, and be worthy of a great nation claiming to occupy the first 
rank in material welfare and in intellectual attainments. An even 
cursory examination of the collection as it now stands will show that 
it is deficient in many respects, and that in a number of cases specimens 
have been admitted without regard to quality simply because they 
illustrated some technical point and could be had for nothing. It is 
vain to expect gifts of valuable drawings, paintings, and old prints, 
except upon rare occasions and at long intervals. Such specimens must 
be bought, and it is, moreover, necessary that the curator should be in 
a position to secure them whenever and wherever they offer. Really 
desirable specimens rarely have to wait for a purchaser, and such oppor- 
tunities must therefore be quickly seized when they occur. 

While, as has been pointed out, the principal aim of the section of 
graphic arts is to represent art as an industry, there are yet other 
possibilities within its grasp that should not be lost sight of, and of 
which it may, indeed, be said that they are the natural outgrowth of its 
activity. The attempt to illustrate the technical processes of graphic 
art and the historical development of these processes unavoidably 
leads, as has already been shown, to the formation of a collection em- 
bodying the results reached, that is to say, to a collection of drawings, 
paintings, and prints. It will probably be advisable to restrict the 
acquisition of drawings and paintings, for the present at least, to only 
such examples as are absolutely necessary for the elucidation of strictly 
technical details. There is less call, lrowever, for such a restrictive 
policy in the case of prints. A print collection is very far from being 
simply a means of ministering to wsthetic desires. It may be put to 
almost unlimited practical uses, and is quite as much an educational 
apparatus as a collection of books. Indeed, it might be claimed that 
it is often a much more powerful educational instrument, since prints 
present to the eye what books endeavor merely to construct in the 
mind. A print collection, therefore, is not only strictly within the 
province of the Smithsonian Institution; it is, indeed, one of the means 
of instruction which it is in duty bound to provide as an institution for 
the dissemination of learning. This universal value of print collections, 
the artistic aspect of which is only a subordinate feature, has long been 
recognized in Kurope, and it is about time that their importance should 


SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. 307 


be realized also on this side of the water. It will, of course, be a long 
time before we can hope to equal such great national collections as that 
of the British Museum with its uncounted treasures, the French collec- 
tion with its more than two millions of specimens, or the Print Cabinet 
at Berlin with over a million and a half, but this conviction ought all 
the more to spur us on to make at least a beginning as soon as possible, 
more especially as the prices of prints are going up with unpleasant 
rapidity, and as a most favorable opportunity for such a beginning is 
just now offering. In saying this l have in mind the Sewall collection, 
which is for sale in New York, and which ean be bought at a figure 
representing about one-third of what would be its value if the speci- 
mens composing it had to be bought in open market. The collection 
contains about eighteen thousand prints, representing all periods and 
schools, and is the result of forty years’ collecting. I would respect- 
fully recommend that a special appeal be made to Congress to secure 
this collection for the U.S. National Museum. I would furthermore 
suggest that what is left of the Marsh collection, bought by Congress 
in 1849, be definitely turned over to the Section of Graphic Arts. Un- 
fortunately the largest and most desirable parts of this collection, 
including all the fine Diirers, Rembrandts, ete., which the original 
inventory enumerates, have unaccountably disappeared, but there still 
remain several volumes of single prints, and, presumably, the various 
gallery works, etc., belonging to it, which, if added to the present col- 
lections of the section, would considerably increase their interest. The 
prints in question ought, however, to be taken out of the volumes into 
which they have been pasted, and ought to be carefully examined and 
mounted on separate sheets, so that they ean be classified scientifically, 
As at present arranged, these volumes are not much more than picture 
books for the gratification of idle curiosity. 

In a print collection, the property of the people of the United States, 
America ought, as a matter of course, to receive the fullest share of 
attention. It has been my constant endeavor, as before stated, to give 
due prominence to American art in the collection in my charge, and in 
these efforts I have been liberally seconded by artists, publishers, and 
others. But again, by mere reliance upon gifts, the aim to be followed 
cannot be reached, and this aim ought not to be less than to make the 
division of American the first of its kind among the institutions of the 
United States, so that all investigators may in the future turn to it with 
the just expectation that here they will find the best and richest mate- 
rial for their researches. It would seem possible to take an important 
step towards the attainment of this end without cost to the nation as 
represented through government. Under the copyright law two copies 
of each copyrighted print, book, etc., are deposited in the Congressional 
library. I would respectfully recommend that Congress be asked to 
pass a law directing that one copy of each copyrighted print, illus- 
trated book, etc., now in the Congressional Library be turned over to 


308 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


the U.S. National Museum, to be there deposited in the section of 
graphic arts, and that all similar matter henceforth received be simi- 
larly divided between the Congressional Library and the U.S. National 
Museum. 

Another need of the section of graphic arts is a special library. 
Even in the present embryonic condition of its collections, books of 
reference are often wanted which ought to be at hand for immediate 
use if they are to be of any use at all. The Marsh collection again 
offers a nucleus of great value, and I would venture the further sug- 
gestion that the books belonging to it be turned over to this section. 
Thus placed they will do good service, whereas at present they do lit- 
tle or none. The attention given to such a special library ought not, 
however, to stop here. In accordance with the original aim of the 
section, it is quite indispensable that it should collect all technical and 
historical treatises relating to the graphic arts, and more especially the 
former. So far as American productions of this kind are concerned, 
the direct aid of Congress might again be invoked here. It is desirable 
also, and indeed necessary, that a number at least of the journals 
dealing with the graphic arts should be kept, including those in which 
the developments of the modern photo-mechanical processes are 
recorded. 

It stands to reason that the plans for the future so far outlined can 
not be carried out, unless considerably more room can be devoted to the 
collections, and unless the service can be provided which will make it 
possible to throw them open for the use of students. It will be quite 
impossible, and, indeed, would not be desirable if it were possible, to 
exhibit all the material collected and to be collected, Rooms will, there- 
fore, have to be set apart in which the portfolios and cases containing 
the reserves can be kept, with the possibility of expansion in the future, 
and providing also the necessary space for tables for visitors, and, in 
connection with these, public rooms, special workrooms not accessible 
to ordinary visitors, in which mounting, restoring, classifying, ete., can 
be carried on. Before a definite plan is adopted for the arrangement of 
these rooms, it would of course be necessary to make a thorough study 
of similar institutions in Europe, so as to assure the adoption of the 
system which actual experience has shown to be the best. 

That such collections, liberally administered, might be made of the 
greatest use, both educationally and practically, does not admit of the 
slightest doubt. Their educational value has already been dwelled 
upon, and I may, therefore, confine myself to a few closing remarks upon 
their practical use to the busy portion of mankind to whom art really 
is an industry. To these workers the section of graphic arts night 
easily be made a central bureau of reference. It is already beginning 
to assume the character of an archive, in which are deposited the 
records of the labors of inventors within its sphere. Thus it has in its 
keeping the original Saxton engraving machine, and its collections com- 


SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. 309 


prise as full records as it will ever be possible to gather of the develop- 
ment of the Osborne photo-lithographic and of the original Ives half: 
tone process, while several other inventors have promised to prepare 
similar records of their achievements. That such material, together 
with the patents now collecting, must be of inestimable value to future 
inventors is self-evident. With a view to the further extension of the 
practical utility of the section, all makers of machinery and tools, and 
manufacturers and dealers in materials used in the graphic arts are 
encouraged to send not only specimens of their wares, but also their 
circulars and catalogues, and the latter are given or sent to applicants 
for information to whom they promise to be of interest. Few such ap- 
plications have, indeed, been received so far, but it is to be hoped that 
as the character and aims of the section of graphic arts become more 
widely known, the facilities which it offers, or hopes to be able to offer, 
will be utilized more freely. 

It will, I think, need no further argument to show that the section 
of graphic arts may be made not only a valuable institution for the 
scholar and the student, but that it may become practically useful to 
the large body of men and women who depend upon the graphic arts 
as a pursuit, quite as much as the Bureau of Education, the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, or the Fish Commission are helpful to the teacher, 
the farmer, and the fisherman. 


APPENDIX A. 
LIST OF DONORS AND DEPOSITORS, SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. 


Air Brusu Company, THE, Rocktord, [linois.—Specimens of work done by the 
air-brush ; 2 numbers. 

ANDREW, JOHN & Son, Boston, Massachusetts.—Proofs from wood-engravings, ex- 
ecuted by the donors, or in their establishment ; 21 numbers. 

Avery, 8S. P., New York.—Engravings, etchings, lithograph, process prints, books, 
catalogues, ete. ; 31 numbers. 

BALDWIN & GLEASON COMPANY (LIMITED), New York.—Specimens of printing on 
celluloid, executed in the establishment of the donors ; 20 numbers. 

Brerstapt, A., N. A., New York,—Proof of an engraving by James Smillie, from a 
painting by the donor. 

BosBett, ALFRED, Brooklyn, New York.—Relief engravings printed in colors, exe- 
cuted by the donor; 5 numbers. 

BoBBETT, WALTER, Brooklyn, New York.—A series of proofs of a relief engraving in 
colors, showing the various stages, etc., by Albert Bobbett ; 23 numbers. 

Boston Boxwoop Company, Boston, Massachusetts. —A rough section of boxwood. 

BosTON PHOTOGRAVURE COMPANY, THE, Boston, Massachusetts.— Gelatine prints, ex- 
ecuted in the establishment of the donors; 18 numbers. 

BoussoD, VALADON & COMPANY, Paris and New York.—Process prints of various 
kinds, executed in the establishment of the donors; 15 numbers. 

Brown, Miss H. Louisa, Boston, Massachusetts. —Lead pencil, India ink, sepia and 
water color drawings, soft-ground etchings, lithographs, etc., by various artists ; 
12 numbers. 

BuEnrinG, Frep., president of the Lithographer Publishing Company, New York.— 
India rubber reducing and enlarging machine, invented by the donor, with speci- 
mens of work done by its means; 5 numbers, 


310 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Bureau, THE, OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING, Washington, District of Columbia (de- 
positor).—Illustrations of the process of engraving and transferring bank-notes, 
including plates and a steel roller; 6 numbers. 

CASSELL & COMPANY (LIMITED), London and New York.—Wood-engravings, after 
Gustave Doré; 12 numbers. 

CastLe, Dr. FRED. A., New York.—Proofs from wood blocks, engraved by Dr. Alex. 
Anderson, in the possession of the donor ; 6 numbers (37 specimens). 

CENTURY COMPANY, THE, New York (depositor).—Drawings, proofs of wood-en- 
gravings, and process prints made for the Century Magazine, and wood-engray- 
ers’ tools and materials ; 94 numbers. 

CHANDLER, Pror. CHARLES F., Columbia College, New York.—Process prints of 
various kinds; 137 numbers. 

CneENEY, Mrs. Epnau D., Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts.—Proofs and prints, mostly 
from plates engraved by John Cheney ; Memoir of John Cheney, written by the 
donor; 28 numbers. 

CuurcH, F. S., N.A., New York.—Drawings, proofs from etchings, and an oil sketch 
by the donor; 8 numbers. 

CLosson, WILLIAM B., Lancaster, Massachusetts.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the 
donor; 6 numbers. 

Crosscur & WeEstT.—(See Ives, F. E.) 

DANA, WILLIAM JAY, Boston, Massachusetts.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the 
donor; 10 numbers. 

Day, BENJAMIN, New York.—Apparatus for using Day’s Rapid Shading Mediums, 
with specimens of work done by its means; 7 numbers. 

Der VINNE, THEO. L., The De Vinne Press, New York.—Tableau, illustrating the over- 
laying of wood-engravings. 

DONALDSON, THOMAS, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Etchings by American artists, 
from the ‘‘American Art Review ”; 17 numbers. 

DouGaL, W. H., Washington, District of Columbia.—Proofs and prints from plates 
engraved by the donor; 8 numbers. 

DuRAND, JOHN, Paris, France.—Copperplate, ‘‘ Ariadne,” after Vanderlyn, engraved 
by the late Asher Brown Durand, N. A., and working proofs from the same; 10 
numbers. 

Fatconer, J. M., Brooklyn, New York.—Proofs from original plates by the donor 
(etching, dry point, roulette work); Baxter oil prints; 5 numbers. 

FARRER, Henry, New York.—Proofs of etchings by the donor; catalogue of New 
York Etching Club, 1888, with illustrations; 18 numbers. 

FILLEBROWN, F. E., Boston, Massachusetts.—Proofs of wood-engravings executed by 
the donor; 8 numbers. 

ForsBes LirhHOGRAPH MANUFACTURING COMPANY, THE, Boston, Massachusetts.—Al- 
bertypes, executed in the establishment of the donors; 74 numbers. 

GEBBIE & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Photogravures, executed in the estab- 
lishment of the donors; 11 numbers. 

GirrorD, R. Swatn, N. A., New York.—Proofs of etchings by the donor; 14 numbers. 

Goops£, Pror. G. Brown, Washington, Distriet of Columbia.—Wood-engrayings, 
process work, silhouettes, ete.; 68 numbers. Engraving by Claude Mellan (de- 
posited). 

GUTEKUNST, F., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Illustrations of the process of gelatine 
printing, including negative, film, etc., executed in the establishment of the 
donor; 10 numbers. 

Haigut & DupLeEy, Poughkeepsie, New York.—Specimens of color printing exe- 
cuted in the establishment of the donors; 17 numbers. 

HarRPER & BrotHeEerRs, New York.—Proofs of wood-engravings executed for Harper’s 
Monthly, Harper’s Weekly, and Harper’s Bazar; 35 numbers. 

Hart, CHARLES HENRY, Philadelphia, Pennsylvanias—Engravings, etchings, litho- 
graphs, mezzotints, and aquatint; 33 numbers. 


SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS 311 


HEINEMANN, E., New York.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the donor; 10 numbers. 

HELIOTYPE PRINTING CoMPANY, THE, Boston, Massachusetts.—Heliotypes, helio- 
chromes, photolithographs, ete., executed in the establishment of the donors ; 
48 numbers. 

Hitt, Joun Henry, Nyack Turnpike, New York.—Etchings by the donor ; aquatints 
by John Hill; 4 numbers. 

Hircucock, Pror. RomyN, Washington, District of Columbia.—Photo-collotypes ; 
6 numbers. 

Hor, Roperr, & Co., New York.—Ilustrations of presses built by them ; 3 numbers. 

Hoskin, Roser, Brooklyn, New York.—Proofts from wood-engravings by the donor; 
11 numbers. 

HouGu, WALTER, Washington, District of Columbia.—Old German etchings; 2 num- 
bers. 

HOVENDEN, THOMAS, N. A.—Proofs of etchings by the donor ; 2 numbers. 

Ives, FREDERICK E., (Crosscup & West), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Illustrations 
of the original ‘‘ Ives Process,” including models of machinery, etc.; book: ‘¢A 
New Principle in Heliochromy ; ” 69 numbers. 

JUENGLING, F., New York.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the donor ; 27 numbers. 

KAPPES, ALFRED, A. N. A., New York.—Charcoal-drawing by the donor, 

KETTERLINUS PRINTING HousE, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Ilustratious of ruling 
and etching on lithographic stone, including a stone; 16 numbers. 

KIMMEL & VoratT, New York.—lIllustrations of the printing of intaglio plates (etch- 
ings, ete.), including tools and materials; 41 numbers. 

KLACKNER, C., New York.—Proofs of etchings and engravings published by the 
donor; 5 numbers. 

KOEHLER, 8S. R., Roxbury, Massachusetts.—Etchings, engravings, lithographs, pro- 
cess work, etc. ; 107 numbers. 

Kurtz, WiLu1AM, New York.—Specimens of half-tone process work by the donor; 
gelatine prints by Tessié du Motay ; 20 numbers. 

Linton, W. J., New Haven, Connecticut.—Illustrations of the history of wood- 
engraving, in originals and in photographs; proofs from wood-engravings by 
the donor; 122 numbers (202 specimens). 

LOWELL, JOHN A., & Co., Boston, Massachusetts.—Proof of an engraving by S. A. 
Schoff, published by the donors. 

Marsh Collection. U.S. National Museum. (Depositor.) Wood-cuts and mezzotints; 
8 numbers. 

MAvuRER, Louis, New York.—Drawing by the donor. 

MILLER, Cuas. H., N. A., New York.—Drawings, sketches, and proofs of etchings by 
by the donor; 13 numbers. 

MILLER, WILLIAM, New York.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the donor ; 22 numbers. 

Moran. Mrs. Emity K., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.— Proofs of etchings by the 
donor; 10 numbers. 

Moran, Mrs. M. Nimmo, New York.—Proofs of etchings by the donor; 4 numbers. 

MORAN, PETER, Philadelphia.—An etched plate in its various stages, etching tools 
and proofs of etchings by the donor; 55 numbers. 

Moran. THOMAS, N. A., New York.-—Proofs of etchings by the donor; 6 numbers. 

NicHoison, W. L., Washington, District of Columbia.—Etchings by William Nichol- 
son, R.S8. A.; 2 numbers. 

Nicout, J. C., N. A., New York.—Proofs of etchings by the donor; 5 numbers. 

NieMEYER, Pror. Joun H., New Haven, Connecticut.—Water-color sketch by the 
donor. 

O'NEILL, Joun A., Washington, District of Columbia.—Engraving by S. A. Schoff. 

OsBorNE, J. W., Washington, District of Columbia.—Specimen of printing on metal. 
(Also a large collection of process work, etc., not yet registered. ) 

PARRISH, STEPHEN, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Proofs of etchings and dry points 

_ by the donor; 12 numbers, 


312 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


PARSONS, CHARLES, New York.—Wood-cut by Dr. Alex. Anderson. 

PENDLETON, J. 8., New York. (Depositor.)—The Saxton Engraving Machine, in- 
vented by the grandfather of the depositor, together with plates, specimens, 
etc.; 6 numbers (most of them including several specimens). 

PHOTO-ENGRAVING COMPANY, THE, New York.—Illustrations of the process of photo- 
engraving, inciuding plates, etc.; specimens of the work done in the establish- 
ment of the donors; 63 numbers. 

PHOTOGRAVURE CoMPANY, THE, New York.—A photo-gravure plate, and photo- 
gravures executed in the establishment of the donors; 9 numbers (including 
series of six and more specimens each), 

Portrait Collection of the U.S. National Museum. (Depositor.)—Engravings, mez- 
zotints, etc.; 8 numbers. 

PranG, L., & Co., Roxbury, Massachusetts.—Ilustrations of the processes and his- 
tory of lithography and chromolithography; wood-engravings; a drawing; 
specimens of stenochromy ; 473 numbers. 

RapDTKE, LAUCKNER, & Co., New York.—Proof of a dry-point by William H. Lip- 
pineott, published by them. 

Ross, CHARLES J., Burlington, New Jersey.—Specimens of the papers for process- 
drawing made by the donor, with drawings upon them, and impressions from the 
blocks made from these drawings; 23 numbers (49 specimens). 

ROWLANDS, WALTER, Allston, Massachusetts\—Engravings of various kinds; 24 
numbers. 

Roy.e, Joun, & Sons, Patterson, New Jersey.—Photographs of routing-machines 
made by the donors; 2 numbers. 

RussELL & RICHARDSON, Boston, Massachusetts.—Proofs of wood-engravings made 
by and in the establishment of the donors; 20 numbers. 

Sarony, NAPoLeon, New York.—Lithograph made by the donor. 

SARTAIN, JOHN, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Illustrations of the process of mez- 
zotinting, including a plate and tools; proofs of mezzotints by the donor; 16 
numbers. 

Scnorr, 8. A., Newtonville, Massachusetts.—Proof of an engraving by the donor. 

School of Drawing and Painting, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts.— 
Drawings by pupils of the school in lead pencil, crayon, charcoal, etc.; 12 num- 
bers. 

SCHRAUBSTADTER, C. JR., St. Louis, Missouri.—‘‘ Star Engraving Plates,” with 
tools, ete. ; 9 numbers. 

SELLERS, JOHN & Son, New York.—Engravers’ tools and materials; 8 numbers. 

SHARP, GEORGE B., New York.—Plates of various metals for the use of engravers 
and etchers; 4 numbers. 

SHIRLAW, WALTER, A. N. A., New York.—Drawings and proof of an etching by the 
donor; 4 numbers. 

SMILLIZ, GEORGE H., N. A., New York.—Pencil drawings by the donor; trial proof 
of an engraving by James Smillie; 3 numbers. 

SMILLIE, JAMES D., N. A., New York.—Drawings, sketches in oil and in water-colors, 
and proofs of etchings bythe donor; 10 numbers. 

SMILLIE, T. W., Washington, District of Columbia. 
fossils; 3 numbers. 

Somers Broruers, Brooklyn, New York.—Specimens of lithographic printing on 
metal exeeuted in the establishment of the donors; 17 numbers. 

STEARNS, Pror. R. E. C., Washington, District of Columbia.—Specimens of color- 
printing ; 15 numbers. 

STRUTHERS, JOSEPH, & Co., New York.—Proofs from blocks made by the wax 
process in the establishment of the donors; 6 numbers. (Each number consisting 
of a series of specimens. ) 

STUART, FREDERIC T., Boston, Massachusetts.—Set of working proofs from a plate 
engraved by the donor; 8 numbers. 


Specimens of medal-ruling over 


SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS. ake 


TUCHFARBER COMPANY, THE F., Cincinnati, Ohio. —Specimens of lithographic priut- 
ing transferred to metal and to glass, made in the establishment of the donors; 
3 numbers. 

Unknown donors or depositors.—Two engraved plates and a Japanese wood-block, 
with impressions from them ; 7 numbers. 

VAN ELTEN, KRUSEMAN, N. A., New York.—Lead-pencil drawings and proofs from 
etchings by the donor; 9 numbers. 

WALKER, CHARLES A., Boston, Massachusetts. —Monotypes and proofs from etchings 
by the donor ; trial proofs and finished impressions of engravings by various en- 

gravers; 30 numbers. 

Wuirprte, H. C., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—Phototypes from ‘‘ etchings on glass” 
by Hamilton ; 25 numbers. 

Wuitcoms, W. H., & Co., Boston, Massachusetts.—Illustrations of the process of 
electrotyping, including plates, materials, ete ; 15 numbers. 

Whitney, E. J., Brooklyn, New York.—Proofs of wood-engravings by the donor and 
by other American engravers, from Dr, Alex. Anderson to the present time; 150 
numbers (318 specimens). 

WILSON, JOHN, & Son, The University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.—Impres- 
sions from a wood-engrayving to illustrate certain technical points; 2 numbers. 

WILson, THoMAS, Washington, District of Columbia. (Depositor.)—Drawings by old 
artists; miniatureson ivory; chromolithographs; 35 numbers. 

Wo rE, M., Dayton, Ohio.—Fine-line plates for half-tone process made by the donor, 
and impressions from blocks made with their aid; 9 numbers. 

YEATES, WILLIAM S., Washington, District of Columbia.—Engraving. 


TEMPORARY LOANS FOR THE OHIO VALLEY CENTENNIAL EXPOSITION. 


E. J. Watney, Brooklyn, New York.—4 specimens. 

THE CENTURY COMPANY, New York.—5 specimens. 

Miss M. Louise MCLAUGHLIN, Cincinnati, Ohio.—2 specimens. 
Miss E. D. HAE, Boston, Massachusetts.—2 specimens. 

8S. P. AvERY, New York.—8 specimens. 

GEORGE R. HAtm, New York.—1 specimen. 

JOHN SARTAIN, Philadelphia.—2 specimens. 

H. WUNDERLICH & Co., New York.—2 specimens. 

C. KLAcKNER, New York.—4 specimens. 

CHARLES A. WALKER, Boston, Massachusetts.—7 specimens. 

H. DesparpD, New York.—6 specimens. 

CHARLES H. MILLER, N, A., New York.—6 specimens. 

Miss BLANCHE DILLAYE, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—7 specimens. 
SAMUEL CoLMAN, N. A., Newport, Rhode Island.—8 specimens. 
Miss ELLEN OAkForD, New Haven, Connecticut.—7 specimens. 
Mra. M. 8. TWACHTMAN, Cincinnati, Ohio. —4 specimens. 

Mrs. E. L. GETCHELL, Worcester, Massachusetts.—6 specimens, 
Miss G. D. CLEMENTS, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—4 specimens. 
Miss H. FRANCES OSBORNE, Salem, Massachusetts.—5 specimens. 
WILLIAM Kurtz, New York.—15 specimens. 

I. GuTeKkunst, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—5 specimens. 
Crosscup & West, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.—6 specimens. 
THE PHOTO-ENGRAVING CoMPANY, New York.—24 specimens. 
THE PHOTOGRAVURE COMPANY, New York.—22 specimens. 

H. E. Syi_vester, Boston, Massachusetts.—8 specimens. 

S. R. Korn Ler, Roxbury, Massachusetts.-445 specimens. 


314 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1839, 


APPENDIX B. 


DESCRIPTIVE LABEL SHOWING THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE COLLECTION ILLUS- 
TRATING THE GRAPHIC ARTS. 


It is the aim of the Section of Graphic Arts to illustrate all the methods and proc- 
esses ever used for the expression, graphically upon plane surfaces, of artistic 
ideas, or forthe representation of natural and other objects. It therefore embraces 
drawing and painting, as well as the various methods of engraving, so far as the 
latter have been used for the production of prints. The field is a vast one, and the 
present collection must be looked upon as only a fragmentary attempt to illustrate 
the main points in the scheme. The collection is arranged as follows: 


First ALCOVE.—Drawing, painting, and the monotype. 


Case 1.—Drawing in lead-pencil. Case 4.—Pen and ink. India ink. Water- 
2.—Drawing in crayon (chalk). color. 
3.—Drawing in charcoal. 5.—Oil-painting. The monotype. 


Swinging screens placed against the wall: Drawings by artists of the seventeenth 
century, ete. 


SECOND ALCOVE.—Engraving in relief on wood (and on metal). 


Case 6.—Tools and materials used by the modern wood-engraver. Electrotyping. 
Overlaying. Positive and negative impressions. Original drawings, 
with the engravings made from them. 

7.—Original drawings, with the engravings made from them, continued. 
8.—Some specimens of old relief engraving down to end of eighteenth century. 
(Knife work, black line, on wood. Graver work on metal). 
9.—English relief engraving on wood (and on metal?), from Bewick and his 
predecessors and followers to the middle of the nineteenth century. 
(Mainly white-line work. ) 
10.—Modern English wood-engraving. Somespecimens of modern German and 
French work. 
11—Wood-engraving in America from Anderson to the present time. 
Swinging screens placed against the wall: Wood-engravings by American engravers. 


TuirD ALCOVE.—Intaglio engraving on metal. 


Case 12.—The tools and materials used for etching and engraving, mezzotinting 
excepted. (Illustrations of printing and electrotyping metal plates to be 
added.) Some specimens of old engraving. 

13.—A set of progressive proofs from an engraved plate forwarded by etching, 
with the plate. 

14.—Engravings by American engravers. 

15.—Engravines by American engravers, continued. Bunk-note engraving aad 
the transfer process. 

16.—Stippling. Mezzotint. Rouletting used to produce tints, 

17.—Modern mixed methods of engraving. Machine ruling. Machine engrav- 
ing. 

Placed against the wall: The Saxton engraving machine. 


FourtH ALCOVvE.—IJntaglio engraving on metal by means of mordants, i. e., etching. 


Case 18.—An etched plate in its various stages. A set of working proofs from an 
etched plate finished with the graver. Positive and negative impressions 
from anetched plate. The printing of etchings. The materials on which 
etchings are printed. 


SECTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS, 315 


19.—Some specimens of old etched work. Original etchings by American 
painters. 

20.—Original etchings by American painters, continued. 

21.—Original etchings by American painters, continued. 

22.—Original etchings by American painters, continued. Reproductive etchings 
by American etchers. 

23.—Soft- ground etching. Aquatinting. Dry-pointing. 

Swinging screens placed against the wall: Original etchings by American painters. 


Firta ALcove.—Lithography. 


Case 24.—Tools and materials. 

25.—Lithographie machinery. Papers used for printing in lithography. The 

principal styles of lithography. 

26.—The principal styles of lithography, continued. 

272 | 

28.— \ Illustrations of the history of lithography. (To be supplied later.) 
29.— | 
Swinging screens and frames on the wall: A series of impressions showing the pro- 

gressive stages of a chromo-lithograph (chromo). 


Stxra ALcove.—Mechanical and photographic engraving processes. 


Case 30.—Mechanical processes. 
21.—Photo-engraying processes producing relief plates. 
32.—Photo- engraving in intaglio (photogravure). 
Nearly all the tools, specimens, efc., shown were given by artists, publishers, and 
other friends of the Museum. Labels giving concise technical descriptions, with 
titles and names of donors, will be added as soon as they can be prepared. 


THE HISTORY OF PAINTING. 


A collection of photographs, autotypes, ete., illustrating the history of painting, 
is displayed in the swinging screens on the table cases in the northern part of the 
hall. The collection is as yet neither complete nor definitely arranged. 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY 
IN THE U, 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


By THOMAS WILSON, Honorary Curator. 


The general character of the work for the year ending June 30, 1889, 
has been much the same as in former years, although there have been 
changes and much extra work. Implements of the usual character 
have been received and have been examined, classified, arranged, en- 
tered and numbered, as formerly. To this customary routine were the 
added duties incident to the Cincinnati Exposition (which opened July 4, 
1888, and closed November 15, 1888), the investigation of paleolithic 
implements and of rude notched axes, and other matters, involving a 
great increase of the clerical work of the office. The number of imple- 
ments received, to be catalogued and displayed, has been largely in- 
creased, and likewise the number of objects sent for examination and 
report. 

The reception of three hundred new trays during the year gave an 
opportunity long desired, to place specimens in trays instead of loosely 
upon the shelves and bottoms of the cases. In November 1888, the 
work of repainting the trays and cases was begun, requiring the re- 
moval and changing of position from case to case of every tray and 
specimen in the entire collection. This work has been continued until 
the present time. It is now almost finished. 

During the last two and a half months of the year, carpenters and 
laborers have been at work putting new shelves in the cases, wherever 
possible, to utilize vacant space (this work is not completed); placing 
shelves in the window-seats for the reception of the stone images from 
Central America and the West Indies, twenty of which are thus dis- 
played; and placing casters under the tall upright cases, seventeen 
of which are thus arranged. This has been preparatory to the pro- 
posed re-arrangement of the cases in the Museum, placing four rows 
of cases instead of three, as before, and making three aisles, one of 
which is the center, instead of four aisles as heretofore. By this ar- 
rangement much space is gained. The cases which before approached 
the center of the hall, and so nearly covered it, are now retired towards 
either end of the hall, leaving a large space in the center which affords 
room for re-arrangement and better display of the Pueblo village mod- 
els and the Mexican architectural sculptures (Lorillard and Abadiano 

317 


. 


318 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


collections) which have heretofore been so much crowded as to do them 
injustice. The main aisles among the cases are slightly narrower than 
before, but by the substitution of single for double cases, as heretofore 
employed, the lateral aisles have been widened so as to afford ample 
relief against any crowd, however large. I am satisfied that we could 
manage without crowding the 29,000 persons who visited the museum 
on the 5th day of March 1889, and that this arrangement of cases is an 
improvement. 2 


IMPORTANCE OF THE SCIENCH OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 


Prehistoric anthropology is a new science. During the past eighteen 
hundred years the Christian, and, consequently, the civilized world, has, 
untilthe beginning of the nineteenth century, lived on in the behef that 
maw’s appearance upon earth dated no more than 4,000 years before the 
commencement of our era, and was without knowledge of prehistoric 
man, nor did it have a suspicion of his existence. 

The wise men of Denmark in the early part of the nineteenth century, 
while investigating and studying the Runie characters and legends 
engraved upon their ruined stones, and in their sagas, discovered evi- 
dences of ahuman occupation of their country earlier than any of which 
they had heretofore known or suspected. This occurred about 1806, 
and in 1836 Mr. Thompson the renowned Danish archeologist (who 
founded, and for fifty years directed, the prehistoric museums at 
Copenhagen) published his first memoir in regard to prehistoric civili- 
zation, which he named after the material principally employed for cut- 
ting implements, ‘The Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron.” . These divis- 
ions have ever since been universally accepted. 

In 1854 Dr. Ferdinand Keller recognized at Meilen on Lake Zurich, 
Switzerland, certain evidences which developed into our present knowl- 
edge of the Swiss Lake-dwellers, although it has since been proved 
that lake-dwellings existed in many other countries of Europe. 

Beginning with 1841, M. Boucher de Perthes, residing at Abbeville, 
on the river Somme, discovered certain flintimplements rudely chipped 
in the shape of an almond or peach-stone, withthe cutting edge at the 
point. He found them deep in the gravelly terraces of the river Somme, 
and in such position and association as to foree the conclusion that they 
were the handiwork of man and of an antiquity before unsuspected. 
His labors were continued with varying success in the gaining of con- 
verts until the year 1859, when, by agreement, a committee of fifteen 
gentlemen, supposed to be best qualified for the task, and in their 
departments certainly the most learned men of France and England, 
met on the ground for the purpose of making personal investigations. 
After discussion, dispute, and difference of opinion, of which I need not 
speak here, it was finally decided that M. Boucher de Perthes was cor- 
rect in his theory, and that these implements were the work of man 
and of an antiquity heretofore unknown. 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 319 


Here was born the new science of prehistoric anthropology, and 
since then it has not only been recognized as a science, but whenever 
and wherever it has been studied and understood, it has increased in 
dignity and importance. 


KNOWLEDGE OF PREHISTORIC MAN EARLIER IN AMERICA THAN EUROPE, 


I have said that the civilized world had, until the beginning of the 
nineteenth century, lived without knowledge of prehistoric man, and 
without even a suspicion of his existence. This is more true in Europe 
than in America. The knowledge of prehistoric man began on this 
continent several hundred years before it did in Europe. Columbus 
formed his acquaintance on the discovery of America. The white man 
upon arriving beheld the prehistoric man face to face, and had ample 
opportunities for knowing, studying, and finding out everything that 
was discoverable from contact with him. Though many books have 
been written about the prehistoric man of America, and their authors 
have described him as they saw him, yet we know but little of his true 
nature. The scientific study of this subject has begun only of late 
years, and we are still ignorant concerning his history or life prior to 
the discovery of America in 1492; whence he came, to what race he be- 
longed, or what were his habits, customs, or monuments. We are even 
wanting in knowledge of those things peeuliar to him since that time, 
and which have been manifested to us in every period of our contact 
with him. The study of his language, sociology, religion, mythology, 
has but justcommenced. Many have written descriptions of their visits 
to the Red Man of North America, have given histories of their travels, 
and have written entertaining books on the subject. But these have 
largely been fugitive, isolated, and without connection with any other 
than the tribe visited, the voyage described, or the travel undertaken. 
Nor was there any connection proposed between those writers who 
might have taken up the same line of investigation with other tribes or 
in other parts of the country. I would not dwarf or belittle the labors or 
discoveries of our pioneers ; but, conceding for them all that their friends 
can claim, they have done but little toward giving an accurate or com- 
prehensive anthropologice and ethnologic history of the North American 
Indians. As to their history in prehistoric times, before Columbus, no 
attempt was made by these historians. - Collections have been made of 
the implements of the North American Indian, and large prehistoric 
museums established in nearly all parts of the United States, beginning 
back a hundred years or more, which are and will be of great interest 
and value in writing such a history. But in the majority of these cases 
the work has been that of collectors, sometimes for commerce, but more 
often to gratify that thirst for things of antiquity which seems a part 
of the second nature of mankind. A study of anthropology will be 
searcely claimed by any one as the motive on which these collections 
were based. So, while we have had an earlier knowledge in America 


320 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


of prehistoric man, it has not attained to the dignity and importance, 
as a science, which it has in Europe. 

The Smithsonian Institution, National Museum, Bureau of Ethnol- 
ogy, Peabody Museum, and several other institutions whose names will 
occur to the reader, are exceptions to this statement. There are many 
private persons who should also be excepted, and the number, I am 
gratified to say, who are giving serious attention to this matter and are 
doing faithful and valuable work in this connection, is increasing each 
year. 

I have considered, as part of my duty, the endeavor to awaken and 
elevate the public mind to the importance of the new science of prehis- 
toric anthropology, and, so far as possible, prevent the search for In- 
dian relics aS a matter of commerce, and cause collectors to regard 
these objects in their true light as aids to science; not as gewgaws and 
trinkets. 

Inthe performance of this duty I have, during the past year, deliv- 
ered ten public lectures; distributed from my office several hundred 
copies of circular No. 47, descriptive of the prehistoric exhibit at the 
Cincinnati Exposition, that has a bearing in this direction, and have writ- 
ten (not yet published) a study of prehistoric anthropology which, be- 
ing intended for general distribution, it is hoped will not be without its 
effect. There has been also prepared a circular (No. 49) containing in- 
formation for the guidance of explorers and collectors. 


IMPORTANCE OF THE SCIENCE OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY BETTER RECOG- 
NIZED IN EUROPE THAN IN AMERICA. 


Despite the fact that the discovery of prehistoric man in Europe was 
so many years, possibly so many hundreds of years, later than his dis- 
covery in America, lam compelled by the facts to declare that Europeans, 
because of their interest in the new science, have established prehis- 
toric anthropology on a broader basis and a firmer foundation, and bave 
given to it more thorough and scientific treatment than has been done 
in the United States. If I make a coniparison in this regard between 
the two countries to the detriment of our own, it will only be that we 
may benefit thereby, may take warning and so redouble and direct our 
efforts, using the opportunity and material which we have in such im- 
proved methods and increased endeavors that in future years the dif- 
ference will not be to our disadvantage. If the following statements 
will direct the attention and increase the energy of our scientists to 
proper exertions in this regard, I shall feel amply repaid for my labor. 

Our acquaintance with the aborigines of this country began with Co- 
lumbus in 1492, but the real history and our first actual knowledge of 
them began no earlier than 1600, probably 1604 or 1608—now only two 
hundred and eighty years ago. Americans, therefore, of the present 
day are removed from the prehistoric man of the whole country only by 
that period, nor is it even so long, for this was the commencement of 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 32 


our knowledge. The authors at that time saw him face to face, and 
were thus enabled to describe him and write his history. He has con- 
tinued with us ever since, and we have from that time to the present 
had full and ample opportunity to increase our information concerning 
him by investigation, examination, and personal contact. 

In France and England, in fact over all Western Europe, the period 
when the last possible contact with prehistoric man could have taken 
place, the time when all our knowledge concerning him, acquired from 
observation, was gained, ended with the invasion by Cresar. So that, 
while the American goes back no further than two hundred and eighty 
years to study the prehistoric man of his country, and has had him pres- 
ent ever since, the Frenchman, the European, has to go back nigh two 
thousand years, and his opportunities of personal contact ended at that 
time, if it had not done so before ; for it is not at all certain that the 
Gaul of that epoch is to be considered as prehistoric. He may have 
been related to him, possibly his descendant, but it appears certain 
that the prehistoric bronze age had ended in that country, and the irou 
age begun, from four hundred to nine hundred years before the advent 
of Cresar. 

I have said this much to show the difference in the respective oppor- 
tunities for the study of prehistoric man between Europeans and Amer- 
icans. The territory of France is about 200,000 square miles; that of 
the United States is about 5,600,000—eighteen times larger than France. 
Mile for mile and acre for acre, the United States will yield as much to 
the student of prehistoric archeology as will that of France ; yet with 
this difference in area of equal fruitfulness, the United States Govern- 
ment is far behind that of France in its interest and assistance given to 
this science. Compare the National Museum of France, to wit, that of 
St. Germain, with the department of the National Museum of the United 
States. The St. Germain Museu is installed at St. Germain-en-Laye, 
a few miles out of Paris—the palace of that name, built by Francis IL 
I have not the exact dimensions, but it is in the form of a triangle; the 
frout or shortest line is, I should say, 400 feet long. It is given up en- 
tirely to the officers of the institution and to the chambers and living 
apartments of the officers. The other line of the right angle has been 
fire-proofed throughout and completely restored, and is now occupied 
with the halls of exhibition. This restoration is being continued upon 
the other wing. The work began in 1879 and is not yet completed. 
The building is four stories high, and there are now twenty-five halls 
filled with prehistoric objects and open to the public. One entire story 
is devoted each to the paleolithic and neolithic periods of the stone age 
and one to the bronze age, while the basement contains the heavy 
stone, principally architectural monuments, of the Roman occupation. 
Except the latter, the display made, the objects shown, the epochs, 
periods, or ages represented, are the same as those now crowded into 
my hall. Withall her wealth of antiquity eighteen times greater than 

Hi; Mis, 244, pt. 2——21 


322 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


that of France, the United States devotes to the objects and implements 
of her prehistoric races less than one-eighteenth part of the museum 
space occupied by France. 

In the management and direction of this museum and of matters per- 
taining to this new science there exists about the same difference. 
The director of the museum is a member of the institute and approxi- 
mates in the dignity and importance of his position to that of the Secre- 
tary and the Director of our entire National Museum. The work of the 
Bureau of Ethnology is committed into the hands of a commission of 
savants of which M. Henry Martin, the great French historian, was, 
and M. Gabriel de Mortillet, Député, is, the chief. 

I shall not attempt to compare the work of this commission with its 
representative in the United States, but I may indicate the difference 
when I say that the monuments belonging to the prehistoric age, which 
are attached to the soil and part of the real estate which have been 
purchased, restored, and are now owned by the Government of France, 
are to be numbered by the score, if not by the hundred. 

The department of prebistoric anthropology in the British Museum 
has for its curator an eminent man of science, who receives a salary of 
£1,500 per annum, equal to $7,500. 

The Museum of the Irish Academy of Dublin possesses a greater 
value in prehistoric gold ornaments alone than it has cost the United 
States for our entire Museum, with all its specimens, services, manage- 
ment, and furniture. 

The Prehistoric Museum of Antiquities at Edinburgh, Scotland, is 
also extensive. It is devoted exclusively to the antiquities of its own 
country, and forms a complete museum in itself. It has at its head for 
curator, and for assistant and secretary, Professor Anderson and Dr. 
Arthur Mitchell, names which stand as high in their science as do any 
others of their country in any science. 

The Prehistoric Museum at Copenhagen is so extensive and so rich 
that it might be classed as one of the wonders of the world. It occu- 
pies the entire palace of the Prince, has eight exhibition halls, with a 
full corps of professors, curators, etc., who occupy the highest ranks 1 in 
science, The riches this museum are almost beyond computation ; 
10,000 polished stone hatchets and axes, the contents of 11 workshops, 
one alone of which furnished 200 hatchets, 583 percoirs, 4,000 scrapers, 
1,426 arrow-heads, trenchant transversal; 51 cases of bronze imple- 
ments and ornaments; and gold objects so numerous and valuable that, 
though kept on exhibition during the day (under lock and key, of 
course), are taken out each night and stored for safety in an immense 
steel safe. 

Stockholm has a national museum devoted entirely to prehistorics, 
for which the government has organized a bureau and erected a fine 
museum building, with Messrs. M. M. Hildebrand and Montelieus as 
professors 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 323 


The University of Lund devotes the basement story to its prehistoric 
museum, with Professor Soderberg for its professor and lecturer. 

The university at Upsala, one of the oldest and finest in all Europe, 
is engaged in the same direction. 

The university at Christiania, Norway, has also the same kind of ar- 
rangement. Rygh aud Undset are its professors. An idea can be had 
of the importance with which prehistoric science is viewed in this coun- 
try, when I say that the numismatic museum of Christiania possesses 
a finer collection of United States coins and medals than does our Na- 
tional Museum, and still their desire to keep their own antiquities is 
so great that they refuse to exchange them for those of any foreign 
country. 

The mention of these Scandinavian museums with the names of some 
of their professors will give but a faint idea of the dignity which has 
been accorded to the science of prehistoric anthropology in those coun- 
tries and the attention which it has there received. These countries 
are entitled to and they have maintained a leading place in the science. 
So much so that he who was its acknowledged head in Europe and the 
world, Worsaae, was taken into the King’s cabinet and served the later 
years of his life as minister of public instruction. 

I need not mention the great prehistoric museums of Germany: that 
at Berlin with Virchow, probably the leading anthropologist of the 
world, at its head; that at Munich under the direction of Dr. Johannes 
Ranke, and so on; dotted over the country in every city from the Bal- 
tic to the Alps. 

Much might be expected from Switzerland, for it is the land of the 
prehistoric lake-dwellers; and she has not disappointed our expecta- 
tions. Berne, the capital, has no less than three governmental prehis- 
toric museums; one, belonging to the republic, was purchased by it 
lately from Dr. Gross, of Neuveville, for the sum of 60,000 franes. The 
canton and the city each own a museum of no mean extent, where are 
gathered and displayed all objects found in the neighborhood. The 
other cities and cantons of Switzerland are equally alive to the im- 
portance of this science and equally active in its study and pursuit. 
Geneva, with Dr. Gosse at its head, Lausanne, with Morel-Fatio, Yver- 
don, Neuchatel, Bienville, Steen, Constance, Zurich, are all active, en- 
ergetic, and industrious in gathering the objects in their vicinity and 
in the general increase and diffusion of knowledge concerning their 
prehistoric ancestors aud people. 

The same story may be told with regard to Italy. Genoa, Pisa, Turin, 
Milan, Verona, Vicenza, Parma, Regio, Bologna, Imola, Marzebotta, F lor- 
ence, Arrezzo, Cortona, Perugia, Chiusi, Corneto, all possess extensive 
museums, and Rome has three or four great governmental establish- 
ments, organized with presidents and professors, and approaching the 
dignity of institutes and colleges, with museums attached, all devoted 
to the study of antiquities almost if not quite prehistoric. 


324 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


This list might be extended indefinitely. Austria, Hungary, Poland, 
Russia, are all interested in this new science, and are devoting them- 
selves to the spread of its knowledge and to the increase of their 
museums. 

I have failed largely in my purpose if before this time I have not 
convinced the reader that the United States, both government and peo- 
ple, have not been aroused to an appreciation of this new science, and 
have not attached to it the importance to which it is entitled and which 
it receives in other countries. 

The International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Arch- 
ology holds its tenth session in Paris during August (1889). These 
congresses were organized and have been holding their regular meet- 
ings since 1865 or 1867. They have had members, delegates, from all 
adjoining countries; they have usually met in the capital of the coun- 
try, and never twice consecutively in the same country, with a number 
of members varying from 500 to 1,500, according to the contiguity of 
the place of meeting. Their bulletins formed volumes of several hun- 
dred pages, that at Stockholm over a thousand, yet no scientific organ. 
ization from the United States has ever had any representative, and 
since the meeting at Paris in 1878 there has not beena single American 
present, in any capacity, at any of the meetings. The same comparison, 
continued with regard to the means of instruction in the different 
countries, America aud Europe, would make about the same showing. 
Each of the countries of Europe may, I think, fairly claim that they are 
equal to, if not ahead of, the United States in their appreciation of and 
assistance to the science of prehistoric anthropology ; even little Switz- - 
erland, with a territory of 16,000 square miles, would say she was not 
behind us. France, with her area of 204,000 square miles, would un- 
doubtedly claim superiority over the United States. The area of the 
United States is greater by far than that of all Europe, and its arche- 
ological area, acre for acre, is equally rich in specimens, and would 
afford a proportionate number and a proportionately good opportunity for 
the study of the history of the prehistoric man; and yet, Lrepeat, every 
country in Europe, if it but knew the exact status in the Unjted States, 
would claim that it was superior in interest and study of the science of 
prehistoric anthropology. 

In the means of education in this new science the same comparison 
holds good between Europe and the United States. In the societies of 
the different countries, established for the advancement of science, a 
section is devoted to anthropology, as is done inthe United States. 
But the ten different countries of Kurope make ten different societies 
there against one ip America. In France, Germany, Italy, Denmark, 
Sweden, Scotland, and possibly in England, though I can not say cer- 
tainly, there have been courses of lectures organized and conducted in 
connection with the societies of anthropology and the museums (such as 
comprise my departinent) in nearly all the principal cities. I may men- 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 325 


tion that of Paris as the most extensive and complete, yet the others 
are of no mean proportion. In Paris the organization comprises seven 
lecturers, and they provide one lecture each day during the entire col- 
lege session, from October until June, each being on the subject of an- 
thropology. The lecturers are paid for their services, and they earry 
on their work with an earnest diligence for which we ean find no par- 
allel in the United States. The good effects of these lectures and of 
this education is manifest in the interest taken in the society, which 
numbers at Paris near seven hundred members, with an annual income 
of 20,000 or more franes, and with a capital of over 50,000 franes. 

Enlarging upon this question of the comparative want of interest on 
the part of the United States Government and people, I might remark 
the number of scientific missions which have been sent out by these 
European governments in pursuit of this science. In 188485 France 
sent Dr. Poussie to Australia and India to make studies in ethnology, 
Le Bon to India to study primitive architecture, Juies Monsier to make 
archeological researches iti the Caucasus, Monsieur Brau to Malacea and 
Sumatra to make ethnologic collections, Gauthier to Turkey and Per- 
sia for researches in natural history and anthropology. Ernest Chan- 
tre, curator of the prehistoric museum at Lyons, was sent by the gov- 
ernment to make anthropological researches in the Caucasus. He has 
just published his report in five large volumes, quarto, with 440 figures 
and 140 chromo-lithographie or heliographic full-page plates. M. 
Cartailhac was sent on a like mission to Spain and Portugal. His re- 
port is published in one large volume, with 450 engravings and four 
plates. The most extensive and complete works, with the finest illus- 
trations concerning our own country, do sometimes come from the 
hands of these foreigners thus sent out. Wiener reports Peru, Lucien 
Briart the Aztecs, while the most comprehensive work on the subject, 
entitled ‘ Prehistoric America,” is written by a Frenchman, the Mar- 
quis Nadaillae. 

The curators of European museums are being continually sent to visit 
andl examine other prehistoric museums than their own. In a report 
just received, published by the keeper of the National Museum of An- 
tiquities at Edinburgh, Dr. Anderson, and his assistant, Mr. Black, is 
to be found a note of some of these visits. ‘In connection with most of 
the principal archeological museums on the Continent provision has 
been made for enabling the officers and attachés of the museum (who 
had been at their ocenpation as experts) to enlarge their knowledge in 
the lines of their specialties by travel and research.” In 1842~45 Wor- 
saae was sent from Copenhagen through Sweden, Norway, North Ger- 
many, and Russia; in 1846-47 to Great Britain; and the result was the 
publication of his “Danes and Northmen in Britain,” which is still the 
standard work. Mr. Undset, a young attaché of the Christiania Museum, 
was sent to Sweden, Denmark, Germany, France, and Britain, as a result 
of which he published his Norse Antiquities. Since then he has traveled 


326 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


over Kurope and published his report, ‘The Iron Age in Europe,” the 
standard book on that subject. In 1878279 Dr. Sophus Miiller, a young 
attaché of the Prehistoric Museum at Copenhagen, was sent through 
Germany, Austria, and Italy, returning through France and Britain. 
He studied the zoomorphic ornament in Europe, and he has published 
the most complete monograph on the subject which has yet appeared. 
Dr. Montelius, keeper of the National Museum at Stockholm, was sent 
throughout Europe to study the fibula of the bronze and iron ages. 
Sweden and Norway each set aside $560 annually for similar purposes. 
The report of Dr. Anderson, which I have just mentioned, was the result 
of sundry voyages made throughout Scotland, visiting the local archzo- 
logic museums, for the expenses of which an annual appropriation of $200 
has been made. 

The closer we examine and study the policy of the European govern- 
ments and compare their achievements and those of their people and 
institutions with those of the government and. kindred institutions of 
the United States, the greater the contrast.- Take the laws of the vari- 
ous European gevernments for the preservation of, by obtaining title to, 
mounds, earth-works, caves, dolmens, and other prehistoric monuments. 
The most of the European countries have passed such laws. In England 
Stonehenge belongs to the government, and Abury is now in the same 
line, if the transfer has not been actually completed. Denmark, Sweden, 
and Norway own great numbers of prehistoric monuments. In France 
they are to be counted by the hundreds, while Italy probably surpasses 
all others. In Italy these matters have received most serious considera- 
tion at the hands of the government, and a complete system of laws are 
now in force providing for the proper investigation of these monuments; 
their preservation, and the conservation of the objects found therein. 
Any person in the kingdom making a discovery of archelogical objects is 
required to make it known to the proper department of the government 
at Rome. If he would excavate, he must also notify the Government, 
and it will send an inspector, who will supervise the excavation, keep a 
diary of all work done and a register of all objects found. This he does 
from actual observation, for he is required to be on the ground every day 
during the progress of the work. At Corneto-Tarquini the excavations 
have been continued practically for twelve years past by the same band 
of workmen under pay of the town, with a permanent Government in- 
spector. Antiquities discovered in Italy can not be removed from the 
Kingdom, certainly not from the Roman provinces, without first sub- 
mitting to the inspection of the Government officers, who claim the first 
right of purchase. Not until after they have declined to purchase will 
a permit be given for exportation. 

I do but state it fairly when I say that the United States, so far from 
having any such governmental control over or interest in any of the pre- 
historic antiquities, whether monuments or otherwise, has no serious 
thought of such control. Neither the Goverament nor any of its officers 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. S27 


or institutions have ever, to my knowledge, even considered a proposition 
for the purchase of any of these prehistoric monuments; and if they or 
any of them have ever supervised an excavation, it certainly has not been 
with a view to purchase the objects that they might be displayed in any 
of the museums. By our law no officer or institution has either power 
or authority to purchase real estate, whether it be a prehistoric monn- 
ment or not. No such power has ever been proposed to be given by 
Congress, and we stand to-day in this position upon this subject, that the 
Smithsonian Institution, which may fairly claim to be the representative 
scientific institution of the Government, can not purchase any one of 
our numerous prehistoric monuments for the purpose of its preservation 
(as was done in the case of the Serpent Mound in Ohio) for want of the 
necessary legal authority. More than that. it can not accept and hold 
the title of any such monument, however great its value and necessity 
of preservation, even if such monument shall be presented as a gift.* 

I will not attempt to complete the comparison of labors performed 
and interest taken in the science of prehistoric anthropology between 
the two countries Europe and America. That will be known by 
American readers without citations. I make two remarks concerning 
American investigations and publications that, with a few exceptions, 
are easily recognized. The work has been done by piecemeal, a little 
here and a little there, devoted to a single locality or a single view of 
the subject, isolated, divided, without connection or harmony either in 
investigation, publication, or comparison, without any comprehensive 
or general system by which the workers, each performing his own 
labor, should assist. 

The duty of investigating prehistoric man in the United States clearly 
belongs to the scientists of our own country. It is the history of our 
own people and country, depending upon investigations made upon our 
own soil; a studying, and, if need be, the excavation of monuments 
erected upon territory belonging to us. If it is to be done at all, it should 
be done by us. ‘True, there is no law nor any legal obligation by which 
we can be required to make these investigations or perform this labor, 
and naught but national pride and our own self-respect will compel 
i. Weshould apply'to science the Monroe doctrine of politics. We 
should recognize and declare our ability to do this work and our inten- 
tion to perform it, that we may contribute to the science of the world, 
a history of our prehistoric people. If the work is not done by us, or 
insufficiently performed, it should not be because the matter was neg- 
lected or forgotten by either our Government or people, but for the rea- 
son that we decided it was not worth the effort, and in this we must jus- 
tify ourselves in the eyes of the world. The sciences of astronomy, 
chemistry, metallurgy zoology, and paleontology may have certain de- 
mands for recognition, but their claims rest upon other countries with 
equal weight as upon ours. Our couutry is under no greater obligation 


* Since the above was written the legislature of Ohio has authorized the purchase 
of the prehistoric earthwork of Fort Ancient, Warren Connty. 


328 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 


in respect of these and similar sciences than are other countries of the — 
world. But in respect of the prehistoric anthropology of this coun- 
try it is different. The duty weighs heavier and solely upon us. 

The Smithsonian Institution and National Museum stand as beacon 
lights to the American people in respect to science, and are the great 
representative scientific institutions of our country. In this regard 
they represent the United States Government; they stand for it and 
speak for it. They have the ear of its Executive and of its legislature, 
and exercise an influence with the Government not possessed by pri- 
vate individuals or organizations, and therefore a certain responsibility 
rests upon them whether they will or not. 

As a means of correcting the defect mentioned, 1 would respectfully 
suggest the giving of greater attention to the dissemination of informa- 
tion among the people. This can be done through publications, by 
means of lectures, and by the organization in kindred societies for con- 
cert of action and more extensive preparation at their meetings for the 
presentation of this subject in its proper light. 1 also suggest the 
preparation of series of specimens illustrating the science of Prehistoric 
Anthropology, accompanied with descriptive letter-press and catalogue; 
these to be distributed to all institutions of learning in the United States, 
receiving in exchange such implements and objects as are possible. 
Perhaps the most important factor of all would be the endeavor to in- 
crease the knowledge and interest of the executive and legislative of- 
ficers of our Government, so that the science of Prehistoric Anthropol- 
ogy could be certain to receive in the future their countenance, support, 
and assistance. 


IMPORTANT ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR. 


Dr. E. C. Black, Wheatland, Indiana, sent twenty leaf-shaped imple- 
ments from a cache or deposit. He states that they were found while 
plowing the side of a elay hiJl in an old field in Harrison Township, 
Knox County, Indiana. The land had been in cultivation eighteen 
years, and its being a hill-side indicates that the implements were 
buried in the ground for a purpose. (Accession 21076.) 

The Cincinnati Society of Natural History (through Horace P. Smith, 
108 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio), forwarded a collection from the cem- 
etery at Madisonville, Ohio, consisting of flint knife, drills and 
scrapers, rude and fine spear and arrow-points, chisel and gouges, per- 
forators, scrapers made from the leg-bones of deer (peculiar to Madi- 
sonville), bone beads and needles, animal teeth such as bear, beaver, 
porcupine, woodechuck, elk, lynx, and raccoon. Also perforated unio 
valves, carbonized maize and ashes from altar mound number 3; 203 
specimens. (Accession 21206.) 

C. T. Wiltheiss, Piqua, Ohio. Six flint flakes and points, 1 perforator, 
17 rude implements more or less leaf-sbaped (flint), 14 disk-like imple- 
ments of slate (Plate V), 11 polished stone hatchets, 2 grooved axes, 1 


Report of National Museum, 1889 —Wilson PLATE V. 


13946 », 
» 


DISC-LIKE IMPLEMENTS OF SLATE. 


(Cat. No, 139184, U.S. N. M. Piqua, Ohio. Collected by C. T. Wiltheiss.) 


ar 
aga 


pe are 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY, 329 
notched ax (granite), 5 pieces of slate rudely worked, and 2 unfinished 
ceremonial objects of slate; 56 specimens. 

He says, “* The implements wash out of the east bank of the Miami 
River, on the bottom-lands, from a stratum of yellow clay covered by a 
layer of black Joam 3 or 4 feet in thickness.” 

The thirteen disks are so well shown in the plate as to render descrip- 
tion useless, except to say that they are the same on both sides, are 
quite flat and thin. Their edges are not defined nor sharp enough for 
them to have served in their present condition as a cutting implement. 
and there is no trace of service by which their purpose can be surmised. 
One has a slight notch in its edge, but it appears to have been acci- 
dental. Others (not shown) are of different forms, one with a rude 
hammered or chipped edge, another with a rude notch indicating a 
possible handle, but the entire series is unusual. (Accession 20511.) 

G. B. Frazar (West Medford, Massachusetts) sent a collection of 
hammers, paleolithic implements, arrow and spear points, knives, ete., 
found on the Mystic, in Medford, Vest Medford, and Arlington; also at 
Spy Pond, Arlington, Massachusetts. This coilection is quite interest- 
ing, and important from the fact that there were but very few speci- 
mens of the paleolithic class from Massachusetts in the Museum. (Ac- 
cession 21751.) 

Mr. P. L. Jouy, U.S. National Museum, contributed a collection from 
the prehistoric graves in Corea, in which are included stone daggers, 
arrow and spear heads, knives, chipped and polished hatchets, polished 
jade, Megatama or curved jewels, amber heads, and a polished stone 
ornament. These objects are rare and unique, and are the only speci- 
mens of prehistoric stone implements that have been received from 
Corea. They are a valuable contribution to prehistoric archeology. 
(Plate VI.) (Accession 21859.) 

From W. D. Dreher, Knoxville, Tennessee, was received a grooved 
ax found between Loudon and Kingston, eastern Tennessee. ‘This is 
one of the finest specimens ever received by the Museum. (Accession 
22057.) 

Mr. Warren K. Moorehead, Xenia, Ohio, forwarded a large and val- 
auble collection of prehistoric antiquities, mostly from the Ohio River 
Valley, for exhibition in the Museum. The collection deserves special 
mention. It is the result of years of work in the field, and when the 
specimens were obtained from other sources he has the exact locality 
where found given, so that the identity of each specimen is secured. 
It would be impossible to give a complete catalogue of the collection in 
this report, but it contains examples of almost every object known to 
American archeologists in the localities which he has investigated. 
The objects from mounds are mounted separately. Each specimen is 
numbered, and Mr. Moorehead has a complete catalogue to which refer- 
ence can be made at any time; 4710 specimens. (Accession 21695.) 

The Musee @’Ethnologie, Geneva (through Dr. Hi. J. Gosse, director), 


330 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


sent a collection of Lacustrien pottery and bronzes, including vases, 
weights, etc., of clay; bronze bracelets, buttons, pins, rings, instru- 
ments, ear-rings, collars, fish-hooks, razor, hatchet, lance-head, sickles, 
knives, and pieces of wire. (Accession 28577.) 

From Halbert Rust (Jeffersonville, Indiana) was received a large col- 
lection of stone and bone implements, etc., embracing nuclei, paleo- 
lithic implements, notched axes, hammers, scrapers, perforators, a:row 
or spear points, polished hatchets, grooved axes, pestles, fragments of 
pottery, bone implements, fragment of human skull, bones and teeth of 
animals, jaw-bones of drum-fish, awls or needles made of fish-spines, 
fresh-water shells, and an encrinite bead; 756 specimens. (Accession 
21498.) 

He states that the largest number and most desirable of the speci- 
mens were found in a burial place near Clarksville, Indiana, evidently 
deposited with the bodies of the owners. Some were on the surface 
and at various depths below it, while others were taken from the graves 
or gathered on the slope of the shore line after heavy rains or high 
waters. I have never found a whole vessel of pottery or fragments 
larger than those sent. Many of the stone implements have been little 
changed from the stone as it was created, while others have been skill- 
fully wrought and smoothly finished. Nearly all the pieces of bone 
have been worked. The shells are part of such as I found quite plenti- 
fully with the human skeletons. 

Dr. F. A. Steinmeyer (Bonaparte, Van Buren County, Iowa), sent five 
paleolithic implements, which were found in the vicinity of Bonaparte 
atadepth ranging from 2 to 5 feet under the soil, which was clay. 
They were in their original position, and the deposit appeared to be 
accidental. (Accession 20684). 

Livingston Stone (Baird, California) sent two rude stone axes, whieh 
he says were formerly used by the Win-ni-mim Wintum Indians, 
McCloud River, California. They were—i. e., this kind of ax—in 
actual use among these Indians during the life-time of the older mem- 
bers of the tribe, and were the only axes used by them before the ad- 
vent of the white man 40 or 50 years ago. The larger one was em- 
ployed to cut down large trees, and the smaller one for brush and 
small trees. ‘They are simply pieces of stone so cloven as to leave a 
comparatively sharp edge. (Accession 21035). 

One of the earliest, possibly the very earliest announced principle 
having a bearing upon the discovery of prehistoric man, was that by 
the three Scandinavian savants Nilson, Thomson and Forehammer, in 
the early part of the nineteenth century, wherein they declared that 
rude implements belonged to an earlier civilization than those more 
highly finished. The ruder theimplements, the greater their antiquity. 
It was in the application of this principle by these three wise men that 
the discovery of prehistoric man was made. I will not deny the cor- 
rectness of the principle—but it has been misapplied and misconstrued— 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Wilsor PLATE VI. 


STONE DAGGERS, ARROW AND SPEAR HEADS, KNIVES, ORNAMENTS, ETC 


(Cat. Nos. 140902-140913, U.S. N. M. Prehistoric graves in Corea. Collected by P. L. Jouy.) 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. ao Wl 


until I know of none which has been productive of greater error in the 
study of prehistoric civilization. Correct enough if applied to a whole 
people or to a series of their arts and industries, but it has been distorted 
by superficial investigators who apply it to a single object. ‘These 
investigators passing upon an implement, especially one of stone 
and rude in construction, declare it to be of great antiquity, simply 
because it is rude, and this without regard to the locality in which 
it was found or the objects associated therewith. This has resulted in 
the propagation of great errors in regard to ancient civilization. If 
one wanted a common illustration of this error, let him consider tools of 
different trades—say carpenters, blacksmiths, tinners—and compare 
those used by workers in a complete establishment with those of a 
country workman who did only rough work. 

I am impelled to make these observations in studying these two rude 
stone axes received from Mr. Stone (Catalogue Nos. 139793, 139794). 
Only one, the largest, is illustrated ; from it one can easily understand 
what the smaller one is like. (Plate VII.) 

Now these implements were made with less work and in a shorter 
time than probably any other. They are of the extremest type of sim- 
plicity and rudeness, and yet they are probably the most modern of any 
implement of similar type in the Museum. The one illustrated appears 
to have been a part of a large solid bowlder projecting from the earth 
with a worn and rounded edge at the top. A ‘heavy blow projected 
against the side of this rounded edge would knock off a large spawl, 
which became at once the completed ax. The rounded edge of the 
bowlder served for a grip, while the opposite side was the edge. Itis8 
inches long, 65 wide, and 2 thick, and weighs 44 pounds. Its material 
is diorite, The smaller one is 4 inches long, 24 wide, 2 thick, and 
weighs one-half pound. Its material is indurated shale. Thus we 
have a veritable ax actually used for cutting trees so rude and simple 
as to be made at a single blow, and is withal quite modern. 

This implement, for all its rudeness, has no relation to paleolithic im- 
plements. The paleolithic age or period has sometimes been called the 
age of chipped stone, because its stone implements were made by chip- 
ping, and in contradistinetion of the neolithic age or period wherein 
most of the implements of stone were smoothed or polished. But these 
descriptions are only fortuitous. The term “ paleolithie ” in connection 
with prehistoric archeology means the ancient stone age; ‘ neolithic” 
means the recent stone age, while the term “ eolithic” has been given 
to the dawn of the stone age, said to belong to the tertiary geologic 
period. These prefixes eo, paleo, and neo are Greek, and refer to com- 
parative periods of time, and not to the implements, nor their kind or 
manner of making. While the principal implements of the paleolithic 
age were of stone, yet all were not so. Important implements of that 
age have been found in great numbers made of horn and bone. Har- 


dad REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


poons, fish spears, all manner of points, needles, spoons, ete., were thus 
made, and they were allsmoothed and polished; yet they belonged tothe 
paleolithic age quite as much as did the rude chipped stone implements. 

The rude stone axes sent by Mr. Stone are not paleolithic, do not be- 
long to that age, and have no relation with or resemblance to any pale- 
olithic implements. They belong no more to the paleolithic age than 
would a split bowlder or piece of stone chipped to an edge by a hunter 
who, loaded and armed with all the scientifie appliances of the nine- 
teenth century, having lost his hatchet, and being overtaken by night, 
should improvise and make such an implement to cut the needed brush 
for his fire or boughs for his bed. 

This implement, rude and: simple as it is, has no resemblance to the 
true paleolithic implements—not in form, shape, mode of manufacture, 
kind of chipping, nor the formation or sharpening of its edge. Any one 
acquainted with them would recognize the difference at once and could 
not be deceived. 

From William Taylor (San Diego, Duval County, Texas) was re- 
ceived a rude flint implement, found near top of Equus beds, one-half 
mile from San Diego, where species of Mylodon, Glyptodon, and three 
species of Equus and Elephas have been found. (Accesion 21181). 

From the U.S. Fish Commission (Washington, District of Colum- 
bia) was received archeological specimens from Patagonia, Straits of 
Magellan, Lower California, and California, collected by the Fish Com- 
mission steamer Albatross during her voyage from Virginia to Cali- 
fornia in 1887-88. 

The localities from which the specimens were obtained are as follows: 
Port Churruca, Elizabeth Island, Saint Martas Island, and Gregory Bay, 
Straits of Magellan, Pichilingue Bay, Gulf of California, Margarita 
Island, Lower California, and San Celmente Island, Calitornia. 

The greatest number of objects coileeted at any one point was at 
the Kitchen Midden, Elizabeth Island, Straits of Magellan. 

The stone implements of flint and obsidian number four hundred and 
forty-five and include hammers, rude implements of paleolithie type, 
leaf-shaped implements, serapers or knives, arrow and spear points, 
pitted stones, pebbies slightly worked, and a large number of chips and 
flakes. Bone implements were also found, such as perforators, knives, 
etc. The bones of animals and birds received have been identified as 
follows: Whale (species not identified), Sea Lion, Otaria jubata; Sea 
Bear, Arctocephalus; Penguin, two species, Aptenodytes and Spheniscus; 
Cormorant, two species, Phalacrocorax .albiventris; and Phalacrocorax 
magellanicus; Steamer Duck, Tachyeres cinereus and Gull, Larus. 

A large number of bones are in such a fragmentary condition that 
it is almost impossible to identify them with any degree of accuracy. 

The shells (426) belong to the following species: Patella, Mytilus, and 
Voluta. The specimens obtained at the other localities mentioned are 
perhaps of equal importance, and should, in the future, be made the 
subject of a more elaborate report. (Accession 21699.) - 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Wilson. PLATE Vil. 


RUDE STONE AXE—SIDE AND EDGE VIEW. 


(Cat. No. 139793, U.S. N. M. MeCloud River Indians, California, Collected by Livingston Stone.) 


nie le 


+= 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. Doo 


Thomas Wilson (U.S. National Museum) gave a collection of bone, 
stone, and shellimplements, embracing hammers, rude pieces of worked 
flint, chips and flakes, leaf-shaped implements, scrapers, arrow-points, 
pertorators of stone and bone, fragments of pettery, and valves of 
unios from Hahn’s field, one mile east of Newton, Anderson Township, 
Ohio, on site of mounds 1, 2, 3, and 4, Group C, Metz Exploration ; 
64 specimens. <A rude chipped implement, found in the surface of an 
ancient cemetery at Sand Ridge, Anderson Township, Ohio; five rude 
chipped implements, found 12 to 20 feet below the surface in the gravel 
drift of the Little Miami River, at Loveland, Clermont County, Ohio. 
(Accession 21238.) 

Also a large collection from Flint Ridge, Licking County, Ohio, con- 
sisting of flint cores, flakes, rude implements (so-called turtle-backs), 
small leaf-shaped implements, arrow and spear points, hammers, a rude 
maul, polished stone hatchets, notched implement, flakes retouched 
with intent to deceive, and a number of specimens showing crystals; 
1029 specimens in all. (Accession 21351.) 

Mr. James C. Wright, of Fredonia, Licking County, Ohio, an enthusi- 
astic but careful collector of prehistoric archeologic specimens, was 
reported to me as being the owner of a statue of a bear, found at the city 
of Newark. I wrote to him a letter of inquiry, and our correspondence 
resulted in the following letter: 

I send you by mail to-day a cast of the stone bear, as requested. It is owned by me 
and has been in my possession ever since it was found. The stone bear was taken 
from a mound in the city of Newark, this county, in the year 1881, being found 4 feet 
below the surface, associated with human bones. There is no doubt of the genuine- 
ness of this relic, as there are a number of persons who saw it at the time it was 


found. Mr. Jacob Holler, a day laborer, was the finder, and I purchased it of him 
soon after. 


I had heard of this find while on a visit to the city of Newark, and 
had seen a cast. It was then called the stone bear, and was continually 
spoken of as such. Upon receipt of the cast I recognized at a single 
glance that it was not the statue of a bear, but intended to repre- 
sent a human form clad in bear’s skin, the head being brought over the 
crown and serving as a sort of head dress, after the fashion of a lion’s 
skin of Hereules and Alexander. In the illustration (Plate VIII), the 
photograph has been taken of the cast, showing front and profile views. 
The subject has been conventionally treated. The entire head of the 
bear is represented on the top of. the head of the man in such way as to 
show the entire skull of the bear and not the skin alone, while the arms 
of the man appear inserted within the skin of the fore legs of the bear. 

The appropriation of the skin of the beast which had been slain by 
the hunter who had slain it, as a trophy of his skill and prowess, is a 
custom prevailing in all countries and ages, the beginning of which is 
lost in antiquity. Its survival into modern times and in civilized so- 
ciety is Shown by the same use of the brush of the fox, the scalp of the 


334 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


wolf, and the skin of the lion and tiger. It probably existed in prehis- 
toric times, and while no direct evidence has been found of such a cus- 
tom in the eastern hemisphere, the object herewith figured is evidence 
of its existence, and the use of the skin of the slain beast, either as a 
garment or a fetich, or both, among the prehistoric peoples of Amer- 
ica. The custom is found in the times of earliest given history. Her- 
cules stands in the Grecian mythology as the earliest and most notable 
representative of this custom. Hercules having slain his music teacher 
Linos, was banished by his putative father Amphytriton. At the age 
of eighteen he slew a lion that infested Mount Kythaeron and preyed 
upon the flocks of his father. Returning to Thebes he wore the lion’s 
skin hanging from his shoulders as a sign of his success, and from this 
one may suppose that it was already a custom and that he was not the 
first to inaugurate it. But the skin with which Hercules is generally 
represented was not that of this lion. Of the twelve great labors put 
upon him by Eurystheus the first was the destruction of the Nemean 
lion. Its skin was known to be impenetrable, proof even against the 
arrows of Hercules. He entered the cave where was its lair, closed the 
entrance behind him, grappled the monster in his arms and strangled 
him. He tore off the skin and resolved to wear it in his own defense, 
and thus he came to be represented with the lion’s skin, either carry- 
ing it across his arms or wearing it down his back, with the skin of its 
head fitting to his crown like acap, and the fore legs knotted or crossed 
under his chin. 

The early coins give us some insight into this matter. Beginning 
with 700 B. C., the coins bore the type of the various animals—lion, 
bull, horse, boar, ete.—also the Creatures of mythology, as the Chimera, 
Gorgon, ete., while they early began with types of the gods—Aphro- | 
dite, Poseidon, Pegasus, Minotaur, Apollo, ete. Among these early ap- 
peared Hercules. On a coin from Termera, dating probably about 480 
B. C., Hercules is represented kneeling, with the lion skin about him and 
its head drawn over his crown. On two coins of Cyprus, Hercules is 
represented with his bow in his left hand, his club in his right, and 
wearing the lion skin. <A coin of Thasos, about 411 B. C., represents 
Hercules in the act of drawing the bow and wearing the lion skin. In 
the foregoing the hero is represented at full length, and, consequently, 
the lion’s skin is extremely small and somewhat indistinct. But ona 
coin from Camarina, which was destroyed 405 B. C., is the type of the 
head of young Hercules, which shows the lion’s skin with great detail 
and beauty. The fore paws are drawn together and crossed on his neck 
under the chin. The under jaw of this lion is conventionally treated, 
and is shown as laid upon the under jaw of the god, the lion’s open 
mouth encireling his ear. 

A gold coin from Syracuse, about 412 B. ©., shows the head of Her- 
cules again with the lion’s skin, and others from Cos Cyprus and other 
places, so that they cease to be rare. 


Report of National Museum, 1889 


(Cat. No. 140896, U, 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Wilson. PLaTe VIII. 


STONE BEAR. (PLASTER CAST.) 
(Cat. No. 140896, U.S. N. M. Original taken from a mound in Newark, Ohio. Collected by J. C. Wright 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 30D 


Alexander the Great adopted the lion’s skin head-dress, and in a large 
proportion of his coins, especially the tetradrachm, he is thus repre- 
sented. It was at that period and in this coinage that Hercules began 
to be represented with his club, his effigy being usually upon the re- 
verse, While on the obverse was depicted Alexander with the lion-skin. 

On some of the coins, instead of the lion skin, Alexander is repre- 
sented with his head covered by the front portion of the skin of an ele- 
phant, showing the tusks; this was adopted, as is supposed by some, 
after his victories in India. 

It is probable that this object is unique in the locality in which it has 
been found. The Indians of that locality, and possibly all over North 
America, were in the habit of employing skins of beasts to cover them- 
selves, whether for protection against cold or enemies, but more prob- 
ably during their dances and ceremonies, in which they may have rep- 
resented the animal whose skin they wore. Numerous cases of this 
kind can be found. The buffalo dance among the Mandans is one of 
this kind. It is described in the Smithsonian Report, 1885, Part 0, 
page 309. It is there said that this dance was to make the buffalo come 
when the Indians are likely to starve for want of food. Their song was 
to the Great Spirit, imploring him to send the buffalo, and promising to 
cook the best of it for him. 

It is not improbable that in this way the skins of various animals thus 
worn, and which in other countries served as the coat of arms of the 
individual or family and became the foundation of heraldry, here found 
their coun terpart in the different clans of various tribes, as the bear, the 
wolf, the fox, ete., or in other localities it may have served as the totem 
of the individual or his clan or tribe. 

It is to be remarked that the physiognomy of the individual is not at 
all Indian. He holds in his right hand, as it were by the neck, the 
amputated head of another individual, which can be best seen by turn- 
ing the front view upside down, which brings that head into a natural 
position. The hair of this head is strained tight away from the head, 
and drawn together and held at the foot of the statue. The features of 
this head bear no greater resemblance to that of the Indian than does the 
first. There are also ear ornaments in both figures, which have a re- 
semblance to those from the farther south, Mexico and Central America, 
rather than to anything pertaining to the Indian. 

In fact, all the peculiarities of the human portions of this figure point 
to such a resemblance rather than to the North American Indian. 

Another floating straw of evidence in this direction is to be found in 
Figs. land 2of Plate IX. Fig. 1 is astone object, in form of the llama, 
and was brought from Peru by Mr. W. E. Curtis during his late visit 
to that country, the result of which he has just published. Fig. 2 is a 
cast of an object bearing a great resemblance to the llama, and in fact 
to nothing else, the original of which isin the possession of Dr. Snyder, 
and which was found in a mound in Miama County, Ohio, It has been 


336 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


known that the llama belongs to South America and to the southern 
part of North America. Among the discoveries of Mr. Cushiug, in 
charge of the Hemenway expedition on the Salado River, were rude pict- 
ures and outlines of animals which can only be likened to the Hama 
if they represented any living animal. Dr. Washington Matthews has 
made an investigation into this natter, and his report with these figures 
is in train for publication. It was, | believe, his opinion that no traces 
or evidence of the existence of the llama in North America farther 
north than the Salado River had ever been found. It is not intended 
by these observations to make any assertion with regard to the truth 
of these matters, but only to offer them in the way of suggestion, as 
affording subject for consideration. (Accession 21794.) 


REVIEW OF SPECIAL RESEARCHES. 


The continuation of researches as to the existence and frequeney of 
occurrence of paleolithic implements in the United States has been 
continued, and the department is still in receipt of letters from persons 
whose attention was called to the subject by Circular No. 36. 

During the year 14 accessions, numbering in all 3031, were received — 
in this department for examination and report. 

On December 10, 1883, a circular letter in regard to a rude chipped 
stone ax or adze was sent to a large number of contributors to this 
department, and responses have been received from fifty-two persons, 
which will be given in a future report, when fuller information has been 
received, (Plate X.) 

The examination of steatite bowls, trays, and plates affords an inter- 
esting study. 

They have been investigated on the Pacific better than on the Atlantic 
slope, though some ardent, intelligent seekers have made discoveries 
which unfortunately have not been published. The most common form 
is oval, boat-shaped, with handle at the ends. They are blocked out 
rudely at the quarries and then carried away to be finished leisureiy. 
The marks of pecking and cutting are shown in Fig. 1, Plate XI, as is the 
partly wrought handle at the end. This specimen is broken, as are 
nearly all found in the quarries. Fig. 2 is a rude notched ax, said to 
have been found in a quarry along with Figs. 3 and 4, all from Gooch- 
land County, Virginia, and presented by G. W. Reed. The latter are 
an adaptation of the common polished grooved stoye ax (No. 4), being 
more pointed than usual. They were evidently to be used with a 
handle, aud may have served to fashion either the inside or outside of the 
bowl. Figs. 2 and 3 may have been used in quarrying. These, with the 
many others of the same type and the numberless other industrial and 
art objects of the same culture, seem to fix the epoch of the steatite 
implements as neolithic and late Indian. The two implements, Figs. 
5, Pennsylvania, 6 District of Columbia, have no groove, and probably 
were held in the hand. Their points are peculiar, and with Fig. 4 may 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—W ilson. PLATE IX. 


bl tang ies tenn BA 3 + 


STONE CARVINGS REPRESENTING THE LLAMA. 


Fig. 1. Puasrer Cast. (Cat. No. 140897, U.S. N.M. Original from Peru. Collected by W. E. Curtis.) 
N. 


Fig. 2. PLaster Cast. (Cat. No. 30046, U.S. M. Original from a mound in Miami County, Ohio. 


Collected by Dr. J. F. Snyder.) 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Wilson, PLATE X. 


RUDE NOTCHED AXES. 


1. From Georgia. (Cat. No. 19225, U. S. N.M.) 

2, From North Carolina. (Cat. No. 140057, U.S. N. M.) 
From Tennessee. (Cat. No. 65725, U.S. N. M.) 
From Virginia. (Cat. No. 139029, U.S. N. M.) 

From Virginia. (Cat. No. 1387592, U. S. N. M.) 

3. From Virginia. (Cat. No. 1073, U. S. N. M.) 

From Virginia. (Cat. No. 1073, 1 

From New York. (Cat. No. 140046, U. S. N. M.) 


Ut me Co ft 


10 


x 


He 


te- 


<2 wees 


z 
is 
ra 
ae 
th 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Wilson. 


PLATE Xl. 


FRAG 


1. 
, 
, 
} 

1. 
) 


6. 


MENT OF POT-STONE VESSEL AND SPECIMENS OF TOOLS 


FOUND IN ABORIGINAL QUARRIES. 


From District of Columbia. (Cat. No. 99245, U.S. N. M. 
From Virginia. (Cat. No, 58426, U. S. N. M.) 

From Virginia, (Cat. No. 58429, U. S. N. M.) 

From Virginia. (Cat. No. 58430, U. S. N. M.) 

From Pennsylvania. (Cat. No. 35485, U. S. N. M.) 


From District of Columbia. (Cat. No. 99240, U. S. N. M.) 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 30 


have served to dig out the inside of the bowl, to which they seem 
adapted, and which the marks shown on Fig. 1 would seem to identify. 

Steatite has been found in quarries on the Atlantic slope from Massa- 
chusetts to Georgia, while in the interior only the completed utensils 
have been found and no quarries. 


PRESENT STATE OF THE COLLECTION. 


Broughtporward: trom) lastyear.-o- . seac)- os oi - 2-22 sas 4 SouopEUeEn qondod 107,810 
Specimens received during the year.........-.-................... 8,369 
Specimens sent in exchange ............. ecietbiceese teeascaceee | Oe 

7,841 


Motslnnmber of specimens mi the collection’ --2222---ccc. --c2-secese cs 225, LID G5L 


ast entry Juners0;, 1688, catalogue. number =... 22. .-2-26 5 ccc ccs enc see tee 139,619 
Bastenthy- J uneis0. Lobo catalogue number 222-2. seca. ses -s J2s-ecuenlsee 141,016 


ARCH AZ OLOGICAL SPECIMENS SENT FROM THE U. S. NATIONAL MU- 
SEUM IN EXCHANGE DURING THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. 


To Signor Joseph Belucci, Perugia, Umbria, Italy. 


(Number of 


Character of specimens. 


| specimens. 

RMR NWS SAMUS FECL 9 1) UB ofa ee elaie oc mieletnin eielelasiain'n s/nelacsin'sleisioes\sieio aise ois aciasiatcsiseiaieiviaciensjemiesters | 57 
MIBE-ANApPeM FHP IEMON Ge oe en ems aca cee acne Se cee tinese scant cotta mate ce ttene me meee | 1 
LG TEBE GNCE| it eee eee Gace Sec nSqsc=oC Bees ose Seer COCs SE eBE Se eeoEs) BCeUsSooseseesescqoR0| 1 
METIS OSL SUR ese ta ole tale noc (en ome cle ciejn wine sists = cidericin ies da Silvera c/sinatiwaeeeiswietceeces cect ces | 1 
NUP TMRTESA Oe Ss GacsencsSoddas Ba Gd oD DRS Sneed asonSeHsteeto dood ooEceSSEooodSacosomees 2 
ENR UCOCR LOM Ge eet rete ae neem tne Sec ciares sa aleicns aa civicle ce sicwasmcwiel atin teceems aces sleamecenerat se 1 
Moriaritrom CAliformia ces acAcccecs cocccwisas. scores ssocne coeees stes cuudnedenseteesececece a 1 
PAULO REND ITN Cust LDL OLD Beate setae oat ora se (ciayatarale ce eimmratetosreveleie site eleisicie werenre hie toteet ein cele os a olaeeeee 1 
BUSI DOAUNNTrOMMOALTONNI R= sees ceca clos wa dee anne vet sc senne oes cect esectees ay cee strings... 3 
PLANS PACA ALCON CAlifOTMIa 1s steric, o cot ciclces sale civic ere ce o's alureiselelo crersie ew itreuicecece enon do....| i 
ic 69 

To the Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

PLC PAL ELON Abel OUMAY tte orale a ara anc nia e1cieteteiere inieroe eine arc fanieiale pin omtnaicisiceuevictsjcoeates 1 
CESS EL Cte REO NED CLT CCS MERI SL co hth ial Stats oe) oie we ais b diniciva ates mia sieiew. clea cone cen new e deme anaes 1 
PED UUIP ALONG LOL LSA Le, TOM CAlIOMNIA - 5 occu ccccwarnwonieis sSoumwececiccnslscncissccisiis==aiec 1 
PROUCRRMOMLD EAN thon CALIOLNIN & oot cech inca a vase rawmarien culeewarsinacicencicicasis meecee acid 1 
Sri boW MisCrpeuoule) COM CAlLOMiadas. os cacms mone cence seimeiee Sate cdta ccleaccaciewc mes 1 
SHeianareiass VOAGS CCOM CAULONNIG) majo acca wae owiceie wis eeacniniesele cele ce amas sana strings... 2 
ARS ORC SECON A ODUM hoes aoa ok si a tee eee tak toc es Soot Gest eetecus do.422 1 
AGI TR Faire OPI RT eas ae, Ree ie eR BEDS Ce A Sa a eee ae er dos 5 
PUG NEAA a erONL CML OMNI. curs ma aiiasancues w'apaitins eed eee sass veaciesistamiecee/ cence avicce<es 1 
SUE MsnGanta (HAUS sion CALITOMMINC +> os aalcn (aR eee ccd etede ste dsnaas bese teak 3 
Metate and rubbing-stone, from Pueblo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona ..-...-...---- | 3 
Grooved hammer-stones, from Pueblo [Indians in New Mexico and Avizona ......-...-..--- 4 
Paint mortar, from Puebl« Indians in New Mexico and Arizona .........-.----..----0e-ee 1 
Stone used in smoothing pottery, from Pucblo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona........ 2 
Grooved hammer-stone, {rom Pueblo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona..............--. 1 
28 


oo 
22 


H, Mis. 224, pt. 2 


338 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Yo A, E. Douglas, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New York City. 


Character of specimens. Iivaerrieer of 


specimens. 
Rude implements (paleolithic)...-------...------22-+ 22-22 one eee ene ewer nese seen on | 6 


To Prof. Henry H. Giglioli, Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy. 


AATTOW ANG SPEaT POMNtS)- 2. ~ ier cow cco mele mee com ee elena wom =m ol meine oe wm olen elaivin igi ele lainle emis 
TETIPTEIS PO) og ooaomndbocoescasenS noe vo pe cob Os OnoneS Ode Sodiobs Hobbs Bebe seoESCOseooSSesocee 
1ks2\) Celagaas oosopqoeseesoeaoc anecasnoSscoe ns Hoo enaa nous scadenag SU SsoSsonossbepasosasonsease 
Pitted StONC -sccc coc cas cciclviee sowie wis ae maicinlmlels[el= wlel\elmieinlelninim =i=l=]oim[=\atwlnin=lo\e)ainele]=e vin lmistelelel=|o)=)=lelele liar 
Polished celts. .....-.----..--------- Sebo eS055050 ob aosbsonoce sdondoossaqndde yadoonESSoaueSs 
(ORR TGILDRC Ml a noe cee asoconoouueincSds04 senocbdas6 soogeanes sdbosSacednecds cedeedssocseSsnaohss 
ITN EO TEL shal de) tlie sapandoon acco oSusecnencdebncocsocb cus ononducbcdonshosecedasodssauecscosecc 
Gaming disk ....---..---.------- +--+ 2-20 ee ee ener cern tenner ener eet e teen ere e ee eee 

Scrapers .-2-- 22-002 cece cece eee reece eee te ee ener eee eee e etre etree tetera nen ecee rene 
Perforators ..--.------- eee een n eee ene en ne eee nnn een ee ween ene c wenn nee ee- 
Knives, ete. -.-..---- Bene els eelelelsteleleisie oialaleinmatelr wie eimielotslel=laial=l=i=lalalniniojolal=lo!etclolsisinieie\~iminio(=\atu)st=l=|=1=1=1= i 
Mortar, from California .-...------------0--- 2-22-20 e ene eee ne teeter e eee ee nee eee 
Pestle, from California -.--..--.-------+---+---++ +21 eect eee erent errr terete eee eee 
Rubbing-stone, from California...-.-.-..------++--+---- 222s ee eee eee eee eee RODD LIC Sceedeaise 
Pierced club-head, from California ...-..--..--------------- +--+ ---+-2- ++ 2222 - eee eee eee 
Shell beads, from California .....--..--.---.-------+-------222 222 tense eee eee e eee strings. . 
Glass beads, from California. .-..--...-.------+---- --+----+ +++ 0 eee e renee ee eee e eens: dor 
Pot-stone vessel, from California.....--.------- -----------+---++--+eeee ee eee e eee eee ee: 
Metate, from pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona.......-..--------------+-0+++-0-- 200+ 

Rubbing-stone, from pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona. _-...--..------+++-++--++-20---- 


or 
o 


Grooved hammer, from pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona ..-..--..---.----------.--+--- 
Stone for smoothing pottery, from pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona .........--------- 
Grooved maul, from pueblos in New Mexico and Arizona ..-...--..----------+-+----+-+--- 


ee or es Od 


104 


To Louis Guesde, Pointe-a- Pitre, Guadeloupe, West Indies. 


Arrow or spear points -.--.------------+---++-2+e 225s tree Mia oie etoile lela foyeieleloererarctotetaiers orsle 12 
Grooved ax ...--.------2-c nce e enn eee ne meen nnn ee ener nn enn nee eet ee cee een n ene 1 
Polished stone hatchet. .--....-------- 220+ +2 eee en enter ee eter teen ee ee eee: 1 


Arrow or spear points ..-...---.------- 222+ ene eee e ene ence nen errr ener etree stern | 25 


To Wm. H. MeGinnis, Youngstown, Mohoning County, Ohio. 


Arrow or spear points .-.--- Dn ee ne SeigisO rca noo pac 5 DoT MCU See NOD DS asSSt S009 | 34 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 339 


To Dr. T, Millspaugh, Kendall Creek, McKene County, Pennsylvania. 


x p : 
Character of specimens. Number of 


specimens. 
SPACES VERO IMGS PRCT NSU ER GH ee er ete ees oe cere lara info ias ere ston a rata eines bcm minis. e we nee 6 
To William Ranson, Fairfield, Hitchin, Hartfordshire, England. 

PEDO Ws OL: SPC Oy BEML LS eat ero area era teta = eras! ticle a(ms av ainta einfarccsml ie caiawich cles miei misisiaiminle elafelniceis sateen 24 
1S ETT eas | PN ee Soloed CAGE OR RODE DE SODAS EP AGSo CAE AERC CS CER SEREee RCE ete eee 1 
SmI GYGUIESS 22-88 ae ar eR O RON ane SEC RABE SOREGs Ce HACE Ce Coa MEE oe aaa eee ee 1 
PIB GO Lies ra from aa amner e th aialactc © cele cial Stata asic fa era)alcloce is oe Se Selo aeiniss ae ees eeeeee 1 
OEE Gs CALM A Os tee sees tet nen = Ln Sata wefan rene ee aa) afore oe fette rermte oe fare nemo wel awie'cie sa oeee 1 
OBC Cette are sets lere wie te ales sepa aoe e/a Sele wie nies iota Sele ei seals = Meiaicrcrciciciacto carmela Snaraiceviow ws 1 
ESUEUIN SB LOMES preteen cctem arate aicis nie ata oicieie ces secicine sis oe oases Scene kgs ae aiweaneeeann 2 

LOT EV oo ec as onoone coc Socose de FOnonr CHEE EO ntoenaescece aOadcanctoe SoosDSosoccoooSas 
SRD L hic dba eo Sena co bas SACS OS DO SOI HOO S OCI REC SECU CEOSNO ACEO CORSE SESOD So ROSO SAS HEEcEeeEioe 1 
Shell beads .,.......-..- OSE EEE COD CODE OCT RDCCDEOLOA Hepa panne Benen iaaneeeatem ee ers string... 1 
tae 

To W. W. Worthington, Shelter Island, New York, 
JRO) OW EE OP TWO LONG) 2 Soc cg cr boc Sc0 0 Sb SB SHODBSEdS COS nOE Soon Hach sc0u nanos sd seasoeouScane | 25 
LEGS Cine Be Se Sena ae BES OCOE GF BRO ICSE CC At Rae S EE ee oS eS ee ea eee err | 1 
HOUSNSGIR TONG ALCN Ghee mnemonic geen coeiesal ene cas aacinecios «aclecneeceninse saan sios | 1 
DRIES DIT) (Spe cosee SouasnS becnon so UO ROBO OaGr Bu SOS CC cuSLdo6 PEE OCOOnE ben eRe nneSSacoconce | 1 
Gprooy cd namineneeern ee isonet ec ioninc mone: ae tecat cise suce see ac ceean oisedsseteass ecee | 1 
29 
To S. H. Zahm, Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 

PGR SO Be rota ee ne ene ated es a ee ee | 20 


_ a “oe oa ¢ 
aes 


aig eee neat _ 
Ger ADD ih a 


ale ve Se et lire EL 


REPORT ON THE SECTION OF AMERICAN ABORIGINAL POTTERY 
IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By WirtiaAmM H. Houmers, Honorary Curator. 


Little work has veen required in this section beyond the reception 
and installation of new accessions. The collections and additions for 
the year fall considerably short of those of preceding years. Through 
our official collectors, chiefly agents of the Bureau of Ethnology, 532 
specimens have been received. Through purchase we have 151, and 
through donation 355. 

Among the more important collections are donations of pottery from 
a mound near Lake Apopka, Florida, by Dr. Featherstonehaugh, and 
of pottery from a mound on Perdido Bay, Alabama, by Mr. F. H. Par- 
sons. The latter collection is one of the most important ever received 
from the Gulf coast. 

Researches connected with this section made by the curator were 
limited to a study of the pottery of the Potomac tide-water region. A 
paper upon this subject will appear in the July number of the American 
Anthropologist. 

The last catalogue number in June, 1888, is 134497, in June, 1889, 


135131. 
341 


REPORT ON THE SECTION OF FORESTRY COLLECTIONS 
IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By B. E. FERNOw, Honorary Curator. 


» 


The establishment in April of this year of a section of forestry col- 
lections in the National Museum is an event, significant in so far as it 
recognizes the existence of forestry as an art worthy of representation 
in a museum. I believe that there is no such special section to be 
found in any other great museum of the world, and my report may 
therefore properly consist in the justification of this new branch of 
inuseum work, a brief outline of what such forestry collections should 
contain, and how they are to be classified. 

Forestry is an art in the same sense as agriculture, and comprises 
all that part of human activity which concerns itself with the produc- 
tion of timber and the management of the artificial or natural forest as 
a crop, or for its beneficial influences upon other conditions of life. 

The basis of all forestry is of course the growth of trees. Yet its 
sphere must not be confounded or mixed up with that of the horticult- 
urist, or the orchardist, or the landscape gardener, who use trees for 
ornamental purposes or for their fruit. The aim as well as the methods 
of the forester are distinet from those of these other branches of arbori- 
culture, and the scope of forestry is as distinctive. 

Forestry may be said to be the latest art invented by human intelli- 
gence, and practiced only by fully civilized people with reference to 
the use of the soil; and its development and extent of application may 
be fairly considered as a measure, if not of the intellectual, yet, of the 
cultural development of a country. 

With the growth of population grow the demands on the products of 
the soil, and the most profitable use of soils for the production of food 
and for other necessities—the relegation of the soil to proper uses— 
becomes the problem of a nation which lives and progresses intelli- 
gently. 

We find, therefore, in the most densely populated regions the cult- 
ural arts most highly developed; and in a country like Germany, it is 
only wise and providential policy with regard to the use of the soil, 
which makes the subsistence of an ever-increasing population on a con- 

343 


344 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


fined and naturally not overproduective area possible. Agriculture 
and forestry are practiced there on the most scientific methods. 

Besides the production of useful material for the arts, there has been 
more or less distinctly recognized from olden times, a certain connec- 
tion of forest growth with climatic, water, and soil conditions. Lately 
this assumed or observed connection has been subjected to seientific 
scrutiny, and while in some respects the claimed influences have not 
yet been quantitatively determined, or as in the case of the influence 
on rain-fall even qualitatively defined, yet the most advanced students 
of the question of forest influences are agreed upon the existence of 
certain mechanical influences which a forest cover may exercise upon 
the seasonal flow of water, upon local conditions of atmospheric 
and soil humidity, and upon all local and climatic hygienic conditions 
which are determined by the atmospheric movements in the lower 
strata, and upon which the mechanical barrier of a forest belt must 
natually bear. 

The forest, then, has an interest to man both for the valuable mate- 
rial it furnishes and for its bearing upon conditions of life hydrologic, 
climatic, cultural, hygienic, and ethical; this last influence is by no 
means to be underrated in the life of a nation. 

In our own country the recognition of the value of this natural re- 
source, the forest, is only just dawning. We are only just realizing 
that under the clearing for agricultural land, and under the drain for 
wood and lumber—which now represent an annual product valued at 
over one billion dollars—and ander careless destruction by fire, and 
the absence of all application of the art of forestry, the natural forests 
are being decimated at a rapid rate; no regard being paid to future 
requirements, no regard to the disturbances which begin to make 
themselves felt here and there in water-flow, and to other conditions 
produced by the removal of their protecting cover. 

The tree-planting on the Western wind swept plains, scanty indeed 
when compared with the large area in need of such protection, is almost 
the only sign of intelligent appreciation of the value of forest growth. 
A beginning has been made to remedy matters, which in a country 
with our institutions, must consist mainly, in the first place, in educat- 
ing the masses. 

This educational work is earried on by associations, by the press, by 
the Forestry Division in the United States Department of Agriculture ; 
and now the National Museum, which with its object lessons is the 
great educator of the people, joins these forces by making the subject 
of forestry a part of its exhibits. The reasons, then, for forestry ex- 
hibits and the justification of instituting a separate branch of forestry 
collections in the Museum are: 

(1) The importance and singleness of the art of forestry being sep- 
arate in its aims and methods from all other arts and industries: 


SECTION OF FORESTRY COLLECTIONS. 345 


(2) The absence of an appreciation of the value and character of 
forestry in our country, which ealls for the education of the people ; 

(3) The value of object lessons in educating the people, which is the 
main function of the Museum. 

While other art exhibits of the Museum are more in the nature of a 
record of that which has been accomplished, and serve to show the 
progress of the art through the various stages of its development, and 
incidentally to serve the educational object of furthering general and 
special knowledge in the respective branches, I conceive the object of 
forestry collections at present to be principally educational. Forestry, 
as an art, being hardly yet known in our country, the exhibits will have 
to lead up to the art by making known its aims and needs, and by 
facilitating an acquaintance with the objects upon which it is to be ex- 
ercised—the forest and its component parts; also by exhibiting the 
experiences and practices of other countries, in order to stimulate the 
application of the art in our own country. The sequence in which, 
therefore, the exhibits are to be secured, will have to be with reference 
to their educational value in the direction outlined. 


RANGE OF FORESTRY COLLECTIONS. 


To define and circumscribe the range within which forestry collec- 
tions ought to be kept, it will be well to find the fields on which it bor- 
ders, from which it borrows, and upon which it works. 

Other museums, like that at Kew, have a branch of economic botany; 
a part of this field must be occupied by forestry collections. Forest 
botany is a branch of economic botany, and forms naturally also an 
object of forestry collections; and such branches of physiological bot- 
any as apply to tree-growth belong also in its sphere of representation. 

Technology and chemistry, as far as these bear upon the application 
of wood in the arts, upon the derivation of by-products from wood, 
upon increasing the durability of wood-material, ete., come under the 
consideration of the forestry collector, only, however, in so far as they 
exhibit or influence the quality of the raw material, io produce which, 
the art of forestry is called into requisition. 

While the application of wood in all branches of human art would 
furnish an endless array of manufactured objects for exhibit, it seems 
expedient to make use of such exhibits in forestry collections, only so 
far as they illustrate the capability of the material for a certain class 
of manufactures. 

Machinery and engineering find application in the exercise of the 
art, and as far as they are used exclusively in the transformation of the 
raw material of the forest, in the production of the forest crop, or bear 
upon forestry work in general, they must find representation in forestry 
collections. 

With these limitations in mind, we may propose a preliminary classi- 
fication of exhibits under the following sections: 


346 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


A. Relation of forestry to other industries and conditions of life in 
general. 

’ B. Description of the objects upon which forestry is to be applied 
and of the raw material. 

C. Methods of utilization and application. 

D. Methods of production and management. 

#. Bibliography and misceilaneous. 

Section A wouid serve, so to speak, as an introduction to the subject 
of forestry. Under it would be classified such exhibits as represent the 
importance of forests to the industrial and cultural life of the nation, 
their influence upon soil, water, and climatic conditions, and their eth- 
ical value, forest conditions of this and other countries, statisties of 
supply and demand, The value of the application of forestry upon the 
natural forest areas, the history of the development of the art in other 
nations and our own, methods of education, may be exhibited in statis- 
tical tables, charts, maps, ete. 

Section B would represent not only the nature of the material of 
which our forests are composed, describing the forest trees by botan- 
ical specimens, wood-sections, and illustrations (forest-botany), and 
more especially the economically valuable timbers by slabs and other- 
wise, but also by maps, charts, and illustrations, the distribution, loca- 
tion, and condition of forest-areas and the distribution of species (for- 
est geography). Photomicrographs and veneer sections will show the 
structure of the various woods; peculiarities of growth and character- 
istics of the living tree will be made clear by suitable specimens. 

The aim in this section will have to be not to expand too much in the 
direction of general botany, but to keep in view that forestry deals with 
vegetable products for a special purpose mainly, and this purpose must 
guide in the selection and limitation of the exhibit. 

The timbers of foreign countries may also be exhibited as far as their 
knowledge is of interest, as bearing upon the forestal development of 
our country, or as aiding to make us appreciate our own forest wealth. 

Section C admits of the greatest expansion, and the limitations 
above mentioned will have to be specially kept in view in selecting the 
material for exhibit. Besides the raw material in shape for manufact- 
ure and partly manufactured, there may be exhibited such complete 
manufactures as show the adaptability of certain woods to special uses. 

Here will also be exhibited the tools and machinery (in models, ete.) 
of the lumberman and the wood-worker, as far as they belong to the 
history of harvesting the crop and shaping it for the market. 

The methods of obtaining the so-called by-products of the forest, 
such as tan bark, turpentine, charcoal, and the various products of dis- 
tillation, also cellulose and wood-pulp manufacture; processes for sea- 
soning and preserving timber, ete., must be represented in this section. 

The exhibits for Section D represent forestry proper, and, since for- 
estry is hardly yet practiced in this country, will at first have to be 


SECTION OF FORESTRY COLLECTIONS. 347 


largely composed of material obtained from foreign countries where 
the art of forestry is practised, representing the tools used in forest 
planting, the maps and plans used in forest management, graphic illus- 
trations of rates of growth, aud the methods and instruments employed 
to measure them; instruments used in thinning, pruning, and the re- 
sults of these operations on the growth. Methods of protecting against 
insects, methods of reforestation as used to guard against landslides 
and torrents; a seed collection, specimens of plant material, a root 
herbarium belong also in this exhibit. 

Section # would contain whatever of passing interest and curiosity, 
not at present otherwise classified, may fall into the province of for- 
estry, and, further, such collection of reference literature, reports, maps, 
charts, photographs, as will aid the student to understand the relation 
of forests and forestry to human life, and show its history and develop- 
ment as an art. 

The short time since my appointment and other duties have prevented 
the installation of any exhibits, excepting one. This consists of a 
series of thirty photolithographs from the work of the French forest 
administration, illustrating the effects of deforestation in the Alpine 
districts of southeastern France, and the methods applied to counter- 
act the torrential action thus produced; two statistical tables give in 
briefest manner an idea of the forestry interests of the United States; 
two half-sections of Sitka Spruce from the northwest (228 years old and 
7 feet in diameter) show the rapidity and immense dimensions of the 
growth in that section; while a historic chart adapted to a section of 
Tulip Poplar (5 feet in diameter) from the Mississippi Valley brings to 
the mind of the beholder by referring the annual ring-growth to his- 
torical data, the long periods of time which are required to produce our 
forest giants in the East and which form the basis of calculation in the 
art of the forester. The whole exhibit, placed on one panel 14 by 12 
feet, is designed to create in the mind of the visitor thé first interest in 
the subject of forestry and in the forestry collections to come. 

The material on hand has not yet been classified, except superficially. 
It consists of parts of exhibits which have served in various exposi- 
tions, and, while forming a valuable nucleus for the collections, is far 
from being exhaustive in any one direction. Through the co-operation 
of the Department of Agriculture, and especially of its. Forestry Divis- 
ion, it is hoped that the collections will soon be sufficiently ample to 
justify their installation, 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS 
IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


By Freperick W. TRUE, Curator. 


At the opening of the last fiscal year the preparations for the Ohio 
Valley Centennial Exposition, which had occupied the month of June, 
were nearly completed. A number of matters, however, still demanded 
attention, and the exposition work was not entirely off our hands until 
a month later. Early in the fall the Curator was called upon.to assist 
in the routine work of the Assistant Secretary’s office. For this rea- 
son, and also because for a considerable part of the time the Chief Taxi- 
dermist was occupied by special work, outside of his regular duties, 
the progress made in the department during the year was not so great 
as it would have been under more favorable conditions. 

The exhibition series received more important additions than, per- 
haps, during any other year. The collection contains representatives 
of a larger number of families of mammals than ever before. A por- 
tion of these specimens were received in exchange, others were pur- 
chased, and the remainder originally formed a part of the series exhib- 
ited in the Cincinnati Exposition. 

The groups of prairie dogs and opossums, the first of a series in- 
tended to represent the smaller forms peculiar to North America, were 
placed in new, specially designed, cases. The series of casts of Ceta- 
ceans, which forms a special feature of the collection of the Museum, 
was renovated and completed. 

Attention was directed afresh to the matter of providing better 
storage-cases for the study-series. New arrangements were made 
necessary, especially by the fact that the Bureau of Economic Orni- 
thology and Mammalogy of the Department of Agriculture, had agreed 
to deposit in the Museum its valuable collection of North American 
mammals. The new cases are not completed at this date, but it is ex- 
pected that they will be in use within a few months. 

Among the accessions of the year are many interesting specimens. 
Two specimens of the rare Florida muskrat, Neofiber alleni, were pre- 
sented by William Wittfield, esq. Mr. Loren W. Green presented a 
series of excellent skins of the northern variety of Tamias striatus, col- 

349 


350 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


iected at Charlestown, New Hampshire. A second specimen of Ves- 
pertilio longicrus was received from Judge J. G. Swan. Col. Cecil Clay 
obtained after much exertion, and presented to the Museum, the skin 
of a full-grown male moose. It is intended that this individual shall be 
included in the group of moose now in course of preparation. A small 
male deer, believed to be Cariacus gymnotus, was presented by the 
Philadelphia Zoological Society, through Dr. A. E. Brown. This is 
the third individual of this species received from the Society. 

Of exotic mammals the most important, so far as the exhibition 
series is concerned, were the monkeys and lemurs, twenty-nine in num- 
ber, purchased from Messrs. H. A. Ward, E. Gerrard, and Dr. J. Biitti- 
koper. The species were all new to the collection. Among the lemurs 
were several of the most important and most attractive species of 
Propithecus. A considerable collection of European bats, Vesperugo 
kuhlii, Vespertilio nattereri, etc., were received from Dr. Senna Angelo 
in exchange for American species. 

From the Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, were received in 
exchange a skin of Ovis musimon, a skeleton of Monachus albiventer, 
and a number of European bats. 

Dr. Birt collected in Graytown, Nicaragua, a number of interesting 
specimens, including the Spiny rat, Hchinomys semispinosus, a form not 
hitherto obtained in Central America. It is a representative of the 
Octodontide, a family usually considered strictly South American. 

Of aquatic mammals the most important accession during the year 
was a fresh male specimen of Sowerby’s whale, Mesoplodon bidens, 
which was captured by the crew of the U. S. life-saving station at 
Atlantic City, New Jersey (Capt. J. L. Gaskell, keeper). This is the 
second specimen ever taken in American waters and the first fresh 
specimen ever seen by American naturalists. 

Among the collections made by the naturalists of the U. S. Fish 
Commission Steamer Albatross, during a cruise around Cape Horn, were 
a few South American mammals. The most important specimens re- 
ceived were the skeleton of a porpoise, Prodelphinus longirostris, obtained 
between Panama and the Galapagos Islands, and several skins of the 
sea-lions of the Galapagos Islands. Two mounted skins of the West 
Initian seal, Monachus tropicalis, were received from Prof. H. A. Ward 
in exchange. 

As must necessarily be the case each year, the routine work which 
occupied the most time was the identification, cataloguing, and label- 
ing of accessions. A new eard-catalogue was made of the skins which 
have accumulated in the tanks in the taxidermist’s shop. When speci- 
mens are mounted or distributed the cards corresponding to them are 
removed from the catalogue, and it is always possible therefore to 
determine what material is really in the hands of the taxidermist. A 
large number of alcoholic specimens were measured preparatory to 
being converted into dry skins, but for the reasons already given the 
taxidermists were unable to begin work upon them. 


DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS. 351 


The matter of providing new storage-cases for the study-series was 
brought to a head by the offer on the part of the Bureau of Economic 
Ornithology and Mammalogy of the Department of Agriculture, to de- 
posit its collections of North American mammals in the Museum, if 
suitable cases for their reception were provided. It was finally decided 
to adopt metallic cases for the entirestudy series. Two largezine-storage 
cases and a smaller tin case were obtained in Cambridge, Massachu- 
setts, for trial. As a further experiment one compartment in the large 
storage base in the Osteological hall was lined with zine and furnished 
with a dust-tight front, and one of the three-quarter unit tables in the 
south hall was also made dust-proof. These have proved very satisfac- 
tory during the short time that they have been in use, and the Curator 
has recommended that all the bases in the exhibition hall of the de- 
partment be remodeled in the same manner. The drawers in the large 
metal-lined compartment already referred to are four times as large as 
the ordinary unit drawers in general use in the Museum, and are admi- 
rably suited for the storage of large skins. 

Considerable attention has been paid to the matter of providing a 
substitute for the large tin-lined copper tanks which have hitherto been 
used for the storage of alcoholic specimens of large size. These tanks, 
besides being expensive, are constantly deteriorating, on account of 
the fact that the acetic acid and other impurities in the alcohol dissolve 
the tin linings and attack the copper walls of the tanks. As a result, 
the tanks soon begin to leak, and the hair and bones of the specimens 
preserved in them are dyed green by the salts of copper in the alcohol. 
Inquiries have been made as to whether earthenware jars of suitable 
form and size could not be obtained in the market. ‘Thus far, 
however, nothing suitable has been found, some of the jars offered 
being of too heavy weight, others too expensive, and others still coated 
with glazes which might be dissolved by alcohol. It will probably be 
found necessary to have jars manufactured, which shall be of a form 
and quality especially adapted for the uses of the Museum. 

A considerable amount of re-arrangement was made necessary in the 
exhibition hall after the return of the collection exhibited in Cincinnati. 
The cases now in the hall are not sufficient for the exhibition of the 
entire collection, and a small number of new ones are greatly needed. 
Special cases for the groups of opossums and prairie-dogs were made 
during the year, and the groups were placed in them. Temporary 
bases for Steller’s sea-lion aud the walrus were made prior to the 4th 
of March, in order to secure these specimens from injury at the hands 
of the crowds of visitors who were in the Museum at that date. <A 
new case for the elephant “Mungo” was placed in the hall, but has not 
yet been brought into use. I regret to state that this case was consid- 
erably injured by visitors on the 4th of March, in spite of the efforts 
of the watchmen to protect it. Plans were made for arranging the 
collection of deers’ antlers on the ~»iers at the north end of the exhi- 


oo2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
bition hall, but after due consideration the scheme was abandoned on 
aceount of the expense involved. 

The series of cetacean casts, a considerable number of which had been 
more or less damaged by being moved from place to place and shipped 
to different exhibitions, was entirely renovated, and, except in the case 
of two large species, new casts were made from all the molds that had 


not previously been used. 
twenty-seven Casts. 
main to be added. 


The series as thus completed consists of 
Casts of the Grampus and of Sowerby’s whale re- 
It is intended that large painted labels shall be pro- 


vided for the series in the immediate future. 
As already stated, a large number of important species were added 


to the exhibition series during the year. 


No list of additions was given 


in last year’s report,and the present one has, therefore, been made to 


cover the past two years. 


Gorilla, Gorilla savagei. 
Chimpanzee, Anthropopithecus troglodytes. 
Siamang, Hylobates syndactylus. 
Hoonuman Monkey, Semnopithecus entellus. 
Siam Monkey, 8. siamensis. 
Ashy Monkey, S. albocinereus. 
White-throated Capuchin Monkey, Cebus | 
capucinus. | 
Black-eared Marmoset, Hapalepenicillatus. | 
Pinche Marmoset Midas edipus. 
Ruffed Lemur, Lemur varia. 
Slow Lemur, Nycticebus tardigradus. 
Short-tailed Lemur, Judris brevicauda. 
Smith’s Dwarf Lemur, Chirogaleus smithii. 
Weasel Lemur Lepilemur mustelinus. 
Edwards’ Lemur, Propithecus edwardsii. 
Black Lemur, Propithecus holomelas. 
Diadem Lemur, Propithecus diademata. 
Decken’s Lemur, Propithecus deckenii. | 
Thick-tailed Galago, Galago crassicauda- | 
tus. | 
Rufous Lemur, Lemur collaris rufus. | 
Wooly Lemur, Avahis laniger. 
Aye Aye, Chiromys madagascariensis. 
Marbled Cat, Felis marmorata. 
Tigrine Cat, Felis mitis. 


| 


Javan Cat, Felis javanensis. 

S; otted Bay Lynx, Lynx maculatus. 

African Genet, Genetta poensis. 

Binturong, Arctictis binturong. 

Hardwick’s Hemigale, Hemigalea hard- 
wickii. 

Goudot’s Eupleres, Lupleres goudoti. 

Two-spotted Paradoxure, Nandinia bino- 
tata. 

Levaillant’s Cynictis, Cynictis penicillata. 

Aard Wolf, Proteles cristatus. | 

* Cape Hunting-Dog, Lycaon pieta. | 


Coyote, Canis latrans 
specimens). 

African Ratel, Mellivora capensis. 

Cat-squirrel, Bassaris astuta. 

Panda, dilurus fulgens. 

West Indian Seal, Wonachus 
(two specimens). 

Tree Coney, Dendrohyrax arboreus. 

Indian Rhinoceros, Rhinoceros indicus. 

Bison, Bison americanus (Group of six 
Specimens). 


(group of three 


tropicalis 


Ibex, Capra ibex. 
| Rocky Mountain Sheep, Ovis canadensis. 


Rocky Mountain Goat, Wazama montana. 
(three specimens). 

Prong-horned Antelope, Antilocapra amer- 
icana (group of four specimens). 

Water Buck, Kobus singsing. 

Harnessed Antelope, Tragelaphus scriptus. 

Bontebok, Alcelaphus pygargus. 

Equine Antelope, Hippolragus equinus. 

Japanese Goat Antelope, Nemorhedus cris- 
pus. 

Beisa Antelope, Oryx beisa. (Head.) 

Spike-horned Deer, Cariacus clavatu: 
(two specimens; types). 

Naked-eared Deer, Cariacus gymnotis. 

Red Deer, Cervus elaphus. 

Barren Ground Caribou, LRangifer taran- 
dus caribou. 

Llama, Auchenia glama. 

Indian Chevrotain, Memmina indica. 

Golden Mole, Chrysochloris sp. 

Tenree, Centetes ecaudatus. 

Spiny Ericulus, Vriculus setosus. 

Jumping Shrew, Rynxchocyou cirnet. 

Tana, Tupaia tana. 

Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros. 


DEPARTMENT 


Patagonian Cavy, Dolichotis patagonicus. 

Chinebilla, Chinchilla laniger. 

Viscacha, Lagostomus trichodactylus. 

Cuvier’s Chinchilla, Lagidium cuvieri. 

African Porcupine, Hystrix cristata. 

Coypu. Myopotamus coypu. 

Cape Jumping Hare, Pedetes caffer. 

Great Rodent Mole, Bathyergus maritimus. 

Norway Rat, Mus decumanus. 

White-tailed Rat, Brachytarsomys albi- 
cauda. 

South African 
capensis. 

Common Dormouse, Myorus glis. 


Dormouse, Graphiurus 


Taguan Flying Squirrel, Pteromys petaur- | 


ista. 


OF MAMMALS. 353 

Borneo Flying Squirrel, Pteromys nitidus. 

Red Squirrel, Sciurus hudsonius. 

Malabar Squirrel, Sciurus maximus. 

Indian Hill-Squirrel, Sciurus macruras. 

Jelerang Squirrel, Sciwrus bicolor. 

Grizzled Squirrel, S. punctissimue. 

Fox Squirrel, Sciwrus niger. 

Prairie-Dogs, Cynomys ludovicianus (group 
of four specimens). 

Common Dolphin, Delphinus delphis. 

Spotted Dolphin, Prodelphinus plagiodon. 

Aard Vark, Orycteropus capensis. 

Giant Armadillo, Priodon gigas. 

Tree Kangaroo, Dendrolagus ursinus. 

Opossum, Didelphys marsupialis (group 
of seven specimens). 


As no statement of the character of exhibits prepared by this depart- 
ment for the Cincinnati exhibition was ineluded in last year’s report, it 
is perhaps, desirable that a brief account of the same should be given 
in this connection. After a number of plans had been considered, it 
was decided that a series representing all the existing families of mam- 
mals would be of more general interest, and would indicate more nearly 
the educational side of the work of the department, than any other 
collection which could be prepared in the time allotted. A number of 
families were unrepresented in the regular exhibition series of the 
Museum, but it was found possible to purchase representatives of 
many of them from the dealers in natural history specimens. A few 
were unrepresented, except by pictures. The real excellence of the 
collection as a whole is indicated by the fact that out of the eighty- 
eight families recognized, seventy-five were represented by from one 

to fourteen typical species. The whole number of mounted skins exhib- 
ited was one hundred and twenty-two, and of skeletons fifty-nine, 
making a total of one hundred and eighty one. Among these were 
some of the largest species, such as the fin-back whale, rhinoceros, 
elephant, tapir, gorilla, narwhal, walrus, black bear, etc. The Prong- 
horn antelope was represented by the admirable group executed by Mr. 
Hornaday, and nowin the Museum. Specimens of two important forms, 
the Fur-seal and the Saiga antelope were loaned respectively by Prof. 
H. A. Ward and Dr. G. E. Manigault. The families of which repre- 
sentatives could not be obtained, such as those including the Ganges 
dolphin, the foussa, the giraffe, etc., were represented by pictures. 

The collection was installed in a special case 145 feet long, 5 feet 
wide, and 6 feet high (without the base), which was constructed in 
Washington and transported to Cincinnati for the exhibition. The rhi- 
noceros and the group of Prong-horn antelopes were placed in special 
cases, while the skeleton of the finback whale and the narwhal were, 

_ after much labor, suspended from the roof of the building. The collee- 
- tion was arranged by the Curator, who went to Cincinnati for that pur- 
H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——23 


‘ 


bd 
“ 


Jot REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


pose. He was assisted by Mr. W. Harvey Brown. All the specimens 
were labeled in the same manner as in the Museum, and the family- 
divisions were also indicated by large labels. At the request of the 
Director of the Museum, as pecial guide to the collection was furnished 
by the Curator, in which a brief account of the zoological affinities, 
habits, and geographical distribution of all the species was given. 

The Curator has completed during the year his preliminary examina- 
tion of the species of dolphins, and has read the proofs of a review of that 
group, forming Bulletin No. 36 of the Museum series. He has exam- 
ined all the species of Cariacus and Coassus in the collection, in the 
hope of finding trenchant characters whereby to distinguish these two 
groupsof deer. In this connection he has prepared for publication a 
description of a new species of spike-horned deer from Central Amer- 
ica, Cariacus clavatus, a number of specimens of which were detected 
in the Museum collection. He has aiso prepared for publication an 
accountof the collections of mammals made by Mr. Charles H. Townsend 
in Honduras, and by Doctor Birt in Nicaraugua. The former collection 
contained an undescribed subspecies of Capromys, C. brachyurus thora- 
catus, from Little Swan Island. 

The Curator furnished a greater or less amount of technical informa- 
tion on a variety of subjects, to a considerable number of correspondents 
of the Museum. He corresponded with A. H. Cocks, Esq., of Thames 
Bank, England, and Mr. #. Pierce, of New Bedford, regarding a_har- 
poon of American manufacture taken from a whale captured on the 
coast of Finmarken. To Mr. C. L. Richardson, of the Soldiers’ Home, 
Kansas, he communicated such facts as are at command regarding 
breeds of solid-hoofed hogs. Mr. George H. Ragsdale, of Gainesville, 
Tex., received certain information regarding the mammals of that 
region, and Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, regarding the mammals of New Mexico. 

Correspondence was also had with Dr. W. L. Abbott, who has for-. 
warded to the Museum a considerable collection of mammals made by 
himself in the vicinity of Mount Kilima-njaro, East Africa. 

The receipt ofa skull of a narwhal with two tusks, and of a fresh 
specimen of Sowerby’s whale, was the occasion of an examination of the 
literature relating to those two species of whales. The facts regarding 
both were communicated to the Biological Society of Washington by 
the Curator. 

Dr. C. H. Merriam has made extensive studies of the arvicoline mice 
in the collection of the department, as well as of other groups of North 
American mammals. 

The general condition of the collection as regards preservation, may 
be considered on the whole satisfactory ; that of the exhibition series 
is entirely so. The mounted specimens have not suffered in the least 
from the attacks of insects for a number of years. The exhibition 
eases, if not absolutely dust-proof, are approximately so, and can un- 
doubtedly be made perfeetly tight after a little more experimentation. 


DEPARTMENT OF MAMMALS. ; 355 


The same, unfortunately, can not be said of the storage cases. As 
stated in previous reports they are neither sufficient in number nor 
satisfactory in kind. As arrangements have now been made, however, 
for providing better cases, it is unnecessary to repeat the previous 
recommendations regarding this very important matter. 

The condition of the collection of specimens in alcohol is fairly satis- 
factory. The specimens deteriorate to a certain extent in spite of our 
best efforts. For perfect preservation they should be placed in bottles 
which can be sealed with paraffine or wax. It is best that the collection 
should be reduced in size, but in order to convert a portion of the 
series into dry skins it would be necessary to divert the attention of the 
taxidermists from the work of mounting groups, which would be in- 
advisable. The skins might perhaps be made at the least expense by 
contract with outside parties. 

The number of specimens in the different series on June 30, 1889, 
was as follows: 


Number of mounted skins in the exhibition series.........--.-----.....--s-<- 745 
Number of skins in the study and duplicate series........-.-..----- --0- seccee 4557 
PON Gh MVeOUNeTG MIL AIGOHOL cles 2a. sem alee a neato ale ala ms nee same sea 3084 
Received during the year: 
SIV Sac. 6000! sade cas dead aap nce te cIGSeCOCND0b0 5pn iDocsicU mntOdS HeomSOEC 192 
WIMECIMIOT See COMO leet aa cie aaieis smolts s oes oie icin ae sinia Sais) «cin aah cterele sereeaere 35 
MRGlELQUR ee aoe eras oie ein aS aia aicisj nioln « cece oc) s Sele sie Seow =e so eee soemee 44 
SLT Gh Cae Se Oe AR ee BE ESE SS AOE e AEE O AE RE Aer genet es ye 151 


The first entry made in the catalogue of skins on July 1, 1888, was 
under No. 16,237; the last on July 30, 1889, was under No. 16,870. 

In the catalogue of skeletons and skulls the first entry, July 1, 1888, 
was under No. 22,999; the last, No. 23,781. 

Of the mammals deposited by the Bureau of Economic Ornithology 
and Mammalogy, Department of Agriculture, the number of skins and 
alcoholic specimens entered was 382; of skulls, 358. 


* All the skins received during the year, one hundred and ninety-two in number, 
were accompanied by skulls. The total number of skulls received therefore was 343. 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS 
IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By Rospert RmGway, Curator. 


The year’s work has not differed materially in its character or scope 
from that of preceding years, except that the rearrangement, labeling, 
and general improvement of the exhibition collection was more actively 
and continuously prosecuted. ° 

There has been an increase over the year 188788 in the number of 
specimens received and distributed, in correspondence, and in the numn- 
ber of specimens mounted. Owing to progress in the remodeling of 
the cases, a far greater amount of work has been done in the way of 
rearranging and labeling the exhibition collection. 

The number of entries made in the register of the bird department 
during the year is 2,971, the principal accessions being as follows: 


Auckland Museum, New Zealand, through I. F. Cheeseman.—One Apteryx oweni, 
one Puffinus carneipes and a pair of Hymenolaimus malacorhynchus, all from New Zea- 
land, the latter species new to the Museum collection. (Exchanged.) 

O. T. Baron, Elk, Mendocino County, California.—One Doubleday’s humming bird, 
Tache doubledayi, from Mexico. (Purchased.) 

A, boucard, Paris.—8 specimens, 7 species, from various parts of the world, mostly 
new to the collection. (Purchased. ) 

George K. Cherrie, New York City.—72 specimens, 29 species, from the neighborhood 
of New York City. A very acceptable collection of good skins. (Gift.) 

W. H, Collins, Detroit, Michigan.—38 specimens, 8 species of water birds in the 
downy stage, from St. Clair Flats. A very interesting accession, since this plumage 
of several of these species has hitherto been unrepresented in our collection, some of 
them being in fact undescribed. (Purchased.) 

C. B. Cory, Boston, Massachusetts.—6 specimens, 4 species, from Grand Cayman, 
and Cayman Brac, West Indies. (Exchanged.) 

Costa Rica National Museum, San José, Costa Rica, through Mr. José C. Zeledon.— 

A male of Acanthidops bairdi, from Costa Rica. This species was described by Mr. 
Ridgway only a few years ago froma single female specimen, and the male has 
remained unknown until now. But three specimens of thisrare bird have been taken 
as yet. (Gift.) 
Costa Rica National Museum, San José, Costa Rica. —56 specimens, 30 species, from 
Costa Rica. A very valuable accession, including the types of two new species (one 
a new genus and perhaps new family), besides plumages new to the collection. 
(Gift. ) 

Costa Rica National Museum, San José, Costa Rica.—6 specimens, 6 species from 


357 


358 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Costa Rica, 5 of which are types of new species, while the sixth, a typical specimen 
of a recently described species, presented with nied isbaratiie by the National 
Museum of Costa Rica. (Gift.) 

M. Hardy de Dreneuf, Rio Janeiro, Brazil.—3 specimens of the rare Giant Snipe 
(Gallinago gigantea,) from Brazil. (Purchased. ) 

Royal Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy, through Prof. E. H. Giglioli.—235 speci- 
mens, 156 species, all from Italy; a valuable accession, as our collection has been 
rather poor in Italian specimens. They are moreover carefully labeled. (Ex- 
changed.) 

A. Guesde, Guadeloupe, West Indies.—31 specimens, 26 species, from Guadeloupe. 
(Exchange.) 

H. W. Henshaw, Washington, District of Columbia.—196 specimens, 120 species, 
from North America. (Exchange.) 

H. W. Henshaw, Washington, District of Columbia.—23 specimens, 5 species, chiefly 
from California and Oregon. (#xchange.) 

H. W. Henshaw, Washington, District of Columbia.—4 specimens, 4 species, from 
North America, among them a specimen of Pufinus puffinus, from New Brunswick 
(Exchange. ) 

Harry V. Henson, Yokohama, Japan.—The type specimen of Parus palustris hensoni 
Stejn. (Gift.) 

A, H. Jennings, Baltimore, Maryland.—One specimen Kirtland’s Warbler, (Dendroica 
kirtlandi) adult male, from the Bahamas. (Gift.) 

P.L. Jouy, Washington, District of Columbia.—651 specimens, 172 species, from 
Korea, and Tshu-Shima, Japan. This is one of the most valuable and interesting 
collections ever acquired by the Museum, being, as it is, the result of several years 
of intelligent collecting in hitherto ornithologically entirely unexplored country. 
Besides some undescribed forms, the collection contains a number of very rare species 
represented in but few museums, as for instance Platalea minor, Herodias eulophotes, 
Lanius sphenocercus, Otis dybowskii, Ciconia boyciana, Puffinus leucomelas, Urosphena 
squamiceps, Xanthopygia xanthopygia, Erithacus sibilans, Galerida corensis, ete., and 
last, but not least, a pair of Pitta nympha, the first specimens found since Schlegel 
and Temminck described the species from a Japanese drawing. (Purchased.) 

Charles E. Kern, Washington, District of Columbia.—20 specimens, 16 species, from 
Nicaragua. (Gift.) 

Waldemar Knudsen, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands.—2 petrels from Kauai. (Gift.) 

Leslie A. Lee, Thomas Lee, and C. H. Townsend.—187 specimens, 114 species, from 
Bahia, Brazil; a very valuable and interesting addition to our collection. (Pur- 
chased. ) 

Thomas Marron, National Museum, iastanetane District of Columbia.—A Ground 
Dove (Columbigallina passerina) shot at Broad Creek, Maryland, near Washington, 
October 14, 1885. (Gift.) 

Fred. Mather, Cold Spring Harbor, New Brunswick. —Young male and adult female 

Mandarin Duck, bred in captivity. (Gift.) 
* Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Washington, District of Columbia.—194 specimens, 127 spe- 
cies, nearly exclusively from the Old World. A very important and valuable collec- 
tion of well preserved skins, containing many varieties and species new to the 
Museum. (Exchange.) 

Dr. C. Hart Me*riam, Washington, District of Columbia.—27 specimens, 14 species, 
chiefly from the West. (Gift.) 

Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Washington, District of Columbia.—2 specimens (male and 
female) of Bachman’s Warbler (Helminthophila bachmani) from Sombrero Key, Florida. 
(Gift. ) 

G. Frean Morcom, Chicago, Illinois.—A curious goose in the flesh, supposed to be 
a hybrid between Chen cerulescens and Branta hutchinsi. (Gift.) 

Lieut. J. F. Moser, U.S. Navy, Coast Survey Steamer Blake.—10 specimens, 8 species, 
mostly water birds, from South Florida. (Gift.) 


pore a 


DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS. 359 


Museum of Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio (through L. M. MeCormick).—16 speci- 
mens, 16 species, chiefly from Africa, and nearly all new to the collection, (Ex- 
change. ) 

Dr. E. Rey, Leipzig, Germany.—20 specimens, 20 species, from various countries; a 
very valuable collection containing many species hitherto unrepresented in the 
Museum, among them the curious terrestrial Jay, Podoces hendersoni, from Central 
Asia, and the large pale Bubo sibiricus, from the Altai Mountains in Southern Siberia. 
(Purchased. ) 

R. Ridgway, Laurel, Maryland.—11 specimens, 8 species, from Laurel, Maryland. 
(Gift. ) 

R. Ridgway, Laurel, Maryland.—86 specimens, 34 species, from Maryland, Virginia, 
Illinois, and Indiana. (Gift.) 

R. Ridgway, Laurel, Maryland.—43 specimens, 33 species, ‘two accessions) chiefly 
from Laurel, Maryland. (Gift.) 

T. Ringer, Nagasaki, Japan.—109 specimens, 74 species, from Southern Japan. A 
very interesting addition to the collection of Japanese birds now in the Museum. 
Among the chief attractions is a fine male of the true Sommering’s Pheasant, proving 
that all the specimens in the Museum believed to be this bird in reality belong to 
a distinct species, Phasianus scintillans. There is also a specimen of the Spoon-billed 
Sandpiper (Hurinorynchus pygmeus). (Gift.) 

Lieut. Wirt Robinson, U. 8S. Army, Fort Adams, Rhode Island.—12 specimens, 7 
species, albino Birds from Virginia. (Gift.) 

Thos. Rowland, New York City.—9 specimens, 3 species, from North America, viz, 
4 Passenger Pigeons, 2 Great Gray Owls, and 3 Arctic Horned Owls, one of the latter 
mounted. (Purchased. ) 

Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, Fort Wingate, New Mexico.—One specimen Cistothorus palustris 
paludicola, from Fort Wingate. (Gift.) 

Tokio Educational Museum, through Mr. Namiye, Tokio, Japan.—Adult female and 
young male of Dryobates namiyei, the first ones known of this species and yet unde- 
scribed. (Exchange.) 

Victor Ritter von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, Hallerie, Salzburg, Austria.—24 specimens, 
19 species, from Austria nicely filling important gaps in our series of European birds ; 
preparation excellent. (Exchange.) 

U.S. Fish Commission, (through Col. M. McDonald, Commissioner).—256 specimens, 
about 112 species, from Santa Lucia, West Indies, and various parts of South Amer- 
ica. A very valuable accession, especially as regards the collection made on the Gal- 
apagos Islands, some of which not previously visited by naturalists being represented. 
Among the birds which may be especially mentioned in this connection are the rare 
Swallow-tailed Gull (Creagrus furcatus), of which two fine adults were collected at 
Dalrymple Rock, these being, respectively, the fourth and fifth examples known to 
naturalists. 

U.S. Fish Commission (through Col. M. McDonald, Commissioner)—96 specimens, 
35 species, from Alaska. 

U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland—63 specimens, 41 species, of mounted 
birds, chiefly from Maryland. (Gift.) . 

Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia (through John Fannin, esq., cura- 
tor)—27 specimens, 9 species, from British Columbia. (Exchange.) 

J. Wallace, New York City—6 specimens, 6 species, nearly all new to the collection, 
among which isa very rare and interesting parrot (Dasyplilus pequetii) from New 
Guinea. (Purchased. ) 

Dr. B. H. Warren, West Chester, Pennsylvania—A series of 24 specimens of Quis- 
calus quiscula. (Gift.) 

Arthur T. Wayne, Charleston, South Carolina—17 Cross-bills, from MePhersonville, 
Sonth Carolina. (Purchased.) 


J. Grant Wells, Grenada, West Indies—3 specimens, 2 species, of water birds. 
(Gift. ) 


360 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Routine work in arrangement and classification of the collection, and 
in the preparation of the exhibition and study series, has not differed 
materially in its character from that of the preceding year, but has 
been prosecuted on a much more extensive scale, owing to the greater 
facilities provided in the way of new cases, additional labels, ete. 

Specimens have been systematically arranged and labeled in twelve 
‘‘ door-screen” cases, two wall cases and adjoining sides of two adja. 
cent cases. These cases include the following exhibits: 

(1) Birds of literature (European) with appropriate special labels. 

(2) A corresponding series of North American birds, as yet unpro- 
vided with special labels. 

(3) A series of eggs, illustrating extremes of size, represented by a 
cast of the egg of the Giant ostrich of Madagascar on the one side, 
and the Humming bird on the other, connected by a series of egzs of 
different birds, including the ostrich, goose, domestic fowl, pigeon, ete., 
to show a gradation between the extremes. 

(4) The smallest known bird and its nest. 

(5) Svecimens illustrating protective mimicry. 

(6) A selection of the more remarkable birds of the world (including 
the Lyre bird, Bell bird, Umbrella bird, Apteryx, Bird of Paradise, ete.). 

(7) The Great Auk and a cast of its egg. 

(8) A small collection explaining confusion of popular nomenclature 
in the case of certain American birds, to which have been applied names 
properly belonging to totally different European birds. 

(9) Parts of the general systematic or faunal exhibits, including the 
Oorvide, and the orders Picaricw, Psittact, Striges, Columba, and Ptero- 
cletes of the general systematic series and the following families of 
North American birds: Thrushes, Warblers, Dippers, Creepers, 'Tit- 
mice and Nuthatches, Wrens, Mocking-Thrushes, Wagtails and Pipits, 
Wood-Warblers, Vireos, Honey Creepers, Shrikes, Waxwings, Tana- 
gers, and Finches. 

Among special researches prosecuted upon material belonging to the 
department may be mentioned, first, the work of a committee of the 
American Ornithologists’ Union, having charge of the matter of the 
revised official check-list and supplement thereto. This committee 
held numerous meetings in the office of the Curator of the department, 
and based its decisions, affecting something near one hundred species 
and subspecies which were candidates for admission into the official 
list, almost exclusively upon the collection belonging to the depart- 
ment. In addition to this matter, special investigations were made by 
the curator in the genera Psittacula, Accipiter, Xiphocolaptes, and Scle- 
rurus, while much work of similar character was done in connection 
with a large collection from Costa Rica, and a still more extensive one 
made by the naturalists of the U.S. S. Albatross in Alaska, and various 
portions of South America, including the Galapagos archipelago. Dr. 
Leonhard Stejneger has continued his researches in Japanese orni- 


' 


DEPARTMENT OF BIRDS. 361 


thology, while Mr. J. A. Allen, of New York City, Dr. P.L. Sclater, and 
Mr. Osbert Salvin, of London, England, Count von Berlepsch, of 
Miinden, Germany, and several other active workers, have been sent 
many specimens to aid them in their studies of particular groups of 
American birds. 

The present state of the collection is, so far as preservation of the 
specimens is concerned, as nearly perfect as is possible under existing 
circumstances, but a portion of the duplicate series and the mounted 
collection is yet liable to the attacks of insects, an unfortunate con- 
dition of affairs which it is not possible to prevent until suitable cabi- 
nets are provided for the former and the cases containing the latter 
made practically air-tight or dust-proof. So far as its arrangement is 
concerned, the condition of the skin collection (which is several times 
more extensive and valuable than the mounted collection) is extremely 
unsatisfactory. Not only are all the cabinets so crowded as in many 
cases to admit no additional specimens, but the general facilities for 
storage and proper arrangement are so inadequate as to prevent easy 
access to the specimens for study, and practically put a stop to the 
making of exchauges or distribution of duplicates. Indeed, it may 
truly be said that no other need of the department of birds can be 
compared in importance or urgency with that of suitable cases for the 
skin collection. 

The number of specimens in the bird collection at the end of June, 
1889, can be only approximately stated, but the following careful 
estimate is believed to be very nearly correct. 


| 1887-88. | 1888-89. | Increase. 


IRGHORVG AHINIROLICB ooo seectacs fcc ocisicinwccecrcap sicisncldeaciececivnccscs tec 43, 454 | 45, 450 996 


Duplicates, skin PS ela Sa oe ere ere 6, 609 6, 756 147 
TEU SE SS a oe a ta mr meee Se 6, 421 | *6, 768 347 
Thales se nte cascias cose(soes cy eisenidarcs- nc sins vis serve pee war seeeee 56. 484 | 58, 974 1, 490 


*An actual count of the exhibition collection since the above estimate was made shows a total of 
6,714 specimens. 


The last entry in the catalogue in June 1888, is 113659; in June, 
1889, 116630. 


» ‘= ? 
bias 


REPORT ON THE SECTION OF BIRDS’ EGGS 
IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


By CuarLes E. Benvire, U. S. A., Honorary Curator. 


The following important additions have been made to the Oological 
collection during the year : 

From Dr. William C. Avery, Greensborough, Alabama. (Gift.) Nest and four eggs 
of Peucea estivalis bachmanii. 

From William W. Price, Tombstone, Arizona. (Gift.) Four eggs of Cardellina 


rubrifrons. 


New to the collection and to science. 


From J. C. Davidson, Lockport, New York. (Gift.) Nest and three eggs of Den- 
droica cerulea. New to the collection. 

From Denis Gale, Gold Hill, Boulder County, Colorado. (Gift.) An exceedingly 
valuable and interesting collection of nests and eggs, among them those of Picico- 
rous columbianus, Myadestes townsendii, Dendroica auduboni, Regulus calendula, Turdus 
aonalaschka auduboni, aud Empidonax hammondi. This 1s the finest collection received 
for some time from any source. 

From the U. S. Fish Commission. (Gift.) An interesting collection of eggs, made 
during the cruise of the U. S. steamer Albatross, from December, 1887, to April, 1888 
in the Gaiapagos Archipelago and coast of Brazil. 


Fifty-three nests have been received during the year, of which some 
of the rarer species have been mentioned. 
The character of the routine work for the fiscal year has been as fol- 


lows: 


Taking the measurements, numbering, classifying, and arranging 369 
new specimens; relabeling and arranging part of the reserve collection 
of eggs after the new American Ornithologists’ Union check list, be- 
sides arranging a series of foreign eggs, of which there are 4,195 speci- 


mens. 

0 ET AT SA pea IS i ete 69 pl ee ne a ee aE 23, 647 

Pa reMCLe INT SNOT SO tent ob to. ose tenet dc’ ole oe. bell wees ve Desir als} 
PL GCRAUIRTINIH DONeO ie CUULIONS = 5 oo «Severe eae sae oleicin ofelsic's otoea sien de 118 

Number of specimens, North American, 1n reserve series. .-------...-.-. e5- 30, 548 

Number of specimens, North American, in duplicate series.......----.------ 11, 548 

Number of specimens, North American, on exhibition ......--..-....-+----- 1,491 
iG MO eNEe MO UEEUe§ eas Veccae sa bane Wadaen tpl dew sev won cpesssv cen sscen| An) 008 


363 


364 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Number of species and subspecies in the North American series .--....-.---. 
Number of specimens in foreign reserve series.-......-...-------.---------- 
Number of specimens in foreign duplicate series...........--..-----.------- 

Total ssc2ceteoss  a25 Socks net enenecces Jue menace cies es face meee 
Numiber'ofspecies of egas in foreimn series: 2. 2-/- 2-4 25-24-6- eons eee ose eee 
Number'of nests dm meserve series: 3-222 2sa5/-~ ce toe = see ee ces aces 
Number of Heston exhibition qo 2t ees ease oss tate ceo eee meee eee ee 

Otel fooeaenen eee snes oeeee wieaa cece ae eerste tos eee eee eee 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES 
IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By LEONHARD STEJNEGER, Acting Curator. 


Up to the time when the present Curator was appointed and assumed 
control of the department, the work performed during the year con- 
sisted chiefly in the ordinary routine. Upon assuming his new duties he 
found that before any other work could be properly undertaken, a 
thorough overhauling of the entire collection would be necessary, in 
order to ascertain just what specimens the collection contained, and to 
arrange them—so far as the space alloted to the department would 
allow—in such a manner that it would be possible at any time to lay 
hand on any specimen desired. A beginning was made with the re- 
serve series of North American species, and this work was still pro- 
gressing at the end of the year covered by this report. At the same 
time a large number of specimens, which previously had not been cata- 
logued, were entered upon the Museum register. 

The most important accession received during the year is the collec- 
tion made by the naturalists of the U. 8. Fish Commission steamer 
Albatross, during the circumnavigation of South America, and particu- 
larly during the stay at the Galapagos Islands. The collection con- 
tains three hundred and nineteen specimens, which have been sent to 
Prof. E. D. Cope, in Philadelphia, for special report. 

From Mr. J. F. Le Baron, in charge of the survey of the proposed 
canal through the Isthmus of Nicaragua, an interesting collection of 
forty-four specimens, brought together by Dr. L. F. H. Birt, the surgeon 
of the surveying party, was received in good condition. The Curator, by 
press of routine work, was prevented from working it up immediately, 
but he hopes to be able to report more fully upon it later on. 

The Royal Zoological Museum, of Florence, [taly, sent in exchange a 
sinall but very interesting collection from that country, especially from 
the isiands surrounding it. 

Mr. H. W. Henshaw, of the Bureau of Ethnology, presented quite a 
number of specimens, chiefly batrachians, from the eastern United States, 

among which were numerous specimens of Chorophilus triseriatus cor- 
poralis. 
365 


a’ Ae 


366 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Through the kind offices of Mr. Gustave Kohn, of New Orleans, Lou- 
isiana, the department secured by purchase, a number of rare chelon- 
ians from that state, thus filling serious gaps in the North American 
reserve series. 

A great deal of the routine work has consisted in entering on the 
record book material accumulated during previous years. ‘The Curator 
has instituted a change in cataloguing accessions, so that now each 


specimen receives a separate number. Formerly all the specimens of | 


the same species in each accession were entered collectively under the 
same number. Under the old system it was very difficult to properly 
designate each individual specimen when it became necessary to men- 
tion it separately, either in treating of it scientifically or in the ordi- 
nary museum routine, for instance, when any single individual of a 
collective number had to be picked out as a duplicate for exchange. 

Special care has been exercised in identifying and properly labeling 
type specimens. When assuming control the Curator found quite a 
number of specimens collected by the famous “ Exploring Expedition” 
with labels which, from exposure and neglect, had become nearly illeg- 
ible. They had not been entered upon the record books, and on cat. 
aloguing them, great care was taken in deciphering the labels to prevent 
possible mistakes. This work was of necessity very slow, as it involved 
considerable research besides the mere deciphering of the faded labels; 
but the Curator was rewarded by rescuing in this way the types of no 
less than eight species. 

Tt often happens that specimens destined for this department are 
received alive. Whenever practicable such specimens have been 
deposited in the department of living animals, to be returned when 
they die. Ithas been found impracticable to do so with rare or specially 
valuable specimens, because in the vivarium they easily lose their 
identity, while, on the other hand, it often happens that their death is 
only discovered after putrefaction has set in, rendering them unfit for 
preservation in alcohol. 

During the present year Prof. EK. D. Cope has finished his work on 


the North American batrachians, based upon the collections of this — 


department, and has commenced a similar study of the North Ameri- 
can snakes in the Museum. 

Dr. G. Baur, of Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut, has had for 
study a number of chelonians belonging to the Museum, especially the 
soft-shelled turtles. Some of the results of these studies will be found 
indicated in the bibliography of the year, forming Section IV of the 
report. 

The Curator has been unable'to devote much time to scientific study 
of the collection during the few months he has been in charge. What 
little he has been able to do has been to investigate the status of the 
boiform snakes of North America, with special reference to individual 
variation. One paper has been handed in to the editor of the Museum 


DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES. 367 


“ Proceedings,” while another more extensive article was in prepara- 
tion at the end of the year covered by this report. 

As stated above, a complete overhauling of the whole collection has 
been commenced and is still in progress, in order to ascertain the state 
of the collection, including the number of specimens contained in the 
various “series.” On account of the cramped condition of the collee- 
tion and lack of assistance, this work will still consume months before 
completion. The following table is therefore simply based upon the one 
furnished by my predecessor for the year 1887~’88, by adding the num- 
ber of entries catalogued during the present year and deducting the 
number of specimens which are known to have been destroyed, or dis- 
posed of in exchange. By acalculation of this nature, the status of the 
collection on June 30, 1889, would be as follows : 


; Specimens. 
Reserve series ........- g Meaee ca saiae tle co cewsl tere tat eae castone 13, 469 
LOLS) WORN ERT cocoa nedatieccoepo ngsSeeesketeosased cacH esac 8, 802 
Unassortedsand: ex Ovics=s-c soos sce eS ce-c ose coe ales Wea tacts Boas 6, 134 
BRO Gye ove Spear assy load oe aia a tone eral ch Se era ow eile aos 28, 405 


The state of preservation of the collection may be said, on the whole, 
to be tolerably good, but errors in numbering and labeling are con- 
stantly discovered. In most cases it has been possible to correct them 
by a diligent search through the records and the literature, a work in- 
volving considerable labor and consuming much time, though the re- 
sults have well paid for the trouble. The greatest need of. the coliec- 
tion, however, is additicnal room, since the great majority of the speci- 
mens with the present facilities are wholly inacessible, while the hand- 
ling of those more or less accessible is attended with difficulty, and ex- 
poses them to great danger of being destroyed or lost. The office of 
the department is now so crowded that a great many of the largest and 
most valuable specimens have to be placed on the floor, leaving but lit- 

tle room for the occupants to move about, and exposing the jars to the 
danger of being broken. 

The number of the last catalogue entry in June, 1888, was 14,739; 
in June, 1889, 15,523. 


— 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHES 
IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By TARLETON H. BEAN, Honorary Curator. 


It having been necessary for me to be absent from the Museum dur- 
ing July, August, September, and October, on duty connected with the 
U.S. Fish Commission, the department was, during those months, left 
in charge of my assistant, Mr. Barton A. Bean, who received and cared 
for the specimens sent to the Museum. He also overhauled the entire 
collections of fishes. Considerable time was spent in the arrangement 
of papers relating to fishes. Upon my return to Washington, I was 
occupied for a time with accumulated correspondence, accessions, etc., 
which had come in during my absence. Soon after this I was put in 
charge of the editorial work of the Fish Commission, which left me but 
little time to devote to Museum work. During the last six months of 
the year I prepared and had published in various journals numerous 
papers upon the Salmonide and other species of fishes. <A list of these 
papers is given in Section Iv of this report. Fifty-three accessions 
were received during the year, of which the following are the most 
important: 

Accession 20952, containing eighteen new species of fishes, collected in the Gulf of 
California, by O. P. Jenkins and B. W. Evermann. The descriptions of these have 
been published in the Proceedings U.S. National Museum, 1888. 

Accession 21065, containing sixty-seven species of fish from northern seas; given in 
exchange by the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. 

Accession 21074, forty-one species of New Zealand fishes; in exchange, Otago Uni- 
versity Museum, Dunedin, New Zealand. 

Accession 21228, a collection of fishes from all parts of the world, including Eu- 
rope, the Pacific Ocean, North, Central, and South America; in exchange, Museum 
of Comp. Zool., Cambridge, Mass. 

Accession 21235, nine new species of fishes, collected in Virginia and North Caro- 
lina, by Prof. D. S. Jordan and party. A paper containing descriptions of these new 
forms has been published in the Proceedings U. 8. National Museum. 

Accession 21302, a specimen of Merlucius bilinearis, collected at Point Pleasant, 
New Jersey, by Capt. John G. W. Havens, and interesting on account of its range. 

Accession 21483, a collection of fishes nade in Nicaragua, Central America, by Dr, 
» Louis F. 11. Birt. 

H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 


> 
-_ 
me 
‘ 


5 


24 369 


370 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Accession 21620, a large collection from the Mediterranean; exchange from Royal 
Zoological Museum, Florence, Italy. 

Accession 21651, a collection of fishes, principally Selachians, from Australia; ex- 
change from the Australian Museum, Sidney. 

Accession 21752, types of new species, Gobius townsendi and Lepidogobius gilberti, 
coilected at San Diego, California, by C. H. Eigenmann. 

Large and valuable collections have been received from the U. 8. 
Fish Commission, made by Prof. D. 8. Jordan and party in Virginia, 
North Carolina, and Tennessee. : 

The routine work has consisted, for the most part, in receiving and 
caring for accessions, preparing papers for publication, attending to 
correspondence, bottling, labeling, and preserving the collections. 
Some attention has been shown stadents of ichthyology from this and 
other cities. The duties of the Curator, as Ichthyologist and Editor 
of the Fish Commission, have been such as to allow little time for Mu- 
seum work during this year. 

Exchanges have been made with the Otago University, New Zealand, 
and the Australian Museum, Sydney. 

The state of the collection has been improved ; numbers of specimens 
have been transferred from tanks to jars, thereby insuring their better 
preservation. 

The number of specimens added to this department during the year 
was about 6,000. There are at least 25,000 duplicate specimens, 60,000 
reserve specimens, and 30,000 specimens in the exhibition series. A 
collection of this magnitude is very difficult to handle and care for. 
The case and shelf room is inadequate, making it necessary to stand 
the jars containing the specimens upon the floor, thereby causing much 
extra labor and confusion. 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS* 
IN THE U. 8S, NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By Wo. H. Dai, Honorary Curator. 


The force of the Department of Mollusks for the period reported on 
has consisted, in addition to the Curator, of Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, Ad- 
junct Curator, and Mr. Pierre Louis Jouy, Aid. 

Assistance in the work on the fossils collected by the Geological Sur- 
vey and other donors has been rendered from time to time by Messrs. 
Frank Burns and Charles B. Greene, of the U. 8. Geological Survey, 
by the permission of the Director of ne Survey. 

The need of the department for a person who might.be entitled to the 
designation of an elegant penman, to write labels for exhibition and 
other purposes, increases annually. The clerical force of the depart- 
ment is wholly inadequate to conquer the arrears of labeling and regis- 
tration, a fact which will not seem extraordinary when it is realized 
that the collection contains at least twice as many specimens as any 
other department of the Museum, that of these not exceeding one-half 
are registered and labeled according to the Museum requirements, and 
that at any time we are liable to receive an accession large enough to 
employ our entire time for a whole year. 

The work, asin previous years, has consisted largely of the labeling, 
determination, and registration of new and old material. This branch 
of our work, owing to greater demands on our time from other direc- 
tions, has not progressed as far as inthe previous year. Still, under the 
circumstances, I believe that as much has been done as our opportuni- 
ties would allow, and it has been done in a thorough and efficient man- 
ner. A considerable amount of time has been spentin putting in order 
the Lea collection of Unionidw for exhibition. Seven cases have been 
arranged, but the work has been brought to a temporary cessation pend- 
ing the substitution of new and more presentable cases for those hith- 
erto in use. It is hoped that early in the present summer these may be 
far enough advanced to permit of arranging the whole of this unequaled 
collection of fresh-water mussels of the world. 

371 


* Including tertiary fossils, 


37¢2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Good progress has also been made in cleaning and assorting the fos- 
sils contained in the Lea collection, mostly fine specimens from the Eu- 
ropean Tertiaries. 


ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR. 


The total number of accessions during the year is forty-six, a number 
somewhat less than the preceding year. The amountof material re- 
ceived under the head of these accessious is also less. It would have 
been wonderful had it been otherwise, since last year’s list included the 
sixty-three boxes of the Lea collection. 

The most important accession of the year was the collection of 
Mollusca and ‘Tertiary fossils made by the U. 8. Fish Commission 
party on the Albatross during the voyage from Chesapeake Bay, through 
the western Atlantic, the Strait of Magellan, and the eastern Pacific 
to the Galapagos Islands and San Francisco, California. This contains 
a small but precious collection of deep-sea forms, and a large number of 
shallow-water species of the coasts visited. The latter were particu- 
larly important on the eastern coast of South America, where the dis- 
tribution of the Mollusca is little known. The Albatross collections 
show that some of the Patagonian species reach as far north as the 
Amazon, and that some of the Antillean species extend southward to 
Rio Janeiro and even farther south. A special report on this collection 
is being prepared for the U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries. 

The accession next in importance was received from Messrs. F. B. 
and J. D. McGuire, of Washington, who presented on behalf of the 
heirs of the late J. C. McGuire, of Washington, a collection estimated 
to comprise about two thousand species and perhaps five thousand 
specimens of shells, marine and terrestrial, from various parts of the 
world. This generous donation has been retained temporarily in the 
packages in which it was received until the material now in hand shall 
have been administered upon ; but, when time shall favor, it will doubt- 
less add materially to our series. 

An invaluable faunal collection was received from the Auckland Mu- 
seum, Auckland, New Zealand, and contains about three hundred species, 
with exact labels of locality, mostly named. These, with the very full 
collection received in former years from the Otago Museum, and other 
material derived directly or indirectly from private collections, makes 
the New Zealand collection of our department extremely full and nearly 
exhaustive for the marine forms. Our chief deficiencies from a faunal 
stand-point are, and have for some years been, among the African and 
Chinese forms and those of southern Japan. 

Among the smaller collections received, which are worthy of partic- 
ular remark, are a small collection from our constant friend and corre- 
spondent, Henry Hemphill, representing a picked series of certain Cali- 
fornian species; a small lot containing some very nice things from Cape 


Sable, Florida, from Lieut. J. F. Moser, U. S. Navy, and two series each, — 


DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS. ova 


from Messrs. G. W. Webster and J. J. White, collected in southeastern 
Florida. These materially enlarge our knowledge of the geographical 
distribution of many Southern species heretofore only known from the 
Antilles and the Keys. 

Among fossils the largest contributor, as usual, has been the U.S. 
Geological Survey, closely followed by Mr. Joseph Willcox, of Phila- 
delphia, whose energy in exploring the fossiliferous deposits of Flor- 
ida has been most untiring. 


ROUTINE WORK. 


The routine work of the past year has been largely devoted to the 
collection representing the fauna of the southeastern shores of the 
United States and adjacent waters. This part of the collection is now 
wholly registered, fully labeled, and arranged systematically. A check- 
list of this fanna is now in process of printing, and when completed 
will serve as an index to this part of our molluscan collection. From 
a rough estimate this fauna may be regarded as represented in our col- 
lection by about fifteen thousand specimens divided among some two 
thousand nominal species. This is probably the fullest and best ex- 
hibit of these forms brought together anywhere in the world, though 
the very completeness of the arrangement shows that it is not without 
its deficiencies. 

Dr. Stearns reports that his time has been largely devoted to the land 
and fresh-water shells, especially of North America, and to the revision 
and labeling of material heretofore not administered upon. The collec- 
tion of North American land and fresh-water shells is in complete order 
for reference, and the forms belonging to the South American and An- 
tillean fauna are to a great extent availablealso. The material in both 
these sections of the collection, as well as in the matter of exotic land 
shells, will be largely augmented when the Lea collection shall be ad- 
ministered upon and in a state for study. Constant small additions 
are being made by correspondents of the Museum in different parts of 
the country. 

As soon as storage room in the new cases becomes available, a large 
proportion of the material now piled up for want of space to put it 
away will be provided for, and work on the remaining arrears be greatly 
facilitated. A proper series for exhibition purposes will be available 
at the same time, and for the first time in its history the Department 
of Mollusks will be able to bear its proper share in interesting the pub- 
lic by the contents of suitable table-cases. 

Information or assistance of more or less importance, chiefly in the 
identification of specimens or supplying data for investigators, has 
been furnished to the following persons, among others, the work often 
“requiring in a single instance the available part of several days of 
labor and the writing of several letters. 


374 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. Ben” 


The recipients of this assistance are scattered over the whole country, 
but, as might be expected, reside chiefly in those localities where libra- 
ries and collections are least accessible. 


Prof. Alex. Agassiz. George F. Kunz. Prof. N.S. Shaler. 
S. Arnheim. J.B. La Penotiere. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt. 
H. G. Askew. Col. M. MeDonald. C. T. Simpson. 
W.B. Barrows. ; W.G. Mazyck. K. A. Smith. 

Dr. Stephen Bowers. Thomas Morgan. Dr. V. Sterki. 
Theo. D. A. Cockerell. Lieut. J. F. Moser. George J. Streator. 
Dr. A. K. Fisher. Hon. J. B. Moore. M. A. Suchetet. 

S. S. Greeley. C. R. Oreutt. Prof. J. B. Tilton. 
General A. W. Greeley. Prof. A. S. Packard, jr. G. W. Webster. 

Dr. W. B. Hartman. ¥. M. Phillips. W. W. Westgate. 
Henry Hemphill. H. A. Pilsbry. J.J. White. 

Capt. E. P. Herendeen. G. H. Ragsdale. Prof. R. P. Whitfield. 
Prof. A. Heilprin. W.J. Raymond. Joseph Willcox. 
C.S. Hill. J. M. Rogers. 

Dr. W. Kobelt. I. C. Russell. 


SPECIAL RESEARCHES. 


The limited time for research has been employed by the Curator 
partly in concluding the investigation of the mollusca of the expedi- 
tion on the U.S. 8. Blake, under the supervision of Professor Agassiz, 
in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. The second and conelud- 
ing part of this report, including the Gastropoda and Scaphapoda, is 
now printed and forms a volume of about 800 pages with thirty-one 
plates. Work has also been done on the dredgings of the U.S. Fish 
Commission in the same region, and on the voyage of the Albatross to 
California, a report of which is nearly finished. A new systematic ar- 
rangement of the bivalve shells or pelecypoda has occupied the Cura- 
tor’s attention, and the correlation of the Tertiary, especially the Plio- 
cene, fossils of our southeastern Atlantic coast, with the recent fauna 
of that coast, is in progress, with a prospect of publication during the 
coming year. Dr. Stearns has prepared for publication a paper, which 
is now in press, on Shell Money, Prehistoric and Historic,* a subject 
upon which he has made long-continued investigations. 


STATE OF THE COLLECTION. 


In previous reports I have stated why it is impossible to give the 
exact number of specimens, species, duplicates, ete., contained in the 
collection. In my last report I estimated that the collection contained 
455,000 specimens of all sorts. Since then about 13,000 have been 
received. 

The total number of entries in the Museum register, or catalogue for 
1887~88, was 11,803; the number for 1888~89 is 6,323. The discrep- 
ancy is entirely accounted for by the interruptions to our work already 


* Report of National Museum, 1887, pp. 297-334. Nine plates. { 


— 
. 
N . 


DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS. 375 


mentioned. The total number of registrations to date, omitting dupli- 
cates and numbers assigned to but not yet reported, as used by Pro- 
fessor Verrill on the Fish Commission collections, is 88,234, which 
represents about 265,000 specimens administered upon and available 
for use. 

The schedule of registration follows, the number of workers requiring 
the simultaneous use of several registration books. 


Volume. From To | Total. Remarks. 


ca | 
2010 0 Oe ee ee a 87, 302 87, 512 210 | Volume not filled. 
G.Ce Serene ee ee 94, 585 97,300 | 2,715: | Do. 
| | | 
Nd Gey SS ne i ae ea | 98, 677 102, 074 | 3,398 | Do. 
| 6,323 | 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF INSECTS 
IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


By C. V. Ritey, Honorary Curator. 


The past fiscal year has been rather a busier one than usual in this 
department, and has been signalized particularly by the preparation of 
exhibit collections. During the early part of the year the educational 
collection for exhibition at the Cincinnati Exposition was completed 
and sent to Cincinnati, where it remained until December. 

In August the Assistant Curator was sent North, and examined a 
number of private collections at New York City, Brooklyn, Albany, 
Brockport, and Buffalo for the purpose of obtaining exchange material 
for the Museum. During October and November, work upon a general 
exhibit collection to be permanently placed on the lower floor of the 
Museum, was begun and carried on. In December, work on additional 
Jaboratory space was begun, and was completed in May. A large ad- 
ditional room has thus been added to the much needed conveniences of 
the department. During December work was also begun upon an ex- 
hibit collection devoted mainly to the economie aspects of entomology 
to be sent to Paris, as a part of the exhibit at the Exposition. As 
additional help was needed upon this work, Mr. Martin L. Linell, of 
Brooklyn, was engaged temporarily for this purpose. The work of pre- 
paring this exhibit continued assiduously to the end of March, when it 
was shipped to Paris. 

April 1 the Assistant Curator, Mr. John B. Smith, resigned, to accept 
the more lucrative position of entomologist of the Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station at New Brunswick, N. J., and Mr, M. L. Linell was ap- 
pointed Aid. 

_ On April I went to Paris as one of the expert Commissioners, and as 
representative of the Secretary of Agriculture to the Paris Exposition, 
and during my absence of five months in those capacities Mr. L. O. 
Howard was Acting Curator, and I would here acknowledge my indebt- 
edness to him in that connection. 

_ The number of accessions during the year have been about as usual, 


but the following more important ones may be mentioned : 
377 


7 


.. 


378 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


A series of named Coleoptera and Lepidoptera from Charles Drury, of Cincinnati, 
Ohio. This lot contains a large lot of species wanting in the collection. A consider- 
able lot of good material in Lepidoptera, collected in California by D. W. Coquillett, 
was turned over to the Museum by Professor Riley, from the Department of Agri- 
culture. Acc. 21256. 

Twenty-nine specimens of 16 species of Mexican Coleoptera, collected at Guerrero, 
Mexico, and purchased from L. E. Ricksecker, Santa Rosa, California. Acc. 21347. 

Miscellaneous lot of alcoholic insects, collected by Walter B. Barrows at Concep- 
cion del Uruguay, Argentine Republic, South America. Ace, 21385. 

Collection of insects, chiefly Coleoptera, mostly from Michigan and Louisiana 
(about 1,200 species and 5,500 specimens), purchased by the Department of Agricult- 
uce from Mr. Tyler Townsend, and turned over to the Museum by Professor Riley. 
Acc. 21391. . 

A series of 5 species of 30 specimens, of Lepidoptera, from David Bruce, Brock- 
port, Monroe County, New York. All desiderata. Acc. 21389. 

Miscellaneous lot of insects, from R. P. Speer, Ames, Iowa. Ace. 21464. 

A series of Coleoptera in alcohol, from E. Van Dyke, Los Angeles, California. Ace. 
21557. 

A miscellaneous lot of insects, mostly Coleoptera, from J. M. Holtzinger, Winona, 
Minnesota. Acc. 21542. 

A series of named Coleoptera, from Mr. Henry Ulke, of Washington, District of 
Columbia. Acc. 21670. 

A series of alcoholic specimens from Japan, from Mr, Romyn Hitchcock, U. 8. Na- 
tional Museum. Acc. 21649. 

A series of Lepidoptera, from G. H. French, Carbondale, Illinois. Ace. 357. 

A large lot of dried Coleoptera, from G. W. J. Angell, New York; collected in Vene- 
zuela. These were too much mutilated for scientific study, but a number of the most 
conspicuous forms are useful for exhibit purposes. Ace. 21743. 

Twelve specimens of spiders, from Dr. Edward Palmer; collected at San Pedro, 
Martin Island, Gulf of California. Ace. 11751. 

A large series of North American Myriapods, from C. H. bollman, of Bloomington, 
Indiana. Ace. 21787. 

Thirty-five species of Coleoptera and 22 species of Hemiptera, from A. L. Montan- 
don, Bucharest, Roumania; collected in Eastern Europe; through Prof, C. V. Riley. 
Ace. 21846. 

A number of specimens of the ‘‘Aweto,” a fungus growing from the body of a cater- 
pillar in New Zealand; through Proft.C. V. Riley. Acc. 21864. 

A number of miscellaneous alcoholic insects, from C. Carlos, Cape Gracias, Nica- 
ragua. Acc. 21593. 

LKighty-four specimens (30 species) of Heteroptera, from A. L. Montandon, Bucha- 
rest, Roumania; through Prof. C. V. Riley. Ace. 21992. 

A lot of alcoholic insects, mostly Coleoptera, through C. R. Orcutt, San Diego, Cal- 
ifornia. Among these were several really desirable species, especially a fine series of 
Schizopus sallet. Ace. 22108. 

Four species of rare Lepidoptera, collected in Florida, from W. E. Longley, 117 
Wabash avenue, Chicago. Acc. 21112. 


The routine work during the year, in addition to the special work upon 
the preparation of insect collections mentioned in the general review, 
has been: 

(1) Thenaming of specimens for collectors: Among themostimportant 
tasks of this kind have been the naming of seventy species of insects 
from photographic plates for H. G. Dyar, of Rhinebeck, New York; 
determinations for Prof. O. Lugger, of the Minnesota Experiment 
Station; Prof, S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist of Ilinois ; Prof. F. M. 


. 
ee ee 


DEPARTMENT OF INSECTS. ato 


Webster, of the Indiana Experiment Station; David Bruce, of Brock- 
port, New York; John Dallas, of Fairfield, Connecticut, and C. R. 
Orcutt, of San Diego, California. 

(2) The arrangement and selection of material to be sent to specialists 
for determination. This is a very important item in the routine work 
of the department and occupies a great deal of time. It has been the 
policy to assist both specialists and the Museum itself by sending col- 
lections in particular groups to specialists who happen to be just at the 
time working upon them. ‘Thus the entire undetermined material in the 
Myriapoda was selected out, carefully listed, and sent to Mr, ©. H. 
Bollman, of Bloomington, [llinois, during August. A large portion 
of the month of October was also spent in collating the Curator’s notes 
on the lepidopterous family Pyralidi, in collecting the biological 
material in this family,and in selecting a nearly complete series for 
Prof. H. C. Fernald, of Amherst, Massachusetts. The material in the 
Halticid genera CEdionychis and Disonycha was brought together and 
sent to Dr. George H. Horn, of Philadelphia, who is working up the 
genera of the Halticide. Advantage was taken of the occasion to 
look over and rearrange the material in other genera of the family. 
Again, during April the Staphylinid material in certain genera was 
carefully selected out and forwarded to Capt. T. L. Casey, of New York 
City, for study, as he is engaging himself with this group of beetles. 

(3) The work of arranging in permanent shape all the reference or 
reserve collection. This is a matter of extremely slow accomplishment. 
The re-arrangementof the Coleoptera mentioned in the last annual report 
of this department has been continued, and, proceeding from the family 
Cicindelide there mentioned as having been completed, the very large 
family Carabide has been entirely re-arranged, occupying sixty-eight 
boxes in the reserve collection and eighteen double boxes in the dup- 
licate series. A beginning has been made with the succeeding families 
of water beetles, beginning with the Dytiscidie. In addition to this 
work, which has occupied most of Mr. Linell’s time, Mr. Lawrence 

3runer, entomologist to the Nebraska Experiment Station, during a 
visit to Washington in November, spent a number of days in working 
over the the Orthoptera of the collection, naming many of the hereto- 
fore-undetermined species and adding a number of his type species. 
Dr. 8S. W. Williston, of New Haven, also visited Washington during 
May, and devoted some little time to work upon the Diptera in the col- 
lection. 

(4) The actual care of the collection; its disinfection and preservation 
from insect pests. ‘This is a matter of considerable time. Twice or 
three times a year every box of the hundreds now upon the shelves 
must be carefully examined, disinfected with bisulphide of carbon or 
benzine in case the work of museum pests is discovered, and the naptha- 
line cones used as preventives renewed. The entire collection was thus 
carefully gone over twice during the past year and was found in most 
admirable condition. 


380 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Among the special researches based upon material belonging to the 
Department should be mentioned the following : 

(1) A monograph of the Sphingid of North America, by John B. 
Smith, which has been published during the year by the American 
Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 

(2) A paper upon the Acridiide of North America, by Lawrence 
Bruner, which has been submitted for publication in the Proceedings of 
the Museum. 

(3) A paper entitled Notes and Descriptions of Braconide, by Will- 
iam H. Ashmead, to be published in the Proceedings of the Museum. 

(4) A paper to be entitled Notes and Descriptions of Ichneumonide, 
by William H. Ashmead, now nearly completed and to be published in 
the Proceedings of the Museum. 

(5) Two papers, with titles corresponding to those by Mr. Ashmead, 
just mentioned, are in preparation by myself, and include the new 
material in the Museum collection in these two families of parasitic 
Hymenoptera not treated by Mr. Ashmead. 

(6) Several papers by C. H. Bollman, of Bloomington, [linois, upon 
Myriopoda, which have been submitted for publication in the Proceed- 
ings of the Museum. 

(7) A report upon the Insects, Arachnids, and Myriapods collected 
by the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross during 1887 and 1888, 
submitted to the assistant secretary in charge of the Museum in June, 
by Mr. L. O. Howard. 

It will be very difficult at the present time to draw up a table show- 
ing the present state of the collection, indicating the number of specimens 
in all orders. This was carefully done in the report of the Department 
for 1886-’87, and in the report for 1887-88 the statement was made that 
some 10,000 specimens had been added. During the present year, while 
several thousand specimens have been added to the collection, the work 
of rearrangement, except upon exhibit collections, has been so slow that 
a definite tabulated statement at the present time is impracticable. 
The work may be said to be just now in a transition state. The most 
urgent need of the department at the present time is additional help, 
to permit me to keep the rapid accumulations properly worked up. 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES 
IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


By RIcHARD RATHBUN, Honorary Curator. 


The duties of the Curator in connection with the Fish Commission 
have prevented his giving much personal attention to his department 
during the past year. The exhibition hall, which has been closed for 
two or three years on account of the extensive repairs made to the 
Smithsonian building, has been thoroughly renovated and prepared for 
the use of the public. All of the collections have received constant care, 
and their condition in the several store-rooms has been greatly improved. 
But few accessions were received, owing chiefly to the fact that the Fish 
Commission, which has been its principal contributor ever since the 
department was reorganized in 1880, has made arrangements to care 
for its own collections of marine animals until they shall have been 
studied and reported upon. This will,in a measure, benefit the depart- 
ment by relieving it of the routine work incidental to the preservation 
and assorting of the large unworked collections sent in by the vessels 
and field parties of the Commission, while eventually it will become the 
recipient of valuable type series, representing the labors of recognized 
authorities in systematic zoology. It is expected, moreover, that these 
collections will be turned over to the Museum from time to time, as the 
work on the different groups is completed. 

The total number of accessions recorded is thirteen, none of which 
were of large size. Lieut. J. F. Moser, U.S. Navy, commanding the 
Coast Survey steamer Bache, has contributed a small assortment of 
miscellaneous specimens dredged off Cape Sable, Florida, during the 
winter of 1887~88. Mr. Henry Hemphill has sent in a number of speci- 
mens of crustaceans and sponges, obtained from kelp roots, off San 
Diego, California. Several fresh-water crabs and shrimps have been 
received from Dr. Louis F. H. Birt, of the Nicaragua Canal Construc- 
tion Company. They were collected near Greytown, Nicaragua. Mr. 
Romyn Hitchcock has presented a small collection of crustaceans and 
sponges from Japan; and Judge James G. Swan, several echini and 
crustaceans from Port Townsend, Washington. The remaining acces- 


sions do not require special mention. 


381 


rye ca 


O80. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


During the greater part of the year, the west hall in the Smithsonian 
building, assigned to this department for exhibition purposes, was used 


for storing the general dried collection, pending the renovation of the | 


bird hall, in one of the galleries of which it is regularly kept. This 
work being finished in the spring, the exhibition hall was again made 
ready for the public, the cases being newly painted on the inside, and 
the display collections re-arranged by the curator. The alcoholic speci- 
mens in the basement store-rooms were all gove over during the year, 
and the following groups, including both the identified and unidentified 
Specimens, were arranged in systematic order, namely: the crustaceans, 
worms, holothurians, ophiurans, erinoids, hydroids, molluscoids, and 
sponges. This places the collection in better shape for reference than 
ever before, and the remaining groups will be taken up in the same 
manner during the next fiscal year. The collection of duplicate speci- 
mens was also revised and the card catalogue of the same completed. 
A collection of marine forms representing some of the investigations 
of the Fish Commission was prepared and transmitted to the Cincinnati 
Exposition during the summer of 1888, as a part of the exhibit accredited 
to the Commission. It consisted mainly of large showy specimens, but 
also contained examples of fish food and many microscopic preparations. 
After its return to Washington, in the autumn, the more interesting por- 
tions were added to the display series in the exhibition hall. When 
the collections of natural history, made during the cruise of the steamer 


Albatross from Norfolk to San Francisco, were received at Washington, 


jn the winter of 188889, the new Fish Commission laboratory had not 
been constructed, and these collections were largely assorted and pre- 
pared for study in the work-rooms of this department, with such assist- 
ance as we were able to render. The curator has had but one assistant 
during the year, Miss M. J. Rathbun, on whom have devolved not only 
the care and preservation of the collections, but also, for the most part, 
the general supervision of the department, and its excellent condition 
at the present time is due chiefly to her conscientious labors. 

The Curator has given a limited amount of time to the study of the 
Madreporarian corals, and particularly those collected by the steamer 
Albatross in the Gulf of Mexico and on the voyage from Norfolk to San 
Francisco. Otherwise no special researches have been carried on in the 
department. Prof. A. E. Verrill and Prof. S. I. Smith are still con- 
tinuing their work upon the I’ish Commission collections stored at the 
Peabody Museum of Yale College, the same being now the property of the 
National Museum. Prof. Edwin Linton is also giving his attention to 
the large series of internal parasites of fishes collected chiefly by him- 
self at the Wood’s Holl station of the Fish Commission. Arrangements 
have been made with Prof. Walter Faxon, of the Museum of Compara- 
tive Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, to report upon the crayfishes 
added to the department since his memoir published in 1885; and Mr. 
J. Walter Fewkes has completed a paper on certain of the Albatross 
medusex obtained in the region of the Gulf Stream. 


ye 
ae ae 


DEPARTMENT OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES. 383 


The collections made by the Albatross on the voyage around South 
America, were, as before explained, partly assorted in the laboratory of 
this department by Prof. Leslie A. Lee, the chief naturalist of the 
steamer during that cruise, with the assistance of Miss Rathbun. Sub- 
sequently several of the groups of marine invertebrates were assigned 
to different naturalists for study and report, as follows: The echiniand 
stalked crinoids, to Mr. Alexander Agassiz; the mollusca in general, to 
Mr. William H. Dall; the pteropods and heteropods, to Mr. James I. 
Peck; the brachyura and isopoda, to Prof. Leslie A. Lee; the stomato- 
pods and free medusa, to Prof. W. K. Brooks; the hydroids to Mr. J. 
Walter Fewkes; the actinians, to Prof. J. P. MeMurrich; the larval 
cephalopods, to Mr. 8S. Watase; the internal parasites of fishes, to Prof. 
Edwin Linton; the Madreporarian corals and starfishes to the curator. 

Notwithstanding the fact that so little special work has been placed 
upon the collections during the past year, the specimens have been re- 
tained in an exceptionally good state of preservation, and they are now 
so well arranged as to be available for reference or study without loss 
of time in finding all the representatives of each group, although the 
entire collection occupies the space of five good-sized store-rooms. Over 
three thousand entries have been made in the catalogue books, as ex- 
plained in the following table : 


STATEMENT OF CATALOGUING DURING THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. 


| 7 

|_Entriesto | Entries to | Number of 
June 30, 1888. | June 30, 1889. Se 

| | \during year. 


CSTR URGING sao Se Se SOS Ds cele Se ace ose Ese 13, 110 | 14, 385 | 1, 275 

VW) ons esagencsetet osc eeasene BoB bebe aes se ene cee 4,173 4,728 | 555 
« 960 | 1,000) ) 

EUUCOZOANAT ANC ASCIOIINS ccc nol casticisece vcs sainecece sinc +> | a 2,549 2,778 5 269 

Echinoderms and Ceelenterates.........--..-..---.-+-------- | 16, 409 | 16, 885 476 
\¢ 4, 973 5, 000 ? 

SOUP es and TOCOZOAMS: = sce im cceciewinin a= be swinccmie cm ite coll. | ) 5, 444 6, 056 | 5 639 

| eae 
Lie plete ee ORE 93 ete ee ee RE (pa POE 23 [aera Es | 3, 214 


The following institutions have been supplied with duplicate sets of 
marine invertebrates from series No. Iv, the character of which has 
been described in previous reports. Hach set contains about one hun- 
dred and ten species, the most of which are preserved in alcoho]. The 
varied character of the material comprising these sets makes them of 
great value for educational purposes: - 

State Normal School, Terre Haute, Indiana; University of Georgia, 
Athens, Georgia; The Free Academy, Elmira, New York; W. A. Me- 
Mullen, Wellsville, York County, Pennsylvania; Brattleboro Society of 
Natural History, Brattleboro, Vermont; Racine College, Racine, Wis- 
consin; Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; Straight University, New Or- 
Jeans, Louisiana; University of Dakota, Vermillion, Dakota; Lombard 


\ 


i 
JA 


384 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


University, Galesburg, Dlinois; Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical 
College, Blacksburg, Virginia; East Maine Conference Seminary, Bucks- 
port, Maine; Rutger’s College, New Brunswick, New Jersey; High 
School, Stamford, Connecticut; High School, Galesburg, Illinois; Mari- 
etta College, Marietta, Ohio; Fisk University, Nashville, Tennessee; 
Baird College, Clinton, Missouri; Simpson College, Indianola, Lowa. 

In addition to the regular sets of duplicates, special collections were 
sent out as follows: Small lots of unmounted foraminifera to Hills- 
dale College, Hillsdale, Michigan; to EH. H.Galway, Washington, District 
of Columbia; and to George 8S. Lewis, jr., Springfield, Massachusetts; 
one specimen of Geryon quinquedens Smith to A. Milne-Edwards, Paris, 
France; specimens of seven species of Atlantic coast actinians to Prof. 
J. Playfair MeMurrich for special study. 

No field work yielding results of interest to this department was 
conducted during the year under the auspices of the Museum, but it 
seems advisable to refer briefly to the marine explorations of the Fish 
Commission, as has been done in previous reports, for the reason that 
the materials obtained by that means will sooner or later be represented 
in the Museum. The Albatross left San Francisco July 4, 1888, on her 
first cruise to the Alaskan fishing grounds. Work was begun in the 
vicinity of the island of Unalashka, at the eastern end of the Aleutian 
chain, and carried thence eastward to the reported position of Pamplona 
Rocks, south of Prince William’s Sound. Five principal fishing banks 
were developed in that region, all lying on the submerged continental 
plateau, and extending to its abrupt outer edge. The names of the 
banks are as follows: Davidson Bank, Sannakh Bank, Shumagin Bank, 
Albatross Bank, and Portlock Bank. Many dredge hauls, chiefly with 
the beam-trawl, were made over this area in different depths of water, 
and much shore collecting was also done on the adjacent islands and 
main-land. Leaving this region, a line of sounding and dredging stations 
was carried down the coast to the northern end of Vancouver’s Island, 
whence the steamer proceeded through the inland passage to Puget 
Sound, dredging at intervals on the way. A month was subsequently 
spent on the outer coast of Washington and Oregon, the cruise termi- 
nating at San Francisco in October. The total number of hauls made 
with the dredge and beamn-trawl was fifty, the depth of water ranging 
from 21 to 1,569 fathoms. In January, the Albatross started on a second 
cruise, this time to the coast of southern and Lower California, and 
the Gulf of California. Several months were spent in this region, 

and one hundred and fifty-five dredgings were made in depths of 5 
to 1,005 fathoms. The collections obtained on these two trips are very: 
large; they have been received in Washington by the Fish Commission, 
and are partly in course of elaboration. Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner 
has continued in command of the steamer during the year, with Mr. 
Charles H. Townsend as naturalist and Mr. A. B. Alexander as fishery 
expert. On the second cruise, Prof, Charles H. Gilbert, of the Univer- 


— 


DEPARTMENT OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES. 385 


sity of Indiana, was placed temporarily in charge of the natural history 
work. 

During the summer of 1888, the steamer ish Hawk made an investi- 
gation of the oyster beds of Providence River, and of New Haven, 
Connecticut, and during the following winter both the steamer Fish 
Hawk and the schooner Grampus were at work on the western and 
southern coast of Florida, the former in the interest of the mullet 
fishery, the latter making an investigation of the red snapper and 
grouper fishing grounds. On all of these cruises important natural 
history collections were obtained. 

H. Mis, 224, pt. 2——-25 


ie 4 ‘Fi fe 


i % | 


hie 4) 


wahisal sce if 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 
IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By FREDERICK W. TRUE, Acting Curator. 


The activities of the past year were exerted chiefly in the direction of 
reducing the accumulations of osteological material in the preparators’ 
workshops and storage rooms. <A large number of skulls and skeletons 
were cleaned and made available for students or for exhibition pur- 
poses. 

Definite plans were made for the beginning of an exhibition series of 
anatomical preparations of soft parts, but at the last moment the pre- 
parator to whom this work was to be entrusted was detached from the 
force to accompany the astronomical expedition to Angola. It has been 
found necessary, therefore, to postpone the commencement of this un- 
dertaking. 

The most important accessions during the year belonged to the classes 
of mammals and birds. The total number of the vertebrates received 
was small. As regards invertebrates it may be said that no attempt 
has thus far been made to acquire specimens for this department. The 
material received by the Museum is, of course, divided among the de- 
partments that have to do with the invertebrates. When the exhibi- 
tion series of soft parts is begun, it is to be presumed that the necessary 
material will be drawn from the collections of these departments. 

The most important and striking addition to the exhibition series of 
skeletons was the skeleton of an Atlantic Right whale, Balena biscay- 
ensis. This was purchased from Prof. H. A. Ward, of Rochester, New 
York, who procured it from Amagansett, Long Island. The skeleton, 
as now mounted, is about 45 feet long. The skeletons of several other 
important cetaceans were added to the collection during the year. Most 
prominent among these is Sowerby’s whale, Mesoplodon bidens, a male 
specimen of which was obtained through the erew of the U.S. Life- 
Saving Station at Atlantie City, New Jersey (Capt. J. L. Gaskell, 
keeper). Further mention of this specimen will be found in the report 


of the department of mammals, (p. 350.) 
387 


7 


388 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The skull of a female Narwhal, bearing two egually-developed horns 
41 inches long, was purchased from Robert Kinnes, of Dundee, Scot- 
land. It was obtained by Capt. James Fairweather, of the steamship 
Aurora, of Dundee, in Prince Regent’s Inlet, Lancaster Sound, in July, 
1887. From the U.S. Fish Commission were obtained a skeleton of a 
small Spotted dolphin, Prodeiphinus longirostris, and one of the large 
spotted species, Prodelphinus plagicdon. The skeleton of a young 
Killer whale was obtained from Prof. Robert Collett, director of the 
Zoological Museum of Christiana, Norway, in exchange for other speci- 
mens. Skulls.of Balenoptera rostrata, Delphinus delphis, and Phocena 
communis were also received. 

The authorities of the Australian Museum presented skeletons of a 
number of Marsupials, including Cuscus orientalis and Belideus ariel. 
Of much importance for comparison with the West Indian seal is the 
skeleton of the Mediterranean seal, Monachus albiventer, presented by 
Prof. H. H. Giglioli, director of the Royal Zoological Museum of Flor- 
ence, Italy, in exchange for other specimens. 

The Museum purchased from Capt. F. G. Fry, a remarkably large 
and well-developed skeleton of a male Gorilla. 

One of the most interesting accessions during the year was the skele- 
ton of the Fork-tailed Gull, Creagrus furcatus, which, so far as known, 
is the only skeleton of this species of bird in any museum. It was 
obtained by the naturalists of the U. S. Fish Commission steamer 
Albatross. The Commissioner also presented a collection of birds of the 
Galapagos Islands, and of the Straits of Magellan. 

The authorities of the Auckland Museum presented a collection of 
typical New Zealand birds, preserved in alcohol. Among the speci- 
mens were representatives of the genera Stringops and Apteryx. 

A similar alcoholic collection of Australian birds, including species 
of various characteristic genera, such as Ocydromus, Calenas, and 
Megapodius, was received from the Australian Museum, Sydney, New 
South Wales. 

Among the collections made by Dr. L. F. H. Birt, at Greytown, 
Nicaragua, were considerable numbers of birds in alcohol, including 
certain Trogons and Toucaus, which had been among our desiderata. 
Six Elephant Tortoises, brought alive from the Galapagos Islands by the 
U. S. Fish Commission, died in captivity, and their skeletons were 
acquired by this department. The skeletons of two Boas were obtained. 

The most important change in the exhibition hall was the enlarge- 
ment of the large wall case on the north side of the hall by the addition 
of a west wing. The wing agrees in design with the remainder of the 
case, but is somewhat deeper. Its length is 21 feet; depth, 3 feet. On 
account of the additional space afforded it has been possible to improve 
the arrangement of the mounted skeletons of Primates and Carnivores.” 

The purchase of the large skeleton of a Right Whale, already referred 
to, made it necessary to change the position of all the large whalebone 


4 


ae eee 


DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 389 


whales, previously on exhibition. After the consideration it was 
thought best to hang the skeleton of the Humpback Whale, which is 
somewhat lighter than the others, from large iron brackets at the east 
side of the hall. <A suitable design was made by Mr. Lucas, assistant 
curator, and the brackets were made by the People’s Iron Works, 
Philadelphia. The skeleton was hung without difficulty, and the plan 
proved entirely satisfactory. It is improbable that we shall be able to 
suspend any more large skeletons from the roof of this hall, and in the 
future must resort to other methods of installation. Skeletons of the 
Great Bowhead and the Sperm Whale, which are still among our desid- 
erata, would be much heavier than any of the skeletous now in position. 
Each of the series represented in the exhibition collection has received 
more or less important additions during the year. The number of 
specimens in each series at the end of the year was as follows: 


Mammals— No. of specimens. 
SISGIDANS [lease 8 cad Bors 6 56 esa Soba Or peend Headed pao Soere Hasemtpsar epee 192 
SIGIR ccc acdncat co asec cossecdscatese Cecénoesocence bSce boas uiscseeuecce DOES 32 

Birds— 

SEU GUGD Gece de SE eS HOES CONROE OS EE OSa MTC DOCLOCES PDO ES Sarr sore acer 41 
Reptiles and Batrachians— 

| SHECEN GUO ANE SS Sz he ee Ee ee ane Oe pre A AaerenCM a SORA MES 37 
Vishes— 

RS GL OTONS Ms sens sera eters wile nis eee oe ise ec teicisis a, a isles = Sislaie wc eie alatsieye's elsh cevale 23 
ESE LC Ee Sees ees eats enya Senco tao a elafel aera aia ram aia fe eas, init eee eo 88 
AMAtoMIea UMOdels ANG: PLEpAravViOns=- 32. aes ceeeyss esses 3s -ceelseeccisecocses 4 
Series illustrating the growth and replacement of teeth .......-.....--.-.-..--- 59 
Selips Lepresenune theymorpholomy Of limbs, .---.< 228s. + -s- 2+ t eee ese Se 37 
Senies tUnanrabine phe stLucuureOL HOrMs:.<- <3. sis 5 scsi scenes ae se - wnteun = seal 16 
Caste Os cUlls ShoOwIno Dall CAPACily 25... Soc sesccecs cee ke eee ee sae a siscere 14 
LNUIRSS WE IVE Ri ootecl BbaSe ots ae ae ee eee See or a eS) be era eg 43 

Rotakbnumber ef specimens’ on exhibition <2: 55. 2... -.--c0 ses 1--- << 606 


As already stated, the preparators were engaged chiefly in cleaning 
and preparing for the exhibition and study series a portion of the 
material that had accumulated in the workshops and storagerooms. 
One preparator was engaged almost exclusively in cleaning the skulls 
of small species of mammals deposited by the Department of Agricul- 
ture. About five hundred of these skulls were cleaned during the year. 

A considerable part of the time of the chief preparator was occupied 
by the arrangement of the collection of vertebrate fossils, and in mount- 
ing a cast of the skeleton of Dinoceros, which work, though very neces- 
sary, was not connected with this Department. Mr. Lucas was also 
detailed to pack the collection of mammals exhibited in the Cincinnati 
Exposition. 


390 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The amount of work done by the preparators during the year is indi- 
cated by the subjoined table, which was prepared by Mr. Lucas: 


| | , 
| Skulls Ske etons. | Portions of skele- ‘Rough spec- 
| tons. imens pre- 
jennie | /pared from 
| | fresh speci- 
Cleaned. |Mounted.| Cleaned. |Mounted.| Cleaned. | Mounted., mens. 
S| We. 4 a Sa alas | 2 
Mammal sie sacecesncemeas: 519 | 10 | 12 | 6- QP ears eerie oles 11 
sr a ea PEA a a | pe reee tee | 47 | 4 | rig ae coe 25 
teptiles and batrachians --| (eepecasoce | 3 | I Peeoeeee 5 10 
UISHER GOAL (sig-2 check cceeee | Eee 5 | OMe as Sew te Nl anne 2 
otal sts aee sees | 532 10 | 64 11 | 10 5 48 
| 


The preparation of a much-needed card-catalogue of birds preserved 
in aleohol was begun, and a large amount of work in classifying and 
caring for this material was carried out. 

The numbers of the last entries in the different catalogues in June, 
1889, and those for the previous year, are given in the following table: 


| 
|Last entry recorded} 


in catalogue. 
Class. | Inereases 
June 30, | sune 30, | 
1888. 1889. 
— et a) eee oe 
Mammals: 22 sso cscs case ns woman eisiee Oe oee Wide t dele cweewiaaeisesciet 22,998 | 23, 781 783 
BIGGS esciswayoeice ais coe s aclane dates ca steleae ae aoe ene eeine Sao rahe viaieretere evelecletee 18, 256 18, 508 252 
Reptilesiand hatrachians i... 4s2\.— sacteeo-meaton Se cakaa = Seniseeeesee 29,247 | 29, 261 14 
MiSheRe se eet neee crac eee es See ee eee Re OR tn nea 26,079 | 26, 084 5 
TO bali Sos bre Secs eG ere So iw rele ae NS ote are aoe I eS ctaTee eees nets nall ete erste rect) | kere ereeeer ee 1, 054 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF PALEOZOIC FOSSILS 
IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By C. D. Watcorr, Honorary Curator. 


In the annual report for the last fiseal year, I stated that 10,955 
specimens had been placed in the exhibition cases. During the first 
six months of the present fiscal year Dr. R. R. Gurley was engaged in 
rewriting the labels of the exhibition series and in incorporating the 
new material which he had worked over in the laboratory. I had an- 
ticipated adding quite largely to the collections from the material be- 
longing to the Geological Survey now stored in the laboratory, but 
owing to a long absence in the field and a subsequent determination to 
publish a paper on the fauna of the Olenellus zone, little opportunity 
has occurred to work on the collections. 

Dr. Gurley began, about March 1 last, a study and arrangement of 
the graptolites contained in the Museum collection. During the months 
of May and June he was engaged in collecting graptolites in the Hud- 
son River valley of New York, and it is expected that the specimens 
there obtained will be incorporated in the Museum collections during 
the present fiscal year. My own field and office work during the past 
vear has contributed to the Museum collections a large series of Lower 
and Middle Cambrian fossils from Newfoundland. The Lower Cambrian 
genera and species have been worked out and named, and a number of 
new genera and species added to the collections. From Newfoundland 
alone, some three thousand specimens have been transferred to the Mu- 
seum. The collection of fossils from the Silurian (Ordovician) rocks has 
not been materially enlarged, owing to lack of time to transfer the 
collections made by the Geological Survey and now stored in the 
laboratory of this department in the Museum building. During the 
year large collections were made from the Silurian (Ordovician) rocks 
of New York which will ultimately be transferred to the Museum. 

A report on ‘The Fauna of the Olenellus Zone” is now completed 
and will be published by the U. 8. Geological Survey. A paper con- 
taining the descriptions of the new genera and species was transmitted 
for publication in the Proceedings of the National Museum. 

The more important accessions received during the year are: 

Accession 19889.—This accession includes the type and figured specimens of Dr. 


D. D. Oven, which were used in his pioneer work in the Upper Mississippi Valley. 
391 


Z REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. - 


(wes 


5) 


This collectiou is of historic value, and is a most interesting addition to the Museum 
collections, although many types are missing. 

Accession 20525.—The Lea collection, which contains a number of fine specimens 
that are suitable for the exhibition series, and a large number for the student col- 
lection. 

Accession 21650 is of value in affording the means of comparison between the 
Cambrian fauna of Sweden and that of North America. There are a number of 
species illustrating genera that are not known from North American strata. 

Accession 21716 isa small but very weleome addition to the Museum collections, 
as the fauna of the Calciferous terrane of New York is very meager and but poorly 
represented in the collections. 

Accession 21838 adds materially to the series of graptolites and, with accession 
21887, gives the Museum a fair representation of that fauna from Canada. 

Accession 21855 gives the data for comparison of an extensive group of problemat- 
ical fossils from the Silurian (Ordovician) strata of Portugal with somewhat similar 
forms from Great Britain and North America. 

Accession 21861 contains the types of thirteen species, and the collection is of 
interest and value from its having been the means of settling a most important geo- 
logic question in relation to North American geology. United with accession 21914 
it gives the largest series of Cambrian fossils yet obtained from Newfoundland. 

Accessions 21904 and 21869 add to the means of comparison of the European Cam- 
brian fauna with that of North America, and also give a representation of several 
genera not hitherto known to the Museum collections. 


RECAPITULATION OF ACCESSIONS RECEIVED DURING THE YEAR. 


Accession No. | ne Leas spect 

WO na docodbansasrCoetonunooddas stoodassadnceaas cdcuans oseosanacaecccabe 8 19 
PANG + ce ne eobasocanase coe anQQooos 2bcOs zAScobocaneTScbooanne soacine 2ooS5500 3 3 16 
POR Oe eae OG SECS OHERCSOOM (RSS S SECo oA eoh dns Sp OURS SeOs comma SsoP SO Mey suc |Seceoadson||sopseesane|lacecncce 
DITA Sano no aoe bhabEs opOOd Ronn aaCoh Goo DNaTD anes secdquedosuabeapdccoos Dil eoememtice 
PANERA sasonpmno conan onooSacononedocoood ascend pose dsonScconseseso7 sacsnoss 3 3 19 
BANGER) - oS ook coc Oa Saooo SMe goat Gosene Ssbnse Cobos tote oases oesssenesosess 9 | 12 60 
Dia Deca mnnoscnatesons SOSSrT SOS Se. Cosson socod soc coaccorade zoodboneeS sone 10 | 13 95 
DGS 9 ae ee ea sepa hate ore Saree ts ce ee ce a ety ce Sls er eee 13 | 22 682 
DIVAS Nes sane BREE ROS SC be tab eCace Saasabanondoom Snack sooncbooRannatocanaacaas 24 46 431 
UNG  oaeeeesesodass tobacco ono ceo cebsrSsoos odes soot soson Sosscss sosoosoee 12 13 17 
OiiGi1) Sesosnesosono Gnoot bor Son cUURecoSOnHSdcGS cob ScOe COS o CO SSEL OSS NSn05C Er 5 5 6 
DAI peciabo CaS SE hbo CoD OODUpCOssbOC ~~GUOCCCORUREacc oUS Sonos aAnmanGacnen. 2 2 3 
PAWAUR =p posta seco eso nee nOmSoG RBO su Gen Soc Oso nOenCCosCanee Soo eeEcomNeosasEoos 6 7 21 
WR bcos cobeconaaoaccacecE ccs asbp ooo DSoSeeC orb ooesnas aooCoSHoDerEncomae 1 1 | 1 
DIPSSE osc cae sonic wawunn eves acae cate eoeae feet aan te nies Dene eee oe Ciel certo ee ae 1 Rae 
ONE Rs aang ood bonS Gop anoeonoDooDose Ceaser TS goeassass SodoacretsosnseSceades 9 12 | 37 
MOY UR pee a TOO ASHESiAn HOOnOI de Se oHoSOIEDOO Rode INO Se poo SLosnsE.cOaeCC Dr 2 2 3 
DUB DNiaciin <eciete winjals aieisien ein salen alam mpeyotelnlalel=in'= aim .cl\=ieln mipiniatmlale ln nteielainielnitelelaiacein ies 2 4 13 
21861 ..-. Be Ba wfa\alela alojs! [nial sim ime Sloe (cieymieinisl= @ = [niv)ineie|efmiminl aimin(nielnimtelmi\mielelniinteieiniel 16 26 125 
OUST ae een ane cae seve ee CU BSeb Sn soso akan sedas 142 Seoscscees 9 12 | 36 
OY LT ee eae Pe eM SEE ee ree cerns Ob Mrs ls vege. | 7 8 | 33 
DUB TG te! uJ... foo cnn cles eGe rel iaed osu Excewwcset ae saceeee cee. tage ee | Eide 22s eae eas | Menara 
Pale} et oos cadpocepoopaseceeoDpass Sohn bsoncocasaaqDonne sees onosesosscs: | 3 3 6 
Dis ne eed ooaDoSe scanaHsbepsuescncoasccecboosc cpodeseeentdsocess: 10 12 315 
DOVES soca stances eae ood ene aad cinco dae Sack Sess cnek oh poe e eee ener 15 19| 3,241 
DDS Sane eee eee ety oases den ddcascanes Canea eee be dete sol eee ues aoe eee 
A Be SSR Sane ccooaaen oS cD CORO Sa See Secsss ease SASS coss4 172 238 5,179 

In process of stndy aud identification. + For reference to Department of Lithology. 
t Not yet identified. § Not yet examined. 


DEPARTMENT OF PALEOZOIC FOSSILS. 393 


A complete list of the accessions for the year will be found in See- 
tion V of the report. A number of accessions which had been received 
before this year, but which it has not been pussible to open up before 
the present year, are here noted: 

Accession No. 12157. From Albert I. Phelps, Damariscotta, Maine. Material from 
shell-heaps. Referred to Department of Ethnology. 

Accession No. 12464. From U. 8. Geological Survey, Washington, District of Col- 
umbia. 

Accession No. 19395, from F. H. Knowlton, U. 8. National Museum, Washington, 
District of Columbia, of no paleontological value, and destroyed. 

Accession No. 19889, from the Indiana State University, Bloomington, Indiana, 


through Prof. D. S. Jordan, as follows: * 
IN 0. of| 
Character of specimens. ispeci-| 
imens,) 
- — a —-—— = - | — 
Pre-Cambrian : 
WRG LISTE oe S85 See GA SERA AREAS COACUS OCAD RSE ROOOOE DOCG SOUrEEckeuancscs 1 | Figured. 
HGNC OL See eer a aces townie sive cceielt wacirenioeclteGum once eis Boia eiaetee nites 3 Do. 
Potsdam formation of the Upper Cambrian: | 
PRTG MLDS OV OD a aie Ser. ace ee coe em icioeoe ee mn sia mee nea was ceseacee cect 2 | Type. 
LOULEDIS DUNN UOT MGs O WOM ec sce ccice ve canas cious sem aaencee Maciocia canis As Do. 
OTOTELL YD ONG ELL renee etter or Siac sae cine clos Caco a cece saw sla oslee emesis cecal | 2 Do. 
DikelocepRalus Minmicsorensis OWE: soscie os sacice cows sie ccc cise see esse se ~e ot Pal Do. 
MEN INENSIS§ OwOMl sancvinn cassis sae oan slenivedecscoe ea eeeaisecices | 8 | Do. 
LEGO SOTO: poet Op BRO ISRO DOCEC OLDE BOE CO UEC OAIOCOSCRADACOO OD CRAG CESaaDaE 1 Do. 
Cremicephilus towensis, (Owen cess nccaces cccaosnccueccesccc access woeccccssecess 3 Do. 
LATIMES PERT R LE ELS COP WOMliae oe tas ee sisis nice cicn ee mislecaicis oicicinie ateinntaters tite See 1 Do. 
Lower Silurian (Ordovician) : 
TONE QRUEOR Ot, PUCUSV AIT «Jo sce wears scat cecnccecsescc cn ssset secs case cece 1 | Figured. 
Sp. undetermined’ ...--2-.------- Jobreceape caccep coeHaaaceneEEeages Hobe 1| Do. 
pLrophomena Cheptcend) trilovdla, OWeNn\.=..-..-..c-..cscsse sce sascwceses-teoes 1/| Type. 
EDEL SENICHE ASU ELOY tense. mane ns cee ones cca eee ee ei ce esecn =a eae 9 | Do. 
Orr DON Git y Se DIOLN CIN se ac= as ac coc eeay anise Saeisciale diese ccissinin oa seiels=oees 3 
SPE TT Bo Gy na a ae ee Ee ep ees 15 | 
LTR LILES TSA SER fen A Se eh a EE EO le Bal 
PAXGTHNY (Ons AON fie hil, Saar peep One ernest aariai55 SCA Abo SECA ESD ano maroS 150 | 
OCICS LA be teat ee ee oa ee ee Eee ace ce eitnocee soneo 2 | Figured. 
SEU TELALT LL OLN Se ee Rel a on ah 5a Sis a a ae om son oe eae ease na stele eale's 3 | 
GUSVUT ee COUTLUMer eee eos eee ee oe ane Ee cn cc cocaacse 1 
CL eK all eee ee aap cele sce oe ae ns ninine cues oincise et eeiviaecn eat ona emece 6 
LEC UCLE LECT A Pepe Pee oh ens A yas en ee ee Ie eY ate ge ties 4 | 
BP MUMMSTOLIIGU eet tsen ey ons erie te ee ere sleet ees eS ee ty 2 | Do. 
us OBIS MTO MERU Ryan ete sate 2 os SER AER Ae ane Dee amie ween: 30 
CUICUIVIMLLENMAR FANON = oe cces oe A eect ca eee eee nace meas noe 20 
SEULTATLO LOINC Lt Ome a ae ere es en Ee oe Sete eee Rennes 2c. . Shr a 8 | 
PAMRUDT ERIC UEUEAER TELE TAs s- 55-0, ci soe sa nEonerce ma ocus wosce na cccbuerc< 2 Do. 
Conocardium GILONTUALNIDR OMENS Tae eor. wk hack ee Rint s ck canon toe doc sam cece 1 | Type. 
CUTIES OTIS CONPAG bees i Ve ee ke ee i aOR an. a, 1| Figured. 
YER TOE ET meVUT 8) eke cys co NM RS ie oe Me ams pages eA DR 1 la oh el RN ?: Do. 
Pleurotomaria COTTIER Sy Co Wea ae elt eae oe a 8 el a ee ee ee 1} Type. 
RULDCOTELC MELA os ara lao ool Meee Moe ee ean ret oo orcs srarcaieiointoe nie 4 
Suimnd cternuneds 1. eet ee eee eee ce atest tosses 1 | Figured. 
Murchisonia bellicincta, Hall .-- cg Cae sre ae TS 3 a 4) Do. 
Urochonema wimbuicamene Elall.. | suce.ssscsenaeececee ceted ca cuewene voces ncciee el el | 
CALEB ATINCGLENMING sce cece se: oer te cc cseccune enaeectarsonas 1 | Do. 
Asaphus (Isotelus) iowensiz, Owen ....-.------ Le EA ERT 2 i ee 12 | Type. 


394 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
' No. of 
Character of specimens. speci- 
mens. 
: z ee 2a 2 | | 
Niagara tormation of the Silurian :. 
Strophomena,,-s-2e. s3h2 eeeas sneee esse eee eee  SiSUae ae eisiecine Se Sasa eam peal) | Figured. 
PAI DO TEN CULAT IS) Lal TIN GSMS a= sialelione sels ioan ieee eee eee ences eae 2 
Leperditia baltica, Hisinger .-... SUDO DoD CuO UD aA ae aSoencaocadnooSGas Sp casnaudace 2 | 
Devonian: 
LAG OIG GLO ey TET O92 95 coccinadaciese ooaeboosacbns lols wane Socedacs | 1 | 
Renesteliamiutleny, IsOnSdaletiaceeneccem esleceeemasecnine cise rec cectereiicn see et ciett 1 | Do. 
Gorgonia (allied to G. repisteria) ...---.----------- Weteie 5 c\siviois stan) Sasa Sesem ele Be ak 1 | Do. 
Chonetes sp. undetermined ....-.....- annooopaccossasboase = basco 0ncsastesanodss 1! Do. 
Sirophodontordemnssa © Ont: deans ees ee arene ee 1 | Do. 
Orthislentiformis: Vianaxem! scce en tern «2 oe acorn ores seiscme ene eae ae aera eae 1 Do. 
Spirifera atwaterana, Miller (the S. pennata, Owen,preoccupied.......-....--- 2 | Type. 
Lig@ sOWeD sxeisadicseciewance oe Seka art aisretassins soe at nce eciesies maraaaecee 1 | Do. 
WAT Hissin ton nc Stok Seen eee seen wine sela oe einen eiaeiae ae rt Figured. 
CEDUMENSTE OWED es aoanoan sce eae eee een Een Sen aa oneee 1 | Type. 
CUT Uteines: OWEN cciciaec cc cics Se aed ce ia ne 2 BO) Satsiate eisai eee eee 3 | Do. 
LOWENSIS: ‘OWON.a acne soe aereneleseie cee sae So ciae wsinereeinleaereeeieine ciesee ite} Do. 
MASP: Mujsocie oie <inisicrale was ele elsioe ernie @ Sle simcleleisiers cite c [sie rise ceo nee iye Seen wise 1 | Figured. 
INGOT UO Ds SINS coon Sosenseaecudo5 obagSs DabeaU -Sosecdoboascgssacadsestoosadadase: 1 | 
PENLAINCEUS COMES Owen sacs csisicemiaaecceeece see iseserien eee emeee sedunSesosea| 1 | Type. 

1115 Dab aaneno teabdoasSoos noaSnO CUBED aodoLodeoDUOS cHdooUGabooamcaTs | 1 Figured. 
ELCULOLOMANLCIULCENG jELAlLee scutes rote samen oeieisree sie isysecereciaee mn sistisee a | 2 | 
TEUOM PR AVUS Ks wins ais seis aieroisieis|si='='s einyarsiss cel =iove s'='Sisie\=l=wialoieje oie/is sisie/aicis.s/s)a)e\sinielelsiereisie= 1 
HL OMOLO NOUS 352-3 .0-ct ac ea acess Ses acces emetic assess semis es eect ewanceessce i | 
PRUCOp se Pie Se Rea cpt seeks Soe cee ee OEE CET eee cere ee ee Leica satel 

Lower Carboniferous: 
Cyathophyllum fungites, Fleming? .......---- Mic stie aor Rok ETRE | Yl Do. 
(ONO APO MASTEO ORT TOT 0a ONE Goanco sp pocoon cecoUC COL ob cone ES base suSSSsE hoo: | 1 | Type. 
PAIGUSSUZOCTUN US CON TOUS: ON ON eerents amici ee iar eee lela eee eae eer it || Do. 
PANN CLUA UP QULS a Sis cinrnra/Se cle clowns sesele Slelo'e i eisiciciatstmacl/s ht Setls eiecciee wae sini eines serine | 1 | 
JAP CRUMUCUES: Ss at's. acioc natoois cee so aes ass e bee Osea ee ewes eae tice ea acces cone 2 | Figured. 
iProductal limeston6coece: = seaseesae ee eee ashe uaseeeseeseeeceor es Late ny eee 3 | Do. 
Productusprattentanis: NOT WOO ascents caisisiee ve oenicisieieei-iseiseeiels eee eles 1 
Chonetes towensis, Owen sc. <2 cen-- ce sneecsccs seo sdesies seeecescees==-a- See eeees | | Dype. 

granulifera, Owen ...--- Soe Re OR ERR OEE ET So ee ae eee eae eee Mera Do. 
Strentorhynchus crenvutma pe nillipsmeeeeeeereeee sec eee eee eee e eee eee eee eee } 1) Figured. 
Spirijeraccamecrata Mortons -sascc se see eee eee eee season ae een eee cee a eeeeeeee eee 1) Do: 

siriata? var. attenuata? Vern. & De Kon-..--.-2---.--226-.se4--- | | Do. 
Pevebratula serpentna 2) 222 sec as tes seca wie ene c a eee eee eee eel re eels | 1 | Do. 
TOTAL RoR Ae Se OE PE IRS 2 ea 3 Aen oe at Me ee ae ee 1 | Do. 
AN SER Aca oie AWM OF Oath “bene boo esadoneosooneobosa0 peocasdeccces ccosuénoar {ul see! 
Bellcropnron RiuUleUsy SOW eLDVi c aeee ee ene eee eter ence Reeee eee entrees 1 | 
Noutilusbuntingtonensis. Owen eccrine e scr clare einer cielesmiceacieeeeceeee ser 1. Type. 
Discitestubencuca tus iOwenicsces ceeecas cack eee eer ee eee ee eee EEO Eee ] Do. 
PRUE. sas sietsnt ss oid dade osiclwaseis Se lseis siecle is seis Bajos See ee sa ceeeacaleemete me Tha 
Wnidentified: 2s esctostcer casa tcccus eases een cee eeoeeee edi eine ehiciesecet 2-| 

Upper Coal Measures of the Carboniferous: | 
Bophophy lum pr oluferntm, MeChesneys-me =. -1-\- te nics ls ecco sioceecelecineseeeecicese = 12 
Trangulavmneytilovdes: ‘Sowerby. 2-ss-- es-cesicese = -ecnaee senacnie neces aeeeecereres 3 
Productusilongispinus, SOWeLVY? «sec ac eosisacicse see ane erence aaeeerenee eee 12 | 

Mertens tNiGOk enon scasmee sete cena eee nee ne lere sialon erate ee acer 1 

cord; PL Orbigny sc ckiz cece cass-aeeet. seo ee A eee ee eR ee eee ee eeee 5 
Ohonetes\mesotoba sNOWwne Lrat--s2-25 ec Gen ce soce ence ee eee 1 
OV ANULT ET AS OW OD was taroie crson eaeln SoS e Oe Re ae ee 6 
Streptorhynchus.........---..+- wah biisceces one uoacers dis bees Soins ose eereeoseers 500C q 


DEPARTMENT OF PALEOZOIC FOSSILS. 395 


No. of 

Character of specimens. speci- 

mens. 

Upper Coal Measures of the Carboniferous—Continued. 

Orthis pecost, Marcow .--..-..- ~~. - 2-2 nee newer enn n sence ween nse ne scar ceccee 2 

Spirifera camerata, Morton ......-..---.----2-0-- 0c eee eee e een e ener eee c ene ees 2 | 

planoconvera, Shumard ...--.-..-.----ceecee vecene ence cers ce een eee es| 12 | 
Spiriferina kentuckiensis, Shumard .........--.-0-0-0+-eese0e boctikoedocesdseccc 3 
Ft ee Re Sec att Serene nev cc aawast adkasbnesaehe Sete eee | 8 
TERM ere eee oat on ues eee ence cwaseteeeew eases ceeseeir hea.) 
Rhynchonella ...-.. Bat Se SSB BAS HERA R COREG BARC CO EEE OCoe Rte eaSseiescce 9 
INFRA OUNER ee aeee ae cerca a eee eres cea ane nera(aee naelcnianie [sens c(elaisinieiviwicleie'vieteiel= | 9 
Ounomstha radiate, Hallisesas cases coer ee sce en woaee i ce sncececcccescewlssene comes! 
PEF OMBON GRE paseo oe acts enero ace alec e wisireetateicie eeice slafelcalaisic slwic'slelatslaieye’ovala|e\eleiao.m ete 2 
TEINS Ni eee SAE COS soc BAe SEO Sn SSS OBID SOA SO EOSC OS Basen Gop as ODO CUSnDnaEESe 12 

PLEUTOLOMATVA EPIUTONEMG, Wa 6 WW) ane ns ecaenie eins ec aee~ <= oem eile sw omen == 

Shs WG Cigna see Ss ees shocecoSbooseposoSgpET seco gdoeS Cane Se 15 
IN G@ELCOMSIS) CURELLEN Es NVA ON) estate ate sei alee alata = siniateicte main tal=)=lale'= aielateleielotet i 11 
SPSUNAGLELMIMNe Ces acieen wae setsesis caia= seleeiae a == Dy a aoceesleee ae se 1 
PA CISSTIODUSL Ea IUCN ONS eeaesee nace ce aa cince oe cloecienitiecn naclcmanieaiciesemmiciiiae ales 2 
OFINONEG COTACUTL TNL GC NVI co cicidsmcle vie calomcleeicwinisias/ee viclei(aesisiele} se's(nisielamnial=y~ 1 
LCN OCINIMIN CILOTENSIS | Mar OOIW) a calenineces cee nwa coaceiiee sian chee ssinais veonicreciexiele 3 
Spyundetermined eesseseo acs ceeeeeesdenseeeecteaseneerccl cla 5 
DCTS RS TATE COTE TSI NODE Ri lps SOGOU SORE CECOCLIQDO DBO Soee 0 OD SoCnCaSOnOoCaaaS 1 
OFTROCETES <a ancien samcie cooee tee cee ndeneiesiocecawiseewotwcatoacaces Sctadgasoasonss 1 
MIG eNLINON ees ose e erent eeccen cae noe sos ncicmn aeriewe se csisst siatioesallecescacial 4 


The collection contains five hundred and sixty-one specimens, representing 62 genera 
and 111 species. Those marked ‘‘Type” or ‘‘ Figured” are described or illustrated 
in Dr. D. D. Owen’s ‘‘ Report on Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota.” 


Accession No. 20.525. From Dr. Isaac Lea (deceased), through Mrs. M. J. Chase, 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as follows: 


No. ! No. 

Pre-Cambrian— | Lower Silurian (Ordovician)—Continued. 
Paleotrochus minor, Emmons ...----.--. | 25 Glyptocystites multiporus, Billings. ....--. 55 
Lower Cambrian— Gluptocystitesta sae ciacers- setae en! 1 
Olenellus thoinpsoni, Hall....-..-----.--. di Stictopora elegantula, Hall.....-.--.------ 10 
Middle Cambrian— || Monticulipora =----<-- 2. .06 .-a===0 000-2 61 
i ONew GR GCI san = ae -imnineina see .accicnae ee a | Ii fOy Cd Oh Baa aneb Sos nHaAz OSS CCIE ONOO Se 15 
Paradoxides harlani, Green....--.------- ey Orthis biforata, Schlotheim ......-.------ 50 
Upper Cambrian— testudinaria, Dalman.....-------- 85 
Unidentified .....- Pe ee ae aa alee occidentalis, Hall .........--------- | 40 
Lower Silurian {Ordovician)— subquadrata, Hall .............----| 7 
Receptaculites neptuni, De France ....... 1 | Onthiga oe fas Seine se icednaveewc cota oss | 12 
Zaphrentis canadensis, Billings...-.-..-. Gia) WAI Fil Be ar Oce DOr DOOR On OOO AA InOA Oe | 60 
(Of TLT oke  Ae n ee SOe OTOR 1 LMT POUL EGS Ses SP ABE ARP EDA SP OREO Oa ts 
Glyptocrimus decadactylus, Hall...--..-- 10 (EAN E enn sca ice ane es tees es 1 
Aimygdalocystites radiatus, Billings..-..-. 1 Ambonychia bellistriata, Hall ..--.------- 1 
SONY EL LOP NINA 2 ote oe tater aslo nein wire oe 1 Tellinomya nasuta, Hall.....---.--------- 2 
Comarocystites punctatus, Billings...-..- 1 | logani, Salter......------ ---- 1 
Pleurocystites filitextus, Billings...-...--. 11 | Bellerophon bilobatus, Sowerby .---------- 1 
ap undescribed -..--2.0.02. 22 || Bellerophon ...... 1.020. -- 0-0 cceeccecccee 1 
DRT TPT EL SAC BOD COOP II COTE EE 2 || Raphistoma lenticulare, Emmons .....--- 3 


\ 
396 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
Il - | 
No. || No. 
Lower Silurian (Ordovician)—Continued. | Upper Silurian—Continued. 
Murchisonia bellicincta, Hall .....--...-..| 2 |! TUG <a oan oe ees aiete oe eae eee 1 
MAUNCRISONIM weeanit aoe ee ease cee eee 21 || Dalnanites caudatus, Green .........---- 4 
Cyclonema bilix, Conrad......-..--.------ 19 || Dalmantites <ana5 = eas eeesiesoee coe eeeeen | 3 
Macturea togani, Salter........-...------- 2 i Miscellancoustsesssseeeceesecieereeeeeeee | 24 
Subulites elongatus, Conrad......-----.--- | 2 | Devonian— | 
Oncoceras constrictum, Hall......-.--.--. leat Oystiphyllum americanum, E. & H....-.. 1 
Orthoceras strigatum, Hall......-.------- 1 plicatum, Goldfuss ......--. | 1 
Trinucleus concentricus, Eaton -.--.------ | 14 Cystuphylaiinis ewan eterno en coerce 3 
Asaphus platycephalus, Stokes ......-.--- 4 Favosites hemisphericus, Y. & Sh .....-.--- 2 
WA SOUDIUG oio\2.u as a's ots =\as & eiaihccias's ew sis piecieioiss 1 || tuberosus, Rominger.--....-...--. 1 
BRUCE TUS iaaeiers Cs sone se ie cease nessa iy onal | Amnelid: trails: fs cccste asco else ee eee 1 
Dalmanites callicephalus, Green....------ | 1 Spirifera euruteines, Owen. ......-------- 2 
Ceraurus pleurexanthemus, Green. --.- Sea bel SDUNGONG 2s cic = = sae ecis Sse aan eee 4 
Wmnidentined:s-<-cseets a. cease enc eee 8 Atrypa reticularis, Linnzus....... ----- z| 4 
Upper Silurian— aspera, Schlotheim.........-..... 3 
Halysites catenulatus, Linnweus.....--.... 6 CONOCOPAVWIN <a acne wnlarn coco ninaeiee seen 2 
TH eliGhizeeee te ee eA ee ou 2 |I TACUROLOMLOATUO eaaieia fee eee anieeir eee 1 
Amplexus shumardi, Edw....--- Ber seiecce ) a TOLONCME, ae waco ea eee anaanaeae esac | 1 
Caleeola sandalina, Lamarck.......-..... | 1 Homalonotus dekayi, Green...-..-..---.- 2 
Favosites favosus, Goldfuss -..-...--..--. 4 BRO CONS eae e oes Cee eee | 1 
TRAV OSULESe He sisiaceaee ano Soe os eo oe nee 6 | Carboniferous— 
Actinocrinus moniliformis, Miller(?) -.--.| 1 IPeOntreNuiles concen nssoncaoessar eset eneees 12 
CORNULUES Fe axe ya sataraiaiesiat ine aS aieine eee Oe 1 | Productus longispinus, Sowerby...------.| if 
Strophomena rhomboidalis, Wilckens....) 5 I cora, W'Orbigmy—--sasees-=-ee | 2 
SULODNOMENC ememincien smienleeisismeeeeataa siete 1 | semireticulatus, Martin. .-..--. | 1 
Spirifera arenosa, Conrad........-.--..- | 6] Spirifera camerata, Morton .--..-.--.---- 2 
ANY IIS iN Ossian haem aa ae taecegsseeee | 2 || lateralis Halle = - ee eee | ipsa 
Atrypa reticularis, Linneus..-.....-.---.-. 6 || SEUTAITO) cS se eons oss bas asiaieers te eee ests 1 
Pentamerus oblongus, Sowerby. ..-------- ln AlGhy nie suotuild, Hallas see = tecee caer 20 
galeatus, Dalman -....-....-.. | 4 | Terebratula bovidens, Morton...-..--...-. 6 
TOT TING RT 3s 686 CDC OSS Ca DAAC OORO OSCOnSBS | 2 || INGICU sanpecorosa: sSecssocenscnacsncscosar 1 
Leptocelia hemispherica, Sowerby -.-.---- ial | Nuculana bellistriata, Stevens......------ 5 
Megalomus canadensis, Hall...... epee et 1 || Bellerophon carbonarius, Cox .....--..--. 12 
CRE CCULUCES) tern taree eanienafarntsciersiaiaareelers 1 ! ‘BellenopRon, scan ele eele eee na eeeeee 4 
Huronia vertebralis, Stokes ..-...---..--. yall Pleurotomaria spironema, M, & W...-.-.-- 2 
Calymene blumenbachii, Brongniart...-.. oo PleunotOMarvia: w= cacao eninecttcetcinaeee 12 
macrophthatmus .2 222. 22-2-.s-- 3 Leaia tricarinata, M. & W..----.---.---. 2 
Gahimene se e-ensee sehen Meee ttewe 11 


The collection contains seven hundred and thirty-seven specimens, representing 64 


genera and 103 species. 


As a whole, the accessions for the year are a valuable addition to the 
exhibition and study series of the Museum. 
The material in the collections has been increased during the year by 


the addition of 6,477 specimens. 


The catalogue numbers taken up during the year are from 17,847 to 


18,430, both inclusive. 


I respectfully repeat the recommendation, urged in my previous an- 
nual reports, that asum be reserved, annually, for increasing the Museum 
collection by the purchase of smail collections of type specimens, which 
can not be obtained in any other way. 


. 
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REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF MESOZOIC FOSSILS 
IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


By C. A. Wurre, Honorary Curator. 


Although the time which could be devoted to the work of the de- 
partment has been very limited, owing to the official duties devolving 
upon me and my assistants in connection with the U.S. Geological Sur- 
vey, the fossil collections in the Museum have been put into better and 
more accessible shape than they have ever been in before. The ordinary 
routine work of the division has also been performed as usual. 

Aside from important collections of fossils which have been both 
formally and informally turned over from the U.S. Geological Survey 
to the Museum, the accessions have not been numerous during the year; 
the number in all being only thirteen. The most important of these 
last named accessions are the type specimens of twelve species of Creta- 
ceous fossils which were published in the Geological report of Dr. David 
Owen on Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, and which were transmitted 
to the Museum by President D. 8S. Jordan, of the Indiana State Uni- 
versity. Besides these a small but interesting collection of Cretaceous 
fossils from St. Paul’s and St. Peter’s Islands in the Straits of Magellan 
were received through the U. 8. Fish Commission. They were collected 
by members of the Commission upon the cruise of the Steamer Albatross 
of 1888~89. 

Up to the beginning of the past year none of the fossils of this division 
Aad been properly installed for exhibition. Early in the present calen- 
dar year the Director of the Museum assigned ten glass top-frames to 
ten of the fifteen cases which had been previously assigned to this di- 
vision in the southeast court. He also detailed Dr. R. R. Gurley to aid 
in the work of installing selections of fossils in the cases mentioned, and 
the work was accomplished by him and my assistant, Mr. C. B, Boyle, 
jointly, who were assisted for a month by a temporary assistant, Mr. C. 
W. Hayes, of the Geological Survey. 

The collections which now fill the glass covered cases consist mainly 
of the numerous type specimens of the species which have been pub- 
lished in the various Goyernment reports. 

397 


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REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY 
IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


By GEORGE VASEY, Honorary Curator. 


In view of the great amount of current work, I have not been able to 
make a catalogue of the plants contained in the Herbarium, but am only 
able to state in general, that that part of the Herbarium which is in 
the Department of Agriculture is disposed in cases which are arranged 
against the walls of three rooms, occupying in all a wall-space of about 
85 running feet; that the cases are 8 feet high and divided into spaces 
about 6 inches high, 15 inches wide, and 18 inches deep; and that of 
such spaces there are about 16 in each row, making a total of more than 
1,300 spaces or shelves. We estimate that the shelves each contain, on 
an average, about one hundred sheets, or altogether more than one hun- 
dred and twenty thousand sheets. These are properly arranged in or- 
ders, genera, and species, and labeled so as to be readily accessible. 
We have a large quantity yet to be mounted and added to the collec- 
tion, besides a great number of duplicates for distribution and exchange. 

The Department of Agriculture has employed for a part of the year 
three agents to collect botanical specimens and information respecting 
the vegetation of little known regions. One of these agents has operated 
in western Texas, one in California (Southern and Lower), and one in 
Washington. From these agents we have received a large quantity of 
of botanical specimens. 

We have received as additions to the Herbarium through the Smith- 
sonian Inustitution a valuable set of plants collected by officers of the 
U.S, Fish Commission steamer Albatross in South America and Alaska; 
also several packages collected by Lieutenant Pond of the U.S. Navy, 
in Lower California and the islands adjacent. We have also received 
through the Smithsonian Institution, a collection of four hundred spe- 
cies of the plants of Japan, collected by Mr, 8S. Tegima of the Tokyo 
Educational Museum, Tokyo, Japan. 

We have made from our duplicate collections distributions to the fol- 
lowing societies: 

To the Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. 

To the Herbarium of the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, France. 

To the Herbarium of the British Museum, London, England. 

To the Royal Herbarium, Kew, England. 


To the Botanic Garden, Natal, South Africa. 
399 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS 
IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


By EF. W. CLARKE, Honorary Curator. 


In general the work of the year has followed the usual lines with little 
variation. The only notable divergence was in the matter of the ex- 
hibit at the Cincinnati Centennial Exposition, in which the Department 
was represented merely by a single case of specimens, to illustrate the 
gems and precious stones of North America. In the preparation of 
that exhibit a few very choice gems were added to the collection. 

The growth of the collection during the year has been highly satis- 
factory, and especially so as regards the quality of the material obtained. 
‘Lhe two most important accessions were received from the U.S. Geo- 
logical Survey, in collections made by Profs. S. L. Penfield and W. F. 
Hillebrand, respectively. The Penfield coliection was obtained in two 
seasons of field work in and near St. Lawrence County, New York, and 
numbers 1,366 specimens, of which a considerable number are dupli- 
cates. Itis exceedingly rich in black, brown, and white tourmaline, 
white and green phlogopite, diopside, calcite, albite crystals, oligoclase, 
danburite, wollastonite, tremolite, ete., and it contained several almost 
unique specimens. Ofthe latter I may mention a huge mass of green 
fluorite, superbly crystallized, a large pyrite crystal, a radiated brown 
tourmaline, and a series of most brilliant peristerite feldspars. Dr. 
Hillebrand’s collection was made during a six weeks trip to the Far West, 
in which he visited the eryolite locality near Pike’s Peak ; the Tintic 
District in Utah: Silver City, Georgetown, and Las Cruces, New Mex- 
ico; and the Copper Queen Mine in Arizona. The collection embraces 
the cryolite groups of minerals, a magnificent series of mixite, tyrolite, 
erinite, and clinoclasite; some very brilliant and unusual descloizite, 
finely crystallized wulfenites, and some extraordinary azurites and 
fibrous malachite. On his journey Dr. Hillebrand also made some pur- 
chases for the Museum, securing among other things a lot of turquoise 
from Los Cerillos, New Mexico, numbering 363 specimens, mostly dupli- 

cates. The descloizite from Georgetown, New Mexico, was a new dis- 

covery, and Mr. Alex. McGregor, manager of the mine in which it oe- 
curs has since sent the Museum « superb series of 81 specimens, 1n- 
; 26 401 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 


402 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


cluding several choice examples of vanadinite. Both of these species 
are rare. Dr. Hillebrand also secured valuable gifts of specimens for 
the Museum from Mr. Richard Pearce, of Denver, and from Messrs. J. 
W. Howell and B. Williams, of Bisbee, Arizona. In addition to the 
Penfield and Hillebrand collections, the Geological Survey has also con- 
tributed 37 specimens of wood-opal, collected by Dr. A. C. Peale in 
Montana. 

Important gifts of minerals were received from the following donors : 

From the Australian Museum at Sidney, fifteen specimens of phacolite, embolite, 
ete. 

From W. H. Beck, of Washington, fourteen specimens of a new variety of des- 
cloizite from Montana. 

From Mrs. A. C. Bidwell, of Clip, Arizona, five specimens of dumortierite. 

From D. A. Bowman, of Bakersville, North Carolina, specimens of kyanite, beryl, 
and transparent oligoclase. From one of the kyanites a fine gem has been cut. 

From W. G. Clark and G. M. Wilson, of Mullan, Idaho, specimens of plattnerite. 
This rare species has been lost sight of for nearly fifty years, and its new occurrence 
is quite noteworthy. 

From the Drake Company, Sioux Falls, Dakota, four polished slabs ofthe Arizona 
agatized wood. 

From H. G. Hanks, of San Francisco, four large crystals of hanksite, the types of 
a published article. 

From J. A. Lucas, of Silver City, New Mexico, eight pseudomorphs of native copper 
after azurite. 

From 8. Scott, of Rapid City, Dakota, fifty-nine specimens of minerals from the 
Black Hills. . 

From Hon. John Sherman, a large mass of polydymite from Canada. This rare 
ore of nickel contained traces of platinum. 

From Prof. H. L. Wells, of Yale University, a specimen of the new mineral sperry- 
lite. 

, By exchange the collection has been moderately increased. Nineteen 
specimens were thus obtained from G. L. English & Co., of Philadel- 
phia; 85 specimens from the museum at Auckland, New Zealand; 
327 specimens from C. W. Kesler, of North Carolina, and 128 specimens 
from Joseph Willcox. 

In addition to the specimens already mentioned, a number of choice 
minerals were secured by purchase, From J. W. Beath, of Philadel- 
phia, forty-seven specimens of gems were bought, including one dia- 
mond in the gangue. From ©. S. Bement, a large mass of crystallized 
azurite, probably the finest specimen in existence. From I’. H. Butler, 
of London, two choice crystals of the Egremont calcite. From Dr. F. 
E. Chatard, a specimen of native silver from Chili weighing eighteen 
ounces, From G. lL. English & Co., eighteen miscellaneous specimens, 
including the new species beryllonite, and a unique crystal of galena. 
From A. E. Foote, three remarkable azurites, a specimen of opal agate, 
and a choice calcite twin. From Tiffany & Co., four cut specimens of 
agatized wood, two disks of concentric azurite and malachite, and a 
fine Siberian tablet representing various small fruits carved in ditfer- 
eut ornamental stones. 


DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS. 403 


These accessions represent the greater part of the material received 
during the year. On the debit side, the Museum was impoverished by 
the withdrawal of the Willcox collection, which had been a feature of 
the mineral exhibit for over four years. Hight hundred specimens 
were sent out to complete more than twenty exchanges, and sixteen 
sets of duplicates were distrrbuted to colleges and schools. 

The last catalogue number in June, 1888, was 47,837; in June 1889, 
48,468. During the year 5,794 individual specimens were catalogued. 
The routine work of the department has been performed as usual by 
the Assistant Curator, W. 8. Yeates, with characteristic faithfulness 
and efficiency. 


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REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF LITHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY 
IN THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By GEORGE P. MERRILL. Curator. 


So far as is to be judged from the mere acquisition of materials, the 
year just closed has been one of unprecedented activity and progress 
in this department. This may be accounted for by the fact that (1) the 
Curator has been enabled to visit in person sundry localities and obtain 
thence desirable materials, and that (2) the department having become 
fairly established and with a fair amount of duplicate material, we have 
been enabled to make a series of profitable exchanges. The U. S. 
Geological Survey has also furnished much valuable matter, as will 
be noted later. 

On July 17 the Curator left on a collecting trip into southwestern 
North Carolina, returning on the 29th. The main points visited were 
Webster, Jackson County, and the corundum mines at Cullasaja, 
Macon County. From these localities were obtained several hundred 
pounds of necessary material, consisting chiefly of rocks of the pericotite 
and pyroxenite groups. On August 4asecond trip was made into Penn- 
sylvania, followed during the summer vacation by excursions into 
northern New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, eastern Massachusetts, 
and as far east as Eastport, Maine. 

The material collected during these trips will be noted under the 
head of accessions, but mention may be made here of a fine series of 
slates from Lebigh and Northampton Counties, which were selected 
with a view to illustrating the efficacy of pressure in the production 
of slaty cleavage. Blocks were obtained, showing very plainly the emi- 
nent cleavage at a sharp angle withthe bedding, and also blocks which 
through lack of homogeneity in various layers, yielded unequally to the 
compressive force, the finer grained and more uniform portions becom- 
ing evenly and finely fissile, while the coarser layers were crimped, 
crushed, or repeatedly faulted in a very instructive manner. 

A series of photographs was also obtained to illustrate certain physi- 
eal phenomena, such as could not be illustrated by means of speci- 


mens. 
A405 


406 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
NOTES ON THE MORE IMPORTANT ACCESSIONS. 


The more important accessions of the year are ineluded in the fol- 
lowing list: 

(1) A large polished block (22 by 21 by 15 inches) of serpentinous lime- 
stone (ophiolite or ophicalcite) from Thurman, Warren County, N. Y. 
Gift of R. T. Baxter, of Glens Falls. The specimen is of vaiue not only 
on account of its beauty as an ornamental stone, but aiso as showing 
the various stages of alteration from pyroxene into serpentine. This 
stone has been the subject of a special investigation by the Curator. 
(See bibliography.) 

(2) Two samples of Algerian marble, showing fracturing and fault- 
ing. Gift of ®. Fritseh, 515 and 517 West Twentieth Street, New York 
City. 

(3) A collection comprising some one hundred and eighty specimens 
modern and antique marbles from European and African localities, 
received in exchange from the Museum of Natural History in Paris. 

(4) An interesting and valuable series of metamorphic and eruptive 
rocks of Brazil (269 specimens), received in exchange for other ma- 
terials from Prof. O. A. Derby, of Rio de Janiero. 

(9) A series of serpentines and associated rocks from various loeali- 
ties in New York State, received from G. F. Kunz. 

(6) A series of peridotites and serpentines from Clickertor and the 
Cadgwith district, England, in exchange from Mr. R. N. Worth, of 
Plymouth, England. 

(7) A series of rocks and general geological material, including spher- 
ulitic felsite, serpentine, geodes, graphite, fossil footprints, infusorial 
earth, ete., from various localities, received from Prof. W. O. Crosby, 
of the Boston Society of Natural History, in exchange for other ma- 
terials. 

(8) A polished slab (12 by 14 inches) of green marble from Loudoun 
County, Virginia. Gift of Mr. G. W. Carter, Washington, D. C. 

(9) A series of ninety-two specimens European eruptive rocks, re- 
ceived in exchange for other material from B. Sturtz, of Bonn, Prussia 

(10) Some forty specimens of siliceous sinters and eruptive rocks froin 
New Zealand, received in exchange from Prof. T. F. Cheeseman, of 
the Auckland Museum. 

(11) Some sixty-five eruptive and metamorphic rocks from Norway, 
Sweden, and Scotland, received in exchange for other material from 
Dr. G. H. Williams, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Mary- 
land. 

(12) A series comprising one hundred and seventeen dressed 4-inch 
cubes of building and ornamental stones of Austria, received in ex- 
change from Dr. A. Brezina, of the Imperial Museum in Vienna. 

(13) Twelve characteristic specimens lavas from the Hawaiian volea- 
noes. Gift of Mr. E. D. Preston, of the U. S. Coast Survey. 


DEPARTMENT OF LITHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. 407 


(14) The U. 8S. Geological Survey has furnished much interesting 
and valuable material, among which should be mentioned (1) some one 
hundred and fifty specimens of rocks from Utah, Montana, California, 
and Oregon, collected under the direction of Mr. J. 8. Diller, and com- 
prising theralites, dacites, quartz basalts, and saxonites, as well as fine 
examples of rain-eroded limestones, jointed shales, and volcanic bombs 
with large inclosures of granular olivine; (2) some oae hundred speci- 
mens of trachyte from near Rosita, in the Silver Cliff region, Colorado, 
collected by Mr. C. Whitman Cross; (3) a series of sixty-four photo- 
graphs illustrating the topography of lake shores, glacial geology, the 
tufa deposits of Lake Lahontan, ete., prepared under the direction of 
Mr. I. C. Russell; (4) specimens of clay baked by burning lignite beds, 
and other rocks and concretions from Dakota and Montana, collected by 
Dr, A. C. Peale; (5) the entire collection, comprising some two thou- 
sand specimens, of the rocks of the Comstock lode and Washoe district, 
Nevada, from the study of which were prepared the results embodied 
by Mr. Becker in his report of the geology of this region (Monograph 111, 
U.S. Geological Survey), and also in Messrs. Hague and Iddings’ paper 
on the Development of Crystallization in Igneous Rocks (Bull. U.S. 
Geological Survey, No. 17), and (6) an instructive series of decomposed 
rocks, soils, and residual clays, collected under the direction of Mr. I. 
C. Russell. 

(15) A large slab (29 by 77 inches) of Triassic sandstone from Tur- 
ner’s Falls, Massachusetts, with fossil footprints. Selected for the 
Museum by Prof. C. H. Hitcheook, of Hanover, and obtained from Mr. 
T. M. Stoughton, of Turner’s Falls. 

(16) The following materials collected by the Curator, as above al- 
luded to, may also be mentioned: The peridotites and pyroxenites from 
near Webster and Cullasaja, North Carolina; peridotite, serpentines, 
vermiculites, and crushed and faulted slates from Pennsylvania; weath- 
ered talcose schists from Maine ; serpentines from Massachusetts; gran- 
ite from Concord, New Hampshire; orbicular granite from Craftsbury, 
Vermont; norite from Keeseville, New York; serpentines and ophio- 
lites from Essex County, New York; all the above being collected in 
quantity to furnish material not only for our own exhibition series, but 
also for duplicates. 


ROUTINE WORK. 


Since the death of Mr. A. J. Forney, which took place October 30, 1888, 
the department has been without a preparator skilled in stone-cutting 
and polishing, and hence but little work of this nature has been done. 
Mr. J. O. Hargrove, who was appointed as a temporary assistant on 
September 25, has rendered very satisfactory service in trimming band 
specimens for the exhibition and study series, and has rendered valua- 
able assistance in the work of re-arranging the exhibition series. The 
clerical work of the department has been carried on, as during the pre- 


408 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


vious year, in @ very satisfactory manner by Mr. W. B. Merrimon. 
Work was begun early in the fall of 1888 with a view to preparing one 
hundred sets of rocks, of fifty specimens each, to meet the numerous de- 
mands from educational institutions, and it was hoped that the entire 
series might be made ready for distribution before the close of the year. 
That it is not as yet ready, is due in a large degree to the lack of satis- 
factory storage space, though there are also lacking certain materials 
that are essential to the completion of the series. It is hoped that we 
may be able to obtain these during the coming summer. A re-assign- 
ment of storage space, it should be noted, has necessitated once more 
a moving of the entire collection of duplicates and unassorted materials. 

Twenty-three sets of duplicates, mostly in the way of exchanges, were 
sent out during the year. They are as follows: 


July 11.—To Dr. Stephen Bowers, Ventura, California, two specimens of serpentine 
from Montville, New Jersey. 

July 30.—To Dr. H. 8. Lueas, Cullasaja, North Carolina, two specimens of serpen- 
tine from Montville, New Jersey. 

August 3.—To Mr. W. H. Schreiber, Webster, North Carolina, one specimen of 
chrome iron ore. 

October 4.—Vo Prof. W. O. Crosby, Boston, Massachusetts, 100 pounds dunite and 
pyroxenite, from Webster, North Carolina. 

October 5.—To O. C. Farrington, New Haven, Connecticut, two specimens serpen- 
tine from Montville, New Jersey. 

October 15.—To M. A. Lacroix, Paris, France, five specimens of American rocks. 

November 8.—B. Sturtz, of Bonn, Prussia, forty-three specimens of miscellaneous 
rocks from the United States. 

November 27.—To M. Meunier, Museum of Natural History, Paris, France, a series 
of one hundred and one specimens, many of them cut and comprising a variety of 
building and ornamental stones and eruptive and sedimentary rocks. 

December 6.—To Prof. O. A. Derby, Rio Janeiro, Brazil, a series of one hundred 
and thirty-one specimens American rocks, mainly eruptive. 

December 8.—To Prof. E. Haworth, Penn College, Oskaloosa, Iowa, a series of 
seventy-two specimens miscellaneous rocks, mainly eruptive. 

December 12.—To Prof. C. C. Nutting, Iowa City, Iowa, a series comprising 
twenty-six specimens cut and polished marbles. 

February 8, 1889.—To the Maine State College, Orono, Maine (Prof. F. L. Harvey), 
a series of sixty-one specimens rocks, ores, and minerals from various sources. 

February 25.—To the U. 8. Geological Survey (loaned for study), six specimens 
obsidian, from various sources. 

March 14.—Transferred to department of animal products, four specimens rock, 
composed mainly of organic remains. 

April 8.—To Dr. A. Brezina, Imperial Royal Museum at Vienna, Austria, a series 
comprising one hundred and sixteen dressed specimens building and ornamental 
stones in sizes about 4 by 4 by 34-inch, and also one hundred and two specimens mis- 
cellaneous rocks, ores, and minerals in sizes about 4 by 4 by 1 inch. — 

May 4.—To Dr. George H. Williams, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Mary- 
land, eleven specimens miscellaneous rocks, 

May 4.—To Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 
sixteen specimens miscellaneous rocks. 

May 23.—To Prof. W. 8. Bayley, Colby University, Waterville, Maine, six speci- 
meus miscellaneous rocks. 


DEPARTMENT OF LITHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. 409 


May 23.—To Professor J. F. Kemp, Vornell University, Ithaca, New York, five 
specim/ns andesites. 

Jwee 1.—To Prof. O. A. Derby, tour specimens rocks from Montana, Colorado, and 
Cetfornia. 

July 17,—To Rev. G. E. Post, Beirut, Syria, a collection comprising sixty-four 
specimens typical rocks and ores. 

July 18.—To Prof. W. O. Crosby, Boston, Massachusetts (Boston Society Natural 
History), a collection comprising nineteen specimiens recks and geological ma- 
terials. 


Special reports on material received for examination and report, and 
from persons as a rule in no way connected with the Museum, have been 
prepared as follows: 


On Accession 183.—A clay ironstone concretion received from M, Altschul, Hampton, 
Virginia. 

On Accession 178.—-Clays received from C. W.Mitchell, Lynchburgh, Virginia. 

On Accession 189.—Limestone and pyrite received from M. V. Wheeler, Clayton, 
West Virginia. 

On Accession 166.—Supposed ore received from M. 'T. Oates and B. L. Morris, Rhome, 
Texas. eet 

On Accession 201.—Clay marl received from Mary P. Scott, Sioux City, Iowa. 

On Accession 203.—Chert nodule received from J. C, Allen, White Gate, Giles County, 
Virginia. 

On Accession 222.—Rocks and ores received from Dr. J. C. Merrill, Frankford Arsenal, 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

On Accession 220.—Weathered rock received from Mr. Charles Hallock. 

On Accession 248.—Received from Mr. John Murray, Sing Sing, New York. 

On Accession 264.—A siliceous limestone received from E. M. Treakle, Versailles, 
Maine. 

On Accession 20678.—A supposed fossil egg received from Dr. E. G. Shellack, Allen, 
Kansas. 

On Accession 307.-Rock received from Dr. H. 8S. Lucas, Cullasaja, North Carolina. 

On Accession 333—Rocks received from Dr. F. W. Taylor, Kingston, New Mexico. 

On Accession 340.--Abrading material received from E, B. Pike, Boston, Massa- 
chusetts. 

On Accession 342.—Carbonaceous limestone received from Daniel Baker, Buckeys- 
town, Maryland. , 

On Accession 356.—-Quartz and septarian nodules received from E. L. Blume, Mount 
Savage, Maryland. 

On Accession 358,—-Fertilizer (?) received from A. N. Lauderdale, Lampasas, Texas. 

On Accession 362.—Crinoidal limestone received from J. Voorhees, Wolverton, Min- 
nesota. 

On Accession 364,—Calcite received from F. Kidweiler, Harper’s Ferry, West Vir- 
ginia. 

On Accession 360.—On lavas from the Hawaiian Islands received from Mr. E. D. Pres- 
ton, U. 8. Coast Survey. 

On Accession 367,--Impure limestone and clay marl] received from Mr. R. T. Ellis, 
Grimm’s Landing, West Virginia. 

On Accession 380.—Feldspar received from I’. A. Morey, Keeseville, New York. 

On rock from D. W. Brunton, Leadville, Colorado, and referred by F. P. Dewey, of 
_ the Museum. " 

On Accession 404.—Argillaceous sandstone received from M. W. Bacon, Talcott, West 
Virginia. 

On a sample of sandstone (building stone) submitted by Mr. Schureman, of Ohio. 


A410 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


PRESENT STATE OF THE COLLECTION. 


Concerning the present state of the collection little can be said that 
would not be a repetition of what has been given in my previous re- 
ports. The collection of building and ornamental stones, as now in- 
stalled, fills thirteen door screen cases, one wall case, two large pyra- 
mids, and the tops of three table cases. The systematic collections illus- 
trating the composition of the earth’s crust in its least altered form, 
that is, the collections of rocks and rock-forming minerals, are now, so 
far as mere number of specimens is concerned, as large as seems ad- 
visable with our present limited amount of space. They still need, how- 
ever, more or less sifting out and replacement as new and, for the pur- 
poses, better material is obtained. In this rock-collection, it should be 
stated, an attempt is made not merely to show all the kinds of rocks which 
go to make up any appreciable amount of the earth’s crust, but also toa 
certain extent their geographical distribution. It is deemed of more 
importance, for instance, to show basalts from America, Europe, and 
Australia, even though they may closely resemble one another, than to 
show an equal number of varieties all from one region. These collec- 
tions now comprise some 2,000 specimens, and are arranged in one pier- 
case and seven slope-top table-cases on the south side of the exhibition 
hall. The collections of dynamic and historical geology have both re- 
ceived important accessions, but, owing to a lack of proper cases as well 
as necessary materials to fill important gaps in the series, no attempt 
has been made to arrange them systematically. In the historical series, 
I may say, it is not the intention to show rocks of any particular region 
arranged according to their geological sequence, but to show rather that 
the various processes of rock formation are not as a rule confined to any 
particular geological epoch, but, though particularly active at certain 
periods, have been carried on more or less intermittently from the ear- 
liest times to the most recent. The preparation of such a collection in- 
volves a great amount of time and care in its selection, even under the 
most favorable circumstances. 

The figures given below regarding the actual number of specimens 
are to be regarded as only approximate. As has been mentioned in 
previous reports, the practice of bringing in material in bulk and break- 
ing or cutting up as occasion demands, renders it impossible to give 
exact figures, excepting in the cases of the approximately complete ex- 
hibition series and the monograph collections of the study series. 


INtmMberOL Specimens iMiTeSCL Vie SC GLES ai jae tare ct ae ayaa ait eee eared telats 23, 500 
Number of specimens in duplicate Series: --- 2-2 ec) mclin oaeioee = moana see 3, 500 
Mo tallpe nee Baa nee es ee ee ee ee een as ce ements 27, 000 

The reserve series is distributed as follows: 
Oniexhibitionsssa.0 Mee <0. ce Sac= sae oe eine Sele nooner teeta setae terete 7,500 
Injdrawers for study and Comparisons oles. aaa ae eetlele tet oleate etal eter ite 16, 000 


— = 


DEPARTMENT OF LIPTHOLOGY AND PITYSIC\L GEOLOGY. 411 


The exhibition series comprises : 


COE INN OWA, a Se 3 = soe a ok SSR SO OTIS O SSE Cee BOER COO DEC oe eerIaarne 2, 500 
Eeouomie series (building and ornamental stones and stones used ip sharp- 

SRS CG CUO) ae en Gage ae 6 Soe pS coee Sse oe DEE oee Sa oSEEnoaaSaer 3, 245 
CTR GOMIMIAD Sob oa sedces boedecceee bes oee Seco Peco EES eer ppeececote: 1,755 


FAS RE TIAOOUSTONULY 1m JUNE LESS acta. ein wen das soe asesinecs seen sass | O9)000 
LLANGth Oars; ipa mold Kew a hctel!) CBee a coo sere GOOd te OSeoIDOUEOo SoS oeaar 70, 691 


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REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY 
IN THE U.S, NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


By F. P. Dewey, Curator. 


The chief work of the department for the vear has been the prepara- 
tion and arrangement of the material for exhibition in the southwest 
court upon the plan which was commenced during the previous year. 

At first it was contemplated to prepare only one-half of the court for 
exhibition and then throw it open to the public, but afterwards it was 
decided to prepare the whole court before any portion was thrown open. 
This necessitated some changes in the plan of the work, and especially 
as regards the disposition of duplicate and reserve material. It also 
increased the labor of handling the specimens, owing to the crowded 
condition of both the exhibition and storage spaces. The work was 
pushed forward as rapidly as possible, and the court was thrown open 
to the public about the middle of April. 

In this work of condensing the exhibits to fit the restricted space, it 
Was hecessary to remove a large number of specimens from the exhibi- 
tion series for want of space. Although the cases are even now over- 
crowded, fully one-third of the exhibition series, as it stood when this 
work of transfer began, has been removed and divided between the 
reserve and duplicate series. 

In February the Curator made a visit to Providence, Rhode Island, 
to examine a very valuable collection of petroleum and related mate- 
rials which had been made for the Museum by Prof. S. F. Peckham. 
Arrangements were made for sending the collection to Washington in 
such shape that a portion of it could be immediately placed upon ex- 
hibition, in order to continue and complete the collection illustrating 
the subject of carbon in the systematic series. 

The latter part of May the Curator joined the party of American en- 
gineers which visited Europe at the invitation of the English, French, 
and German Engineering societies, and was absent from Washington 
during the balance of the year. On this trip the Curator visited the 
museums of London and Paris and also spent considerable time at the 
exposition in Paris, 

The most important accession received during the year was the col- 
lection of petroleums mentioned above. This collection was made for 

413 


414 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


the Museum by Prof. 8. F. Peckham, of Providence, Rhode Island, 
who also prepared the Tenth Census report upon the same subject, 
and by the connections formed while making this report, he was enabled 
to gather many specimens, especially those of historical value, which 
otherwise it would have been impossible to obtain. The collection con- 
tains three hundred and fifty specimens, and illustrates very fully the 
occurrence of crude petroleum in this country, and also contains some 
represeutatives of foreign petroleums. A very complete illustration of 
the technology of the subject, numbering one hundred and fifty-four 
specimens and donated by Mr. T. G. MceMasters, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- 
vania, is included in this collection. 

The illustrations of petroileums have been further enriched by a col- 
lection of one hundred and twenty-nine specimens received from Prof. 
J. J. Stevenson, of New York, in exchange for a collection of ores. 
While the specimens in this collection are mostly small, it fills several 
gaps in the Peckham collection and_is a valuable addition. 

Among the collections received during the year which are especially 
valuable, should also be mentioned a complete illustration of the quick- 
silver industry at New Almaden, California. The collection shows a 
complete series of the different characters of ores, together with the asso- 
ciates and rocks of the deposit, a complete illustration of the process of 
extracting the metal, a very extensive and interesting series of views 
in and about the mines and works, including a few underground pictures 
which are especially valuable, a large number of publications relating 
to the history and development of the mines, and a very interesting 
and instructive glass model of the mine, showing the contour of the sur- 
face and the excavations made underground in working the mine. 

A series representing the smelting of pig-iron, by the Shelby Iron 
Company at Shelby, Alabama. This collection was made uponthe gen- 
eral plan adopted for the collections at the New Orleans Exposition. 

An interesting series of photographs of the Jones and Laughlin Works 
at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, including a view of the Bessemer con- 
verter, taken at night by the light of its own flame, presented by Gret- 
ton Bros. 

A series of iron oxides from New Hampshire, which are used for paints, 
obtained from Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, in exchange. 

A large model of Aspen Mountain, Colorado, prepared fur use ina 
celebrated law-suit to determine the ownership of very valuable mines. 
It shows the contour and geology of the surface, and, by means of see- 
tions, the underground geology and mining work. 

Three serics of foreign ores, one from the Australian Museum, one 
from the Auckland Museum, in New Zealand, ana the third, represent- 
ing the occurrence of manganese ores at Santiago de Cuba, presented _ 
by Tirso Roca y Agusti, and forwarded by Consul Otto IK, Reimer. 

Two researches have been carried on during the year by the Curator. 
The first was an examination of the production of remarkably strong 


DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 415 


pig-iron at the Muirkirk Furnace, 14 miles from Washington. The 
second was an examination of the nickel from Russell’s Springs, Kan- 
sas, undertaken at the request of the Hon. J. J. [ugalls. 

The total number of specimens in the department remains about the 
same as at the end of last year, 51,000, the additions during the year 
being counterbalanced by the removal of worthless material; 12,000 
specimens are on exhibition; 15,000 are duplicates, and 12,000 are in 
the reserve series. The balance consists of unclassified material which 
is at present considered as reserve material. 

One hundred and six accessions have been received during the year, 
of which 69, containing 111 specimens, were for examination and 
report. Five special reports were made in answer to questions sub- 
mitted. 

In cataloguing the collection, 505 entries, covering 664 specimens, 
have been made; and 5,459 card catalogue cards have been written. 
Birshpntry wsdialy,, 1880. +). os cerns te wees c=. 51,540" 59,465: 66,432 68,493 
IOP Spier ayab el ds dss) Se Cane Dep eec conecomopp eoog saa" 51,662 59,601 65,584 68,554 

Forty-eight boxes of duplicate and reserve material have been placed 
in general storage, aid fifty-seven specimens have been sent out in ex- 
change. 

During the year the Curator has published three articles. The first 
entitled Pig [ron of Unusual Strength, in the Transactions of the Ameri- 
can Institute of Mining Engineers,* gives the result of the research into 
the operation of the Muirkirk Furnace. The second, relating to the 
nickel ore of Russell’s Springs, Logan County, Kansas, was a prelimi- 
nary note on the subject, published in the Engineering and Mining 
Journal,7 and the third, on the same subject, published in the Transae- 
tions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, t gives the result 
of the examination of this nickel ore. 

The clerical work of the department has been ably penton med during 
the year by Mr. W. H. Newhall, assisted during a portion of the time 
by Mr. T. Rt. Turnbull. 


* Vol. xvi1, p. 160. 
t Vol. XLVI, p. 213, September 15, 1888. 
{ Vol. XVII, p. 636. 


P 


Vv f 
7 ee 


REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT OF LIVING ANIMALS 
IN THE U. S.NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


By W. T. Hornapbay, Honorary Curator. 


The collection of living animals has increased during the year to the 
to the utmost limit under the circumstances which now regulate its ex- 
istence. The building in which the animals are exhibited, has for months 
been filled to its utmost capacity, and the crowds of visitors which daily 
visited the collection were often so great as to cause general discomfort. 
The open yards were so completely filled with large animals that it was 
only by the greatest difficulty that all the specimens were finally accom- 
modated. 

Under such conditions, when the accommodations for the collections 
had been expanded to their utmost limits, it was found necessary to 
check the increase of the number of specimens, both by declining gifts 
when possible to do so, and by discontinuing entirely the purchase of 
specimens. 

Although the collection of living animals has attracted its full share 
lof attention from visitors to the Museum, everything else accomplished 
by the department during the year becomes of small importance in com- 
parison with the work accomplished in connection with the establish- 
ment by Congress of the National Zoological Park. Inthe belief that in 
o other way could the Curator render more valuable service to the pub- 
ic, he devoted much of his time, during both sessions of the Fiftieth 
|}Congress, to efforts calculated to induce Congress to establish at once 
a national zoological garden on a liberal scale. In this, the collec- 
jtion of living animals played an important part. The crowds of visi- 
rs which daily thronged a small, illy ventilated and highly uncom- 
}fortable temporary building, furnished abundant testimony to the eager- 
ess of American people generally to learn more about our American 
auna. 

The valuable gifts of living creatures which came in from all parts of 

e United States, even faster than accommodations could be provided 

or them, proved conclusively the readiness of the public to contribute 

iberally and generally to a national collection of living animals. The 

emand for ample room and for the best facilities for the care and dis- 
H, Mis, 224, pt, 2——27 A417 


418 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. : 


play of the collection thus commenced, became very general. In the 
end it proved to be irresistable; and in comparison with the great re- 
sult finally reached on March 2, 1889, all other work accomplished by 
this department dnring the year becomes of small importance. 

On the part of the Curator there was no opportunity for any special 
researches upon material belonging to the department. The time and | 
effort which it was necessary for him to devote to the plan for a Zoo- | 
logical Park, and also to the department of taxidermy, rendered it im-— 
possible to accomplish for the collection of living animals anything 
but the routine work necessary to its existence ; and, but for the valua- 
ble and energetic service rendered by Keeper Weeden, and the practi- 
cal responsibilities assumed by him, more important work would have 
been compelled to suffer neglect. 

The only work accomplished by the Curator, which in any way par- 
took of the character of investigation and research, was the prepara- 
tion of an extended memoir on the extermination of the American 
bison, with a sketch of its discovery and life history. This publica- 
tion, which appeared in the annual report of the National Museum for 
1887, was rendered necessary by reason of the fact that the fate of al- 
most total extinction, which has befallen the buffalo, is now threatening 
all our most valuable quadrupeds, and unless public attention is drawn 
to the great undesirability of the policy of extermination, our most in- 
teresting quadrupeds will before long be swept out of existence. 

In order to still further direct public attention to this universal war 
of extermination which is now being prosecuted against all our. best 
game animals, the Curator, by direction of the Assistant Secretary, 
brought together a large collection of objects illustrating this subject 
in a graphie manner. This collection was prepared especially for dis- 
play at the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition, held at Cincinnati, to) 
which it was duly forwarded for exhibition. The following editorial de- 
scription of this exhibit, from Forest and Stream, of September 22, 1888, . 
may properly be reproduced here for the purpose of still further carry- 
ing out the object for which the exhibit was made, viz: to draw atten- 
tion to a subject of national importance: 


ee 


‘‘In the Smithsonian department of the Cincinnati Exposition there is now to be: 
seen a startling exhibit. It is a collection of objects which have been brought 
together by Mr. W. T. Hornaday, to illustrate and impress upon the mind of the: 
observer the fact that nearly all of our most conspicuous and interesting game quad-- 
rupeds are rapidly being exterminated, and will soon disappear forever. The lesson) 
it teaches is both impressive and saddening to every lover of animated nature, and} 
like all the lessons taught by the National Museum collections, it is strictly true. 

“The most prominent feature of the exhibit is a series of mounted specimens rep-- 
resenting the species of American mammals which have become extinct (in a wild! 
state, at least), and alse those which are now approaching extinction. The buftalo, , 
Californian sea elephant, and West Indian seal are represented as having become ex- 
tinct in a wild state, with the exception of perhaps a score of stragglers which the 
hunters have not yet found. In the series of species threatened with speedy extirpa- 
tion are found the mountain sheep, mountain goat, elk, a fine group of antelopes of} 


ai 
ie 


DEPARTMENT OF LIVING ANIMALS. 419 


various ages, the moose, caribou, black tail deer, beaver, otter, sea otter, walrus and 
grizzly bear. — 

‘The story of the great buffalo slaughter is very graphically told. A mounted speci- 
men and a series of superb photographie enlargements of the various specimens com- 
posing the large mounted group in the National Museum, represent the species as it 
once flourished. Opposite these hang another series of pictures, three of which are 
large oil paintings, illustrating the methods employed in the destruction of the 
butialo. The first is a representation of the ‘Chase on Horseback,’ which the label 
declares to have been the only fair and sportsmanlike mode of hunting ever practiced 
by either reds or whites. Next to this hangs a magnificent oil painting, executed, 
by special order, by J. H. Moser, of Washington, entitled ‘The Still Hunt.’ This 
represents the typical still-hunter, who kilied buffalo by the hundred for hides, 
worth a dollareach. The hunter is lying flat on the ground at the top of the ridge 
‘pumping’ bullets from a Sharp’s rifle at a bunch of buffalo, on which he has *‘ got 
a stand.” <A dozen or more have fallen, but the stupid brutes stand there in wonder, 
while the remorseless butcher pours in the bullets of death. In the distance a snowy 
plain, backed by snow-clad mountains, is ‘black with buffalo,” to the number of ten 
thousand or more. The picture is a very striking and truthful representation of the 
method by which the destruction of seven or eight million buffalo was accomplished 
in a few short years. 

‘Other pictures in this series represent the other methods employed in killing 
buffalo, chiefly by Indians, such as impounding, hunting on snowshoes, hunting in 
disgnise, ‘the surround,’ etc. On three large flat screens are shown samples of ‘the 
objects for which the buffalo was exterminated.’ One is a skin of a large buffalo 
bull, and another is a cowskin, both in a taw state, just as they came from ‘the 
range,’ where the former sold for the insignificant sum of $1.25 and the latter brought 
even less. A third specimen is a bull hide, taken in the summer when almost bare 
of hair, for use as leather, and having only about half the value of the robe. The label 
attached to this specimen fitly characterizes the hunters who killed buffaloes in sum- 
mer for hides as ‘ greedy wretches.’ 

‘* Last come two objects to show what remains of our most valuable American quad- 
ruped. On a section of Montana prairie, 8 feet by 10, lies the complete skeleton 
of a large buffalo bull, just as it was found bleaching on the range, and just as ten 
thousand others lie to-day. The powerful action of the weather has stripped every 
particle of flesh from the bones, and left them clean and white, but still attached to 
each other by their dried-up ligaments, the legs in position precisely as the animal 
fell. It is a ghastly object, and surely must awaken a feeling of remorse in the breast 
of every old buffalo hunter who comes face to face with it as he passes along the 
main aisle. Hanging near it is another large oil painting by Moser, entitled ‘* Where 
the Millions Have Gone.” It represents a scene on the Montana buffalo range as it 
is to-day. A wide plain is covered with bieaching buffalo skeletons, similar to the 
actual skeleton already mentioned, as weird and ghastly a scene as could be found 
any where outside a charnel-house. 

‘One of the most startling features of this strange display is a lot of seventy tanned 
skins of the rare and little-known Rocky Mountain goat, which the label explains 
were purchased in New York, fully tanned and dressed, at $1.50 each, and originally 
sold in Denver at 50 cents each, to be made into cheap rugs and mats. This shows 
what railroads and breech-loaders are doing for the game in the West. When it is 
possible for the pot-hunters to get at even the mountain goat in its remote and dan- 

 gerous fastnesses, kill them by the score and sell their hides at 50 cents each, we can 
count on our fingers the number of years within which the total extinction of this 
_ rare and interesting quadruped is likely to be accomplished, in this country at least. 
_ Western newspapers occasionally report hunters as hauling in a wagon load of 
mountain goats at atime. The Cincinnati lot includes the pelts of adult males and 
females and young of all ages, even to kids. If the members of State and Territorial 


420 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


legislatures in the West could see this lot of skins and read the descriptive label 
attached to it, they might be induced to pass a protective law that would really pro- 
tect these animals, and others also, from such purposeless and wanton destruction. 

“The final feature of this unique exhibit is a collection of ‘weapons of destruc- 
tion,’ which includes specimens of nearly all of the sporting rifles that have been 
used against American game, from the old Harper’s Ferry flintlock down to the latest 
and deadliest patterns of repeating breech-loaders.” 

The more important accessions received during the year were the 
- following : 

Three American elk, or Wapiti (Cervus canadensis), a female and two 
males. presented by the Hon. W. F. Cody (“ Buffalo Bill”). All three 
are adult, and in very fine condition. On June 8, 1889, the cow gave 
birth to a calf, which is doing finely and attracts much attention. 

Two young black bears, from Virginia, were received from Mr. J. S. 
Miller, Commissioner of Internal Revenue, and placed in the large hexa- 
gonal cage in the center of the closed building; where their playful 
antics have turnished a constant source of amusement to visitors. 

A fine young gray wolf (Canis lupus griseo-albus) was received from 
Mr. C. A. Dole, Glendive, Montana, and its death during the winter 
was the most serious loss the collection sustained during the year. It 
is hoped that it may soon be replaced by another specimen of the 
same species. 

A very important accession, from the U.S. Fish Commissioner, con- 
sisted of twelve elephant tortoises (Testudo elephantopus), of various 
sizes, from the Galapagos Islands, collected by the U.S. Fish Commis- 
sion steamer Albatross. A warm room for the special accommodation 
of these interesting reptiles was immediately built as an addition to 
the animal house, and heated by a stove; but in spite of the utmost 
care and attention a number of the tortoises died. 

Five very interesting monkeys were received during the year from 
various friends of the Museum, as follows: One Mexican spider 
monkey (Ateles vellerosus) from Mr. C. H. Townsend, one White-throated 
Capuchin (Cebus hypoleucus) from Mrs. H. D. Cook, jr., one White- 
fronted Cebus (Cebus albifrons) trom Dr. S. P. Murray, one specimen of 
Oebus hypoleucus from Mr. Hubbard T. Smith, and another species of 
Cebus, from Uruguay, the gift of Senator J. T. Morgan. 

Four beautiful Angora goats were received from Misses Grace and 
Maude Parsons, Natural Bridge, Virginia, two of which have given 
birth to young. 

A young Prong-horned antelope, from Texas, was received from Sen- 
ator Leland Stanford, but before it had fully recovered from the effects 
of its long journey it became alarmed af the presence of a stray dog 
close to the yard-fence, and in springing about the yard its head re- 
ceived an injury, from the effects of which it died a few days later, in 
spite of the best medical care. S 

Two young Red foxes were received from Mr. R. B. L. Fleming, The 


Plains, Virginia; a large swan (Cygnus columbianus) was presented by — 


DEPARTMENT OF LIVING ANIMALS. 421 


Masters Frank and Charles Drew; several species of turtles and terra- 
pins were received from the Yale College Museum, through Dr. G. Baur. 

Among the rare and specially interesting objects received, the most 
valuable prize was a young Rocky Mountain sheep, or Big Horn (Ovis 
montana), female, from Mr. George Bird Grinnell, editor of the New 
York Forest and Stream. ‘This interesting animal was captured in the 
mountains of northwestern Montana, by a Piegan Indian, in June, 1888, 
and was procured from him by Mr. Grinnell, who conveyed it to the 
nearest railway, at very considerable trouble, in October of the same 
year. It arrived at the Museum in good condition, and has thriven as 
satisfactorily, and with as much rapidity, as any domestic lamb. In- 
asmuch as there is, so far as known, only one other specimen of Ovis 
montana in captivity, this individual is particularly interesting. It has 
been weighed, photographed, and measured at intervals, and its de- 
velopment carefully watched. In the issue of Forest and Stream for 
June 6, 1884, there appeared a very interesting biographical sketch of 
this animal, by Mr. Grinnell, illustrated by a fine engraving from an 
instantaneous photograph by Mr. T. W. Smillie. It is confidently be- 
lieved that the Mountain sheep can be quite successfully acclimated 
and bred in the climate of Washington, and experiments in that diree- 
tion will be made as soon as the Zoological Park is ready to accommo- 
date specimens. 

Among the other interesting rarities received were a Cacomistle, or 
“ Civet Cat” (Bassaris astuta), from Mr. E. M. Hasbrouck ; two Mexican 
quails (Cyrtonyx) from Mr. B. J. Jones, Columbus, Ohio; a Wood rat 
(Neotoma floridana) from Mr. George W. Shutt; a Black-footed ferret 
(Putorius nigripes) from Mr. A. B. Baker, Wa Keeney, Kansas; three 
Mexican guans (Ortalis vetula maccalli) from Capt. Henry Romeyn, 
Fort Ringgold, Texas, and three Monkey-faced owls (Strix pratincola) 
from Mr. John T. Ward, Washington, District of Columbia. 

Several objects were received which, owing to their aquatic habits, it 
was found impossible to care for successfully in the absence of proper 
facilities for the care of aquatic birds. They were two Great northern 
divers (Colymbus torquatus), one swan (Cygnus columbianus), one widgeon 
(Mareca americana), and a Ruffled grouse (Bonasa umbellus). In the 
autumn of 1889, the Hon. W. I. Cody offered to the Museum his entire 
heard of eighteen buffalos as a deposit, but it was impossible to accept 
them. In the same manner the Museum was offered, by Mr. W. A. 
Conklin, of New York, a camel, an aoudad, lioness, ibex, black leopard, 
and ostrich, all of which had to be declined. 

During the year a number of valuable American mammals were 
offered to the Museum at nominal prices, and although all of them would 
have been most welcome additions to the collections, it was absolutely 
necessary to decline them. They were the following: Two specimens 
of manatee from Florida; three specimens of moose from Maine, Can- 
ada, and Minnesota; a Caribou from Maine, and three specimens of 


422 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Prong-horned antelope from Dakota. The loss of the manatee, moose, 
and earibou, all very rare in captivity, was sincerely regretted. 

During the year the increase of the collection rendered it necessary to 
provide additional accommodations for animals of various kinds. A 
room 30 by 14 feet for tropical reptiles and quadrupeds was built on the 
north of the animal building as an addition to the latter. In this, which 
was heated by a stove, were accommodated the elephant tortoises, 
monkeys, turtles, terrapins, and alligators, and but for its warmth the 
monkeys could not have survived the winter. The limited space for 
visitors in this room has from the first been a serious drawback, inas- 
much as there is nearly always a crowd around the cages containing the 
monkeys, and the passage-way is very often completely blocked. 

On several occasions the crowd in the side room became so dense and 
the press so great, that it became necessary to clear the room and close 
it for a time. 

The grizzly bear and puma outgrew their in-door quarters, and a large 
outdoor cage 8 feet square was made for each and placed at the edge 
of the lawn in front of the animal-house. In these the grizzly and puma 
are quite comfortable, and are in much better health than they have 
been before. Another large outdoor cage was made for the eagles and 
placed on the lawn near the deer-yards, and for the first time since the 
organization of the department these interesting birds are cared for 
under proper conditions. The buffalo-yard has been subdivided by 
cutting off a small section at one side to afford a yard for the Colum- 
bian black-tail deer, which, during the rutting season, became so vicious 
and dangerous that it was necessary tc isolate him entirely. One of 
the deer-yards was also divided into two, to furnish a separate yard for 
the Mountain sheep. 

Owing to the small size of all the yards, great difficulty was experi- 
enced during the rutting season in so isolating the bucks of ail species 
as to prevent their fighting and seriously injaring each other. Of the 
large animals, the buffalos have proven to be the easiest to manage, 
and the most satisfactory of all the ruminants. It is also to be noted 
that they are in fine condition. 

Several new and more comfortable cages were fitted up in the closed 
building for the raccoons, opossums, snakes, owls, ete. Printed labels 
were provided to accompany specimens as soon as possible after their 
receipt, and while the general system of labeling has been far short of 
what it should be, and has not been even a suggestion of the possibili- 
ties in that direction, it was the best that could be done under the cir- 
cumstances. In the matter of routine work in the care of the collec- 
tious, it would be impossible to speak too highly in praise of Mr. W. C. 
Weeden, keeper, and Mr. Selmon Cook, assistant, both of whom have 
always been untiring in their efforts to keep the animals in good condi- 
tion and to make the entire collection as attractive as possible, even 
though laboring under the serious disadvantages of temporary and very 


DEPARTMENT OF LIVING ANIMALS. 423. 


limited accommodations. They have been on duty every holiday in 
order to keep the collection open to the crowds of visitors always in 
attendance on such occasions, and are always on duty part of the day 
on Sunday to look after the comfort of the animals in their charge. 

Unlike all the other departments of the Museum, this contains neither 
a reserve nor duplicate series of specimens, but an exhibition series 
only, which embraces all the living creatures on hand at any given time. 
Specimens lost by death are immediately transferred to the other de- 
partments of the Museum, according to their respective wants, being 
divided between the departments of comparative anatomy, mammals, 
birds, and reptiles. 

The total number of living specimens received during the year was 
271, of which 126 were gifts, 37 were deposited, and 8 were purchased. 
The last catalogue entry on June 30, 1889, was 341, which represents 
the total number of specimens received since the collection was begun. 


Sir Car ro IN) Arr. 


PAPERS DESCRIBING AND ILLUSTRATING THE COLLECTIONS IN THE 


U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


1. The Museums of the Future. By G. BROWN GOODE. 


Sr 
: 


S 


. Te Pito Te Henua, or Easter Island. By WILLIAM J. THOMSON, 


Paymaster, U.S. Navy. 


. Aboriginal Skin-Dressing; a Study Based on Material in the U.S. 


National Museum. By Oris T. MAsSon. 


. The Puma, or American Lion (Felis concolor of Linnzeus). By FRED- 


ERICK W. TRUE. 

Animals Recently Extinet or Threatened with Extermination, as 
represented in the Collections of the U.S. National Museum. 
By FREDERIC A. LUCAS. 

Ths Development of the American Rail and Track, as illustrated 
by the Collection in the U.S. National Museum. By J. ELFRETH 
WATKINS. 


. Explorations in Newfoundland and Labrador in 1887, made in Con- 
D ] 


nection with the Cruise of the U.S. Fish Commission Schooner 
Grampus. By FREDERIC A. LUCAS. 
On a Bronze Buddha in the U.S. National Museum. By CHARLES 


DE Kay. (Reprint.) 
425 


aie 


AV LFS Phas 


arn 


———— 


THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE.* 


By G. BRown Gooner, LL. D. 


There is an Oriental saying that the distance between ear and eye is 
small, but the difference between hearing and seeing very great. 

More terse and not less forcible is our own proverb, ‘To see is to 
know,” which expresses a growing tendency in the human mind. 

In this busy, critical, and skeptical age, each man is seeking to know 
all things, and life is too short for many words. The eye is used more 
and more, the ear less and less, and in the use of the eye, descriptive 
writing is set aside for pictures, and pictures in their turn are replaced 
by actual objects. In the school-room the diagram, the blackboard, and 
the object-lesson, unknown thirty years ago, are universally employed. 
The public lecturer uses the stereopticon to re-enforce his words, the 
editor illustrates his journals and magazines with engravings a hun- 
dred-fold more numerous and elaborate than his predecessor thought 
needful, and the merchant and manufacturer recommend their wares 
by means of vivid pictographs. The local fair of old has grown into 
the great exposition, often international and always under some govy- 
ernmental patronage, and thousands of such have taken place within 
forty years, from Japan to Tasmania, and from Norway to Brazil. 

Amid such tendencies, the museum, if would seem, should find con- 
genial place, for it is the most powerful and useful auxiliary of all sys- 
tems of teaching by means of object lessons. 

The work of organizing museums has not kept pace with the times. 
The United States is far behind the spirit of its own people, and less 
progressive than England, Germany, France, Italy, or Japan. We 
have, it is true, two or three centers of great activity in museum work, 
but there have been few new ones established within twenty years, and 
many of the old are in a state of torpor. This can not long continue. 
The museum of the past must be set aside, reconstructed, transformed 
from a cemetery of bric-a-brac into a nursery of living thoughts. The 
museum of the future must stand side by side with the library and the 
laboratory, as a part of the teaching equipment of the college and uni- 
versity, and in the great cities co-operate with the public library as one 
of the principal agencies for the enlightenment of the people. 


+ A lecture ‘deliv ered betore t the Brooklyn. Institute, February 28 28, 1889. 
427 


428 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The true significance of the word museum may best be appreciated 
through an allusion to the ages which preceded its origin—when our 
ancestors, hundreds of generations removed, were in the midst of those 
great migrations which peopled Europe with races originally seated in 
Central Asia. 

It has been well said that the early history of Greece is the first chap- 
ter in the political and intellectual life of Europe. To the history of 
Greece let us go for the origin of the museum idea, which, in its present 
form, seems to have found its only congenial home among the European 
off-shoots of the great Indo-Germanie or Aryan division of the world’s 
inhabitants. Long centuries before the invention of written languages 
there lived along the borders of northern Greece, upon the slopes of 
Mount Olympus and Helicon, a people whom the later Greeks called 
‘“Thracians,” a half-mythical race, whose language even has perished. 
They survived in memory, we are told, as a race of bards, associated 
with that peculiar legendary poetry of pre-Homeric date, in which the 
powers of nature were first definitely personified. This poetry belonged, 
presumably, to an age when the ancestors of the Greeks had left their 
Indo-European home, but had not yet taken full possession of the lands 
which were afterward Hellenic. The spirits of nature sang to their 
sensitive souls with the voice of brook and tree and bird, and each 
agency or form which their senses perceived was personified in connec- 
tion with a system of worship. There were spirits in every forest or 
mountain, but in Thrace alone dwelt the Muses—the spirits who know 
and who remember, who are the guardians of all wisdom, and who im- 
part to their disciples the knowledge and the skill to write. i 

Museums, in the language of Ancient Greece, were the homes of the 
Muses. The first were in the groves of Parnassus and Helicon, and 
later they were temples in various parts of Helles. Soon, however, 
the meaning of the word changed, and it was used to describe a place 
of study, or a school. Athenzus in the second century described 
Athens as “ the museum of Greece,” and the name was applied to that 
portion of the palace of Alexandria which was set apart for the study 
of the sciences and which contained the famous Alexandrian library. 
The museum of Alexandria, was a great university, the abiding place 
of men of science and letters, who were divided into many companies 
or colleges, for the support of each of which a handsome revenue was 
allotted. 

The Alexandrian museum was burned in the days of Cesar and 
Aurelian, and the term museum, as applied to a great public institu- 
tion, dropped out of use from the fourth to the seventeenth century. 
The disappearance of a word is an indication that the idea for which it 
stood had also fallen into disfavor, and such, indeed, was the fact. 

The history of museum and library runs in parallel lines. It is not 
until the development of the arts and sciences has taken place, until an 
extensive written literature has grown up, and a distinct literary and 


THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE. 429 


scientific class has been developed, that it is possible for the modern 
library and museum to come into existence. The museum of the pres- 
ent is more unlike its old-time representative, than is our library un- 
like its prototype. 

There were, in the remote past, galleries of pictures and sculpture as 
well as museums, so-called. Public collections of paintings and stat- 
uary were founded in Greece and Rome at a very early day. There was 
a gallery of paintings (Pinacotheca) in one of the marble halls of the 
Propyleum at Athens, and in Rome there was a lavish public display of 
works of art. 

M. Dezobry, in his brilliant work upon ‘* Rome in the time of Augus- 
tus” (Rome aw siecle @Auguste), described this phase of the Latin 
civilization in the first century before Christ. 

“For many years,” remarks one of his characters, ‘“‘ the taste for 
paintings has been extending in a most extraordinary manner. In for- 
mer times they were only to be found in the temples, where they were 
placed, less for purposes of ornament than as an act of homage to the 
gods; now they are everywhere, not only in temples, in private houses, 
and in public halls, but also on outside walls, exposed freely to air and 
sunlight. Rome is one great picture gallery; the Forum of Augustus 
is gorgeous with paintings, and they may be seen also in the Forum of 
Cesar, in the Roman Forum, under the peristyles of many of the tem- 
ples, and especially in the porticoes used for public promenades, some 
of which are literally filled with them. Thus everybody is enabled to 
enjoy them, and to enjoy them at all hours of the day.” 

The public men of Rome at a later period in its history were no less 
mindful of the claims of art. They believed that the metropolis of a 
great nation should be adorned with all the best products of civiliza- 
tion. Weare told by Pliny that when Cesar was dictator, he purchased 
for 300,000 deniers two Greek paintings, which he caused to be pub- 
licly displayed, and that Agriy ‘a placed many costly works of art in 
a hall which he built and bequeathed to the Roman people. Constan- 
tine gathered together in Constantinople the paintings and sculptures 
of the great masters, so that the city betore its destruction became a 
great museum like Rome. 

The taste for works of art was in the days of the ancient civiliza- 
tions generally prevalent throughout the whole Mediterranean region, 
and there is abundant reason to believe that there were prototypes of 
the modern museum in Persia, Assyria, Babylonia, and Egypt, as well 
as in Rome. 

Collections in natural history also undoubtedly existed, though we 
have no positive descriptions of them. Natural curiosities, of course, 
found their way into the private collections of monarchs, and were 
doubtless also in use for study among the savants in the Alexandrian 
museums, Aristotle, in the fourth eentury before Christ, had, if is said, 
an enormous grant of money for use in his scientific researches, and 


430 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Alexander the Great, his patron, “took care to send to him a great 
variety of zodlogical specimens, collected in the countries which he had 
subdued,” and also ‘‘ placed at his disposal several thousand persons, 
who were occupied in hunting, fishing, and making the observations 
which were necessary for completing his History of Animals.” If 
human nature has not changed more than we suppose, Aristotle must 
have had a great museum of natural history. 

When the Roman capital was removed to Byzantium, the arts and 
letters of Europe began to decline. The Church was unpropitious, and 
the invasions of the northern barbarians destroyed everything. In 
476, with the close of the Western Empire, began a period of intellect- 
ual torpidity which was to last for a thousand years. It was in Bagdad 
and Cordova that science and letters were next to be revived, and 
Africa was to surpass Europe in the exhibit of its libraries. 

With the Renaissance came a period of new life for collectors. The 
churches of southern Europe became art galleries, and monarchs and 
noblemen and ecclesiastical dignitaries collected books, manuscripts, 
sculptures, pottery, and gems, forming the beginnings of collections 
which have since grown into public museums. Some of these collec- 
tions doubtless had their first beginnings in the midst of the Dark 
Ages within the walls of feudal castles or the larger monasteries, but 
their number was small, and they must have consisted chiefly of those 
objects so nearly akin to literature as especially to command the atten- 
tion of bookish men. . 

The idea of a great national museum of science and art was first 
worked out by Lord Bacon in his ‘‘ New Atlantis,” a philosophical 
romance published at the close of the seventeenth century. 

The first scientific museum actually founded was that begun at Ox- 
ford, in 1667, by Elias Ashmole, still known as the Ashmolean Museum, 
composed chiefly of natural history specimens collected by the botan- 
ists Tradescant, father and son, in Virg ‘nia and in the north of Africa. 
Soon after, in 1753, the British Museum was established by act of Par- 
liament, inspired by the will of Sir Hans Sloane, who, dying in 1749, 
left to the nation his invaluable collection of books, manuscripts, and 
curiosities. 

Many of the great national museums of Europe had their origin in 
the private collections of monarchs. France claims the honor of having 
been the first to change a royal into a national museum, when in 1789, 
the Louvre came into the possession of a republican government. 

It is very clear, however, that democratic England stands several dec- 
ades in advance—its act, moreover, being one of deliberate founding 
rather than a species of conquest. A century before this, when Charles 
the First was beheaded by order of Parliament, his magnificent private 
collection was dispersed. Whata blessing it would be to England to-day 
if the idea of founding a national museum had been suggested to the 
Cromwellians. The intellectual life of America is so closely bound to 


THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE. 431 


that of England, that the revival of interest in museums, and in popular 
education, at the middle of the present century, is especially significant 
to us. 

The Great Exhibition of 1851 was one of the most striking features 
of the industrial revolution in England, that great transformation 
which, following closely upon the introduction of railroads, turned 
England feudal and agricultural, into England democratic and com- 
mercial. This Exhibition marked an epoch in the intellectual progress 
of English speaking peoples. ‘The Great Exhibition,” writes a popular 
novelist—a social philosopher as well—‘‘did one great service for 
country people: It taught them how easy it is to get to London, and 
what a mine of wealth, especially for after-memory and purposes of 
conversation, exists in that great place.” 

Our own Centennial Exhibition in 1876 was almost as great a revela- 
tion to the people of the United States. The thoughts of the country 
were opened to many things before undreamed of. One thing we may 
regret—that we have no such wide-spread system of museums as that 
which has developed in the motherland, with South Kensington as its 
administrative center. 

Under the wise administration of the South Kensington staff, an out- 
growth of the events of 1851, a great system of educational museums 
has been developed all through the United Kingdom. <A similar exten- 
sion of public museums in this country would be quite in harmony with 
the spirit of the times, as shown in the present efforts toward university 
extensions. 

England has had nearly forty years in which to develop these tend- 
encies, and we but thirteen since our Exhibition. May we not hope 
that within a like period of time and before the year 1914, the United 
States may have attained the position which England now occupies, at 
least in the respect of popular interest and substantial governmental 
support. 

There are now over one hundred and fifty public museums in the 
United Kingdom, all active and useful. The museum systems of Great 
Britain are, it seems to me, much closer to the ideal which America 
should follow than are those of either France or Germany. They are 
designed more thoughtfully to meet the needs of the people, and are 
more intimately intertwined with the policy of national, popular edu- 
cation. Sir Henry Cole, the founder of the “Department of Science 
and Art,” speaking of the purpose of the museum under his care, said 
to the people of Birmingham in 1574: “If you wish your schools of 
science and art to be effective, your health, the air, and your food to 
be wholesome, your life to be long, your manufactures to improve, 
your trade to increase, and your people to be civilized, you must have 
museums of science and art, to illustrate the principles of life, health, 
nature, science, art, and beauty. 

Again, in words as applicable to America of to-day as to Britain 


432 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


in 1874, said he: “A thorough education and a knowledge of science 
and art are vital to the nation and to the place it holds at present in 
the civilized world. Science and art are the life-blood of successful 
production. <All civilized nations are running a race with us, and our 
national decline will date from the period when we go to sleep over the 
work of education, science, and art. What has been done is at the 
mere threshold of the work yet to be done.” 

The museums of the future in this democratic land should be adapted 
to the needs of the mechanic, the factory operator, the day laborer, 
the salesman, and the clerk, as much as to those of the professional 
man and the man of leisure. It is proper that there be laboratories and 
professional libraries for the development of the experts who are to or- 
ganize, arrange and explain the museums. It is proper that the labora- 
tories be utilized to the fullest extent for the credit of the institution to 
which they beloug. No museum can grow and be respected which does 
not each year give additional proofs of its claims to be considered a 
center of learning. 

On the other hand the public have a right to ask that much shall be 
done directly in their interest. They will gladly allow the museum 
officer to use part of his time in study and experiment. ‘They will take 
pride in the possession by the museum of tens of thousands of speci- 
mens, interesting only to the specialists, hidden away perpetually from 
public view, but necessary for purpose of scientific research. These are 
foundations of the intellectual superstructure which gives the institu- 
tion its standing. 

Still no pains must be spared in the presentation of the material in 
the exhibition halls. The specimens must be prepared in the most care- 
ful and artistic manner, and arranged attractively in well-designed 
cases and behind the clearest of glass.. Each object must bear a label, 
_ giving its name and history so fully that all the probable questions of 
the visitor are answered in advance. Books of reference must be kept 
in convenient places. Colors of walls, cases, and labels must be restful 
and quiet, and comfortable seats should be everywhere accessible, for 
the task of the museum visitor is a weary one at best. 

In short, the public museum is, first of all, for the benefit of the pub- 
lic. When the officers are few in number, each must of necessity de- 
vote a considerable portion of his time to the public halls. When the 
staff becomes larger, it is possible by specialization of work to arrange 
that certain men may devote their time uninterruptedly to laboratory | 
work, while others are engaged in the increase of the collections and 
their installation. 

I hope and firmly believe that every American community with in- 
habitants to the number of five thousand or more will within the next 
half century have a public library, under the management of a trained 
librarian. Be it ever so small, its influence upon the people would be 
of untold value. One of the saddest things in this life is to realize 


THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE. 433 


that in the death of the elder members of a community, so much that 
is precious in the way of knowledge and experience is lost to the world. 
It is through the agency of books that mankind benefits by the toil of 
past generations and is able to avoid their errors. 

In these days, when printing is cheap and authors are countless, that 
which is good and true in human thought is in danger of being entirely 
overlooked. The daily papers, and above all the overgrown and un- 
canny Sunday papers, are like weeds in a garden whose rank leaves 
not only consume the resources of the soil but hide from view the more 
modest and more useful plants Of slower growth. 

Most suggestive may we find an essay on “Capital and Culture in 
America” which recently appeared in one of the English reviews. The 
author, a well known Anglo-American astronomer, boldly asserts that 
year by year it becomes clearer that despite the large increase in the 
number of men and women of culture in America, the nation is deteri- 
orating in regard to culture. Among five hundred towns where form- 
erly courses of varied entertainments worthy of civilized communities— 
concerts, readings, lectures on artistic, literary, and scientific subjects, 
and so forth were successfully arranged season after season, scarcely 
fifty now feel justified in continuing their efforts in the cause of culture, 
knowing that the community will not support them. Scientific, liter- 
ary, and artistic societies, formerly flourishing, are now dying or dead 
in many cities which have in the meantime increased in wealth. and 
population.” He instances Chicago as typical of an important portion 
of America, and cites evidences of decided deteriraotoin within sixteen 
years. 

The people’s museum should be much more than a house full of speci- 
mens in glass cases. It should be a house full of ideas, arranged with 
the strictest attention to system. 

I once tried to express this thought by saying ‘“ An efficient educational 
museum may be described as a collection of instructive labels, each illus- 
trated by a well-selected specimen.” 

The museum, let me add, should be more than a collection of speci- 
mens well arranged and well labeled. Like the library, it should be 
under the constant supervision of one or more men well informed, schol- 
arly and withal practical, and fitted by tastes and training to aid in the 
educational work. 

I should not organize the museum primarily for the use of the people 
in their larval or school-going stage of existence. The public school 
teacber with the illustrated text-book, diagrams, and other appliances, 
is in these days a professional outfit which is usually quite sufficient to 
enable him to teach his pupils. School days last at the most only from 
five to fifteen years, and they end with the majority of mankind before 
their minds have reached the stage of growth most favorable for the 
reception and assimilation of the best and most useful thought. Why 
should we be crammed in the times of infancy and kept in a state of 


H, Mis. 224, pt. 2——28 


434 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


mental starvation during the period which follows, from maturity to 
old age, a state which is disheartening and unnatural, all the more 
because of the intellectual tastes which have been stimulated and par- 
tially formed by school life. 

The boundary line between the library and the museum is neither 
straight nor plain. The former, if its scope be rightly indicated by its 
name, is primarily a place for books. The latter is a depository for ob- 
jects of every kind, books not excepted. 

The British Museum, with its libraries, its pictures, its archeological 
galleries, its anthropological, geological, botanical, and zoédlogical col- 
lections, is an example of the most comprehensive interpretation of the 
term. 

Professor Huxley has described the museum as “a consultative 
library of objects.” This definition is suggestive but unsatisfactory. 
It relates only to the contents of the museum, as distinguished from 
those of the library, and makes no reference to the differences in the 
methods of their administration. The treasures of the library must be 
examined one at a time and by one person at a time; their use requires 
long-continued attention, and their removal from their proper places in 
the system of arrangement. Those of the museum are displayed to 
public view, in groups, in systematic sequence, so that they have a 
vollective as well as an individual significance. Furthermore, much of 
their meaning may be read at a glance. 

The museum cultivates the powers of observation, and the casual 
visitor even makes discoveries for himself and under the guidance of 
the labels forms his own impressions. In the library one studies the 
impressions of others. ‘The library is most useful to the educated, the 
museum to educated and uneducated alike, to the masses as well as to 
the few, and is a powerful stimulant to intellectual activity in either 
class. The influence of the museum upon a community is not so deep 
as that of the library, but extends to a much larger number of people. 

The National Museum has 300,000 visitors a year, each of whom car- 
ries away a certain number of new thoughts. 

The two ideas may be carried out, side by side, in the same building, 
and if need be under the same management, not only without antago- 
nism, but with advantage. 

That the proximity of a good library is absolutely essential to the 
usefulness of a museum will be admitted by every one. 

Lam confident also that a museum, wisely organized and properly 
arranged, is certain to benefit the library near which it stands in many 
ways through its power to stimulate interest in books, thus increasing 
the general popularity of the library and enlarging its endowment. 

Many books and valuable ones would be required in the first kind of 
museum work, but it is not intended to enter into competition with the 
library. (When necessary, volumes could be duplicated.) It is very 
often the case, however, that books are more useful and safer in the 


— 


THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE. 435 


museum than on the library shelves, for in the museum they may be 
seen daily by thousands, while in the library their very existence is 
forgotten by all except their custodian. 

Audubon’s ‘Birds of North America” is a book which every one has 
heard of and which every one wants to see at least once in his lifetime. 
In a library, it probably is not examined by ten persons in a year; in 
a museum, the volumes exposed to view in a glass case, a few of the 
most striking plates attractively framed and hung upon the wall near 
at hand, it teaches a lesson to every passer-by. 

The library may be called upon for aid by the museum in many di- 
rections. Pictures are often better than specimens to illustrate certain ~ 
ideas. The races of man and their distribution can only be shown by 
pictures and maps. Atlases of ethnological portraits and maps are out 
of place in a library if there is a museum near by in which they can be 
displayed. They are not even members of the class described by Lamb 
as ** books which are not books”. They are not books, but museum 
specimens masquerading in the dress of books. 

There is another kind of depository which, though in external fea- 
tures so similar to the museum, and often confused with it in name as 
well as in thought, is really very unlike it. This is the art gallery. 
The scientific tendencies of modern thought have permeated every de- 
partment of human activity, even influencing the artist. Many art 
galleries are now called museums, and the assumption of the name 
usually tends toward the adoption in some degree of a scientific 
method of installation. The difference between a museum and a gal- 
lery is solely one of method of management. The Musée des Thermes, 
the Cluny Museum in Paris is, notwithstanding its name, simply a gal- 
lery of curious objects. its contents are arranged primarily with ref- 
erence to their effect. The old monastery in which they are placed, 
affords a magnificent example of the interior decorative art of the Mid- 
dle Ages. ; 

The Cluny Museum is a most fascinating and instructive place. IL 
would not have it otherwise than it is, but it will always be unique, 
the sole representative of its kind. ‘The features which render it at- 
tractive would be ruinous to any museum. It is, more than any other 
that I know, a collection arranged from the stand-point of the artist. 
The same material, in the hands of a Klemm or a Pitt Rivers, arranged 
to show the history of human thought, would, however, be much more 
interesting, and, if the work were judiciously done, would lose none of 
its wsthetic allurements. 

Another collection of the same general character as the one just de- 
scribed is the Soane Museum in London. Another, the famous collec- 
tion of crown jewels and metal work in the Green Vaults at Dresden, 
a counterpart of which may be cited in the collection in the Tower of 
London. The Museum of the Hohenzollernsin Berlin and the Museum 
of the City of Paris are of necessity unique. Such collections can not 


436 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


be created. They grow in obedience to the action of natural law, just 
as a tree or a sponge may grow. 

The city which is in the possession of such an heirloom is blessed 
just as is the possessor of an historic surname, or he who inherits the 
cumulative genius of generations of gifted forefathers. The possession 
of one ora score of such shrines does not, however, free any community 
from the obligation to form a museum for purposes of education and scei- 
entific research. 

The founding of a public museum in a city like Brooklyn, is a work 
whose importance can scarcely be overestimated. The founders of in- 
stitutions of this character do not often realize how much they are doing 
for the future. Opportunity such as that which is now open to the 
members of the Brooklyn Institute oceur only once in the lifetime of a 
nation. It is by no means improbable that the persons now in this room 
have it in their power to decide whether in the future intellectual prog- 
ress of this nation, Brooklyn is to lead or to follow far in the rear. 

Many of my hearers are doubtless familiar with that densely popu- 
lated wilderness, the east end of London, twice as large as Brooklyn, 
yet with searce an intellectual oasis in its midst. Who can say how 
differeut might have been its condition to-day if Walter Besant’s apos- 
tolic labors had begun a century sooner, and if the People’s Palace, 
that wonderful materialization of a poet’s dream, had been for three 
generations brightening the lives of the citizens of the Lower Hamlets 
and Hackney. 

Libraries and museums do not necessarily spring up where they are 
needed. Our governments, Federal, State, and municipal, are not 
‘‘naternal” in spirit. They are less so even in practical working than 
in England, when, notwithstanding the theory that all should be left to 
private effort, the government, under the leadership of the late Prince 
Consort and of the Prince of Wales, has done wonderful things for all 
the provincial cities, as well as for London, in the encouragement of 
libraries, museums, art, and industrial education. 

However much the state may help, the private individual must lead, 
organize, and prepare the way. ‘It is universally admitted,” said the 
Marquis of Lansdowne in 1847, “that governments are the worst of 
cultivators, the worst of manufacturers, the worst of traders,” and Sir 
Robert Peel said in similar strain that “the action of government is tor- 
pid at best.” 

In beginning a museum the endowment is of course the most essen- 
tial thing, especially in a great city like Brooklyn, which has a high 
ideal of what is due to the intelligence ot its populace and to the civie 
dignity. 

Unremunerated service in museum administration, though it may be 
enthusiastically offered and conscientiously performed, will in the end 
fuil to be satisfactory. Still more is it impossible for a respectable 


THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE. 43 


museum to grow up without liberal expenditure for the acquisition of 
collections and their installation. 

Good administration is not to be had for nothing. As to the qualifica- 
tion of a museum administrator, whether it be for a museum of science 
or a museum of art, it is perhaps superfluous to say that he should be 
the very best obtainable; a man of ability, enthusiasm, and withal of 
experience, for the administration of museums and exhibitions has be- 
come of late years a profession, and careful study of methods of ad- 
ministration is indispensable. If the new administrator has not had 
experience he must needs gain it at the expense of the establishment 
which employes him—an expense of which delay, waste, and needless 
experiment form considerable elements. 

No investment is more profitable to a museum than that in the salary 
fund. Around a nucleus of men of established reputation and adminis- 
trative tact, will naturally grow up a statf of volunteer assistants, whose 
work, assisted and directed in the best channels, will be of infinite value. 

The sinews and brains of the organism being first provided, the de- 
velopment of its body stiil remains. The outer covering, the dress, can 
wait. It is much better to hire buildings for temporary use, or to build 
rude fire-proof sheds, than to put up a permanent museum building be- 
fore at least a provisional idea of its personnel and contents has been 
acquired. 

As has been already said, a museum must spend money in the acquisi- 
tion of collections, and a great deal of money. The british Museum 
has already cost the nation for establishment and maintenance not far 
from $50,000,000. Up to 1882 over $1,500,000 had been expended in 
purchase of objects for the art collections at South Kensington alone. 

Such expenditures are usually good investments of national funds, 
however. In 1882, after about twenty-five years of experience, the 
buildings and contents of the South Kensington Museum had cost the 
nation about $5,000,000, but competent authorities were satisfied that 
an auction on the premises could not bring less than $100,000,000, For 
every dollar spent. however, gifts will come in to the value of many 
dollars. In this connection it may not be amiss to quote the words of 
one of the most experienced of English museum administrators (pre- 
sumably Sir Philip Cunliffe Owen) when asked many years ago whether 
Americans might not develop great public institutions on the plan of 
those at Kensington: 

‘Let them plant the thing,” he said, ‘and it can’t help growing, and 
most likely beyond their powers—as it has been almost beyond ours-—— 
to keep up with it. What is wanted first of all is one or two good 
brains, with the means of erecting a good building on a piece of ground 
considerably larger than is required for that building. Where there 
have been secured substantial, luminous galleries for exhibition, in a 
fire-proof building, and these are known to be carefully guarded by 


‘night and day, there can be no need to wait long for treasures to flow 


43 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


into it. Above ali, let your men take care of the interior and not set out 
wasting their strength and money on external grandeur and decoration. 
The inward built up rightly, the outward will be added in due season.”* 

Muceb will, of course, be given to any museum which has the confi- 
dence of the public—much that is of great value, and much that is use- 
less. 

The Trojans of old distrusted the Greeks when they came bearing 
gifts. The museum administrator must be on his guard against every 
one who proffers gifts. An unconditional donation may be usually 
accepted without hesitation, but a gift coupled with conditions is, 
except in very extraordinary cases, far from a benefaction. 

A donor demands that his collection shall be exhibited as a whole, 
and kept separate from all others. When his collection is monographie 
in character and very complete, it is sometimes desirable to accept it 
on such conditions. As a rule, however, it is best to try to induce the 
donor to allow his collections to be merged in the general series—each 
object being separately and distinctively labeled. I would not be under- 
stood to say that the gift of collections is not, under careful manage- 
ment, a most beneficial source of increase to a public collection. I 
simply wish to call attention to the fact that a museum which accepts 
without reserve gifts of every description, and fails to re-enforce these 
gifts by extensive and judicious purchasing, is certain to develop in 
an unsystematical and ill-balanced way. 

Furthermore, unless a museum be supported by liberal and constantly 
increasing grants from some State or municipial treasury, it will ulti- 
mately become suffocated. It is essential that every museum, whether 
of science or art should from the start make provision for laboratories. 
and storage galleries as well as for exhibition halls. 

Allintellectual work may be divided into two classes, the one tending 
towards the increase of knowledge, the other towards its diffusion—the 
one toward investigation and discovery, the other toward the education 
of the people and the application of known facts to promoting their 
material welfare. The efforts of learned men are sometimes applied 
solely to one of these departments of effort—sometimes to both, and it 
is generally admitted by the most advanced teachers, that for their stu- 
dents as well as for themselves, the happiest results are reached by in- 
vestigation and instruction simultaneously. Still more is this true of 
institutions of learning. The college which imparts only second-hand 
knowledge to its students belongs to a stage of civilization which is fast 
being left behind. The museum likewise must, in order to perform its 
proper functions, contribute to the advancement of learning through 
the increase as well as through the diffusion of knowledge. 

We speak of educational museums and of the educational method of - 
installation so frequently that there may be danger of inconsistency in 
the use of the term. An educational museum, as it is usually spoken 


* Conway: Travels in South Kensington, 26. 


THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE. 439 


of, is one in which an attempt is made to teach the unprofessional vis- 
itor; an institution for popular education by means of labeled collec- 
tions, and it may be also by popular lectures. <A college museum, al- 
though used as an aid to advanced instruction, is not an “educational 
museum” in the ordinary sense; nor does a museum of research, like 
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., belong to 
this class, although to a limited extent it attempts and performs pop- 
ular educational work in addition to its other functions. 

In the National Museum in Washington the collections are divided 
into two great classes. The exhibition series, which constitutes the 
educational portion of the Museum, and is exposed to publie view with 
all possible accessions for public entertainment and instruction, and 
the study series, which is kept in the scientific laboratories, and is 
scarcely examined except by professional investigators. 

In every properly conducted museum the collections must from the 
very beginning divide themselves into these two classes, and in plan- 
ning for its administration provision should be made not only for the 
exhibition of objects in glass cases, but for the preservation of large 
collections not available for exhibition, to be used for the studies of a 
very limited number of specialists. 

Lord Bacon, who, as we have noticed, was the first to whom occurred 
_ the idea of a great museum of science and art, complained three cen- 
turies ago, in his book ‘On the Advancement of Learning,” that up to 
that time the means for intellectual progress had been used exclusively 
for “amusement” and “teaching,” and not for the “augmentation of 
science.” 

It will undoubtedly be found desirable for certain museums, founded 
for local effect, to specialize mainly in the direction of popular educa- 
tion. If they can not also provide for a certain amount of scholarly 
endeavor in connection with the other advantages, it would be of the 
utmost importance that they should be assorted by a system of adminis- 
trative co-operation with some institution which is in the position of 
being a center of original work. 

The general character of museums should be clearly determined at 
its very inception. Specialization and division of labor are essential 
for institutions as well as for individuals. It is only a great national 
museum which can hope to include all departments, and which can with 
safety encourage growth in every direction. 

A city museum, even in a great metropolis like Brooklyn, should, if 
possible, select certain special lines of activity, and pursue them with 
the intention of excelling. If there are already beginnings in many 
directions, it is equally necessary to decide which lines of development 
are to be favored, in preference to all others. Many museums fail to 
make this choice at the start, and instead of steering toward some 
definite point, drift hither and thither, and, it may be, are foundered. 
in mid-ocean. 


440 _ REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


There 18 no reason why the museum of the Brooklyn Institute may 
not in time attain to world-wide fame, and attract students and visitors 
from afar. It would be wise perhaps in shaping its policy to remember 
that in the twin city of New York are two admirable museums which 
may be met more advantageously in co-operation than in rivalry. 
Brooklyn may appropriately have its own museum of art and its 
museum of natural history, but they should avoid the repetition of 
collections already so near at hand. 

In selecting courses for the development of a museum, it may be 
useful to consider what are the fields open to museum work. 

As a matter of convenience museums are commonly classed in two 
groups—those of science and those of art, and in Great Britain the 
great national system is mainly under the control of “The Science and 
Art Department of the Committee of Council on Education.” 

The classification is not entirely satisfactory since it is based upon 
methods of arrangement, rather than upon the nature of the ob- 
jects to be arranged, and since it leaves a middle territory (only 
partially occupied by the English museum men of either department), 
a great mass of museum material of the greatest moment both in re- 
gard to its interest and its adaptability for purposes of public in- 
struction. 

On the one side stand the natural history collections, undoubtedly 
best to be administrated by the geologist, botanist, and zoologist. On 
the other side are the fine art collections, best to be arranged from an 
esthetic standpoint. by artists. Between is a territory which no 
English word can adequately describe—which the Germans call Cvl- 
turgeschichte—the natural history of cult, or civilization, of man and 
his ideas and achievements. The museums of science and art have 
not yet learned how to partition this territory. An exact classification 
of museums is not at present practicable, nor will it be, until there has 
been some redistribution of the collections which they contain. It may 
be instructive however, to pass in review the principal museums of the 
world, indicating briefly their chief characteristics. 

Every great nation has its museum of nature. The natural history 
department of the British Museum, recently removed from the heart 
of London to palatial quarters in South Kensington, is probably the 
most extensive—with its three great divisions, zoological, botanical, 
and geological. The Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, in the garden of plants 
in Paris, founded in 1795, with its galleries of anatomy, anthropology, 
zoology, botany, mineralogy, and geology, is one of the most extensive, 
but far less potent in science now than in the days of Cuvier, Lamarck, 
St. Hilaire, Jussieu, and Brongniart. In Washington, again, there is a 
National Museum with anthropological, zoological, botanical, mineral- 
ogical, and geological collections in one organization, together with a 
large additional department of arts and industries, or technology. 

Passing to specialized vatural history collections, perhaps the most 


THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE. 441 


noteworthy are those devoted to zoology, and chief among them that 
in our own American Cambridge. The Museum of Comparative Zool- 
ogy, founded by the Agassiz’s, ‘‘to illustrate the history of creation, 
as far as the present state of knowledge reveals that history,” was in 
1887, pronounced by the English naturalist, Alfred Russell Wallace, 
‘¢to be far in advance of similar institutions in Europe as an educational 
institution, whether as regards the general public, the private student, 
or the specialist.” 

Next to Cambridge, after the zoological section of the museums of 
London and Paris, stands the collections in the Imperial Cabinet in 
Vienna, and those of the zoological museums in Berlin, Leyden, Copen- 
hagen, and Christiania. 

Among botanical museums, that in the Royal Gardens at Kew, near 
London, is pre-eminent, with its colossal herbarium containing the 
finest collection in the world, and its special museum of economic botany 
founded in 1847, both standing in the midst of a collection of living 
plants. There is also in Berlin the Royal Botanical Museum, founded 
in 1818 as the Royal Herbarium; in St. Petersburg, the Herbaria of 
the Imperial Botanical Garden. 

Among the geological and mineralogical collections the mineral 
cabinet in Vienna, arranged in the imperial castle, is among the first. 

The Museum of Practical Geology in London, which is attached to 
the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom, was founded in 1837, to 
exhibit the collections of the survey, in order to “‘ show the applications 
of geology to the useful purposes of life.” Like every other healthy 
museum, it soon had investigations in progress in connection with its 
educational work, and many very important discoveries have been made 
in its laboratories. It stands in the very first rank of museums for pop- 
ular instruction, the arrangement of the exhibition halls being most 
admirable. Of museums of anatomy there are thirty of considerable 
magnitude, all of which have grown up in connection with schools of 
medicine and surgery, except the magnificent Army Medical Museum 
in Washington. 

The Medical Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London is 
probably first in importance. The collections of St. Thomas’s, Guy’s, 
St. George’s, and other hospitals are very rich in anatomical and path- 
ological specimens. The oldest public anatomical museum in London is 
that of St. Bartholomew’s. 

Paris, Edinburgh, and Dublin have large anatomical and materia- 
medica collections. As a rule, the medical museums of Europe are con- 
nected with universities. Dr. Billings, Curator of the Army Medical 
museum in Washington, has traced accurately the growth of medical 
collections both at home and abroad, and from his address upon med- 
ical museums, as president of the Congress of American Physicians and 
Surgeons, delivered in 1888, the facts here stated relating to this class 
_of museums have been gathered. The Army Medical Museum appar- 


442 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


ently owes its establishment to Dr. William A. Hammond, in 1862. The 


museum contained in 1888 more that 15,000 specimens, besides those . 


contained in the microscopical department. ‘An ideal medical museum,” 
says Dr. Billings, ‘should be very complete in the department of pre- 
ventive medicine or hygiene. It is a wide field, covering, as it does, 
air, water, food, clothing, habitations, geology, meteorology, occupations, 
ete., in their relations to the production or prevention of disease, and 
thus far has had little place in medical museums, being taken up as a 
specialty in the half dozen museums of hygiene which now exist.” 

William Hunter formed the great Glasgow collection between the 
years 1770 and 1800, and John Hunter, in 1787, opened the famous 
Hunterian Museum in London, bought by the English Government soon 
after (1799), and now known as the Museum of the Royal College of 
Surgeons. 

Paris is proud of the two collections at the School of Medicine, the 
Musée Orfila and the Musée Dupuytren, devoted, the one to normal, 
the other to pathological anatomy. 

Ethnographic museums are especially numerous and fine in the north- 
ern part of continental Europe. They were proposed more than half a 
century ago by the French geographer Jomard, and the idea was first 
carried into effect about 1840 in the establishment of the Danish Ethno- 
graphical Museum, which long remained the best in Europe. Within 
the past twenty years there has been an extraordinary activity in this 
direction. 

In Germany, besides the museums in Berlin, Dresden, and Leipzie, 
considerable collections have been founded in Hamburg and Munich. 
Austria has in Vienna two for ethnography, the Court Museum (Hof- 
Museum) and the Oriental (Orientalisches) Museum. Holland has 


reorganized the National Ethnographical Museum (Rijks Ethnograph- . 


isch Museum) in Leyden, and there are smaller collections in Amster- 
dam, Rotterdam, and The Hague. France has founded the Trocadero 
(Musée de Trocadero). In Italy there is the important Prehistoric 
and Ethnographic Museum (Museo prehistorico ed etnografico) in 
Kome, as well as the collection of the Propagando, and there are 
museums in Florence and Venice. 

Ethnographical museums have also been founded in Christiania and 
Stockholm, the latter of which will include the rich material collection 
by Dr. Stolpe on the voyage of the frigate Vanadis around the world. 
In England there is less attention to the subject—the Christy collec- 
tion in the British Museum being the only one specially devoted to 
ethnography, unless we include also the local Blackmore Museum at 
Salisbury. 

In the United States the principal establishments arranged on the 
ethnographic plan are the Peabody Museum of Archeology in Cam- 
bridge, and the collections in the Peabody Academy of Sciences at 
Salem, and the American Museum of Natural History in New York. 


THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE. 443 


The ethnological collections in Washington are classified on a double 
system, in one of its features corresponding to that of the European, 
in the other, like the famous.Pitt Rivers collection at Oxford, arranged 
to show the evolution of culture and civilization without regard to race. 
This broader plan admits much material excluded by the advocates of 
ethnographic museums, who devote their attention almost exclusively 
to the primitive or non-European peoples. 

In close relation to the ethnographic museums are those which are 
devoted to some special field of human thought and interest. Most 
remarkable among these perhaps is the Musée Guimet, recently re- 
moved from Lyons to Paris, which is intended to illustrate the history 
of religious ceremonial among all races of men. Other good examples 
of this class are some of those in Paris, such as the Musée de Marine, 
which shows not only the development of the merchant and naval ma- 
rines of the country, but also, by trophies and other historical souvenirs, 
the history of the naval .battles of the nation. The Musée d’Artillerie 
does for war, but less thoroughly, what the Marine Museum does in 
its own department, and there are similar museums in other coun- 
tries. Of musical museums perhaps the mostimportant is the Musée 
Instrumental founded by Clapisson, attached to the Conservatory of 
Music in Paris. ‘There is a magnificent collection of musical instruments 
at South Kensington, but its contents are selected in reference to their 
suggestiveness in decorative art. There are also large collections in the 
National Museum in Washington and the Conservatory of Music in Bos- 
ton, and the Metropolitan Museum in New York has recently been given 
a very full collection by Mrs. John Crosby Brown, of that city. 

There is a Theatrical Museum at the Academie Frangais in Paris, a 
Museum of Journalism at Antwerp, a Museum of Pedagogy in Paris, 
which has its counterpart in South Kensington. These are profes- 
sional, rather than scientific or educational, as are perhaps also the Mu- 
seum of Practical Fish Culture at South Kensington and the Museums 
of Hygiene in London and Washington. 

Archeological collections are of two classes, those of prehistoric and 
historic archeology. The former are usually absorbed by the ethno- 
graphic museums, the latter by the art museums. The value to the 
historian of archeological collections, both historic and pre-historic, has 
long been understood. The museums of London, Paris, Berlin, and 
Rome need no comment. In Cambridge, New York, and Washington 
are immense collections of the remains of man in America inthe pre- 
Columbian period, collections which are yearly growing in significance, 
as they are made the subject of investigation, and there is an immense 
amount of material of this kind in the hands of institutions and private 
collectors in all parts of the United States. 

The museum at Naples shows, so far as a museum can, the history of 
Pompeii at one period. The museum of St. Germain, near Paris, ex- 
hibits the history of France in the time of the Gauls and of the Roman 


A444 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


occupation. In Switzerland, especially at Neuchatel, the history of the 
inhabitants of the Lake Dwellings is shown. The Assyrian and Egyp- 
tian galleries in the British Museums are museums of themselves. 

Historical museums are manifold in character, and of necessity local 
in interest. Some relate to the history of provinces or cities. One of 
the oldest and best of these is the Miirkisch Provinzial Museum in Ber- 
lin; another is the museum of the city of Paris, recently opened in the 
Hotel Canaveral. Many historical societies have collections of this 
character. Some historical museums relate to a dynasty, as the Mu- 
seum of the Hohenzollerns in Berlin. 

The cathedrals of southern Europe, and St. Paul’s, in London, are in 
some degrees national or civic museums. The Galileo Museum in Flor- 
ence, the Shakespeare Museum at Stratford, are good examples of the 
museums devoted to the memory of representative men, and the Mon 
astery of St. Mark, in Florence, does as much as could be expected of 
any museum for the lifeof Savonarola. The Sloane Museum in London, 
the Thorvaldsen Museum in Copenhagen, are similar in purpose and 
result, but they are rather biographical than historical. There are also 
others which illustrate the history of a race, as the Bavarian National 
Museum in Nuremberg. 

The Museums of Fine Art are the most costly and precious of all— 
since they contain the master-pieces of the world’s greatest painters and 
sculptors. In Rome, Florence, Venice, Naples, Bologna, Parma, Milan, 
Nurin, Modena, Padua, Ferrara, Brescia, Sienna and Pisa; in Munich, 
Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, and Prague; in Paris, and many provincial 
cities of France; in London, St. Petersburg, Madrid, Copenhagen, 
Brussels, Antwerp, and the Hague, are great collections, whose names 
are familiar to us all, each the depository of priceless treasures of art. 
Many of these are remarkable only for their pictures and statuary, 
and might with equal right be called picture galleries ; others abound in 
the minor products of artists, and are museums in the broader sense. 

Chief among them is the Louvre, in Paris, with its treasures worth a 
voyage many times around the world to see; the Vatican, in Rome, 
with its three halls of antiquesculptures, its Etruscan, Egpytian, Pagan, 
and Christian museums, its Byzantine gallery and its collection of medals; 
the Naples Museum (Musée di Studii) with its marvelous Pompeiian 
series; the Uffizi Museum in Florence, overflowing with paintings and 
sculptures, ancient and modern, drawings, engraved gems, enamels, 
ivories, tapestries, medals, and works of decorative art of every de- 
scription. 

There are special collections on the boundary line between art and 
ethnology, the manner of best installation for which has scarcely yet 
been determined. The Louvre admits within its walls a museum of 
ship models (Musée de Marine). South Kensington includes musical in- 
struments, and many other objects equally appropriate in an ethnologi- 
‘al collection. Other art museums take up arms and armor, selected 
costumes, shoes, and articles of household use. Such objects, like por- 


THE MUSEUMS OF THE FUTURE. 445 


celains, laces, medals, and metal work, appeal to the art museum ad- 
ministrator through their decorations and graceful forms. For their 
uses he cares presumably nothing. As a consequence of this feeling, 
only articles of artistic excellence have been saved, and much has gone: 
to destruction which would be of the utmost importance to those who 
are now studying the history of human thought in the past. 

On the other hand, there is much in art museums which might to much 
better purpose be delivered to the ethnologist for use in his exhibition 
eases. There is also much which the art-museums, tied as it often is to 
traditionary methods of installation, might learn from the scientific 
museums. 

Many of the arrangements in the European art collections are caicu- 
lated to send cold shivers down the back of a sensitive visitor. The 
defects of these arrangements have been well deseribed by a German 
critic, W. Biirger. ‘‘Our museums,” he writes, “are the veritable 
grave-yards of art in which have been heaped up, with a tumulous-like 
promiscuousness, the remains which have been carried thither. A 
Venus is placed side by side with a Madonna, a satyr next to a saint. 
Luther is in close proximity to a Pope, a painting of alady’s chamber 
next tothat of a church. Pieces executed for churches, palaces, city 
halls, for a particular edifice, to teach some moral or historie truth, de- 
signed for some especial light, for some well studied surrounding, all 
are hung pell-mell upon the walls of some non-committal gallery—a kind 
of posthumous asylum, where a people, no longer capable of producing 
works of art, come to admire this magnificient gallery of débris.” 

When a museum building has been provided, and the nucleus of a col- 
lection and an administrative staff are at hand, the work of museum- 
building begins, and this work, it is to be hoped, will not soon reach an 
end. A finished museum is a dead museum, and a dead museum is a useless 
museum. One thing should be kept prominently in mind by any organ- 
ization which intends to found and maintaina museum, thatthe work will 
never be finished, that when the collections cease to grow, they begin to 
decay. A friend relating an experience in South Kensington, said: “T. 
applied to a man who sells photographs of such edifices for pictures of 
the main building. Hehadnone. ‘What, no photographs of the South 
Kensington Museum!’ I exclaimed; with some impatience. ‘Why, 
sir,’ replied the man, mildly, ‘you see the museum doesn’t stand still long 
enough to be photographed.’ And so indeed it seems,” continued Mr. 
Conway, ‘and this constant erection of new buildings and of new decora- 
tions on those already erected, is the physiognomical expression of the 
new intellectual and esthetic epoch which called the institution into ex- 
istence, and is through it gradually climbing to results which no man 
can foresee.” 

My prayer for the museums of the United States and for all other 
similar agencies of enlightenment is this—that they may never cease to 
increase. 


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TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND, 


By Paymaster WILLIAM J. THOMSON, U. 8. Navy. 


THE DISCOVERY OF EASTER ISLAND. 


The honor of the discovery of Easter Island is contested by several 
of the earlier voyagers in the Pacific. Spanish writers claim that the 
island was sighted by Mendana in 1566, but the account is by no means 
authenticated, and the records preserved are not sufficiently accurate to 
determine the exact track sailed over by that ancient mariner. Captain 
Davis is credited by Capt. William Dampier with being the first to sight 
the island, and Lionel Wafer, who cruised with that bold navigator, 
on board of the Batchelor’s Delight, gives the following account of the 
discovery in the year 1687: 


Bound to the southward, in latitude 12 degrees 30 minutes and about 150 leagues 
off the coast, experienced a shock of earthquake, that was afterwards found to cor- 
respond with the destruction of Callao by earthquake. Having recovered from our 
fright we kept on to the southward. We steered south-and-by-east-half-easterly, 
until we came to latitude 27 degrees 20 minutes south, when about two hours before 
day we fell in with a small low, sandy island and heard a great roaring noise, like that 
of the sea beating upon the shore, right ahead of the ship. Whereupon the sailors, 
fearing to fall foul upon the shore before day, desired the captain to put the ship 
about, and to stand off until the day appeared; to which the captain gave his consent. 
So we plied off till day and then stood in again with the land, which proved to be a 
small flat island, without any guard of rocks. We stood in within a quarter of a 
mile of the shore and could see it plainly, for if was a clear morning, not foggy or 
hazy. To the westward about 12 leagues, by judgment, we saw arange of high land, 
which we took to be islands, for there were several partitions in the prospect. 

This Iand seemed to reach about, 14 or 16 leagues in a range, and there came great 
flocks of fowls. I and many more of our men would have made this land and have 
gone ashore on if, but the captain would not permit us. The small island bears from 
Copiap6 almost dune east 500 leagues, and from the Galapagos, under the line, 600 
leagues. 


Unfortunately, none of the voyagers on board of the Batchelor’s De- 
light were permitted to land upon this unknown island, nor is mentiou 
made in the narratives of monoliths or unusual structures that might 
have been observed from the short distance in which it is claimed they 
approached the shore. The apparent inaccuracy in the description of 
the appearance of the land may have been due to the peculiar bearing 
of the vessel, but it gives foundation to the claim of Admiral Rogge- 

"447 


448 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


veen, that Davis’s island was not identical with the one discovered by 
him on April 7, 1722, and named Easter Island in commemoration of the 
day upon which the land was sighted. Roggeveen says: 


When we approached nearer the land we saw distinctly from a short distance that 
the description of the sandy and low island did not accord in the least with our dis- 
covery. Furthermore, it could not be the same land which the afuresaid voyagers 
claim to have seen stretching 14 to 16 leagues in front of them, and near the highland 
which Dampier judged to be the coast-line of the unknown south. That Easter Island 
can not be the sandy island described by Davis is clear, because that was small and 
low, while on the contrary Easter Island is high and towers above the sea, having 
also two elevations rising above the level part. It would not be possible to mistake, 
even at the dry season of the year, the grass and verdure that covers the hill-sides 
for barren sand. After the Dutch custom of the day, the admiral assembled the com- 
manders of the three vessels composing his fleet—the Arend, the African Galley, and 
the Thienhoven—in council to pass formal resolutions claiming the discovery of the 
land. The proceedings of the assembly state that on Easter day land was sighted 
about 9 miles distant, of moderate height, and containing an area of about 6 Dutch 
miles. The weather being calm the vessels were not able to secure an anchorage 
near the land until the next day. The island was found to be destitute of trees, but 
with a fertile soil producing bananas, potatoes, and sugar-cane of extraordinary 
thickness. It was unanimously agreed that both from the difference in the location 
as well as the appearance of the land seen by Davis, the fact was established beyond 
doubt that the island just discovered could not be the same. These proceedings, be- 
ing drawn up, were formally signed by Jacob Roggeveen, Jan Koster, Cornelius Bon- 
man, and Roelof Rosendaal. After sailing from Easter Island the vessels spent a 
number of days in a search for the low sandy island described by Davis, but not with 
success. 


The unreliable Behrens mentions in the ‘Two Years’ Voyage” the 
discovery of Easter Island by Roggeveen on the day celebrated as the 
resurrection of the Lord (April 6, 1722), in latitude 27 degrees south 
and longitude 268 degrees west. 

Capt. F. W. Beechey, R. N., commanding H. M. 8. Blossom (Novem- 
ber, 1825), referring to the discovery of Easter Island, finds the credit 
due to Davis, giving the following reasons for the conclusions drawn: 


Had such an island been in existence answering to the description of that seen by 
Davis, geographers would not have been long in reconciling their opinions on the 
subject of his discovery, as in all probability they would have waived their objec- 
tions to its distance from Copiap6 in consideration of its identity. The subject of the 
supposed discovery has been often discussed; and when the data are so unsatisfactory 
as to allow one party to choose the islands of Felix and Ambrose for the land in ques- 
tion, and the other Easter Island, two places nearly 1,600 miles apart, they are not 
likely to be speedily reconciled unless two islands exactly answering the description 
given by Davis, and situated in the proper latitude, shall be found. 

Without entering upon a question which presents so many difficulties, I shall 
merely observe that, considering the rapid current that exists in the vicinity of the 
Galapagos, and extends, though with diminished force, throughout the trade-wind, 
the error in Davis’s reckoning is not more than might have happened to any dull sail- 
ing vessel circumstanced as he was. In a short run from Juan Fernandez to Easter 
Island, Behrens, who was with Roggeveen, was drifted 318 geographical miles to the 
westward of his supposed situation. H.M.8, Blossom in passing over the same ground 
experienced a set of 270 miles in the short space of 18 days. M. La Pérouse on his ar- 
tival at Sandwich Islands from Concepcion, touching at Easter Island on his way, 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 449 


found a similar error of 300 miles in the course of that passage. It is fair to presume 
that Davis was longer in crossing from the Galapagos to Easter Island than either of 
those vessels or, at least, than the Blossom ; and it is consequently but reasonable to 
allow him a greater error, particularly as the first part of his route was through a 
much stronger current. But taking the error in the Blossom’s reckoning asa fair 
amount, and applying it to the distanve given by Wafer, there will remain only 204 
miles unaccounted for between if and the real position of Easter Island, which, from 
the foregoing considerations, added to the manner in which reckonings were formerly 
kept, does not appear to me to exceed the limit that might reasonably be ascribed to 
those causes. 

M. La Pérouse was of the opihion that the islands of Felix and Ambrose were those 
under discussion, and in order to reconcile their distance from Capiapo with that given 
by Wafer, has imputed to him a mistake of a figure in his text, without considering 
that it would have been next to impossible for Davis to have pursued a direct course 
from the Galapagos to those islands (especially at the season in which his voyage 
was made), but on the contrary that he would be compelled to make a cirenit which 
would have brought him much nearer to Easter Island, and that Davis acquainted 
Dampier with the situation of his discovery, which agreed with that contained in 
Wafer’s account. 

The alteration of a figure, it must be admitted, is rather arbitrary, as it has noth- 
ing to support it but the circumstance of the number of islands being the same. A 
mistake certainly might have occurred, but in the admission of it either party may 
claim itas an advantage by interpreting the presumed error in a way which would 
support his own opinion. 

Cook and Pérouse differ in a very trifling degree from each other, and also from us, 
in the geographical position of Easter Island. The longitude is, by Cook, 109 degrees 
46 minutes 20 seconds, and deducting 18 minutes 30 seconds, in consequence of cer- 
tain corrections made at Fetegu Island, leaves 109 degrees, 27 minutes, 50 seconds 
west. That by Pérouse, allowing the longitude of Concepcion to be 72 degrees 56 
minutes 30 seconds west, is 109 degrees 32 minutes 10 seconds west, and our own is 
109 degrees 24 minutes 54 seconds west. 


Admitting that the land was first sighted by Davis, the fact is be- 
yond question that the Dutchmen under Roggeveen were the first 
Kuropeans to land on the island. From the unfortunate termination of 
his cruise, and the suppression of his official journal for so many years, 
but little has been handed down to us in the way of description of the 
island as it then appeared. 

The Spaniards sighted the island in 1770, and gave it the name of 
St. Carlos. Captain Cook called it Kaster Island in March, 1774, and 
sent an expedition on shore, but his log affords little in regard to its 
general appearance beyond the fact that if was parched and desolate, 
and of no value as a place of refreshment. 

M. Bernizet, geographical engineer, who visited the island in April, 
1786, with the La Pérouse expedition, describes its appearance with 
care, and after the lapse of a century his notes are found to be sufli- 
ciently accurate for ordinary purposes. 

Amasa Delano, Kotzebue, Lisiansky, and many other voyagers made 
brief calls at the island, and their journals afford little information. 
The recent French, Spanish, and English charts are sufficiently accurate 
in the main features, but some of the coast lines were evidently estab- 
lished from running surveys, and are incorrect, During the stay of the 

H, Mis, 224, pt. 2——29 


450 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Mohican Lieut. F. M. Symonds, with Naval Cadet C. M. McCormick as 
assistant, made a careful survey of the island, and their chart, here- 
with appended, will be found accurate and replete with interest. (Plate 
XII.) 

SAILING DIRECTIONS. 


Vessels anchoring on this unprotected coast must be guided entirely 
by the direction of the wind at the time. The Mohican anchored in the 
roadstead of Hanga Roa (Cook’s Bay on the English charts) on the 
morning of December 19, 1886, and afterwards moved to a position off 
Anakena Bay (La Pérouse Bay), for convenience in shipping the stone 
image, now in the National Museum. 

On the south coast there are good anchorages during northerly and 
westerly winds, but there is usually a heavy swell from the southwest, 
making the boat-landings at Vaihu both difficult and dangerous. With 
easterly winds a good anchorage will be found just outside of Hanga 
Pico Bay, with sandy bottom, in about 26 fathoms of water, and the 
boat-landing will be found safe. The best boat-landing on the island 
is at Anakena Bay; the beach is comparatively free from stones, and 
even with northerly winds the landing would be no more difficult than 
is usual at Funchal. 

The rise and fall of the tide at. Easter Island is about 2 feet. The 
northerly and westerly winds do not produce a high sea, but generally 
bring rain, and are usually confined to the winter season. These winds 
are known to the natives as ‘‘ papakino” (ill-foree). The northeast wind 
is called “tongariki;” it is variable, and frequent in summer. The 
southeast wind, known as “ anoraro” (wide expanse), is the prevailing 
wind in summer. The south wind, called ‘‘motu-rauri” (dark leaf rock), 
blows in winter. The southwest wind blows strong in winter, and 
brings rain and a high sea. Vaitara (cut-water) is a winter wind from 
the west. The prevailing winds are from an easterly direction, and all 
others are of short duration. Light airs that frequently shift direction 
are usually accompanied by rain, and are called by the natives * tepu- 
hanga” (blows drift on shore), the reason for which is obvious. 


GEOLOGICAL FEATURES. 


The geological features of the island are replete with interest. The 
formation is purely of a volcanic character and embraces every variety 
pertaining to that structure. Basaltic, cellular, and tufaceous lavas 
abound in diversified forms. The basaltic is generally porous and scori- 
form, but on the slope of the hills the substrata are frequently as com- 
pact and dense as that of the coast-line. Near Anakena may be seen 
hills composed of scoria quite as cellular as pumice, and in close prox- 
imity compact beds having a dark blue basis, composed of crystals of 
glassy feldspar and olivine. 

The cellular formation is mixed pumice and slag, in some cases simi: 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 451 


lar to volcanic cinder, having the lightness and qualities of coke. In 
some of the varieties the cavities are filled with olivine crystals partly 
decomposed, but generally the cavities are empty. This lava when 
mixed with feldspar is sometimes of gray color; not unfrequently sev- 
eral tints of red may be seen, though the most common is a dark, luster- 
less brown. 

The tufaceous lavas are extremely interesting, because they form the 
most prominent feature in the physiognomy of the island. To this 
geological structure, with the incessant action of the trade-winds and 
heavy rains, is due the fact that the island is surrounded by precipitous 
cliffs, rising in some cases to a thousand feet in height. The forma- 
tion is extremely friable, and by the action of the elements, enormous 
masses are continually disappearing beneath the waves of the sea that 
beat upon this unprotected shore. These tufas differ considerably in 
consistency at the eastern end of the island. The species is a fine light- 
red dust that is blown about by the wind and is desti‘ute of vegetation; 
towards the southwest end the basis is a compact mud-like red clay, 
while the colossal crowns, intended to adorn the gigantic statues, are 
carved out of a variety that has been scorified in one of the craters, 
and is of a dull reddish color. 

The ordinary rules for estimating the age of rocks by compactness 
can be applied at Easter Island only hypothetically, because the scori- 
form and more dense specimens are found immediately contiguous to 
one another. In places they are quite conglomerated, as though older 
formations had been disturbed by volcanic convulsions, while a new 
flow of lava enveloped and sealed the whole into a heterogeneous mass. 
During our short stay on the islands there was no opportunity to 
measure the lava flow or to make investigations of that nature. 

Natural caves are numerous, both on the coast-line and in the interior 
of the island. Some of them are of undoubted antiquity and bear evi- 
dence of having been used by the early inhabitants as dwellings and 
as burial places. It is reported that small images, inscribed tablets, and 
other objects of iuterest have been hidden away in such caves and 
finally lost through land-slides, 

The numerous hills on this island have gently sloping sides, except 
where they approach the coast, falling at this point precipitously to the 
sea. The plains are irregularly shaped, and some of the smaller ones 
rise to a considerable height. The physical character of the soil is 
alluvial. The substratum is volcanic ash and stones, and the upper 
formation is composed of decayed vegetable matter mingled with a rich 
deposit of decomposed lava washed down from hills by the frequeut 
rains. These plains being formed by the periodical eruptions of the 
volcanoes, some difference may be noted in the quantity of the soil, 
varying according to location. 

After the successive discharges of lava from the craters of Rana NKo- 
raka and Kana-kao had prescribed the limits of the island aud when 


452 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


this flow had ceased, there was a heavy deposit of mud, covering deeply 
both hill and dale. This condensed earth, after the lapse of centuries, 
has formed a soil that produces a natural grass affording an excellent 
pasturage for flocks and herds. The expiring energy of the voleanic 
power appears to have been directed, long after the formation of this 
soil, to sprinkling thickly the entire surface of the island with stones 
and small bowlders, thus providing the means of attraction and hold- 
ing the moisture, nature’s substitute, as it were, for trees. The natives 
have distinet names for the following varieties: Black and red tufa 
with voleanic cinder and pumice are called “ Maea-Hane-hane,” ‘“ maea” 
being the generic term applied to all stone. <A soft gray tufais ground 
down with the juice of the sugar-cane and used as a paint. This is 
known as * Kiri-kiri Teu.” Hard slates, black, red, and gray, are used 
for stone axes and called ‘ Maea-Toke.” Granite used for the same 
purpose is known as *“*Maea-Nevhive. The hardest and finest stone im- 
plements are made of the flinty beach pebble known as *“ Maea-Reng- 
rengo.” The hard cellular stones from which the majority of the 
platforms are built are called ‘‘ Maea-Pupura.” The material from which 
images were constructed is called ‘‘ Maea-Matariki,” and the obsidian 
from which spear-heads were made is known as ‘“ Maea-Mataa.” 


VARIOUS NAMES OF THE ISLAND. 


Previous to the general recognition of the name bestowed by Admi- 
ral Roggeveen in commemoration of the day upon which the land was 
discovered, it had not been regularly christened by either of the earlier 
navigators who claimed to have sighted it. The Spaniards afterwards — 
gave it the name of San Carlos, but the Dutchman’s title of Easter Is- 
Jand was preferred by the chart-makers and was adopted by the world 
in general. 

The island is known to the natives as “Te Pito te Henua,” the lit- 
eral interpretation of the words signifying the “ navel and uterus.” This 
singular name was given to the land, according to the ancient tradi- 
tions, by Hotu Metua immediately after its discovery, and has been 
handed down through succeeding generations unchanged. To the 
simple-minded Polynesian this name is suggestive, appropriate, and 
beautiful. The child of nature recognizing the volcanic origin of the 
island can see in the great voleano, Rana Roraka, a resemblance to the 
human “te pito” in relation to its shape and gently sloping sides sur- 
rounding the shallow crater. The same association of ideas would 
picture the majestic volcano, Rana Kao, at the southwest end, as ‘te 
henua,” in whose womb was conceived the embryo and whose vitals 
brought forth the rocks and earth from which the island was formed. 

“ Kiti te eiranga” is stated by an English writer of some note to be 
the native name for the island, but we could not find any authority for 
it, nor did the natives with whom we came in contact recognize the 
bane, 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 4538 


Throughout southeastern Polynesia this island is known as Rapa 
Nui, but the name is of accidental origin and only traces back about 
twenty years. When the islanders, kidnaped by the Peruvians, were 
being returned to their homes, there was for atime a question as to the 
identity of those from Kaster Island. The native name of ‘Te Pito te 
Henua” was not recognized by the French officials, and finding certain 
fellow-sufferers hailing from Oparo, an island lying 2,000 miles to the 
westward, were more successful under the local appellation of Rapa iti 
Little Rapa), the euphonious title was dropped and Rapa nui (Great) 
Rapa) substituted. Teapy, Waihu, and various other names have been 
given to the island, but clearly without warrant. Vaihu was the name 
of a district and was occupied by the most powerful clan in the days 
of Cook and La Pérouse, but it was never applied to the entire island. 


CLIMATE. 


The climate is not unlike that of Madeira, with one wet and one dry 
season. From April to October the rainfall is copious, and in summer 
it is limited to passing showers. The mean temperature at the time of 
our visit (midsummer), in the shade, at 2 o’clock p. m., was between 78° 
and 80° Fah., and at 2 o’clock a.m. there was a fall of about 6 degrees. 
The southeast trades blow fresh at the beginning and end of the sea- 
son, and make the climate salubrious and healthful. Our long fatiguing 
marches, while making the exploration of the island, were not accom- 
panied with inconvenience from exposure to the direct rays of the sun, 
the constant breezes making the sensible temperature always appear 
lower than that recorded by the thermometer. Violent exercise induced 
profuse perspiration, but evaporation was always free and rapid. Elee- 
tric storms are unknown. 


VILLAGES AND HABITATIONS. 


The Catholic missionaries built at Vaihu, on the south coast, near 
Cape Koe Koe, a commodious and substantial church, a parsonage con- 
taining three rooms, and several outbuildings. ‘Fhe house is now the 
residence of Mr. Salmon, the outbuildings are occupied by his employés, 
and the church has degenerated into a storehouse for wool. ‘The prin- 
cipal native settlement is at Mataveri, on the southwest coast, and about 
a mile distant, at Hanga Roa, a small neat church has been erected. 
Here the islanders assemble on Sundays and other occasions to hear 
the service read by one of their number, who was ordained especially 
to take charge of this congregation upon the departure of the French 
missionaries. At the southwest end of the island, and near the base of 
Rana Kas, is the residence of Mr. Brander. 

The house is of modern structure, with large and convenient rooms, 
but is in a state of bad repair, and is more attractive when viewed 
from a distance, surrounded by the shrubbery and vines that have been 
planted about it, than if is upon close inspection. 


454 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The native priest and a few of his connections reside at Hanga Roa, 
only those in the employ of Mr. Salmon live at Vaihu, and the only set- 
tlement on the island that may be termed a village is the one at Mata- 
veri. The primitive huts formerly used by the natives (Fig. 1) have 


aoe : \ Neas = = 
\ " sy si AR y) YY) Uiffjj 

i hi i) i ie Uy Sn ‘ } Hi note i MN) 
ae PE lk 1 Da rene ie aa 

years itt tm Sut 


ies a 


Fic. 1. 
NATIVE HOUSES BUILT OF BULRUSHES. 


been abandoned for more comfortable dwellings construeted under the 
direction of a Danish carpenter out of material obtained from the wreck- 
age of several vessels loaded with Oregon lumber. These buildings are 
of a style of architecture commonly met with in small cheap barns and 
stables, but to the simple-minded islanders they supply all the comforts 
that could be desired. 

These houses are usually about 25 feet long and 15 feet wide with 
undressed weather-boards and roofed with the same material. Hinged 
doors open in the center and admit light and ventilation, though a few 
of the more pretentious buildings are furnished with soni glazed win- 
dows. The floors are of bare earth strewn with a litter of dried grass, 
filthy and vermin-infested from long use. Mats made of bulrushes are 
spread out for sleeping; Several rough bedsteads and chests were seen, 
but the majority of the houses are destitute of furniture or ornament. 
Several families occupy the same dwelling; men, women, and children 
lie down together like dogs in a kennel, and with about the same ideas 
of what constitutes the comforts of life. 


FLORA. 


The native traditions agree in the statement that the discoverers of the 
island found it destitute of trees and all vegetation except grasses and 
a creeping vine bearing a dehiscent fruit to which the name Moki-oo-ne 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 455 


was given. Hotu-Matua and his followers are believed to have brought 
with them potatoes, yams, bananas, sugar-cane, and the seed of various 
plants, including the paper-mulberry and toromiro trees. The newly 
discovered species of legume, together with fish and turtle, enabled the 
first settlers to exist while the first crop was being planted and calti- 
vated. 

Nothing could be more contradictory than the description which the 
different voyagers have given of Easter Island. Roggeveen states that 
it was destitute of trees, but the land was found to be exceptionally fer- 
tile, producing bananas, potatoes, and sugar-cane of extraordinary thick- 
ness, and concludes by saying that the island, by virtue of its productive 
soil and salubrious climate, could be made an earthly paradise by careful 
cultivation. Behrens speaks of trees on the island, but to his romantic 
eyes the clusters of banana and paper-mulberries were magnified into 
forests. Captain Cook expresses great disappointment in the expecta- 
tion that he had formed of this island as a piace of refreshment. The 
only articles of importance obtained were potatoes and yams, and these 
were only sufficient to serve for a few meals; while the fowls, bananas, 
and sugar-cane were in such inconsiderable quantities that they were 
deemed hardly worth mentioning. George Foster writes: 

The island is so yery barren that the whole number of plants growing upon it does 
not exceed twenty species, of which the far greater part is cultivated, though the 
space which the platforms occupy is inconsiderable compared with what lies waste. 
The soil is altogether stony and parched by the sun, and the water is so searee that 
the inhabitants drink it ont of wells which have a strong admixture of brine, and 
some of our people really saw them drink of the sea water when they were thirsty. 

Mr. Foster devoted considerable attention to the investigation of 
indigenous plants, and his report embraces all of the most important 
varieties. He found the paper-mulberry carefully cultivated for the 
purpose of making cloth. The stems were from 2 to 4 feet high, and 
they were planted in rows among the rocks where the rains had 
washed a little soil together. The Thespesia populnea Carr. (Hibiscus 
populneus Linn.), was cultivated in the same manner, and likewise 
«a Mimosa, which is referred to as the only shrub that affords the 
natives sticks for their clubs and pattoo-pattoos, and wood sufficient 
to patch up a canoe. Wild celery and a few other small plants were 
identified as the same species as that which he had found growing in 
abundance on the shores of New Zealand. He also discovered a variety 
of night-shade, which the Tahitians use as a vulnerary remedy (Solanwn 
nigrum), and speculates as to whether it was used here for the same pur- 
pose, 

La Pérouse, impressed with a desire to relieve to some extent the 
destitute condition in which he found the islanders and of contributing 
essentially and lastingly to their welfare, had ground prepared in which 
he sowed various kinds of pulse. Peaches, plums, and cherries were 
planted, also pips of oranges and lemons. The natives were instructed 


456 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


as fully as possible in the care and attention the new plants would re- 
quire, and made to understand the value of this addition to their re- 
sources. Nota trace can be found of the things planted by this gener- 
ous Frenchman, but whether they were suffered to die out through the 
ignorance or indolence of the natives may never be known. 

We found the lapse of a century had made but little improvement in 
the resources of the islanders. Trees have been planted around the 
house of Mr. Brander, at the southwest end of the island, but, with 
the exception of the fig, acacia, and paper-mulberry, they do not appear 
to thrive. At various places throughout this land we found small 
clumps of EHdwardsia, Broussonetia, and Hibiscus, but all were dead, 
having been stripped of their bark by the flocks of sheep, which roam 
at will over the island. None of these trees were over 10 feet high, 
and the largest trunk we found would measure about 5 inches in 
diameter. 

The natives are not altogether ignorant of husbandry, though they 
practice it spasmodically and at a great expense of time and labor, dif- 
fering in no respect from the customs of their forefathers hundreds of 
years ago. In the cultivation of yams, potatoes, and taro, the young 
plants are protected from the fieree heat of the sun by a mulching of 
dried grass gathered from the uncultivated ground. Bananas are 
grown in holes a foot or more deep and with sloping sides, designed to 
catch and hold the rain-water as long as possible about the roots of the 
plant. Sugar cane is grown in protected spots, and attains the height 
of about 10 feet. During our peregrinations this succulent plant was 
extensively used in lieu of something to drink, and proved exceedingly 
valuable in preventing a parched condition of the throat. The natives 
have no knowledge of the art of extracting the juice of the cane for 
the purpose of making sugar. 

The sweet potatoes are large and remarkably good. The natives eat 
them both raw and cooked. Experiments have been made recently 
with imported white potatoes, but they have been tried in various situ- 
ations and at different seasons without success. After the first growth 
they appear like new potatoes, and when planted again they are inva- 
riably soft and sweet, and are much less palatable than the indigenous 
variety. We saw tobacco plants growing in secluded spots, but were 
unable to determine by whom or when they were introduced. The 
Natives maintain that the seed was included emong that which was 
brought to the island by the first settlers. Tomato plants were also 
found growing wild, and on several occasions proved a valuable addi- 
tion to our limited fare. 

A wild gourd is common, and constituted the only water-jar and 
domestic utensil known to the natives. Suitable clay abounds, but the 
potter’s art seems never to have been known on the island. There are 
two varieties of indigenous hemp. 

We saw no flowering plants that are indigenous to the soil. Vervain, 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. ADT 


Verbena officinalis, and a few others grow in great profusion, but they 
grew from cuttings obtained from 2 French vessel of war. 

Ferns of many varieties are common, and grow in profusion in the 
craters of the volcanoes. Except in a few exposed places, the slopes 
of the hills and the valleys are covered with a perennial grass. It 
strongly resembles the Jamaica grass ( Paspalum) and grows in bunches 
or tufts, which in the dry season become so slippery as to make the 
walking both difficult and dangerous. This natural growth supplies 
ample pasturage for the numerous cattle and sheep owned by Messrs. 
Salmon and Brander. 

To avoid the depredations of the sheep that wander over the island 
without restraint, the natives are compelled to protect their cultivated 
patches by stone walls. The volcanic stones furnish the only available 
material for these barriers, and are thrown loosely together to a height 
of 5 or 6 feet, and inclose gardens from a few feet square to several 
acres. The deeply rooted prejudice existing in the native mind against 
physical exertion that might be avoided, has developed a happy ex- 
pedient to save labor and at the same time to escape the ravages of the 
animals lately imported by the foreign residents. Ruins of houses, 
cairns, platforms, and tombs are thickly scattered over the island; 
many of the standing walls are sufficiently well preserved and others 
require but little repair. Within these ancient foundation walls are 
raised their limited crops of fruit and vegetables; the only disadvan- 
tage being the contracted area available for each plot. 


MAMMALS. 


There are no quadrupeds peculiar to the island exeept several vari- 
eties of rodents. ‘The ancient traditions claim that a goat-like animal 
was found here by the first colonists, with wide-spreading horns and 
giving six young ata birth. It is difficult to imagine the foundation 
for this fancy. We found no representation of such an animal either 
in the mural paintings or outlined on the sculptured rocks, and diligent 
search of the débris of the caves failed to disclose any of the bones or 
traces of mammals. 

La Pérouse found the islanders without domestic animals, and left 
with them two ewes, a she-goat, and a sow, with the male of each spe- 
cies. Their native names indicate the recent addition to the language. 

In the caves and among the ruins we saw many rats of great size. 
The examination of the tombs disclosed the fact that the bones had 
been frequently gnawed by these rodents, and their nests were some- 
times found inside the crania. 

There are on the island a few cats as wild as though they had never 
seen the face of man, though they are descended from feline pets landed 
by some passing vessel. They have grown to an immense size, and 
upon several occasions when encountered in the dark recesses of a cave 


. 


458 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


or tomb presented a formidable appearance. Messrs. Salmon & Bran- 
der bave a herd of 600 cattle, and a flock of sheep numbering 18,000. 
The cattle are from Chilian stock, are small, averaging only about 400 
pounds, and possess no dairy qualities; the cows giving barely enough 
milk to rear their calves. The sheep were also imported from Chil. 
The wool is coarse and secant, the average being only about 2 pounds 
per animal. The export of last year in wool was 16 tons, and was shiped 
to Europe via Tahiti. An effort will be made next year to improve the 
breed of sheep by introducing blooded rams from Australia. <A few 
tough little horses have been introduced from the island breed of Tahiti, 
but it is doubtful whether this will ever become an important industry. 


BIRDS. 


Small birds are altogether absent and, except the ordinary domestic 
fowl, we found only the tropic or man-of-war bird, petrels, gulls, and a 
variety of aquatic birds. George Foster observed noddies so tame as 
to settle on the shoulders of the natives, but he did not conclude that 
they kept a regular breed of them. The common domestic fowl was 
found on the island by the early navigators, and it isclaimed that they 
were brought there by the first colonists. They are of the same kind 
as the common chickens reared at home; their bodies are small, and 
the legs long, but this is no doubt the result of long in-breeding. The 
natives all have tame fowis about their dwellings, but there are others 
in a wild state. We shot some of the wild fowls and found them tough 
and inferior in taste to those that were domesticated. 


FISHES. 


Fish has always been the principal means of support for the islanders, 
and the natives are exceedingly expert in the various methods of capt- 
uring them. The bonito, albicore, ray, dolphin, and porpoise are the 
off-shore fish most highly esteemed, but the swordfish and shark are 
also eaten. Rock-fish are caught in abundance and are remarkably 
sweet and good. Small fish of many varieties are caught along the 
shore, and the flying-fishare common. Eels of immense size are caught 
in the cavities and crevices of the rock-bound coast. Fresh-water fish 
are reported to exist in the lakes inside of the craters, but we did not 
see any of them. 

Turtles are plentiful and are highly esteemed ; at certain seasons a 
watch for them is constantly maintained on the sand beach. The tur- 
tle occupies a prominent place in the traditions, and it is frequently re- 
presented in the hieroglyphies and also appears on the sculptured rocks. — 
A species of crayfish classified by Dr. Philippi, of Chili, as ‘‘ papar- 
chalu,” is abundant. These are caught by the natives by diving into 
the pools among the rocks, and form an important article of food. 

Shell-fish are plentiful. Remains of several varities of univalves 
were found in the stone houses at Orongo, and frequently met with in 
the débris of the caves throughcut the island. 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR BASTER ISLAND. 459 
REPTILES AND INSECTS. 


Small lizards are frequently seen among the rocks; the natives 
claim that a large variety is not uncommon, but we saw nothing of it. 
No snakes exist, but there are centipedes whose bite is said to be ex- 
tremely painful, though not attended with serious consequences. Sev- 
eral varieties of butterflies were observed. Myriads of flies infest 
every part of the island. Vliegen Island was the name given to Riroa, 
in the Pamotu group, or Low Archipelago, by Schouten in 1616, but 
we were tormented here by hundreds where we saw tens on the Attol. 
From the earliest dawn of day to the close of the short twilight, hordes 
of flies annoyed us; it made no difference whether we skirted the cliffs 
to windward, climbed the breeze-swept hills, or burrowed in the musty 
caves and tombs, swarms of flies met us, prepared to dispute every foot 
of the ground. Whatever may have been the parent stock of the Poly- 
nesians, we came to the unanimous conclusion that we had discoverd 
here the lineal descendants of the flies that composed the Egyptian 
plague, and can testify that they have not degenerated in the lapse of 
time. 

Fleas occasioned us more annoyance than the flies, because this in- 
dustrious little insect was untiring in its attentions by day and night. 
They were found in numbers in all the camping places, and we seemed 
to get a fresh supply every time a halt was called. 

There are fifteen or twenty mangy dogs of a mongrel breed on the 
island whose hides were literally alive with jumping insects. They 
had long ago given up all hope of relief, and made no ineffectual efforts 
in that direction, but they plainly expressed in their mute way the 
conviction that life in this flea-bitten state was not worth the living. 

It was said that there were no mosquitoes on the island until cisterns 
were built by Messrs. Salmon and Brander to cateh the rain-water. 
We saw none elsewhere. 

Cockroaches about 2 inches long, with antenu to correspond, infest 
every dwelling on the island, from the humble thatched hut to the com- 
paratively comfortable residences of the foreigners. They partook of 
our food at meal-times with a freedom which showed that the presence of 
the stranger caused no restraint; while at night they made themselves 
familiar with our garments in whatever time could be spared from 
their gastronomic researches. 

A peculiar variety of snapping beetle made its appearance every 
evening just before sundown, appearing suddenly ana vanishing with 
daylight. 

NETS AND ROPES. 


Various forms of fishing nets were manufactured, from the hand net 
to the long seine called “kupenga maito,” which was supported by 
poles at the extremities, weighted with stone sinkers on the submerged 
edge and floated by billets of wood on the surface (Plate XIII). Their 


460 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


light casting-nets were used with great dexterity as they waded along 
the beach, and when a shoal of small fish appeared, the net was thrown 
with the right hand. These nets were remarkably made, and in the 
manufacture a netting-needle of bone or wood was used, much after 
the fashion in more civilized countries. The coarse nets and cordage 
was made from the twisted bark of the hibiscus, and the fine ones from 
the fiber of the indigenous hemp. From the strong heavy ropes used 
in raising and transporting the colossal images to the light but durable 
fish-lines, the threads were all twisted by hand, across the knee, into 
even strands, which were multiplied according to the size and strength 


required. 
NATIVES. 


The population of Easter Island is not stated in actual figures by 
any of the traditions or legends, but all agree in the statement that the 
different districts were peopled by numerous and powerful clans who 
were constantly at war with each other. The immense amount of work 
performed by the image-makers and platform-builders would indicate 
the employment of a great many persons, if accomplished within a 
reasonable limit of time, or the extension over several centuries, if the 
undertaking was carried out by successive generations. The ruins of 
extensive settlements near Tahai Bay Kotatake plains, around Puka 
Manga-Manga mountain, the Rana-Hana-Kana coast, the vicinity of 
Anakena, the shores of La Pérouse Bay, and extending along the coast 
from Tongariki to Vinapu in an almost unbroken line, would prove 
either the presence of numerous inhabitants, or a frequent change of 
location. The limited area of the 32 square miles of surface available 
for cultivation precludes the idea of any very dense population, and 
many reasons might be assigned for a frequent change of habitation. 
We know that the stone houses at Orango were only oceupied during the 
feast of “bird eggs.” The image-builders engaged in the quarries of 
Rana Roraka probably lived at Tongariki, and entire communities may 
have changed location at different seasons of the year from failure of 
water supply, or some equally sufficient reason. 

The early Spanish voyagers estimated the population at between 
2,000 and 3,000. Admiral Roggeveen states that he was surrounded 
by several thousand natives before he opened fire upon them. Captain 
Cook, fifty-two years later, placed the number at between 600 and 700, 
and Foster, who was with him, estimated them at 900. Twelve years 
later (1786) La Pérouse placed the population at 2,000. Bushey (1825) 
puts the number at about 1,500. Kotzebue and Lisiansky make more 
liberal estimates. Equally chimerical and irreconcilable deductions 
are made by recent writers. Mr. A. A. Salmon, after many years’ resi- 
dence on the island, estimates the population between 1850 and 1860 
at nearly 20,000. Tue diminution of the actual number of inhabitants 
progressed rapidly from 1863, when the majority of the able-bodied men 
were kidnaped by the Peruvians, and carried away to work in the 
guano deposits of the Chincha Islands, and plantations in Peru. Only 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. PLATE XIll. 


FISH-NET. 


(Cat. No, 129748, U.S. N. M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U. S. N.) 


sa’ 


“ie, 


i 


“hig = ippes 
Ri Ck 


ae 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


PLATE XIV. 


NATIVES OF EASTER ISLAND. 


a 7 on) 


Las Wane via av) 
ae . , . | 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 461 


a few of these unfortunates were released, and all but two of them died 
upon the return voyage, from small-pox. The disease was introduced 
on the shore and nearly decimated the island in a short time. An old 
man called Pakomeo is at present the only survivor of those returned 
from slavery, and he is eloquent in the description of the barbarous 
treatment received from the hands of the Peruvians. In 1864 a Jesuit 
mission was established on the island, and through the teachings of 
Frére Eugene, the ancient customs and mode of life were replaced by 
habits of more civilized practice. 

H. M.S. Topaze visited the island in 1868. At that time the popula- 
tion was about 900, one-third of the number being females. In 1875 
about 500 persons were removed to Tahiti under contract to work in the 
sugar plantations of that island. In 1878 the mission station was 
abandoned, and about 300 people followed the missionaries to the Gam- 
bier Archipelago. 

Mr. Salmon took a complete census of the people just before the ar- 
rival of the Mohican, and we were furnished with a list containing the 
names of every man, woman, and child on the island. The total number 
of natives is at present 155, Of these 68 are men, 43 women, 17 boys 
under fifteen years of age, and 27 girls of corresponding age. The popu- 
lation has been for several years at a standstill, the births and deaths 
being about equal in numbers. The longevity of the islanders appears 
to compare favorably with the natives of more favored lands. The 
oldest man among them is achief called Mati; his actual age is not 
known, but he must be upwards of ninety, and his wife is nearly of the 
same age. 

The last king was kidnaped by the Peruvians and died in captivity, 
but his nearest descendant is a sturdy old fellow (Fig. 2) called Kaitae, 


Fia. 2. 
KAITAE, NEAREST DESCENDANT OF THE LAST KING OF EastTer IsLanp. 


about eighty years of age. The simple mode of life, frugal diet, freedom 
from care and anxiety, with regular habits, are favorable to the longevity 
of the race, 


462 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
PERSONAL APPEARANCE OF THE NATIVES. 


In describing the personal appearance of the islanders (Plate XIV) 
the early writers give us a pleasing variety to choose from. Behrens 
solemnly states that a boat came off to the ship steered by a single man, 
a giant 12 feet high, ete. Heafterwards observes, “ with truth, I might: 
say that these savages are all of more than gigantic size. The men are 
talland broad in proportion, averaging 12 feetin height. Surprising as 
it may appear, the tallest men on board of our ship could pass between 
the legs of these children of Goliath without bending the head. The 
women can not compare (Fig. 3) in stature with the men, as they are 


19ieR Ss 
NATIVE WOMEN. 


commonly not above 10 feet high.” Roggeveen does not commit himself 
to a measurement, but states “the people are well proportioned of 
limb, having large and strong muscies, and are great in stature. ‘They 
have snow-white teeth, which are uncommonly strong; indeed, even 
among the aged and gray we were surprised to see them crack large 
hard nuts whose shells were thicker than those of our peach seeds.” La 
Pérouse contradicts the account as to their enormous height and 
praises the beauty of the women, who, he says, resemble Europeans in 
color and features. M. Rollin states that the females were more liber- 
ally endowed with grace and beauty than any which were afterwards 


PLATE XV. 


‘UZONVUG ‘YIN. SO AOTdWZ NI SSAILVN Ju dnouy 


a 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 463 


met with. The natives are not of large stature; a few of the men are 
tall, but they are of spare build, stand erect with straight carriage, and 
appear taller than they really are. 

Great care was taken to measure accurately the human remais found 
in the oldest tombs excavated on the island. These proved the ancient 
islanders to have been of medium size, and the largest skeleton found 
measured a little short of 6 feet. The men are strong, active, and capa- 
ble of standing great fatigue—a fact demonstrated to our satisfaction 
during the exploration of the island. The women are shorter and of 
smaller bone than the men, as is usually the case throughout Polynesia. 

Mendana states that the islanders are nearly white and have red 
hair. They resemble the Marquesans more than any other Polynesians, 
and considerable variety prevails in their complexions. The children 
are not much darker than Europeans, but the skin assumes a brown 
hue as they grow up and are exposed to the sun and trade-winds. The 
parts of the body that are covered retain the light color, and the females, 
who are usually protected from the sun, are much fairer than the men. 
Bronze complexions are believed to indicate strength, and a dark skin 
is considered a mark of beauty. The eyes are dark-brown, bright, and 
full, with black brows and lashes not very heavy. The countenance is 
usually open, modest, and pleasing. The facial angle is slightly reced- 
ing, the nose aquiline and well proportioned; the prominent chin with 
thin lips gives somewhat the appearance of resolution to the countenance. 

The native character and disposition has naturally improved as com- 
pared with the accounts given by the early navigators. They were 
then savages wearing no clothes, but with bodies painted in bright col- 
ors. The women are said to have been the most bold and licentious in 
Polynesia, if the reports are correctly stated, but we found them mod- 
est and retiring and of higher moral character than any of the islanders. 
The repulsive habit of piercing the lobe of the ear and distending the 
hole until it could contain bone or wooden ornaments of great size is no 
longer practiced, but there are still on the island persons with ear-lobes 
so long that they hang pendent upon the shoulders. In disposition the 
natives are cheerful and contented. Our guides were continually jok- 
ing with each other, and we saw no quarreling or fighting. They are 
said to be brave and fearless of danger, but revengeful and savage 
when aroused. They are fondofdress and ornaments. Very littletappa 
cloth is now worn, the people being pretty well equipped with more 
comfortable garments, obtained from the vessels that have called at the 
island. (Plate XV). Straw hats are neatly braided by the women and 
worn by both sexes. The women wear the hairin long plaits down the 
back, the men cut the hair short and never discolor it with limeas is the 
custom in many of the islands of Polynesia, The hair is coarse, black, 
and straight, sometimes wavy, but never in the kinky stage. The beard 
is thin and sparse. Gray hair is common among those beyond middle 
life and baidness is very rare, | 


464 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Kava is not grown upon the island and the drink made from the 
kava-root, common throughout the South Sea,is not known to these 
people. The diminution of the inhabitants can not be aseribed to the 
introduction of intoxicating drinks, or indeed any of the factors usually 
advanced in such eases. The decadence was no doubt accelerated by 
the introduction of the small-pox, and by the deportation of large num- 
bers, but it is earnestly hoped that the small remnant of the people will 
increase and multiply under the comforts and protection acquired from 
contact with civilization. 


BRUTAL TREATMENT OF NATIVES BY EARLY VOYAGERS. 


The brutal treatment that the islanders received from the hands of 
their early visitors was not calculated to impress them favorably, 
Usually the strangers were met upon their arrival by a crowd of noisy, 
restless, impetuous people, as curious as children and as peaceable and 
friendly with all their boisterousness. The greatest fault they com- 
mitted was theft, and in return numbers were shot down and innocent 
persons murdered. Roggeveen plainly states that his boats approached 
the island well armed and in great fear of the natives. The men were 
formed in line of battle as they disembarked, and before all werelanded, 
some one in therear fired a shot, and immediately a fusilade began by 
these cowardly ruffians upon the unfortunate islanders, ten or twelve of 
whom were killed outright and as many were wounded. The admiral 
quietly shifts the responsibility for this outrage upon the shoulders of the 
second mate of the Thienhoven, who offers as an excuse that some of the 
natives were observed to take up stones and make threatening gest- 
ures. As soon as the astonishment and terror of the inhabitants had 
subsided, they sued for mercy, and everything they possessed in the 
way of fruits and vegetables, poultry, ete., was procured and laid as a 
peace offering at the feet of the Dutchman. Captain Cook afterwards 
received the most friendly reception possible from the same people, but 
he observed their great dread of fire-arms, the deadly effects of which 
were thorougly understood. The landing party conducted a brisk trade, 
and were highly amused to witness the small thefts committed upon 
one another in order to obtain articles for barter, yet Lieutenant Edge- 
comb did not hesitate te immediatejy shoot with his musket a poor 
unfortunate who picked up a little bag of botanical specimens. 

Captain Beechey was received with friendly demonstrations and his 
boats, sent on shore for supplies, obtained bananas, yams, potatoes, su- 
gar-cane, nets, etc., in trade, and some were thrown into the boats, leav- 
ing the strangers to make what return they chose. His journal dwells 
at great length upon the thieving propensity of the natives. His boats 
were surrounded by native swimmers, who made off with small articles 
that came within reach of them, and among them were women who 
were not the actual plunderers, but who procured the opportunity for 
Others by engrossing the attention of the seamen, 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 465 


To reach the Janding-place the boats had to pass a small isolated rock 
upon which many persons had congregated, and who sang asong of wel- 
come, accompanied by gestures showing that the visit was acceptable. On 
shore the party was surrounded by a crowd clamorous to obtain some- 
thing from the strangers, the few presents offered were accepted, and 
then everything that came handy appropriated in the most open man- 
ner, This led to a scuffle, in which sticks and stones were freely used, 
resulting in a fight in which the native chief was shot and killed. The 
punishment of the natives, according to European ideas, was both cruel, 
and unnecessary. La Pérouse judged the same crimes more leniently, 
and did not feel justified in committing murder to avenge petty thefts. 
The outrages perpetrated upon the defenseless people by Captain Rugg, 
of the Friend, and other freebooters, including the Peruvian slavers, 
require no comment. 

THIEVING. 


The natives did not attach any moral delinquency to the practice of 
thieving. They had a god of thieving, and successful operations were 
believed to be accomplished under his patronage, and only detected 
when not sanctioned by that spirit. The detected thief was made to 
suffer for his crime by an established system of retaliation peculiar to 
themselves, but the individual never lost caste or the respect of his 
friends. Thieves caught in tne act might be beaten, knocked about, 
- and the aggressor was permitted to offer no resistance in the efforts to 
escape, although he mght be the largest and most powerful. Before 
the retaliation could be enforced, the theft had to be proven and fixed 
beyond question, then the plundered individual was at liberty to recover 
the value of the loss from any property available belonging to the robber, 
and in the event of the value not being recovered, articles of value 
could be destroyed to equalize the amount. Retaliation for theft could 
be enforced by the weak aud feeble against the strong and powerful, 
and any resistance would call to their aid the entire community. 

The rite of circumcision, so common throughout Polynesia, is unknown 
here, and their language contains no equivalent word for it. At the 
present time, all the natives have professed Christianity, and the ancient, 
customs have been replaced by the ceremonies of the church to a great 
extent, but since the departure of the missionaries there has been a 
tendency to return to the old ideas, and many superstitions and practices 
are mingled with their religion. The marriage ceremony is performed 
by the acting priest in the church, but the praetice is permitted with 
children who have not reached the age of puberty, and the betrothal is 
conducted by parents, the relations of the female paying a stipulated 
amount, generally in food to be consumed by the friends at the feast 
given to celebrate the event. It is not certain that polygamy ever 
existed, but an ancient custom permitted the husband to sell or lease 
his wife to another for a stated term. On account of the disproportion 
in the number of the sexes, celibacy was a matter of necessity, and 

H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——30 


466 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


probably originated this custom. Love of family is a strong trait in 
their character; children are fondly cared for, and the desire for off- 
spring is general. 

TATTOOING. 

Tattooing is not practiced at the present time, none being observed 
upon children and young persons. But all those advanced in life are 
ornamented on all parts of the body. Unlike the Samoans and other 
islanders, where a standard pattern is adhered to, the designs were oily 
limited by the fancy and ability of the artist. Both sexes were tattooed 
(Figs. 4,a and )), but the women to a greater extent and with more 
elaborate designs than the men. The material used in tattooing is ob- 
tained by burning the leaf of an indigenous plant called “ti,” which is 
moistened with the juice of a berry called ‘‘poporo.” A tattoo comb 
is made of bone or fish bones fastened to a stick, which is held in posi- 
tion and struck with a sharp blow. 


: Fic. 4, a. Fic. 4, b. 
TATTOOING ON NATIVE WOMAN (FRONT VIEW). TATTOOING ON NATIVE WOMAN (BACK VIEW). 


The highest ornamentation was as follows: A narrow band around 
the upper part of the forehead, at the edge of the roots of hair, with 
fs . : . ire shoo" ‘ gala a: te 
little circles extending down upou the forehead and joined to the band 

7 i Roe PS ic OED Ie sel ty ean i ete wee eR lat ae 


ai 


tthoy <tMn v 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 467 


by astem. From the coronet, a line extended around the outside edge 
of the ear, with a circle on the lobe. The lips were freely tattooed, 
after the manner of the Maoris, with lines curving around the chin and 
extending towards the cheek-bones; the entire neck and throat covered 
with oblique or wavy lines, with occasional patches of solid coloring; 
a broad, wide girdle (Fig. 4, a) about the waist, from which bands rise 
in front and behind, representing trees and foliage, surmounted by large 
faces on the breast and back, and smaller ones on each side of the 
body. Below the waist belt the lines were fine, like lace-work, and 
from the thigh to the knee the appearance was that of silk tights with 
rariegated pattern. Below the knee there were various desigus. termi- 
natiug in a point at the feet. 


SALUTATION. 


The form of salutation is “ Kohomai,” literally interpreted, ‘Come to 
me.” This is always heartily expressed, and parties meeting often 
shout out the kohomai while somedistance apart. The greeting is varied 
by the addition of a word of respect when addressed to a superior in 
rank, or a stranger, and by a term of endearment, when to a child or 
to a relation. 

: DRESS. 


The costume of the natives is at present made up of the cast-off 
clothing obtained from ships of all nations that have called at the 
island, but principally old uniforms of the French, Spanish, and En- 
glish vesselsof war. Brass buttous appeal strongly to the native love 
for adornment, and many were made happy by the liberal contributions 
from the Mohican. Very little tappa cloth is made on the island at 
present, but specimens of the ancient handiwork are treasured up in 
every family. The mode of manufacture is quite similar to that. prae- 
ticed on the various groups of the South Sea, but the patterns are 
much less elaborate. The bark is stripped from the branches of the 
Hibiscus, in a manner to obtain the greatest possible length, and rolled 
into coils with the inner bark outside, in order to make it flat and 
smooth. It is then scraped with a piece of obsidian to remove the 
bark, the coils being occasionally soaked in water to remove the res- 
inous substances. The strips are laid across a log and beaten for 
many hours with a heavy mallet. The mallets are made of the heav- 
iest and hardest wood that can be obtained (foromiro), about a foot long 
and 3 inches on each face, some of which are smooth and others 
carved into grooves or ribs, to suit the different stages in the process of 
manufacture. Several strips of bark are beaten into one thickness of 
cloth, according to the purpose for which it was intended, some being 
made quite fine and others coarse and heavy. No gum is used except 
that naturally contained in the bark, and the fibers adhere closely 
when keptdry. The fabrication of the tappa speaks well for the native 


468 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


invention and industry, but it is not very durable when compared with 
woven goods. The colors with which the decorations are made are pro- 
cured from roots, leaves, and berries of indigenous plants and are pre- 
pared with considerable skill. Several kinds of earth are used for the 
dark colors, the pigment being ground down and boiled in the juice of 
the sugar-cane. 

MATS. 


The natives excel in the manufacture of fine mats, specimens of 
which will be found in our collection. They are made of bulrushes 
obtained from the craters in the vicinity of the lakes formed by the 
collection of the rain-water. They are woven by hand, and fine speci- 
mens are highly prized. 


AMUSEMENTS. 


The amusements of the people were reduced to a minimum when the 
customs of their heathen forefathers were abandoned, and at present 
there is no general assemblage for the purpose of enjoyment except an 
occasional marriage feast or some accidental occasion, such as the ar- 
rival of a foreign ship. Prominent among the ancient customs were 
feasts to celebrate the return of the different seasons and various an- 
uiversaries in their history, such as the landing of Hotu-Metua at 
Anakena Bay. Upon the latter occasion the ancient traditions were 
repeated by recognized orators, and a prominent feature of all fetes 
was athletic sports, such as running, spear-throwing, and feats of skill 
and dexterity. Dancing was the most common of ali amusements and 
there was no assemblage without its appropriate dance. 


THE NATIVE DANCE. e 


Just as the traditions are cherished and repeated from father to son, 
the native dances are remembered and held in esteem, although never 
publicly practiced. Mr. Salmon secured the services of the ‘‘ star per- 
formers” and we were fortunately enabled to witness the peculiarities 
of the native dance at his house at Viahu, on the eve of our departure 
from the island. The music was furnished by three persons seated 
upon the floor, who accompanied their discordant voices by thumps 
upon a tom-tom improvised from old cracker-boxes, and the dance was 
performed by an old woman and a young girl, the latter possessing some 
claim to symmetry of figure. ‘The dancers wore asingle loose garment, 
short enough to expose the bare ankles and sun-browned feet. Over 
the head and shoulders was thrown a white cloak, composed of a few 
yards of cotton cloth, which was sometimes spread open and occasion- 
ally made to hide the whole figure as they went through the various 
evolutions of the dance. This mantle was not managed with any par- 
ticular skill or grace and seemed to be identified with one particular 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 469 


dance, after which it was discarded for the small dancing-paddle or 
wand. The weird songs related the achievements and exploits of their 
ancestors in war, fishing, and love, and the gestures of the dancers 
were upon this occasion perfectly proper and modest. Some of the 
movements were suggestive of a rude relationship to the dances per- 
formed by the geisha girls of Japan in their odori, and consisted of 
movements and attitudes calculated to display the elegance and grace 
of the performers. The peculiar feature of the native dancing is the 
absence of violent motion ; there is nojumping or elaborate pirouettes, 
no extravagant contortions, and nothing that might be called a precision 
of step. The lower limbs play a part of secondary importance to the 
arms and the dancers indulge in no dizzy gyrations. The feet and 
hands are kept moving in unison with the slow, monotonous music, 
while the dancers endeavor to act out the words of the song by panto- 
mime, These islanders, like their sisters throughout Polynesia, have 
their hula-hula, or dances that partake of passion and abandon, and 
portray the old story of coquetry, jealousy, and ultimate surrender of 
the maiden. Soft swaying movements, a gentle turning away, timid 
glances, and startled gestures, gradually giving place to more rapturous 
passion, speak plainly enough the theme of the song, though the move- 
ments are less graceful and elegant than those which characterize the 
nanteh dances of India. Among the diversified dances, some are per- 
formed by men and others by women, but the sexes rarely if ever dance 
together. Wands are usually held in each hand, but occasionally one 
and sometimes both are discarded. Feather hats and other ornaments 
are worn in portraying characters and some of the dances are said to 
be of obscene tendencies. 
: RELIGION. 


Like most savage nations, the Easter Islanders had numerous super- 
Stitious and resorted to charms, prayers, incantations, and amulets 
to bring good luck and ward off evil. A thorough delineation of these 
superstitions might be instructive in the light of showing the real depth 
of the religious feeling of those who now profess Christianity as well as 
the capacity of the native mind for entertaining a higher form of civili- 
zation; but, unfortunately, our brief stay on the island did not afford 
time to thoroughly investigate the subject. 

The belief in a future state was a prominent feature in the religion. 
After death the soul was supposed to depart to the ‘ place of departed 
spirits” to be rewarded by the gods or tormented by the demons. 
With this idea in view a small hole was invariably built in the wall 
near the top of all tombs, cairns, and other receptacles for the dead, by 
which the spirit of the deceased was supposed to find egress. Deified 
spirits were believed to be constantly wandering about the earth and 
to have more or less influence over the human affairs. Spirits were 
supposed toappear to sleeping persons and to communicate with them 
through visions or dreams, 


A470) REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Gnomes, ghouls, and goblins were believed to inhabit inaccessible 
caves and niches in the rock and to have the power of prowling about 
after dark. Thesmall wooden and stone images known as * household 
gods,” were made to represent certain spirits and belong to a different 
order from the gods, though accredited with many of the same attri- 
butes. They occupied a prominent place in every dwelling and were 
regarded as the medium through which communieations might be made 
with the spirits, but were never worshiped. The Great Spirit Meke- 
Meke is represented by a bird-like animal as referred to in the deserip- 
tion of sculptured rocks and paintings at Orongo. 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


The islanders were superstitious to an extent that was extraordinary, 
and they were constantly under the influence of dread from demons or 
supernatural beings. Fish-hooks were made of bones of deceased fish- 
ermen, which were thought to exert a mysterious influence over the den- ~ 
izens of the deep. Fishermen were always provided with the stone god 
that was supposed to be emblematic of the spirit having cognizance of 
the fish. Rocks in certain localities were believed to be under spirit 
taboo, and persons who walked over them were punished with sore feet. 
The leaves of several harmless plants were regarded as prophylactic 
against disease. Stones were buried beneath the doorways of houses 
to guard against evil influences. The native priests were simply 
wizards and sorcerers who professed to have influence with evil spirits 
sufficient to secure by incantations their co-operation in the destruc- 
tion of an enemy, or by occult means gain their aid and good-will for 
the protection of property, crops, etc. The system of taboo corre- 
sponds with the same thing practiced throughout the islands of the 
South Sea, and ineluded a prohibition in regard to persons as well as 
property. The symbol of the taboo on crops properly consisted of a 
small pile of stone placed in the form of a pyramid, or piled one on top 
of the other. The nativeshave a way of divining the future by means 
of a flower, common enough in more civilized countries but not observed 
before in Polynesia. “Ae” and “Aita” are repeated as the petals are 
thrown away, and the signification appears to be equivalent to the 
“ves,” and **no” of Goethe’s Marguerite. 


SACRIFICIAL STONERS. 


In the rear of some of the best-preserved platforms are stones said to 
have been erected for sacrificial purposes. These altars consist of a 
single shaft, generally of vesicular lava, but in some cases cut from the 
material of which the images and crowns were made. They range in 
height from 5 to 10eet, Squared to 34 or 4 feet on each face, and stand 
in the center of a terrace paved with smooth bowlders. The sides and 
plinth were covered with figures sculptured in low relief, but are now 


too much weather-worn to be traced. These altars are said to have 
. 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 471 


been designed and used for human sacrifices, but of this a reasonable 
doubt may be expressed. The form is inconveniently adapted to the 
purpose and the stones differ in all respects from those used for the same 
purpose in the other islands. Evidences of fire on top of stones were 
plain enough, but no charred bones were found except those of recent 
date belonging to sheep and cattle. 


DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT. 


The practice of relieving pain by manipulation of the body was the 
effective movement cure resorted to by the islanders years before the 
Swedish or massage treatment assumed its present prominence. With- 
out entering upon the question of how valuable the practice of lomi-lomi 
may beas a cure for ailments, I may testify to the physical regeneration 
of this titillant manipulation. On more that one oceasion I have thrown 
myseif upon the ground, completely exhausted by over-exertion, and 
yielded to the dexterous kneadings and frictions and palmings and 
pinchings of those skilled in the treatment. The hard-fisted native is 
by no means gentle in the operation, but with palms and knuckles 
vigorously tests every muscle and tendon, as well as every joint of the 
vertebrie, until the exhausted patient sinks into a state of oblivious 
somnolence. 

Several of the plants indigenous to the island were considered valua- 
ble remedies for certain ailments, but the chief therapeutic art of the 
native practitioner was the pretended exercise of powers of divination, 
The application of herbs, simples, and the practice of lomi-lomi were 
perhaps not sufficient distinction, and therefore a claim was made for 
occult Knowledge and supernatural power. 

The native pharmeopeia isextremely limited in its scope. The thistle 
is bruised and applied to sores and ulcers, arrowroot for burns, and 
a species of nightshade is used asa vulnerary remedy. On this breeze- 
swept island diseases of a paludal nature are unknown. 

A mild type of remittent fever is common during the rainy season 
from April to October, but nature is left to fight its battles without 
assistance. Rheumatism and pulmonary complaints oceasionaly result 
from long exposure to inclement weather, but as a rule no medical treat- 

“ment is attempted. 

The natives believe that a disease called “kino,” or cracked feet, 
results from walking over the rocks along the shore at Tahai. Probably 
the trouble arises from cuts and abrasions coming in contact with a 
succulent vine that grows at this place. ~* 


PIRE. 


The method of obtaining fire requires considerable preparation of ma- 
terial and patience on the part of the operator. A pointed stick of hard 
wood is rubbed against a piece of dry paper-mulberry until a groove is 
formed, which finally becomes hot from the friction and ignites the lint 


472 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


or fiber thrown up at the end of the groove. This is blown intoa flame, 
and dried grass added to it until the fire is sufficiently established. 
The difficulty of preserving suitable material in a perfectly dry state 
led to the custom of keeping up a perpetual fire in each community. 
These vestal fires were kept up by persons appointed for that purpose, 
though it does not appear that they were vestal virgins. Caves afford- 
ing ample protection from the weather were selected for the location of 
these permanent fires, and although they had no religious significance, 
the flames were as carefully watched and attended as the celestial fire 
of the followers of Zoroaster. 


CANNIBALISM. 


The traditions abound with instances of anthropophagism, and in all 
Polynesia there were no more confirmed cannibals than these islanders. 
The practice is said to have originated with a band of natives who were 
defeated in war and besieged in their stronghold until reduced to the 
borders of starvation. From this time the loathsome custom of devour- 
ing prisoners, captured in war, grew in popular favor. Cannibalism may 
have originated in a spilil of revenge, but it grew beyond those limits, 
and not only were prisoners of war and enemies slain in battle eaten, 
but every unfortunate against whom trivial charges were made met that 
fate. Instances are related in the legends of children being devoured 
by their parents, not from any other motive than to satisfy the crav- 
ings of their depraved and vitiated appetites. Cannibalism was prac- 
ticed until a comparatively recent period. Several of the older natives 
acknowledge that they had frequently eaten human flesh in their youtb, 
and described the process of cooking and preparing “ long-pig” for the 
feast. 

GOVERNMENT. 


The ancient government of Easter Island was an arbitrary monarchy. 
The supreme authority was vested in a king and was hereditary in 
his family. The person of the king was held sacred. Clan fights and 
internecine struggles were common, but the royal person and family 
were unmolested. The king reigned over the entire island and was not 
disturbed by the defeat or the victory of any of the clans. The island 
was divided into districts having distinet names and governed by chiefs, 
all of whom acknowledged the supremacy of the king. The title of 
chief was also hereditary, and descended from father to son, but the 
king reserved the right to remove or put to death any of them and of 
naming a successor from the people of the clan. 

There was no confederation, each clan being independent of all the 
rest, except as the powerful are naturally dominant over the weak. The 
chiefs wore peculiar feather hats to denote their rank, and they pre- 
sided at feasts and councils in the absenee of the king. Other grades 
of rank were recognized, such as that required by feats of valor, public 


{E PITO TE HENUA, OR FASTER ISLAND. 473 


service rendered, such as image making, ete., but this privileged class 
had no authority vested in them over their fellows. Personal security 
and the rights of: private property were little regarded, and disputes 
were settled by king or chief without regard to law or justice. There 
was no code of laws, the people avenged their own injuries, and per- 
sons who incurred the displeasure of the ruler were marked as vietims 
for sacrifice. It does not appear that any great homage was paid the 
king, and no tax was exacted of the people. Long-continued custom 
was accepted as law, and defined the few duties and privileges of the 
private citizen. 

Maurata, the last of a long line of kings, together with all of the prin- 
cipal chiefs of the islands was kidnapped by the Peruvians and died 
in Slavery. Since that time there has been no recognized authority 
among the natives; every man is his own master, and looks out for his 
own interests. 

In 186364 the natives were converted to Christianity by Frére Eu- 
gene, a Jesuit missionary. A Frenchman called Dutrou-bBornier had 
settled upon the island and started an extensive farm, and a conflict of 
authority sprang up between the two foreigners, which led to bitter 
feuds between the natives. Dutrou-Bornier lived with a common wo- 
man, who had been the wife of a chief, and he succeeded in having her 
proclaimed queen of the island, under the name of Korato.. A system 
of espionage and intrigue was instituted by Queen Korato, guided by 
the Frenchman’s instructions, which resulted in an open rebellion 
against the ecclesiastical authority. The missionary was finally com- 
pelled to leave the island, and he removed to Gambier Archipelago 
with about three hundred of his followers, giving Dutrou-Bornier and 
Queen Korato aclear field. The Frenchman was kilied in August, 1876, 
by being thrown from his horse while drunk, and Queen Korato and her 
two children survived him only a few years. Mr. Salmon found upon 
liis arrival that none of the natives had assumed authority over his 
fellows, and in due course that gentleman became to all intents and , 
purposes the king of the island, ruling the people with kindness and 
wisdom and thus securing their unbounded respect and esteem. 


BURIAL OF THE DEAD. 


Hundreds of tombs, cairns, platforms, and catacombs were examined 
during our stay on the island, and in all cases the bodies were lying 
at full length. Ina vault beneath platform No. 11 are a number of 
skulls packed together in sufficient quantity to completely fill the com- 
partment—trophies of war perhaps, in view of the fact that the skulls 
were those of adults; but in no single instance did we discover the re- 
mains doubled up as the Incas and other American aborigines were in 
the habit of burying their dead. In the early ages it was the custom 
to wrap the corpse in dried grass, bound together by a mat made of 
sedge, and whether laid in platform, cairn, or cave, the body was 


474 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


usually laid with the head towards the sea. Succeeding generations 
substituted tappa or native cloth for the sedge mat, and the present 
people are sufficiently civilized to prefer rude coffins when the material 
xan be obtained. Cemeteries were located by the missionaries near the 
ehurehes at Vaihu and Mateveri, and strong efforts made to discourage 
the burial of converted natives with their heathen ancestors, but they 
were never able to overcome their aversion to promiscuous interment. 


BOATS. 


Hotu-Matua is said to have landed upon the island with three hun- 
dred followers in two canoes, which are described in the traditions as 
90 feet in length and 6 feet deep (draught of water). From the descrip- 
tion given of these boats and the representations found of them among 
the mural paintings and sculptures in certain caves, the canoes of the 
original settlers were quite similar to the Fiji war-canoes. They were 
constructed of many pieces of wood neatly fitted together and held in 
place by thongs or lashings; high and sharp at both ends and _ bal. 
anced by an outrigger or smaller canoe. Such boats are in use at the 
present time in many of the Polynesian islands and are quite capable 
of making long voyages at sea. The boats built by succeeding gener- 
ations were few in number and small in size, on account of the seareity 
of material to be found on the island. Many of the early navigators 
refer to the scarcity of boats belonging to the ndtives. Captain Cook 
saw several canoes, 10 or 12 feet long, built of pieces 4 or 5 inches 
wide, and not more than 2 or 3 feet long, but the majority of his 
native visitors swam off to his ship. Captain Beechey saw three canoes 
on the beach, but they were not Jaunched. Von Kotzebue saw. three 
canoes each containing two men. At the time of our visit the only 
boats on the island were two large ones, belonging to Messrs. Salmon 
and Brander. built of material obtained from the wrecks on the coast. 
There are no canoes in use at the present time, but we found two very 
old ones in a cave on the west coast, having long ago passed their days 
of usefulness on the water and now serving as burial-cases. They 
were a patchwork of several kinds of wood sewed together, and though 
in an advanced stage of dry-rot the material was sufficiently well pre- 
served to prove that it never grew on Easter Island, but had been ob- 
tained from the drift-wood on the beach. 


WEAPONS AND WAR. 


The native weapons in offensive and defensive operations were lim- 
ited to obsidian-pointed spears, short clubs, and the throwing-stones, 
but these were handled with remarkable skill and dexterity. The his- 
tory of the simple weapons in the hands of people who became pre- 
eminent in their use has been repeated in all ages and countries, and 
is fully exemplified in these islanders; though their primitive spear, 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. AT5 


lacking the metal-piercing medium, could never aspire to the fame of 
the gladiator’s trident, the Homeric javelin, the Roman pilum, the Turk- 
ish jereed, the Landsknecht’s halberd, the Polish lance, the Zulu assa- 
gai, or even the knobkerry of the Amazulu. The formidable weapon of 
the ancient Parthian, still wielded by the dexterous Turcoman, was not 
known to these islanders. Arrows might have been improvised, but 
there was no wood in their possession suitable for the manufacture of 
bows. . 

Unlike the Fijians and other Polynesians to the westward, who did 
ereat execution with their long war-clubs, these natives used in fight- 
ing only the patoopatoo, or the meré, like that of the Maori, except that 
they were invariably made of wood. They possessed a long club, a lit- 
tle expanded and flattened at one end, and the other carved into a head 
with a double face with eyes made of obsidian and bone; but this was 
carried as a baton of office before the chiefs and used only for that pur- 
pose. 

Stones were thrown with great precision and accuracy froin the hand, 
and the use of a sling, sueh as made David more than a match for the 
gigantic Philistine, appears to have been unknown. Slings were com- 
mon among the Ineas and other races of South America from the earli- 
est times, but no traces of such an appliance could be found on Easter 
Island, either in the tombs or mentioned by the ancient traditions. 

A want of practice has probably made the natives of to-day less pro- 
ficient in stone-throwing than their forefathers, but if the stories may 
be believed, the time was when their truculent address could only have 
been surpassed by Runjeet Singh’s Akalis in flinging the chuckkra. 

Several of the ancient traditions speak of a net being used in fight- 
ing, and men were especially trained in its use, but whether they re- 
sembled the old Roman retiarius can not be discovered, the custom 
having long since died out. It is unknown to the natives of to-day. 

Two kinds of spears were used, one about 6 feet long for throwing and 
the other a shorter one; a heavier stabbing pike was only fit for use at 
close quarters. In its original form the spear was essentially a missile, 
and the traditions speak of the adoption of tlie thrusting weapon in the 
desperate engagements that resulted in the extermination of the “long- 
eared race.” The shafts were made of pourou Hibiscus sp. and tu Dracena 
terminalis, and the various forms of obsidian points were secured by a 
lashing made from the indigenous hemp. The javelins were thrown 
underhanded with the little finger foremost, but they did not have 
that peculiar vibratory motion that distinguished the Zulu assagai. 

Nothing was known of a retrieving weapon, such as the boomerang of 
the Australians, or even the throwing-sticks of the Eskimo tribes on 
the coast of Alaska. : 

There was no class of professional fighters or soldiers; every able- 
bodied man was supposed to be a warrior and compelled to do duty in 
time of war. Fighting men were not trained or drilled, except that 


476 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


throwing stones and darting the spear were favorite amusements and 
always a prominent feature of all feasts. The clans were always led to 
battle by the chief, but there was no particular formation. Every man 
acted in accordance with his individual fancy, or as occasion demanded, 
relying upon skill and strength alone. No shields were used and no 
particular efforts were made to parry the weapons of the enemy. 

In view of the fact that the islanders all acknowledged the anthority 
of one king, their wars were surprisingly numerous, barbarous, and un- 
relenting. The traditions are filled with accounts of sanguinary con- 
flicts originating from trivial causes and continued through genera- 
tions, until one party orthe other were entirely exterminated. The 
slaughter on the field of battle was never very great, but in the event 
of a general defeat, the vanquished party was pursued by the victors 
to the hiding places, their habitations destroyed, females captured, 
children and infirm persons brutally murdered. The defenseless un- 
fortunates who fell victims to their merciless captors, accepted their 
fate, whether it was slavery, torture, or butchery, with remarkable for- 
titude, seldom if ever making any show of resistance. 


EXPLORATION OF THE ISLAND. 


The Mohican came toanchorin the roadstead of Hanga Roa(Plate X VI) 
on the morning of Saturday, December 18, 1886. The individuals most 
interested in the exploration of the island went on shore without delay, 
and the work was pushed forward as rigorously as possible until the 
hour appointed for the sailing of the ship for Valparaiso on the even- 
ing of the last day of the year. 

Messrs. Salmon and Brander boarded the ship upon her arrival and ex- 
tended the hospitalities of Easter Island, placing their limited resources 
entirely at our command with a heartiness that won our immediate es- 
teem, and which ripened into sincere friendship before our departure. 
These gentlemen are closely connected with the royal family of Tahiti, 
and we had been intrusted with letters and various articles from rela- 
tives and friends who desired to embrace the opportunity for commu- 
nication offered by the Mohican. 

Upon landing at Hanga Roa we tound nearly all of the natives on 
the island congregated to receive their unknown visitors. The men in- 
spected us closely and were profuse in friendly demonstrations, while 
their wives and daughters gazed curiously from a little distance, and 
the children’s manner plainly showed the enjoyment of an occasion of 
infrequent occurrence in their quiet lives. Surrounded by this crowd 
we walked about a mile to the house of Mr. Brander, where the bag-: 
gage, tools, and impedimenta in general were deposited. During the 
afternoon a reconnaissance was made to the crater of Rana Kao and the 
ancient stone-houses in the vicinity, and in the evening we crossed the 
island in a light wagon with Mr. Salmon to his residence at Vaihu. 
That gentleman has, during his long residence on the island, accumu- 


PLATE XVI. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


‘VOY-VONVH 40 GV3SLSGVOY SHL WOYS ANV1S| YS1SVQ 4O SONVYVSddY 


‘ 
t 

oy 
i 


i 
BAe 


PLATE XVII. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


“OVM VNVY SO YSLVYO 


PLATE XVIII. 


| homson., 


- 


1889 


A 
Wiuseum 


a 


on 


rt of Nati 


Repo 


*Q34N90"d 


3YaM SaV1S G3SYNLOld HOIHM WOuS ‘ODNOYO LV SSSNOH-3SNOLS LN3IONY 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. A477 


lated a valuable collection of curios and relies of the former inhab- 
itants. Nearly ali of our first night on shore was devoted to the pur- 
chase and cataloguing of specimeus from Mr. Salmou’s collection, all of 
which will be referred to and described elsewhere. Duplicates were 
obtained of all articles furnished Lieut. Commander Geisler, of the 
Hyane, for the museum at Berlin, and of those collected by the Topaze 
for the British Museum, together with original tablets and other relics 
of great interest and value that had escaped the attention of former 
collectors. 
RECONNAISANCE TO RANA KAO. 


Sunday, December 19.—Made an early start from Vaihu and rode to 
the central elevations called Mount Teraai, Mount Punapau, and Mouut 
Tuatapu and inspected the quarries from whence the red tufa was ob- 
tained which formed the crowns or head-dresses that ornamented all 
the huge images. Following the road to the southwest we made the 
ascent of Rana Kao, The crater is nearly circular and about a mile in 
diameter (Plate XVII), with steep jagged sides, or walls, except on the 
south, where the lava-flow escaped to the sea. A lake fills the bottom of 
what was once the voleanic caldron; the water is of great depth and the 
surface covered with a coat of peat, so dense and strong that cattle range 
over it, finding food at irregular intervals. The surface of the lake is 
about 700 feet from the top, but the cattle have made a path by which 
the descent can be made with safety. 

Skirtiiig the edge of the crater to the southward the ridge becomes 
narrower, falling precipitously a thousand feet to the sea on one side, 
and descending abruptly into the crater on the other until it terminates 
inan elongated wall of rock rising toa sharp, jagged edge impassable to 
either man or beast. Just where this elevated edge contracts rapidly 
towards the south are located the ancient stone-houses of Orongo. 
(Plate XVIII). These burrow-like dwellings were built with little regard 
to streets, avenues, etc., but were regulated by the contour of the land. 
Piles of débris in one or two spots marked the destroying hand of former 
investigators, but the large majority of the houses were intact, and in 
some instances the openings had been sealed up with stone, making it 
difficult to outline the original entrances. These dwellings were con- 
structed without windows or other openings except a door-way so low 
and narrow that an entrance could only be effected by crawling upon the 
hands and knees, while in many cases it was necessary to creep serpent- 
like through the contracted confines. Many interiors were inspected 
by the light of candles provided for the purpose and houses marked for 
thorough investigation on the morrow. 

While tracing and sketching the sculptured rocks in the vicinity of 
Orongo, the declining sun hastened the departure for Vaihu, where the 
hours after our evening meal were devoted to making notes of the native 
traditions as translated by Mr, Salinon, until that good-natured gentle- 


478 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


man could be kept awake no longer. It had been proposed that we 
should occupy one of the ancient stone houses for the night, in order to 
be near the scene of operations planned for the next day, but they were 
damp and ill-smelling and the work accomplished on the traditions 
more than repaid the time lost in recrossing the island. 


THE ANCIENT STONE HOUSE AT’ ORONGO. 


December 20.—Leaving Vaihu at early daylight we arrived at Hanga 
Roa in time to meet the detachment of eight selected men sent on shore 
from the ship with proper tools and implements for making a thorough 
exploration of Orongo and vicinity. (Plate XIX). The blue-jackets 
scampered up the slope of Rana Kao with the buoyant spirits of school- 
boys out for a holiday, and arriving at the spot were anxious to lend 
the assistance of willing hands and plenty of brawn to the prosecution 
of the work. 

Every house was entered and inspected, though occasionally a mis- 


calculation was made in the dimensions of a narrow passage-way and it. 


became necessary to rescue a prisoner by dragging him back by the 
heels. Once inside the building, the interior could be easily inspected 
and sketches made of frescoes and sculptured figures. (Plate XX). 
These remarkable habitations were built against a terrace of earth or 
rock, which in some cases formed the back wall of the dwelling (Iig. 5). 
From this starting point a wall was constructed of small slabs of strat- 
ified basaltic rock, piled together without cement and of a thickness 
varying from about 3 feet to a massive rampart of 7 feet in width. 


yenlic Sar Sam a OU CN Mee. on 


Rescate Helle Pa oes = 


Ss AN yi ¥ 
See 


Fie. 5. 


VIEW OF STONE HUT IN ORONGO. 


The outer entrance is formed by short stone posts planted in the 
ground and crossed by a basaltic slab. The passage-way was in all 
cases unpaved and usually lined on the top and both sides with flat 
stones. This important feature added materially to our comfort while 
forcing an entrance through some of the narrow openings, and saved the 
necessity for adding to our already bountiful supply of bruises and abra- 
sions. No regularity of plan is shown in the construction of the ma- 
jority of the houses; some are parallelogram in shape, others elliptical, 
and many are immethodical, showing a total absence of design, the 
builder being guided by the conformation of the ground, the amount 
of material available, and other chance circumstances, These houses 


PLATE XIX. 


Thomson 


useun) 


al M 


Report of Nation 


‘“ODNOUO LV 3SNOH WOYS SEVIS SNIAOWSY 


Neos Tae 
cae. b 
BUPA oa we 
a8 


> 
a) 
16 


Li 
a eye 


ie 


Bs Aah ish 
Peon 


PLATE XX. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


ODNOHO LV ASNOH LNZIONY 


bs Pha 
Prrlib ‘ 
a 


~ ———ae 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 479 


are roofed with slabs of rock of sufficient length to span the side walls, 
showing that no particular care had been exercised to form close joints. 
Over this stone ceiling the earth was piled in mound-shape, reaching 
a depth in the center of from 4 to 6 feet, and covered by a sod that 
afforded ample protection from rain, The floors were the bare earth, 
and the interiors were damp and moldy from insufticient ventilation 
afforded by the single contracted opening. 

An accurate measurement of these remarkable structures gave the 
average height from floor to ceiling 4 feet 6 inches; thickness of 
walls, 4 feet to 10 inches; width of rooms, 4 feet 6 inches; length of 
rooms, 12 feet 9 inches; average size of door-ways, height 20 inches, 
width 19 inches. In making the survey of Orongo the houses were 


Scale mYaras. 
10 a 40 
Fic. 6. 
ORONGO. 


numbered from 1 to 49, inclusive, commencing at the inshore extremity 
(Fig. 6). While in the majority of instances the interior dimensions 
were considerably below the average given above, several of the houses 
exceeded those limits, particularly in the length of the rooms. The 


A480 ‘REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


largest house contained a single chamber nearly 40 feet long; three 
were over 30 feet, and eight measured over 20 feet in length, with otber 
dimensions approximately the same as the general average. These rude 
dwellings were not in all cases confined to a single apartment; some 
have one and a few have two or three recess chambers opening out of 
the main room; but they were dark little dens, having no separate light 
or ventilation. 

Near the center of this assemblage of houses there is a sort of square 
court with eight door-ways opening upon it. These might be considered 
separate and distinct dwellings, though the apartments are connected 
by interior passage- ways, making it possible to pass froin one to the 
other. At the extreme end of the point a similar collection of houses 
opens upon a circular court, and the interiors are also connected. 

Tn front of each house and about 10 feet from the door-way, small ex- 
cavations lined with slabs of stone, making holes about a foot wide and 
2 feet long and about 20 inches deep, indicated the culinary arrange- 
ments of the former inhabitants. The modus operandi of preparing the 
food was primitive in the extreme; a fire was built in the rude oven 
and removed when the stones were sufficiently heated, a covering of 
damp earth being placed over the oven to retard the radiation of heat. 

Thorough examination demonstrated the fact that these peculiar 
houses were not precisely alike in all respects, though thesame general 
characteristics prevailed. Those at the extreme point of the ridge 
(Plate X XI) bear evidence of great antiquity, and much excavation was 
necessary before a satisfactory examination could be made of the door- 
posts or stone supports to the entrances, which were covered with hiero- 
glyphies and rudely carved figures. From houses numbered 2, 3, aud 
4 (Fig. 6) on Lieutenant Symond’s chart of Orongo, were taken samples of 
these sculptures for the National Museum. The large beach pebbles 
were obtained by digging to a depth of 2 feet below the door-posts, and 
are of considerable interest both from the dense nature of the material 
and the fact that these carvings were found frequently repeated through- 
out the island. 

The majority of the houses at Orongo are in a fair state of preserva- 
tion and bear evidence of having been occupied at no very remote pe- 
riod. The result of the investigation here showed very little of carving 
on stone, but the smooth slabs lining the walls and ceilings were orna- 
mented with mythological figures and rude designs painted in white, 
red, and black pigments. Houses marked 1, 5, and 6 on Lieutenant 
Symond’s chart were demolished at the expense of great labor and the 
frescoed slabs obtained. Digging beneath the door-posts and under the 
floors produced nothing beyond a few stone implements. 

The houses in this vicinity occupy such a prominent position that 
they were naturally robbed of everything in the way of relics by the 
natives, who were beginning to appreciate the value of such things 
through the importance placed upon them by the foreign vessels that 


PLATE XXI. 


Report 


*§$1SOd-YOOq 
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PLATE XXII. 


Wiuseurty 


“ODNOHO LV SHOOY GsayN1Ld INOS 


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TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 481 


have called at the island. <A niche in the wall of each of these dwell- 
ings was evidently designed to receive the household god and the va- 
rious valuables which were possessed by the inhabitants. Whatever 
treasures they may have held in former years, we found them empty, 
and our search revealed nothing of importance. 

- Attention was directed to one of the buildings in this assemblage that 
apparently had no entrance way. One wall was demolished, disclosing 
a rude coffin containing the remains of a native recently deceased. 
The unoccupied house had been utilized as a tomb, and sealed up with 
the material of which the walls were built. 


SCULPTURED ROCKS. 


The most important seulptured rocks on this island (Plate X XII) are 
in the immediate vicinity of the stone houses at Orongo (Fig. 7). As 


SCULPTURED ROCKS NEAR ORONGO. 


much time as possible was devoted to examining and sketching these 
curious relics. The hard volcanic rock is covered by carvings intended 
to represent human faces, birds, fishes, and mythical animals, all very 
much defaced by the ravages of time and the elements (Plate X XIII). 
The apparent age of some-of the rock-carvings antedates the neighbor- 
ing stone houses, the images, and other relics of the island except the 
ruined village on the bluff west of Kotatake Mountain. Fishes and 
turtles appear frequently among these sculptures, but the most common 
figure is a mythical animal, half human in form, with bowed back and 
long claw-likelegs and arms. According to the natives. this symbol was 
H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 ol 


482 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


intended to represent the god “ Meke-Meke,” the great spirit of the sea 
(Fig. 5). The general outline of this figure rudely carved upon the 


SCULPTURED FIGURES OFTEN REPRODUCED ON ROCKS AT ORONGO: ‘‘ MEKE-MEKE.” 


rocks, bore a striking resemblance to the decoration on a piece of pot- 
tery which I once dug upin Pern, while making excavations among the 
graves of the Incas. The form is nearly identical, but, except in this 
instance, no similarity was discovered between the relics of Easter Is- 
land and the coast of South America. 


ANCIENT CUSTOMS IN RELATION TO GATHERING THE SEA-BIRDS EGGS. 


From the most reliable information that could be obtained, the stone 
houses at Orongo were built for the accommodation of the natives while 
celebrating the festival of the “sea-birds eggs,” from a remote period 
until thesadvent of the most important ceremonies. 

During the winter months, sea-birds in great numbers visit the Is- 
land to lay their eggs and to bring forth their young. The nests are 
made among the ledges and cliffs 6f the inaccessible rocks, but a favor- 
ite spot for these birds has always been the tiny islands Mutu RauKau 
and Mutu Nui, lying a few hundred yards from the southwest point of 
the island (Plate XXIV). Here the first eggs of the season are laid, and 
therefore Orongo was selected as a convenient point to watch for the 
coming of the birds. According to the ancient custom, the fortunate 
individual who obtained possession of the first egg and returned with 
it unbroken to the expectant crowd, became entitled to certain privi- | 
leges and rights during the following year. No especial authority was 


PLATE XXIII. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


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PLATE XXIV, 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


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TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 483 


vested in him, but it was supposed that he had won the approval of 
the great spirit “‘ Meke Meke” and was entitled to receive contributions 
of food and other considerations from his fellows. The race for the dis- 
tinguished honor of bearing off the first egg was an oceasion of intense 
excitement. The contestants were held in check at Orongo until the 
auspicious moment arrived, and the scramble commenced at the word 
* oo,” pronounced by the king,who was about the only able-bodied man 
on the island who did not participate. It was decidedly a go.as-you- 
please race, every man selecting his route to the sea by the circuitous 
paths or directly over the face of: the cliff, and many fatal falls are re- 
corded as the result. 

The swim to Mutu Rau Kau was a trifling matter, the chief difficulty 
being to return with an egg unbroken through the general scramble. 

The houses at Orongo were probably unoccupied except for a short 
period in July of each year while awaiting the coming of the sea-birds. 
The peculiarity of their construction might be accounted for by the fact 
that the thatched hut, common to the plains, could not be used to ad- 
vantage on this exposed bluff. The low, contracted entrances, were used 
here as well as elsewhere for defense. Factional fights were common, 
and it was necessary that every house should be guarded against sur- 
prise and easily defended. Another reason might be found for making 
the openings as small as possible, in the absence of doors to shut out 
the storms. The sculptured rocks in the vicinity of Orongo bear record 
of the grateful contestants in the egg-races to the great spirit ““Meke 
Meke” for his benign influence and protection, much after the manner 
in which boats, pictures, and other objects are dedicated to certain pa- 
tron saints in more civilized portions of the earth. 


EMPLOYMENT OF NATIVES. 


The investigations in the vicinity of Orongo having been finished, a 
contract was made with Mr. Brander for removing from the excavations 
and transporting to the landing-place the frescoed slabs, inscribed door- 
posts, and objects collected, and the evening was devoted to the native 
traditions until exhausted nature demanded a few hours rest. With a 
view of propitiating the natives and securing their good-will and -co- 
operation in prosecuting the work with the utmost dispatch, a number 
of men were employed to assist in the excavations made at Orongo, but 
the experiment proved a failure. They constituted themselves an ap- 
preciative audience, and could not be induced to work. They evinced 
a lively interest in all that was going on, and perfor ned astounding gas- 
tronomic feats at meal-time. We concluded to dispense with their serv- 
ices after a demonstration of their dexterity in causing the disappear- 
ance of every small object that remained unprotected for a moment. 
Several of the head-men, afterwards employed as guides to accompany 
the expedition around the island, and stimulated with the hope of bounti- 


484 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


ful rewards, performed valuable service in the way of locating water- 
holes, identifying localities, naming objects of interest, ete. 

December 21.—Preparations were made for an early start on the ex- 
pedition already planned. The native contingent was dispatched about 
daylight with camp equipage and instructions to form Camp Mohican at 
a spot where it was reported good water could be found in abundance. 
We were somewhat handicapped for the march by the fatigue of the 
last few days, added to the want ofrest. ‘fhe hospitality of the Brander 
establishment had been cordially extended, but such a largeand varied 
assortment of insects and noxious animals had possession of the premises, 
that we preferred the open air,though there were several passing showers 
during the night. A working party from the ship, consisting of nine 
men, including a boatswain’s mate and quartermaster, landed at an early 
hour, each man equipped with knapsack, canteen, shovel and pick. 
The expedition took the road passing through the villages of Mataveri 
and Hanga Roa to the coast, followed by almost every man, woman, and 
child on the island. The interest displayed by the natives in our move. 
ments gradually died out after a few hours of hard walking, and towards 
noon the last party returned to their homes, leaving us a clear field. 

Following the coast-line to the northwest, every part of the ground 
was carefully examined, platforms measured and plotted, excavations 
made, and objects of interest collected and catalogued. 

Near Anahoirangaroa Point, on seme ledges of hard volcanic rock we 
found numerous depressions that evidently were made at the cost of 
great labor. Some are elliptical in shape, others perfectly circular, 
averaging about 3 feet in diameter and 2 feet deep. The majority are 
above high-water line and others just awash when the tide is full. No 
explanation could be obtained in regard to these holes, and it was con. 
cluded that they were originally intended as live-boxes for the preser- 
vation of fish. 

The natives have a superstition to the effect that any one who walks 
over these rocks will be afflicted with sore feet, and we received many 
solemn warnings in regaid to it. If there is any foundation for it at 
all, it is probably due to a succulent vine that grows here, coming in 
contact with the wounds caused by the sharp rocks. <A short dis- 
tance farther on stands a round tower 12 feet in diameter and 20 feet 
high (Fig. 9), said to have been erected as a lookout station from whence 
the movements of turtles could be watched. We found here, as well 
as under every other pile of stones of any description on the island, 
tombs and receptacles for the dead, all filled with human remains in 
various stages of decay, from freshly interred bodies to the bones that 
erumbled into dust upon exposure to the air. The entire island seems to 
be one vast necropolis, and the platforms along the sea-coast appear to 
have been the favorite burial places in all ages. Natural caves were 
utilized as places of deposit for the dead. 

Considerable time was devoted to the examinatien of the platforms, 


try 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. A485 


and in numerous instances interesting catacombs and tombs were dis- 
covered, containing remains of great antiquity. In this connection a 
peculiar trait in the native character was developed. Towards even- 
ing one of the native guides returned to pilot the working party to the 
place selected for the camp, just at the time a particularly old tomb had 
been uncovered and the crania were being removed from their former 
resting place. This the unsophisticated native took in at a glance, 
and with the announcement that we were desecrating the burial place 
of his forefathers, be set up a howl of despair, and became prostrated 
with grief at the sight of a skull which he claimed to recognize as that 
of his great-grandfather. Notwithstanding the absurdity of the state- 
ment. the anguish displayed induced us to return the bones to their 
ancient resting place. The afflicted youth quickly dried his eyes, and 
intimated that for a suitable reward he would be willing to dispose of 
the remains of his ancestors, and he thought that a consideration of 
about $2 would assuage his grief. That settled it. The skulls were 
gathered into the collection, and the sorrowing native left to mourn the 
loss both of the money and of the bones of his forefathers, 


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Fic. 9. 
OBSERVATION TOWER ON BLUTF NEAR ANHOIRANGAROA POINT. 


Many of the stone bases upon which the images stood still remain 


in their original positions upon the platforms. Generally they are ir- 
regular in shape, a few have been squared, and on platform No. 5 we 


486 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


found one of octagon shape that stood the test of measurement very 
well. Between platforms 4 and 5 the land falls away gently to the sea, 
and this slope is paved regularly with small round bowlders, having 
every appearance of having been constracted as a way for hauling out 
boats. The coast in this vicinity is perfectly rock-bound, but a narrow 
channel extends from the paved way out to sea. Boats might land 
here at any time. With the wind southeast, or in any direction ex- 
cept west, the landing would be perfectly smooth. The place is admir- 
ably adapted to the landing of heavy weights, but, as far as known, the 
images were never transported by sea, nor did the islanders possess 
boats sufficiently large to foat them, or material from which they could 
be constructed. 


CAVE AND TOMB NEAR AHUAKAPU POINT. 


On the face of the cliff near the point, Ahuakapu, a large and inter- 
esting cave, was visited. Many of the recesses and angles had been 
walled up and contained human remains. Fossiliferous specimeus of 
marine animals were obtained by digging up the floor of the cave. The 
igneous rocks in the vicinity show evidences of rude sculptures, among - 
which could be traced canoes, fishes, and men in various attitudes. Upon 
the extreme point we found another one of those round towers, built 
for the purpose of observing the movements of turtles on the beach. 
The shaft measures 244 feet, and stands in the center of a narrow plat- 
form 67 feet long, filled with tombs containing human remains that had 
long been undisturbed, as evidenced by a luxuriant growth of lichens 
on the rough rocks, 


RUINS OF THE OLDEST HABITATION ON THE ISLAND. 


On the high bluff west of Kotatake Mountain we discovered the ruins 
of a settlement extending more than a mile along the coast-line and in- 
land to the base of the hill. These remains bear unmistakable evidences 
of being the oldest habitations on the island. The houses are elliptical in 
shape, with door-ways facing the sea, and were built of uncut stone. 
Some of the walls are standing, but the majority are scattered about 
in the utmost confusion. An extremely interesting feature of these an- 
cient ruins is the fact that each dwelling was provided with a small cave 
or niche at the rear end, built of loose lava stones, which was in a number 
of instances covered by an arch supported by a fairly shaped key-stone. 
The recesses were undoubtedly designed to contain the household gods, 
and the key-stone, although extremely rough in construction, is unmis- 
takable inits application. Our guides had no knowledge of this locality 
and knew no distinctive name for it. 

Messrs. Salmon and Brander had not visited the spot, because the 
location is bleak and desolate and, as far as they had heard, was a track- 
less waste, devoid of all interest. 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 487 


Camp Mohican was formed a few hundred yards in the rear of plat- 
form No. 7. We reached the spot just as the shades of night were clos- 
ing in, foot-sore and weary from the hard day’s march. The camp was 
not more than 5 miles in a direct line from our starting point in the 
morning, but we had traveled many times the distance in making a 
thorough inspection of the ground. A narrow pathway follows the 
coast-line for a part of the distance, which affords safe footing for 
the natives ; everywhere else the ground is covered with voleanic rocks 
of every conceivable size and shape, making the walking both diffieult 
anddangerous. Thesite forthe camp was selected because of the prox- 
imity of a water-bole, the only one to be found in this neighborhood. 
It proved to be a shallow cave where the rain-water collected from the 
drainage of the surrounding hills; the fluid was fullof both animal and 
vegetable matter and decidedly unpleasant to taste and smell. A shel- 
ter-tent was improvised by suspending a blanket at the ends from board- 
ing pikes planted in the ground, and after a hasty meal all hands sought 
the much needed rest. About midnight ominous looking clouds rolled 
up from the southeast, and it rained in heavy squalls until morning. Wet 
and unrefreshed, we turned out at daylight to resume the march with 
everything completely saturated from underclothing to note-books, but 
with undaunted resolution to continue the work in spite of the ele- 
ments. 

Platforms7 and 8 are within a few hundred yards of each other and 
close to the edge of the bluff, which is at this point 390 feet above the 
sea level. From beneath these ancient piles many interesting speci- 
mens of crania were obtained, together with obsidian spear-heads and 
stone implements. An extensive settlement must have been located 
here at a comparatively recent period. Narrow curbing stones indi- 
cated the position of the houses. These stones had been squared, with 
2-inch holes sunk in the upper face at short intervals to receive the 
ends of the poles that supported the thatched roof. These dwellings 
had been built upon terraces descending towards the sea, and though 
they differed greatly in size, the same characteristics were preserved in 
all cases. The style of architecture must have been suggested by an 
inverted canoe. The curbing walls of the house in the center of this 
collection measured 124 feet in length, 12 feet wide in the center, and 
converging to 15 inches at the ends. 


NATURAL CAVES. 


Among some outeropping rocks near by, a cave was accidentally dis- 
covered, with a mouth so small that an entrance was effected with dif- 
ficulty. Once inside, however, it branched out into spacious chambers 
that could shelter thousands of people with comfort. It bore evidences 
of having been used in former years as a dwelling-place, and probably 
had other entrances and extensions which we failed to penetrate for the 


488 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


want of time. Human remains were found in this cave, but all very 
old. } 

The eaves of Easter Island are numerous and extremely interesting 
in character. They may be divided into two classes: those worn by the 
action of the waves, and those due to the expansion of gases in the 
molten lava and other voleanic action. The process of attrition is in 
constant progress around the entire coast-line, and the weaker portions 
of the rock are being undermined by the incessant beating of the ocean. 
Some of these sea-worn caves are of considerable extent, but generally 
difficult of access and affording little of interest except to the geologist. 
The caverns produced by volcanic agencies are found throughout this 
island, and some were traced through subterranean windings to an out- 
let on the bluffs overlooking the sea. They are generally quite dry; 
the rain-water falling upon the surface occasionally finds its way be- 
tween the cracks or joints in the solid rock, but these gloomy passages 
and chaibers lack grandeur from the entire absence of stalactites and 
deposits of carbonate of lime. No glistening and fantastical forms of 
stalagmitic decorations exist here to excite the fancy and create in the 
imagination scenes of fairy-like splendor. The feeble rays of our can- 
dles were quickly absorbed by the somber surroundings, heightening 
the apparent extent and gloom of the recesses. Careful investigation 
proved that all of the caves visited had been used as dwelling-places 
by the early inhabitants. 

Platform 18 deserved more attention than we were able to give to it, 
the facing-stones having been torn from their original position in the 
structure and lying scattered about as though thrown down by some 
great convulsion of nature. Some of them show evidences of having 
been ornamented with rude figures carved on the hard rocks; but the 
approach of sundown hastened our steps toward Motukau Point, where 
we could see the flags fiying over our camp. The day’s march had been 
exceedingly fatiguing on account of the rugged nature of the ground 
and the absence of water, but the last mile or so was accomplished at 
a Swinging pace in view of the fact that the camp could not be reached 
after darkness had closed in. Our course had been around Cape North, 
and covering the territory between the coast and the base of Rana Hana 
Kana. Loose bowlders of every imaginable shape and size cover the 
ground, threatening sprained limbs and broken bones at every incau- 
tious step, as though the expiring energy of the voleanoes had been ex- 
pended in creating this natural barrier. 

Camp Day, named in honor of our commanding officer, was located in 
a district known as Vai-mait-tai (good water), but it was decidedly a 
misnomer, the supply being ample, but brackish and ill-smelling. After 
a hearty meal of mutton, prepared by our guides in true island style, 
we sought shelter under the lee of an outcropping rock, fatigued enough 
to sleep through the attacks of myriads of noxious insects and regard- 
less of the passing showers of rain. 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 489 


ANAKENA BAY. 


December 23.—A dip in the sea at daylight, and a breakfast of mut- 
ton which had been slowly roasting all night on hot stones placed in 
the ground and covered with earth to prevent the escape of heat, put 
us in prime condition forthe work in hand. Our route lay along the 
north coast of the island and around Anakena Bay, the place where 
Hotu-Matua and his followers landed when they arrived from the un- 
known and much-disputed locality from which they migrated. On the 
sand beach of this bay we found the small univalve, the remains of whica 
were noticed in all the caves and ruins on the island and which are still 
highly esteemed by the natives as an article of food. Jelly-fish, such as 
are known to the sailors as ‘ Portuguese men-of-war,” also abound, and 
are esteemed adelicacy by the natives. The entire plain back of An- 
akena (La Pérouse) Bay is covered with small platforms, cairns, tombs, 
and theruins of dwellings of various sorts. Houses built of loose stones, 
nearly circular in shape, are plentiful; but they belong to a comparatively 
recent date, as is indicated by the fact that the stones, of which they 
are constructed, have been taken from the platforms and from the foun- 
dations of the thatched tents. Any sort of material that came handy 
appears to have been freely used by the builders of these houses. In 
several we found well-cut heads that had formerly ornamented image 
platforms, built in the walls, some facing inside and others in the op- 
posite direction. The ruins in the vicinity show that this had been the 
site of a large settlement, and that it continued to be a place of impor- 
tance through many generations; but the greatest mystery is how such 
a number of people obtained a sufficient supply of fresh water. 

Near Anakena is a large image in the best state of preservation of 
any found about the platforms of the island. ‘The traditions assert that 
this was intended to represent a female, and that it was the last image 
completed and set up in place. Our guides informed us that it was 
only thrown down about twenty-four years ago, and previous to that 
time it had remained for many years the only statue standing upon a 
platform on theisland. Camp Whitney was located at Hangaone Bay, 
where we found shelter in a bug-infested cave. The water supply was 
obtained from an ancient tomb near by, and was both scant in quantity 
and nasty in quality. We were, however, in such an indifferent state of 
mind that anything wet was acceptable. 

December 24.—With the knowledge that we had a particularly hard 
march before us, we struck camp early and got under way before it was 
fairly light in the morning. Around Cape Pokokoria the rugged nat- 
ure of the ground passed over was extremely exhausting. ‘The slopes 
of Mount Puakalika are in places covered with coarse hummock-grass 
and flowering vines, which look green and attractive during the rainy 
season of the year, but which were at this time almost as dry and parched 
as though scorched by fire. The toilsome march of this day was height- 
ened by the absence of water, and all suffered severely from thirst. 


490 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Starting out in the morning with empty canteens, our throats soon be- 
came dry and painful. ‘A small quantity of water was found in the 
afternoon in Mount Puakalika erater, thick and unpleasant to look 
upon, but affording valuable relief to our sufferings. 


THE POIKEK PLAINS. 


The Poike Plains are extensive tracts of fine red voleanie sand and 
dust with occasional patches of hummock-grass struggling for exist- 
ence in this barren waste. Manga Tea-tea (White Mountains), so called 
from the grayish appearance of the rocks, furnished the stone imple- 
ments of the natives. The material was chipped as nearly as possible 
into the desired shape and then ground down to a point or edge by 
friction upon a hard surface with sand and water. At Anakena and 
other points convenient to the sand beach we found grinding-stones, 
together with unfinished and broken implements. 

The traditions assert that the island was in former ages densely pop- 
ulated, and the legends are supported by the gigantic works of the 
image and platform builders and the ruins of various sorts scattered 
about. While the accounts are probably greatly exaggerated in regard 
to the number of inhabitants at one time, there is every reason to be- 
lieve that the people were numerous enough to severely tax for their 
support the limited area of ground available for cultivation. The Incas 
of Peru usually selected for burial-piaces the rocky and steep slopes of 
the hills or the low sandy plains, where cultivation was impossible, and 
presuming that a similar economy might have been practiced here, 
much time was devoted to a thorough examination of the sand-wastes 
at the eastern extremity of the island. Excavations were made at the 
expense of great labor in several places where the indications were 
most promising, but with barren results. Digging to a depth of 9 feet 
in a depression near Gape Anataavanui we found several flat stones of 
large size, such as were used for facing the platforms, but the loose, 
shifting nature of the sand made it impossible with our small force to 
thoroughly investigate them. The trade-winds freely sweep these ele- 
vated plains, blowing the sand about, and creating ridges that may be 
leveled again by stronger currents at some other season. Hills and 
depressions simply represent the force and direction of the wind at the 
time. 

TONGARIKI. 


Camp Baird was delightfully located in a commodious cave called 
Ana Havea, on the bay of Hanga Nui, near Point Onetea, and its 
proximity to Rana Roraka where all the monoliths on the island had 
been quarried. Tongariki with its rich remains of platforms, images, 
cairns, and tombs, and Vaihu and other points not yet explored, were 
sufficient to induce a permanent establishment during the remainder of 
our stay at Easter Island. The cave was dry, with spacious entrance 
exposed to the full force of the trade-winds, and we were comfortable 
to a degree, after dried grass and bulrushes had been collected to 

~ 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 491 


sleep upon. Successive generations of natives probably occupied this 
ancient Cavern; an extensive corral has been built near by, and Messrs. 
Salmon and Brander sleep here while rounding up their cattle. Drink- 
ing-water, the great desideratum on the island, obtained from sources 
that form the crater of Rana Roraka, was, owing to its animal and 
vegetable impurities, unpalatable, while the supply from the springs 
was more so, but afforded a pleasing variety, which enabled us to 
exercise a preference for some other, whenever either kind was used. 
The so-called springs are holes into which the sea-water percolates, 
and are as salt as the ocean, at high tide, and decidedly brackish at all 
other stages. 

December 25.—The forenoon was devoted to the exploration of the 
face of the bluff to the eastward of Tama Point. Many caves were 
reached after difficuit and dangerous climbing, and were found to con- 
tain nothing of interest, while others of traditional importance were in- 
accessible from below, and we were not provided with ropes and the 
necessary appliances for reaching them from above. No doubt there 
are caves in this vicinity with contracted entrances that have been 
covered by loose rocks and intentionally concealed. One such cavern 
was found by accident. It contained a small image about 3 feet high, 
carved out of hard gray rock. It wasa splendid specimen of the work 
and could be easily removed to the boat-landing at Tongariki. Retrac- 
ing our steps toward the camp, the ground between Puakalika eleva- 
tion and Rana Roraka was thoroughly examined during the afternoon. 
The plain is completely covered with cairns, tombs, and platforms. 
Many of the most promising were completely demolished and the 
foundations dug up to a depth of six feet. All contained human re- 
mains in various stages of decay, and the earth upon which they were 
built proved to be a rich loam filled with sea-shells of minute size, free 
of stones, while outside of the foundation-walls the composition was 
composed of bowlders of all sizes with very little earth. Among the 
vast ruins are many fragments of images and crowns scattered about, 
and it is evident that platforms were erected and destroyed by sue- 
ceeding generations. The traditions assert, and appearances indicate, 
that this plain had from the earliest times been one of the most densely 
populated districts on the island. Only the remains of walls and cis- 
terns were found here. They were generally small, the largest being 9 
feet in diameter, 14 feet deep, and surrounded by a sloping bank 
paved with small stones to facilitate the collection of rain-water. 

In honor of the day, work was suspended earlier than usual, and we 
returned to camp a couple of hours before sundown, but we found that 
our Christmas cheer had been reduced to “hard-tack” and island mut- 
ton by the leger-de-main of our native assistants, though ample stores 
had been provided for the entire expedition. With no indulgence in 
indigestible Christmas luxuries, we were enabled to retire to an undis- 
turbed rest at an earlier hour than would have been probable in a more 
civilized land aud with different surroundings. 


492 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


December 26.—Our native contingent deserted in a body at daylight 
on the plea that their religious convictions would not permit them to 
work on Sunday. Remonstrances and arguments were in vain, and we 
had to permit them to depart after exacting a promise that they would 
return early the next morning. Luka, the chief guide, lingered a while 
to state that his family burial place was beneath the great platform of 
Tongariki, and that he had a decided aversion to having the skulls of 
his ancestors added to our collection. 

Sunday inspection and ifs attendant functions has through long cus- 
tom become second nature with the men who have been long in the serv- 
ice, and through the desire to thus mark the day, the most valuable 
ot our geological specimens were lost. The boatswain’s mate took ad- 
vantage of our temporary absence to clean up the cave and make it 
more presentable, and, in doing so, threw all the stones and ‘ trash” into 
the sea. Nothing could be said, in view of the fact that it was done 
with the best possible intentions, but he was greatly chagrined to find 
that those same stones had been carried over many a weary mile to be 
lost now, when it was impossible to obtain duplicates or other specimens 
of some of the peculiar formations met with on the first days of the trip. 


RANA RORAKA. 


The day was devoted to the examination of the inside of the crater of 
Rana Roraka. The walls of the crater are very abrupt except on the 
west side, where the lava-flow escaped to the sea, and here the cattle 
and horses find easy access to the pool of water that has collected in 
the bottom. High up on the southern side are the workshops of the 
image-builders, extending in irregular terraces quite to the top. Here 
we found images in all stages of incompletion (Fig. 10), from the rude 


Sem : 
SSgate N S 


=e a He iW ee bev, c =u Y # 
RN SPS ay Laat Wed 2 ae ae A rae =e yee NIE ena 


ya lf. hes MBG Sup ot 


Whe 


Fic. 10. 
UNFINISHED IMAGE, CRATER OF RANA RORAKA. 


outline drawing to the finished statue ready to be cut loose from its 


original rock and launched down the steep incline. The modus operandi 
~~ 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 493 


appears to have been to select a suitable rock upon which the image 
was sketched in a reclining position. The upper surface having been 
carved into shape and entirely finished, the last work was to cut the 
back loose from the rock. This necessitated the exercise of great care 
to prevent the breaking off of exposed portions, and was accomplished 
by building piles of stones to sustain the weight while it was being un- 
dermined. 

Ninety-three statues in all, similar to those shown in Figs, 11 and 12, 
were counted inside the crater, and of these forty are standing up, com- 
pleted and ready to be transported to the platforms for which they were 


Fic. 11. Fie. 12. 
IMAGE: RANA RoRAKA (front view.) IMAGE: RANA RORAKA (back view). 


intended. They stand well down towards the bottom of the slope, and 
are more or less buried in the earth by the wasbings from above, as 
shown in Figs.13 and 14. 

The work of lowering the huge images from the upper terraces to the 
bottom of the crater and thence over the wall and down into the plain 
below, was of great magnitude, and we are lost in wonder that so much 
could be accomplished by rude savages ignorant of everything in the 
way of mechanical appliances. The average weight of these statues 
would be something between 10 and 12 tons, but some are very large 
and would weigh over 40 tons. It is possible that a slide was made, 
upon which the images were launched to the level ground below; 
a number of broken and damaged figures lie in a position to suggest 
that idea, but from the bottom of the crater they were transported up 
and over the wall and thence over hill and dale to various points all 
over the island. Excavations were made at different points inside the 


494 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. ‘ 


crater, but nothing was found of interest beyond a few broken stone 
implements that had no doubt been used by the image-builders. 


cl: = 


ie 8 Zt, 
a 5 AB? 
HAN, 

SA 


; Fic. 14 
Burrep IMAGE ste TER OF RANA RORAKA. IMAGE STANDING INSIDE THE CRATER OF 
RANA RORAKA. 


December 27.—We made an early start and visited the image-builders’ 
workshops on the west side of Rana Roraka, which are much more ex- 
tensive than those on the inside of the erater. These workshops com- 
mence well up on the side of the mountain and extend quite to the 
Summit by irregular terraces. In places these terraces extend one 
above another with unfinished images upon each, and the configura- 
tion of the land is such as to preelude all idea of launching the statues 
by means of a slide. We were unable to arrive at any satisfactory 
conclusion as to how the immense statues on the upper tier of works 
could be moved to the plain below, passing over the underlying cavi- 
ties where similar works had been quarried. We know the natives had 
ropes made of hemp, two kinds of which are indigenous to the island, 
but it is difficult to conjecture how these heavy weights were handled 
without mechaniéal appliances. One hundred and fifty-five images 
were counted upon this slope in various stages, including those stand- 

g at the base of the mountain finished and complete, ready for removal 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 495 


to the platforms. Many of the images in the workshops are of huge 
proportions, but the largest one on the island lies on one of the central 
terraces in an unfinished condition and measures 70 feet in length, 143 
feet across the body; the head being 285 feet long. Some of the stand- 
ing statues are in as perfect condition as the day they were finished. 

One (Fig. 15) is noticeable from the fact that the head is slightly 
turned to one side and is known as the “* wry-neck,” but whether it is 
the result of accident or design could not be determined. 


Fic. 15. Fic. 16. 
““Wrvy-Neck”’ IMAGE, RANA RORAKA. THE MUTILATED IMAGE *‘ HIARA,”’ OUTSIDE OF 
CRATER OF RANA RORAKA. 
Another excellent specimen (Fig. 16) of these remarkable figures stands 
near the last mentioned and shows tool-marks around the neck as 
though an effort had been made to cut the head off. The natives call 
this “hiara” and have a tradition to the effect that it belonged to a 
powerful clan who were finally defeated in war, and that their enemies 
had made an attempt to destroy the statue by cutting off the head. The 
story may be based only upon the mutilation, but the chances are that 
it is founded upon fact. 
Nothing of importance was found by digging about the images or in 
the workshops except broken stone implements which had been used by 


‘the builders. In one of the quarries we found the only trace of sculpt- 


ured figures in the vicinity. 
These emblems were carved upon a smooth rock over a half-finished 


image, 


x 


496 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


December 28.—Shortly after daylight the entire force started making 
excavations under the foundations of the image-builders houses, the 
ruins of which extend towards Rana Roraka from Tongariki Bay, on 
regular terraces. These peculiar ruins are to be found here in great 
numbers both inside and outside of the crater, but do not differ from 
those already described. A custom obtained among the islanders, sim- 
ilar to that practiced by the tribes of Alaska and other Indians of 
America, of burying something of interest or value beneath the door- 
posts of their dwellings. Usually it was a smooth beach pebble which 
was supposed to have some fetish qualities to bring good luck or ward 
off evil influences. 

One of the largest of these ruins has an extensively paved terrace in 
front. Ata depth of about three feet below the surface of the central 
door-way, we found a rough angular flinty stone with a rudely carved 
face upon it. A prominent ruin of the same description inside of the 
crater, and another near the workshop on the outside, yielded a hard 
stone upon which marks had been carved very similar to those on the 
rocks at Orongo. . 


SKULLS SHOWING PECULIAR MARKS. 


One of our guides produced from a hiding place three ancient skulls, 
described elsewhere, upon the top of which these same mystical figures: 
had been cut. They were not shown until a reward had been promised, 
and the guide claimed to have obtained them in their present condi- 
tion from the King’s platform. 

On the outside of the crater of Rana Roraka, near the top and looking 
towards the southwest, we found a workshop containing fifteen small 
images. These had been overlooked in our former trips to this place. 

Seattered over the plains extending towards Vaihu are a large num- 
ber of images, all lying face downward. The indications are that 
they were being removed to their respective platforms when the work 
was suddenly arrested. These heavy weights were evidently moved 
by main strength, but why they were dragged over the ground face 
downward instead of upon their backs, thus protecting their features, 
is amystery yet unsolved. One statue in a group of three is that of 
a female; the face and breast is covered with lichen, which at a short 
distance gives it the appearance of being whitewashed. 

December 29.—We continued the work of exploration from Vaihu 
around the southwest points of the island. Excavations were made 
wherever the indications were good, but the results did not differ from 
those already described. Mount Orito was visited, from whence the 
obsidian was obtained for spear-heads, and also the quarries that pro- 
duce the red pigment from which the natives make a red paint by rub- 
bing it down with the juice of the sugar-cane. The remainder of the 
stay on Kaster Island was devoted to the collection of traditions, trans: 
lations of tablets, and, similar matters of interest. 


PLATE XXV. 


—Thomson. 


‘SdOHSMYOM LNSIONV SHL MO13E 3dO1g NO ‘YyuvVYOY VYNVY JO YSLVYD SHL JGISN| 


. 
4 P| " 
Pitt ae ut a 


Report of Nationa! Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


PLATE XXVI. 


VIEW OF UPPER WORKSHOPS, ON INNER RIM OF RANA RORAKA. 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 497 
LATFORMS AND IMAGES. 


In order to form an estimate of the magnitude of the work performed 
by the image-makers, every one on the island was carefully counted, and 
the list shows a total of five hundred and fifty-five images (Plates XX V 
and XX VI). Of this number forty are standing inside of the crater and 
nearly aS many more on the outside of Rana Roraka (Plate XX VII), at 
the foot of the slope where they were placed as finished and ready for 
removal to the different platforms for which they were designed; some 
finished statues lie scattered over the plains (Plate XX VITI) as though 
they were being dragged toward a particular locality but were suddenly 
abandoned. The large majority of the images, however, are lying near 
the platforms all around the coast, all more or Jess mutilated and some 
reduced to a mere shapeless fragment. Not one stands in its original 
position upon a platform. The largest image is in one of the work- 
shops in an unfinished state and measures 70 feet in length; the small- 
est was found in one of the caves and is a little short of 3 feet in length. 
One of the largest images that has been in position lies near the plat- 
form which it ornamented, near Ovahe; it is 32 feet long and weighs 
50 tons. 

Images representing females were found. One at Anakena is called 
“ Viri-viri Moai-a-Taka” and is apparently as perfect as the day it was 
finished; another, on the plain west of Rana Roraka is called “ Moai 
Putu,” and is in a fair state of preservation. The natives have names 
for every one of the images. The designation of images and platforms 

‘as obtained from the guides during the exploration was afterwards 
checked off in company with other individuals without confusion in the 
record. The coarse gray trachytic lava of which the images were made, 
is found only in the vicinity of Rana Roraka and was selected because 
the conglomerate character of the material made it easily worked with 
the rude stone implements that constituted the only tools possessed by 
the natives. The disintegration of the material when exposed to the 
action of the elements is about equivalent to that of sandstone under 
similar conditions, and admits of an estimate in regard to the proba- 
ble age. The traditions in regard to the images are numerous, but 
relate principally to impossible occurrences, such as being endowed 
with power to walk about in the darkness, assisting certain clans by 
subtle means in contests, and delivering oracular judgments. The 
legends state that a son of King Mahuta Ariiki, named Tro Kaiho, 
designed the first image, but it is difficult to arrive at an estimation of 
the period. The journals of the early navigators throw but little light 
upon the subject. The workshops must have been in operation at the 
time of Captain Cook’s visit, but anfortunately his exploration of the 
island was not directed towards the crater of Rana Roraka. 

Although the images range in size from the colossus of 70 feet down 
to the pigmy of 3 feet, they are clearly all of the same type and general 

H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——32 


A498 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


», 


characteristics. The head is long, the eyes close under the heavy 
brows, the nose long, low-bridged, and expanded at the nostrils, the 
upper lip short and the lips pouting. The aspect is slightly upwards, 
and the expression is firm and profoundly solemn. Careful investiga- 
tion failed to detect the slightest evidence that the sockets had ever 
been fitted with artificial eyes, made of bone and obsidian, such as are 
placed in the wooden images. 

The head was in all cases cut flat on top to accommodate the red 
tufa crowns with which they were ornamented, but the images standing 
on the outside of the crater had flatter heads and bodies than those 
found around the coast. The images represent the human body only 
from the head to the hips, where it is cut squarely off to afford a good 
polygon of support when standing. The artists seem to have exhausted 
their talents in executing the features, very little work being done 
below the shoulders, and the arms being merely cut in low relief. The 
ears are only rectangular projections, but the lobes are represented 
longer in the older statues than in those of more recent date. 

The images were designed as effigies of distinguished persons and 
intended as monuments to perpetuate their memory. ‘They were never 
regarded as idols, and were not venerated or worshiped in any manner. 
The natives had their tutelary genii, gods, and goddesses, but they were 
represented by small wooden or stone idols, which bore no relation to the 
images that ornamented the burial platforms. The image-makers were a 
privileged class, and the profession descended from father to son. Some 
of the natives stili claim a descent from the image-makers, and refer to 
their ancestors with as much pride as to the royal family. One of our 
guides never missed an opportunity of stating that one of his fore- 
fathers was Unrautahui, the distinguished image-maker. 

The work of carving the image into shape and detaching it from the 
rock of which it was a part, did not consume a great deal of time, but 
the chief difficulty was, in the absence of mechanical contrivances, to 
launch it safely down the slope of the mountain and transport it to a 
distant point. It was lowered to the plain by a system of chocks and 
wedges, and the rest was a dead drag accomplished by main strength. A 
roadway was constructed, over which the images were dragged by means 
of ropes made of indigenous hemp, and sea- weed and grass made excellent 
lubricants. The platforms were all built with sloping terraces in the 
rear, and up this incline a temporary road-way was constructed of a 
suitable height, upon which the statue could be rolled until the base 
Was over its proper resting-place. The earth was then dug away to 
allow the image to settle down into position, the ropes being used to 
steady it in the mean time. It was.a work of great magnitude, but we 
can clearly see how it was accomplished with a large foree of able-bodied 
men. 

The crowns, or head ornaments, were made of red vesicular tufa, quar- 
ried in the Teraai Hills, where many finished specimens are still standing. 


PLATE XXVII. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson 


eee 
<< 


*YNVYOY VNVY JO 3d01S YSLNO JO 3SVG SH1L LV ONIGNVLS S3DVNW] 


PLATE XXVIII. 


Thomson. 


1889,- 


Report of National Museum, 


CN ‘S ()} GoOsuiouy f AV Jo {svuUARg Aq pee2[9OD “pue[s] Jejsey 


KN 'S 


Winasnif| /BUOIJEN BY} Ul MOU Si PUNOIBaI0} Uy} Ul aseW UY 


“YVNSYVNY SO NIVId 


“D1 “S9E8eT 


ON 


“yeOD 


TE PITO TE HENUA. OR EASTER ISLAND. 499 


These truncated cones, nearly cylindrical in shape, were easily trans- 
ported. The material is readily quarried and fashioned, being light, 
only about 1.4 times heavier than water, while the average density of 
the image-stone is about 2.1. 

The largest crown measured was 124 feet in diameter, but of those 
that had actually been placed in position the average weight would not 
be more than 3 tons. The crowns were placed in position upon the 
heads of the standing images by building a road-way upon which they 
could be rolled to the proper spot. The clearing away of the incline 
was the final act. The earth which formed the surface was utilized as 
garden-patches, and the stones which formed the foundation of the road- 
way were disposed of in building the wing-extensions of the platform. 
The platforms differ greatly in dimensions, but the general plan and 
characteristics are invariably the same. Many of them are in a fair 
state of preservation, except that the images have been thrown down 
and the terraces in the rear obliterated or strewn with rubbish, while 
others have been reduced to a state of complete ruin. The platforms 
are usually located near the beach, and on the high bluff some of them 
are quite near the edge, overlooking the sea. The general plan consists 
of a front elevation composed of blocks of stone fairly well squared 
and neatly fitted together without cement, a parallel wall forming the 
inside boundary, built of uneut stone, inclosing small chambers or 
tombs placed at irregular intervals. Loose bowlders fill the spaces 
between the tombs and form the horizontal plane of the platform, into 
which are let the rectangular stones which constituted the base upon 
which the images stood. The facade stones are large and heavy, and in 
some cases the smooth surface presented could not well be attributed 
to the rude implements at the command of the builders, and must have 
been produced by friction or grinding. Long wings composed of uncut 
stone extend from the platform proper, built up to the summit at the 
line of junetion and sloping away to the surface of the ground at the 
ends. -In the rear of the platform a few steps descend to a gently 
sloping terrace, which terminates in alow wall and is bounded by a 
squarely built wall raised above the ground so as to join the top of the 
platform. Human remains fill the inner chambers, and bones lie scat- 
tered about among the loose bowlders of the platform and its extensions. 
The ruined condition of these solid specimens of architecture, with the 
overthrown images and immense deposit of loose bowlders on the 
surface of the ground, are strongly suggestive of earthquakes and 
voleanic eruption. The images in all stages of incompletion in the 
workshops, and abandoned en route to the coast in various directions, 
indicate that the work was suddenly arrested, and not gradually brought 
to an end; but the traditions are silent upon the subject, and no record 
has been handed down of the disturbance of any of the volcanoes on 
the island. 


500 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Platform No. 1.—Known to the natives as “ Hanga Roa”. Only the 
base remains, measuring 59 feet long by 7 feet wide. This pile was 
demolished to obtain material for the construction of a house for one of 
the Catholic missionaries formerly stationed on the island. 

Platform No. 2.—Called “Ana Koiroraroa”; 160 feet long by 124 feet 
wide and 10 feet high. The facing-stones on the front line remain intact, 
but the body of the platform is a mere mass of loose stones, probably 
torn up by the natives in recent years for the purpose of depositing 
their dead in these ancient structures, The three statues that formerly 
adorned this pile are lying immediateiy in the rear, and show from 
their positions that they had faced inboard, with their backs to the 
sea. These images are much weather-worn and defaced: one is entire; 
another has the head lying close by, probably broken off in the fall; 
and the third is minus the head and with the neck showing saw-marks. 
We afterwards found out that a French vessel of war visited the island 
a few years ago and the head of this image was cut off by them and 
taken to Europe. 

Plat form No.3 (See Fig. 17).—Called “ Hanga Varevare”; 50 feet 
long and 8 feet wide. This has the appearance of an unfinished pile 
and is merely a burial place covered with loose rocks and without the 
usual smoothly faced stones in front. We found the vatacombs or 
tombs underneath this platform had been robbed of the most ancient 
skulls, and concluded that the Frenchmen had taken everything of 
interest away. 


j % by ¥y : rf “< ; Y, 
BS ; 3 “4A 1.4 Z RAGE ; 
x f 3 . MA; DOM RRR EDAD 
Be \) Hace inert Tua ASS a) ti \ NEN. 3 We v) ( CG NY Vr, LS 2 By Gas 


Scale infer. 
70 si ° 70 20 30 40 50 
PlLalform Vlo.3, Image Restored. 
Fic. 17. 


HANGA VAREVARE. 


Platform No, 4—Called “ Tahai”; 160 feet long, 73 feet wide, and 7 
feet high. Ina bad state of preservation, but the facing-stones on the - 
front are sufficiently plain, while the rest of the pile is a mass of loose 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 5O1 


stones. Five large flat stones at regular intervals along the platform, 
sbow where the images once stood. The statues have fallen face down- 
ward on the inshore side, and are much broken and dilapidated. The 
one on the north end is of gigantic size, and much larger than the 
others. The red tufa crown that adorned this image lies near it, and 
measures 7 feet 9 inches wide; 5 feet 9 inches in ellipse; and 4 feet 9 
inches high, and the top is ornamented by sculptured lines that have 
the appearance of geometrical figures, but are too much obliterated to 
decipher. 

Platform No. 5.—Called by the same name as the last, only a few yards 
distant, is shaped like a right angle, and it is possible that these two 
platforms may have been originally designed for one of huge propor- 
tions. The stones of which itis composed have been thrown about in 
such disorder that the original design can not be followed, but the flat 
base stones indicate where the images once stood. At one end of this 
platform a statue 14 feet high and 9 feet across the hips, lies face 
downward on the inboard side, and at the other end, one measuring 
15 feet long and 6 feet wide, lies face downward toward the sea, being 
one of the few images on the island found in that HOsiuicn, admitting 
the possibility of having faced outboard. 

Platform No. 6.—Called “ Anotai”; 120 feet long, 174 feet wide, and 74 
feethigh. Inabad state of preservation, though the faced stones on the 
front may be traced. The remains of one image lies on the inboard side, 
but minus the head. A large cavity in the center of the back of this 
image attracted attention, but could not be explained. The red tufa 
crown belonging to this statue lies half-buried in the earth, about 100 
feet distant. Under the center of this platform were obtained some in- 
teresting relies, and the tombs bore evidence of great antiquity. 

Platform No. 7.—Called “Ahuakapu”; 101 feet long, 9 feet wide, and 
S8feethigh. Ina bad state of preservation. Three images lying on the 
front side with the appearance of having been pulled over backwards, 
and one upon the inshore side down upon its face. All four statues 
are in good condition, except that the heads have been broken off at the 
neck by the fall. One of these detached heads measured 5 feet 3 inches 
in length by 3 feet 2 inches from ear to ear. The four pedestal stones 
are still in place on the platform and average 4 feet long and 5 feet 8 
inches wide, and are composed of hard volcanic rock, roughly squared. 

Platform No. 8.—Called “‘Anaoraka”; 95 feet long and 8 feet wide 
and 7 feet high. Remarkable for the large stones that support the sea 
face, the largest of which measures 6 feet 9 inches high and 4 feet 7 
inches wide. Four images have fallen upon their faces upon the in- 
board side. Only a pedestal stone remains in position, which is 5 feet 
2 inches square by 2 feet 2 inches thick. (Fig. 18). 

Platform No. 9.—Called “ Kihikihiraumea”; 186 feet long, 8 feet 10 
inches wide, and 7 feet 5inches thick. The Boal section of this struct- 
ure contains stones so remarkably well cut and fitted ogether that it 


502 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


merits the accompanying sketch. Four images were found, which had 
been thrown down on their faces on the inboard side. These are in a 
fair state of preservation. From this ruin we obtained skulls, obsidian 
spear-heads, and stone tools. 


: Gana in rear of plattorie = 
proper poet witty Cobble 
- slo72€S 


sec. a& 373 
Ea ayaa ae RTO RS ->--------+----: > 
Pian view of a house 
& 
yy : 1. 
—YY thy 
crrbirg stores 
: curbeng GES 
wot completed made a S1O7€. 
Fic. 18. 
SHOWING GENERAL PLAN OF CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORM. ALSO PLAN OF HOUSE CONSTRUCTION WITH 
DETAILS. 


Platform No. 10,—Called *‘ Ahutepeu”. Is in such astate of dilapida. — 
tion that it was impossible to obtain accurate measurements. Portions 
of an image are here, but it looks as though others might have been 
rolled over the edge of the cliff, which is only a few feet distant and 
about 450 feet high, and against the base of which the sea dashes in- 
cessantly. 

Platform No. 11.—Called “ Hananakou”. Central sections 48 feet long, 
12 feet wide, and 9 feet high; total length, with wings, 248 feet. Thisis 
an exceedingly fine platform, and contains some remarkably large stones. 
In the face of the main structure are huge blocks of igneous rock that 
appear to have once been fashioned into faces and figures, but now so 
destroyed by the action of the elements and perhaps by the hand of the 
iconoclast that the features can only be dimly traced. Hard work with 


PLATE XXIX. 


Thomsor 


12a 


Report of National Museun 


1334 %G ‘3NOLS Wis3d3ad y¥VvINONIO 


Grak 


‘YSLAWVIC NI 
{SNOL QSHDISM S3NOLG HSLNIO ‘“SSNOLSG G3LLI4 ATYVIINOSd ONIMOHS ‘ZL ‘ON SWHOSLYId « NVHO.,, 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 503 


our entire force disclosed beneath this platform well constructed cata- 
combs and tombs, containing human remains so old that they crumbled 
into dust upon exposure to the air. The removal of one of the facing- 
stones revealed a lot of skulls with remarkably broad, heavy underjaws. 
These were generally too brittle to be handled, and a peculiar feature 
about the find was the fact that these heads had been entombed to- 
gether, and the surroundings exeluded the idea of any other portions of 
the bodies having been interred with them. Only one image is in 
sight, and the proximity of the platform to the edge of the bluff sug- 
gests the possibility that other statues may have been thrown into 
the sea. From the size and character of the work on the structure it 
is not reasonable to suppose that it was designed to support the one 
insignificant statue that lies near it. 

Platform No. 12.—Called **Ohau”. Central section 18 feet long, 9 
feet wide, and 6 feet high. “One image thrown down upon its face on 
the inboard side, 8 feet 4 inches long; extreme width of body 5 feet; 
length of head 4 feet ; and width from ear to ear, 5 feet 35 inches. Good 
state of preservation. (Plate X XIX). 

Platform No. 13.—Called “Ahukinokino”. In such a state of ruin 
that measurements were not obtainable. Situated close to the edge of 
the high cliff. 

Platform No. 14.—Called “Ahutoretore”. Has been so completely 
destroyed that nothing can be determined about its original size and 
importance. Excavations in this vicinity produced nothing but a few 
stray spear heads of obsidian. 

Platform No. 15.—- Called “ Hangatariri”; 103 feet long, 11 feet wide; 
and 6 feet high. Invery bad condition, but some of the large cut facing- 
stones are in position. Four images lie face downward on the island 
side, and two more have fallen on their backs toward the sea. A few 
yards back of this structure is a tomb 50 feet long and 6 feet wide, built 
of stones taken from the platform and those peculiarly cut stones that 
form the foundations of the image-builders’ houses. At one end is a 
hard stone slab that appears to have been covered with hieroglyphics, 
but they are too nearly obliterated to be accurately traced. After a 
thorough investigation we concluded that it was of comparatively 
recent date and had no distinetive features of itsown. On the plain, a 
few hundred yards distant, is an imageof gigantic proportions lying 
upon its face with the head toward the sea. The indications are that 
it was designed for this platform and was being moved into position 
when from some sudden emergency it had to be abandoned. The 
ground underneath the statue has been dug out by later generations 
in such a manner that the body of the image forms the roof of the 
eave. The base of the statue shows traces of rudely sculptured figures, 
nearly obliterated. In this vicinity are several large caves, with the 
narrow entrances completely blocked up with loose stones, which were 
not investigated for the want of time. 


504 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Platform No. 16.—Called * Hangaoteo” ; 70 feet long and 12 feet wide. 
Has the appearance of having been in process of construction when 
the work was suddenly suspended. 

Platform No. 17.—Called “ Tumuheipara” ; 40 feet long, 8 feet wide, 
and 8 feet high. This structure also appears to have been abandoned 
before completion. The chances are that several days could have been 
spent upon the extensive plain, back of these images, to great advan- 
tage and it is regretted that the limited time at our disposal did not 
allow a more thorough investigation. 

Platform No. 18.— Called “ Haahuroa”. Central section 40 feet long, 

12 feet wide, and 7 feet high, with wings 145 feet inlength. One image 
lying on the inboard side measures 7 feet 5 inches long and 3 feet 5 
inches wide; length of head to shoulders 3 feet 4 inches, and width 
from ear to ear 3 feet 5inches. The fragments of two other images lie 
in front of the platform. The huge facing-stones of this structure have 
been thrown about as though by some great convulsion of nature, and 
some of them bear evidences of having been ornamented with sculpt- 
ured figures. 
- Platform No. 19.—Called “ Akane”. Seems to have been abandoned 
while in the process of construction. A few faced stones intended for 
the front of the central section are lying about, but were never placed 
In position. 

Platform No. 20.—Called “ Ahuroa”. Is a mere mass of loose rocks, 
said to have been destroyed in the tribal wars, but it has the appear- 
ance of having never been completed. 

Platform No. 21.—Called “ Vaiavangarenga”. In the same condition 
as the last. No images. 

Platform No. 22.—Called “ Maiki”. Same as the last; merely a pile 
of loose stones covering human remains. These platforms may have 
been robbed to supply the material for the construction of the numerous 
houses and cairns, the ruins of which cover the hills in this vicinity. 

Platform No. 23.—Called “ Tanka”. Central section 38 feet long, 48 
feet wide, and 12 feet high, the extreme length with wings 120 feet. In 
very bad condition. One small image lies face-upward toward the sea, 
much broken. Facing and other suitable stones have been removed 
from this platform for the construction of tombs and houses. Near at 
hand is one of those peculiar ways, made by paving the sloping bank 
with regular lines of smooth, round bowlders, as though intended for 
hauling up heavy boats or weights. 

Platform No. 24.—Called “ Punamuta”. In its incipient stage, and 
important only from the fact that it shows the manner of laying the 
foundation of the work. 

Platform No. 25.—Called “ Koteva”. This has been an important 
structure and was built in the shape of aright angle 60 feet iong, 11 
feet wide, and 20 feet high. Portions of the walls have been thrown 
down, and no images could be found. 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 5OD 


Platform No. 26.—Called ** Tetonga”. Similar in shape and structure 
to the last, but of smaller size. From these piles we obtained relies in 
the shape of obsidian spear-heads, stone implements, and skulls. 

Platform No. 27.—Called “ Hanghaogio”; 150 feet long, 8 feet wide, 
and 10 feet high. Three small images have been thrown down and 
much broken. 

Platform No, 28.—Called *“* Huarero”. Very similar to the last, but 
located on the hill-side about three-quarters of a mile back of the bay. 
The facing-stones show traces of carving, but so nearly obliterated that 
only these figures could be made out: @) G, and tiey seemed to be 
often repeated. The fragments of two images lie behind the platform. 

Platform No. 29.—Called “ Anakena”; 75 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 
10 feet high. An image lies upon its face upon the inboard side, 13 
feet long and 9 feet across the hips; length of head, to shoulders, 5 
feet, and width, from ear to ear, 6 feet 6 inches. This image is in the 
best state of preservation of any found about the platforms of the 
island, The traditions state that it was the last statue finished and 
set up in place. Our guides maintained that this is the statue of a 
female, and that it was only thrown down about twenty-four years ago. 
Its size, and proximity to the perfectly smooth landing place at Ana- 
kena Bay, would insure its easy removal to a vessel. Irom the sand 
beach at Anakena Bay we passed over hills composeil of volcanic cin- 
der as light as coke, but very hard. Beyond this are numerous ruins 
of houses, each with a small stone building connected that was evi- 
dently designed for fowls. The largest of these was about 8 feet square, 
and the only opening was a small hole for the chickens to pass 
through. : 

Platform No. 30.—Called “ Ahutrature”. Central section 30 feet long, 
10 feet wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length 80 feet. In ruins, with no 
images, 

Platform No. 31.—Called “Anateka”; 30 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 
7 feet high. Extreme length 100 feet. In a very bad condition. 
Small fragments are all that remain of two images and two crowns. 

Platform No. 32,-—-Called “ Ahupuapuatetea”. Merely a shapeless 
mass of uncut stones remain to indicate the site of the structure. 

Platform No. 33.—Called “ Ahangakihikihi”; 20 feet long, 10 feet 
wide, and 9 feet high. In ruins. One small image lies on the inboard 
side in a bad condition. 

Platform No. 34.—Called ‘ Punahoa”. Although in ruins, this has 
evidently been a structure of some importance; 175 feet long, 8 feet 
wide, with the central section projecting 6 feet forward of the main 
line. The facing-stones are from 6 feet to 9 feet in length by 5 feet and 
1 foot in thickness. An image lies upon its face on the inboard side, 
and measures 32 feet long, 10 feet 3 inches wide; length of head, to 
shoulders, 12 feet and 6inches. Near this platform we found a peculiar 
stone nearly buried in the earth. After much digging it proved to be 


506 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


nearly spherical in shape and about 8 feet 4 inches in circumference. 
The natives called it “ Petakula”, and we could only make out that it 
was a grinding stone of some sort. 

Platform No. 35.—Called “ Puapau” ; 150 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 
8 feet high, with a small platform in front of it. The building of this 
elaborate structure must have furnished employment for a large num- 
ber of people. The foundation stones are of hard rock of immense size, 
all smoothly faced. Four images have been thrown down, two on each 
side, and all mueh broken. 

Platform No. 36.—Called “ Hangakouri”. Central section 70 feet long, 
7 feet wide, and 8 feet high. Extreme length 300 feet. In a state of 
absolute ruin and no images. 

Platform No. 37.—Called “‘Hangahohoonu”. Completely inruins and 
with one image in a bad condition. Between these last two platforms 
is a paved way leading to a small channel through the rocks that 
affords a safe and convenient Janding for small boats. 

Piatform No. 38.—Called *‘ Mari”. Central section 80 feet long, 12 feet 
wide, and 7 feet high. Extreme length 300 feet, situated very close to 
edge of the bluff. 

Platform No. 39.—Called “ Ahurai”. Very large; but, like the last, in 
a State of ruin. 

Platform No. 40.—Called “ Tehahitunukiolaira”. Of great size; but, 
like the last, in a state of absolute ruin; covering human remains. 

Platform No. 41.—Called “* Naruaanga”. Small and inferior; also in 
ruins.and no images. 

Platform No. 42.—Called “ Hangaopuna”; 100 feet long and 10 feet 
wide. Has two layers of reughly cut stones in the front face, and ap- 
pears to have been left in an unfinished state. 

Platform No. 43.—Called ‘*Tumatuma”; 25 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 
7 feet high. Poorly constructed, and contains nothing of interest but 
one small image. 

Piatform No. 44.—Called “ Tokaie”. Larger than the last, but ina 
bad condition. A much battered head lies just behind the pile, but the 
rest of the image can not be found. 

Platform No, 45.—Called “ Vaimangeo” ; 50 feet long, 8 feet wide, and 
15 feet high. Extreme length, including wings, 150 feet. In a state of 
ruin, and has one large image thrown down on the inboard side. 

Platform No. 46.—Called “ Moukuhoi”; 20 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 
5feet high. Extreme length, including wings, 60 feet. Situated very 
close to the edge of the bluff, and looks as if the destroyers of the struct- 
ure might have tossed the most of it into the sea. 

Platform No. 47.—Called “ Moukuroa”. In all respects a duplicate of 
the last one. 

Platform No. 48.—Called “ Motuariki”; 20 feet long, 7 feet wide, and 5 
feethigh. Extreme length, including wings, 260 feet. This has been a 
large and imposing structure. The central section, upon which the im- 


PLATE XXX 


1889.—Thomson 


Museum 


| 


Report of National 


‘IMINVONOL JO WHOSLV1d LV3aY5D SH1L 4O NOILOZS WHYLNSD 


Report of National Museum 1889.—Thomson 


PLATE XXXII. 


BROKEN IMAGE ON PEDESTAL; THE ONLY ONE ON THE ISLAND 


FOUND IN ITS ORIGINAL POSITION ON A PLATFORM. 


RIGHT WING OF PLATFORM OF TONGARIKI. 


PLATE XXXII. 


Thomson. 


889, 


1 


Report of National Museum 


‘IMINVONOL JO WHOSLV1d JO ONIM 1537 


F eneiiiedt a 


PLATE XXXIII. 


Thomson. 


1889. 


nal Museum 


Report of Natio 


‘SSDVIN| N371vV43 ONIMOHS IXIYVONO] SO WHOJLV1d 30 ONIM LHSIY 3O MSlA ¥V3Y 


tea a 


PLATE XXXIV. 


nal Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


"SSDVAN| NSTIV4 HLIM ‘IMIYWDNOL JO WHOSLV1d JO NOILOSS IWYLNSD 3O MZIA YV3Y 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. | 507 


age stood projects beyond the line of the platform, and was higher. In 
the rear, and extending the entire length of the pile, is a broad terrace, 
neatly paved with smooth round bowlders. The fragments of three im- 
ages lie upon the terrace. 

Platform No. 49.—Called “ Oneonepuhea”. Centralsection is about 
45 feet long by 6 feet high. This is a crescent-shaped structure, and the 
only one of the kind that we saw on the island. It is situated on the 
extreme edge of the cliff, which at this point has a straight-away fall of 
over 500 feet to the sea, which dashes against its wall-like base. There 
is no image in sight, but a large pedestal-stone, inclined at a sharp angle 
towards the sea, shows where one has stood and suggests what became 
of it. : 

Platform No. 50.—Called “Ahutakaure”. Located on Poike cliff, 
facing westward; is small and unimportant and in a state of complete 
ruin. On the east slope of the mountain we found an image, the head 
of which had been broken off, but it lies near by. There is no platform 
here and no indications that one was intended to be built in the vicinity; 
so we concluded that the statue was being moved to some distant locality 
when it was broken and abandoned. 

Platform No. 51.—Called “ Hangaiti”; 30 feet long and 8 feet wide and 
5 feet high. Ina bad condition and one small image broken. 

Platform No. 52.—Called “Tongariki”; 150 feet long, 9 feet wide, and 
S feet high (Plates XXX-XXXIV). [Extreme length, inciuding orig- 
inal wings, 540 feet. This is the largest platform on the island, and 
was ornamented with fifteen gigantic statues. These have been thrown 
down upon their faces on the inshore side, and the most of these are 
broken, the one on the south end being fractured across the middle of 
the body, leaving the lower section stillstanding. Thered tufa crowns 
are lying a short distance away and are also much broken. The hard 
stones of which the sea-front of this platform is constructed are of im- 
mense size, faced and neatly joined together. One of the foundation- 
stones in the center of this wall is of red tufa and represents a human 
head. 

Our investigations were conimenced at this point by throwing down 
the facing-stones and working straight backwards through the plat- 
form. The labor was great, and occupied the most of our force for nearly 
two days, but the catacombs and tombs underlying the structure were 
thoroughly examined. Under the central section are small, narrow pas- 
sages forming a part of the original design, having been built up while 
the platform was in process of construction, and containing human re- 
mains. The oldest of these tombs appear to have been sealed up before 
the structure was completed, and the probability is that they were not 
intended to be opened, from the fact that there is nothing to indicate 
their exact locality. The pedestal-stones, all of which are still in place, 
show that the images were put up.at equal distances and with a view 
to symmetry, and without regard to the position of the tombs; though 


508 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


it is pretty well established that they were intended as effigies of chiefs 
or distinguished persons. The terrace behind the platform was also 
used as a burial-place, and contained remains of an ancient date. Suce- 
ceeding generations have utilized the same places for the same purposes, 
but there are passages under the platform that have never been opened 
since the structure was built. The entire plain back of Tongariki Bay 
is one vast cemetery, containing the decaying remains of thousands of 
people. Every pile of stones, cave or ruined platform, house or cairn, 
has been used as a tomb.’ The christianized natives of to-day still re- 
gard this as a favorite burial-place. They have neither the ambition nor 
the industry to construct tombs for themselves, but are content to place 
their dead in receptacles filled with the remains of their ancestors. The 
recess-angles between the bodies of the fallen images, and the platforms 
upon which the base rests, are filled with remains of a recent date. 

Platform No. 53.—Called ‘“One-tea”. Completely in ruins. Three 
images much broken. Foundation proper about 100 feet long. 

Platform No. 54.—Called “ Opaarionga”. Small and unimportant. 
Central section 20 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Remains of 
one small image. 

Platform No. 55.—Called ‘‘ Hangatufata”; 125 feet long, 8 feet wide, 
and 7 feet high. Five images thrown AGC broken and in bad con- 
dition. 

Platform No. 56.—Called “ Onemakihi”. Central section 40 feet long, 
7 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Extreme length, including wings, 100 
feet. One image much mutilated. 

Platform No.57.—Called ‘“*Punakape”. Central section 40 feet long, 
6 teet wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length 80 feet. In ruins, and 
no images, 

Platform No. 58.—Called ‘“ Moaitutahi”. Central section 150 feet 
long, 7 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Extreme length 250 feet. Only 
two images remain, but appearances indicate that others have been 
destroyed. Upon terraces sloping towards the sea from the front are 
numerous remains of image-builders’ houses. From the back of the 
structure a nicely paved way, 10 feet wide, extends inland for a dis- 
tance of 200 yards. 

Platjorm No. 59.—Called “‘ Hanga-mahihiku”. A mere mass of ruins, 
and almost devoid of shape. No images. 

Platform No. 60.—Called “ Ahuakoi”. Central section 75 feet long, 
7 feet wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length, _ feet. In a bad con- 
dition, and no images. 

Platform No, 61.—Called ‘“ Hanga-tutuki”. A mere mass of ruins 
covering human remains. 

Platform No. 62.—Called “ Ahupoepoe”. In same condition as the 
last and without images. 

Platform No. 63.—Called ‘‘ Vaimoai”. Central section 40 feet long, 6 
feet wide, and 8 feet high. Extreme length, 90 feet. In bad condition, 
and no images. 


PLATE XXXV. 


-Thomson. 


1889 


Vi useum 


n 


Report »f National 


"M3IA YW3aY 


‘ 


08 ‘ON 


WHOILVId 


9 


NIM) VONVHVXV 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 509 


Platform No. 64.—Called “ Kai”. Same dimensions and geueral 
appearance as the last, but has one broken image. 

Platform No, 65.—Called ** Ruruoa”. Central section 150 feet long, 
7 feet wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length, including wings, 275 
feet. Two large images, each 33 feet in length by 5 wide. Length of 
head, to shoulders, 10 feet, and width, from ear to ear, 4 feet. The 
stones on the front wall of the structure are neatly squared and 
smoothly faced. ; 

Platform No. 66.—Called * Mahatua”. Central section 30 feet long, 
7 feet wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length, 100 feet. Two images, 
much defaced, lie on the inboard side on their faces. Between this 
platform and the last there is a nicely graded and paved road, with 
gentle slope from the cliff to the water-edge. 

Platform No. 67.—Called “ Ahukirirera”. Has been pretty well de- 
molished. No images. 

Platform No. 68.—Called “Tehangakiri”. Central section 40 feet 
long, 7 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Extreme length, 250 feet. Here are 
seven images, three large ones and four small-sized, all in a damaged 
condition. i 

Platform No. 69,—Cal\led “ Kirikiriroa”. Has been pretty thoroughly 
demolished, and has the fragments of one image. 

Platform No. 70.—Called ‘“‘Onepuhea”. A duplicate of the last one 
in all respects. 

Platform No. 71.—Called “ Hanga-tetera”; 60 feet long, 6 feet wide, 
and 7 feet high, and has no wings. The main stones of sea-face 
average in size 54 feet long and 14 feet wide. No images. 

Platform No. 72.—Called “ Hanga-rea”. Has been completely de- 
molished and the fragments of two images lie among the ruins. 

Platform No. 73.—Called “Oteu”. Has a small foundation and seems 
to have been abandoned in an unfinished condition. 

Platform No. 74.—Called “Tahureue”. Has been destroyed, and the 
fragments of two images lie in the ruins. 

Platform No. 75.—Called “ Oroi”. Central section 40 feet long, 6 feet 
wide, and 6 feet high. Extreme length, 140 feet. In a bad condition 
and no images. 

Platform No. 76.—Called “Ahukinokino”. Somewhat smaller than 
the last, but destitute of all interest. 

Platform No. 77.—Called ‘‘Papaturei”. A duplicate of the last, and 
in a demolished condition. 

Platform No. 78.—Called Tutuira”, A mere mass of ruins, and with 
no images. A 

Platform No. 79.—Called “Ue”. Central section 30 feet long, 6 feet 
wide, 6 feet high. Extreme length, 120 feet. Two images in a bad con- 
dition. 

Platform No, 80.—Called “Akahanga” (Plate XXXV). Two hun- 
dred and fifty feet long, 10 feet wide, and 7 feet high, with no wings. 


510 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Thirteen colossal images that once ornamented this remarkable strue- 
ture have been thrown down and more or less damaged. Their red 
tufa crowns, also considerably broken, lie near at hand. On the in- 
land facing-wall there is a ground tier of gray voleanie stone finely 
dressed, and on this is a tier of tufa stones 44 feet long, 24 feet high, 
and 8 inches thick each, and these are covered with hieroglyphies. 
This is known as the King’s platform, and is regarded as one of the 
most important on the island, on account of the finished work on the 
structure as well as the numerous sculptures (Fig. 19). The tradition 


Fie. 19. 
SCULPTURED ROCK: KING’S PLATFORM. 


asserts that this was the burial place of Hotu-Matua, the first king, 
and a long line of his descendants. Our excavations in the vicinity 
produced nothing of interest beyond a few ancient skulls with lower 
jaws of extraordinary size and width. From the foundation of image- 
builders’ houses we obtained fine stone implements and carving tools. 

Platform No. 81.—Called “Harerora”. Small and unimportant. One 
image, much broken. 

Platform No. 82.—Called ‘“ Motuopope”. ‘Central section 252 feet 
long, 10 feet wide, and 7 feet high. Extreme length, 375 feet. Six im- 
ages in rather bad condition. This structure is important from the fact 
that the statues have short ears, the only ones of the kind we found on 
the island. The sketches will show that on all the platforms, as well 
the images in the workshops as those left in an unfinished state were 
all carved with long ears. Why there was an exception made to the 
general rule in the images that adorned this structure, could not be 
determined. 

Platform No. 83.—Called ‘‘Anaonero”. Consisting of foundation 
stones only, showing that the work was abandoned shortly after being — 
commenced. 

Platform No. 84.—Called ‘““Huareva”. A mere mass of ruins. 

Platform No. 85.—Called ‘‘Hoekoe”. Has been completely demol- 
ished and shows fragments of two large images. 

Platform No. 86.—Called “Pakaea”. Central section 45 feet long, 8 
feet wide, and 7 feet high, with wings extending 250 feet on either side. 
One image, in a bad condition. 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. ays 


Platform No. 87.—Called “ Manumea”. A mere mass of ruins. 

Platform No, 88.—Called **Hanga-tee”. Same condition as the last. 

Platform No, 89. - Called “ Kope-iti”. Only the foundation-stones in 
place; probably never finished. 

Platform No. 90.—Called “ Runga-vae”. Same condition as last. 

Platform No. 91.—Called “ Kote-one”. In same unfinished state. 

Platform No. 92.—Called “ Renga-havini”. A mere mass of ruins. 

Platform No. 95.—Called “ Kote-ara-ara”. In a complete state of 
ruin. ; 

Platform No, 94.—Called “Puepau”. In same condition as the last. 

Platform No. 95,-—Called * Kiraau”. A shapeless roin. 

Platform No. 96.—Called “Taroe”. Central section 260 feet long, 8 
feet wide, and 65 feet high. Extreme length, 350 feet. Eleven images, 
all mutilated. 

Platform No. 97,—Called “Ariki-iki”. A shapeless ruin. 

Platform No. 98.—Called *“ Kone iti”. Same condition as the last. 

Platform No. 99.—Called ‘‘ Koturara”. In a very bad condition, with 
one broken image. 

Platform No. 100.—Called “‘Moturea”. In a state of absolute ruin. 

Platform No. 101.—Called “ Hanga-paukura”. Shows that it was 
originally well built, and has six images lying behind it. 

Platform No. 102.—In a very bad condition, and the name could not 
be ascertained. 

Platform No. 103.—Called “ Mataakira”. A shapeless mass of ruins. 

Platform No. 104.—Called “Anokahi”. Similar to the last, 

Platform No, 105.—Called “Hanga-hahue”. Ina bad condition, but 
has been an extensive structure with long wings. Four images. 

Platform No. 106.—Called “ Tehuteaheru”. A mass of ruins. 

Platform No. 107.—Called “‘Ahumeamea”. Small and irregular con- 
struction. One image much damaged. 

Platform No. 108.—Called “Ahumata-iti”. This structure has been 
pretty thoroughly demolished and shows the fragments of one image. 

Platform No.109.—Called “Tahiri”. The dimensions of the structure 
are not great, but itis remarkable on account of the finished workman- 
ship. The sea front is built of immense blocks of hard heavy voleanic 
rock, smoothly faced and neatly joinedtogether. In places, small stones 
have been mortised into the larger ones. It is surprising that such 
results could be produced by the rude stone implements that are known 
to have been the only tools at the command of the natives. Finished 
surfaces might be the result of grinding with sand and water, but the 
joints and fittings could only be accomplished by long and patient 
labor. Some of the facing-stones were estimated at a weight of up- 
wards of 5 tons. Under the impression that the superior character 
of the work indicated a platform of more than usual importance, it was 
thoroughly investigated at the expense of great labor and time. A 
section of the front wall was thrown down and the stones removed 


512 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


until an opening was made clear through the structure. No results 
having been obtained except a knowledge of how the pile was con- 
structed from the foundation up, additional efforts were directed 
towards the two ends. To our great disappointment, we had nothing 
to show for the great labor expended upon this platform. The only 
human remains about the place are those of recent date, in shallow 
tombs on the rear side of the pile. There is a tradition to the effect 
that this was the last platform built on the island and was intended 
for the colossal image (70 feet) lying in the workshops on the west 
side of the crater of Rana Roraka. The legend asserts that when the 
work upon the platform and images had arrived at a certain stage, a 
great feast was held in honor of the event by the powerful tribe of 
Vinapu. The wife of the chief was of the Tongariki clan and during the 
ceremonies this “lady” was slighted in the division of ‘long pig,” but 
whether intentionally or otherwise does not appear. Cannibalism was 
practiced on the island down to the adveut of the first missionaries, and 
was always an important feature of the ancient feasts. The bodies 
were roasted in ovens made of hot stones covered with earth, after the 
manner practiced all through Polynesia, and certain portions were 
awarded to prominent individuals. Upon this particular occasion the 
rib-roast, ‘‘tenderloin” steak, or whatever the favorite morsel was which 
belonged to the aforesaid fomale by reason of her rank, was given to 
another. The insulted individual immediately sought fie protection 
of her own clan, who arose en masse to vindicate the Tongariki honor. 
Long and bloody wars followed. Image-builders and platform-makers 
were drawn into the conflict from all parts of the island and, in a spirit 
of revenge, platforms were destroyed and images thrown down when- 
ever opportunity offered. This is believed to have been the origin of 
the trouble which has laid waste the extraordinary works of this island. 


Raed OW : Hebe Tc mein an eee 
ee aN BESS «2 1: ely te Ax tO ra ae NG ‘Y 
Renn? f t. thes cae oe “8 a 
Gy aioe’ ees 7k %, ere. - a tere etme 2 aN She AW, we - 


Fic. 20 
PLATFORM 110. ‘‘ VINAPU.” 


Platform No. 110.—Called “ Vinapu” (Fig. 20). <A large structure 
with six mutilated images, and of the same general character and 
appearance as those already described. Immediately behind this plat- 
form a wall of earth incloses a piece of ground about 225 feet in 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 513 


diameter and circular in shape. ‘This is believed to have been the 
theater of the native ceremonies, and perhaps the spot where the feasts 
were held. We made excavations in the center and around the sides, 
but without a “ find.” 

Platform No. 111.—Called “Ahutupai.” Has been pretty thoroughly 
demolished. Six images in a bad condition lie on the top of the pile. 

Platform No. 112.—Called “Ahurikiriki.” Situated on the extreme 
southwestern end of the island, and remarkable from its position on the 
face of a perpendicular cliff nearly 1,000 feet high and midway between 
the sea and the top. Sixteen small images are lying on this platform 
and many of them seem to be in excellent condition. We could find no 
way of reaching the narrow ledge upon which this platform stands. No 
road leads down from the top; it can not be approached from either side, 
and from below it is a straight up and down wall against which the sea 
dashes continually. Itis hardly probable that the images were lowered 
from the top by ropes, and the natural conclusion is, that a roadway 
once existed, which has been undermined by the waves and has fallen 
into the sea, 

Platform No. 113.—Called “ Kaokaoe.” This was originally a large 
structure, but has been completely demolished by Mr. Brander to obtain 
material for the construction of stone-fences about his place. 


LANGUAGE. 


The principal feature of interest, connected with Easter Island, is the 
written language by which the ancient traditions and legends were per- 
petuated. The existence of the incised tablets was not known until the 
missionaries settled upon the island. Numerous specimens were found 
in the possession of the natives, but no especial attention appears to 
have been directed towards them. Several persons, belonging to vessels 
that were wrecked at Easter Island, report having seen these tablets, but 
they were so highly prized by the natives, that they could not be induced 
to part with them. The three hundred islanders who emigrated to 
Tahiti had in their possession a number of these tablets; they created 
some attention on account of the remarkable skili with which the figures 
wereexecuted, but they were highly prized by the owners and no effort 
was made to secure them because their real value was not discovered. 
The Chilian corvette O’ Higgins visited Kaster Island in January, 1870, 
and Captain Gana secured three tablets, two of which are ou deposit in 
the national museum at Santiago de Chili and the third was sent to 
France, but does not appeared to have reached its destination. Paper 
impressions and casts were taken from the Chilian tablets for the 
various museums of Europe. Those sent to the English Ethnological 
Society created some interest after a time, but others sent to Berlin 
were regarded as stamps for marking native cloth (Mittheilungen, July, 
1871). Seven of these tablets are now in the possession of Tepano 
Jansser, bishop of Axieri, all in excellent state of preservation. 

. H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 oo 


a 


514 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


While the Mohican was at Tahiti, the bishop kindly permitted us to 
examine these tablets and take photographs of them. These tablets 
were obtained from the missionaries who had been stationed on Easter 
Island, and they ranged in size from 54 inches in length by 4 inches 
broad, to 54 feet in length and 7 inches wide. Diligent search was 
made for specimens of these tablets during our visit to Easter Island. 
At first the natives denied having any, but Mr. Salmon knew of the 
existence of two, and these were finally purchased after a great deal of 
trouble and at considerable expense. The tablets obtained are in afair 
state of preservation. The large one is a piece of drift-wood that from 
its peculiar shape is supposed to have been used as a portion of a canoe. 
The other is made of the toromiro wood indigenous to the island. In 
explanation of the disappearance of these tablets, the natives stated 
that the missionaries had ordered all that could be found to be burned, 
with a view to destroying the ancient records, and getting rid of every- 
thing that would havea tendency to attach them to their heathenism, 
and prevent their thorough conversion to Christianity. The loss to the 
science of philology by this destruction of valuable relics is too great 
to be estimated. The native traditions in regard to the incised tablets 
simply assert that Hotu-Matua, the first king, possessed the knowledge 
of this written language, and brought with him to the island sixty-seven 
tablets containing allegories, traditions, genealogical tables, and proverbs 
relating to the land from which he had migrated. A knowledge of the 
written characters was confined to the royal family, the chiefs of the 
six districts into which the island was divided, sons of those chiefs, and — 
certain priests or teachers, but the people were assembled at Anekena 
Bay once each year to hear all of the tablets read. The feast of the 
tablets was regarded as their most important féte day, and not even war 
was allowed to interfere with it. 

The combination of circumstances that caused the sudden arrest of 
image-making, and resulted in the abandonment of all such work on the 
island, never to be again revived, may have had its effect upon the art 
of writing. The tablets that have been found in the best stage of pres- 
ervation would correspond very nearly with the age of the unfinished 
images in the workshops. The ability to read the characters may have 
continued until 1864, when the Peravian slavers captured a large num- 
ber of the inhabitants, and among those kidnapped, were all of the of.- 
ficials and persons in authority. After this outrage, the traditions, etc., 
embraced by the tablets, seem to have been repeated on particular occa- 
sions, but the value of the characters was not understood and was lost to_ 
the natives, Amancalled Ure Vaeiko, one of the patriarchs of theisland, | 
professes to have been under instructions in the art of hieroglyphic read-— 
ing at the time of the Peruvian visit, and claims to understand most of the 
characters. Negotiations were opened with him for a translation of the 
two tablets purchased; but he declined to furnish any.information, on the. 
ground that it had been forbidden by the priests. Presents of money and | 


| 
4 


PLATE XXXVI. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


(Wwerxy jo doystg jo worssessod Ul [BULsIIO) 
c«INdY,, ‘LaqgVL GNVIS| ¥aisvy 4O 3SYSAdO 


ie i a Ue) Sein is BUCY epee 

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PLATE XXXVII. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


(‘werxy Jo doystg, Jo aorssessod ur peutsrio) 


«IWdV,, LAIaVL GNVIS| YS1SVQ 4O 3SHSA3RY 


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lee aslo) eal BE Ws 2 ee GOAN SU Ge pes Gy ty aot eH 

| i ae correo NOP. DNS Y.(e} P ANMAG, DAS (2 O9OG pe 

= SIDER) RSTGULS HGS SEL ne 1g ale YS RVUP UN alc aa 

ny Ka Aan WY (5a ND) NS [ d vi >) 

oy ee eo 2H rates 


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TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. HLH 


valuables were sent him from time to time, but he invariably replied to all 
overtures that he was now old and feeble and had but a short time to 
live, and declined most positively to ruin his chances for salvation by 
doing what his Christian instructors had forbidden. Finally the old fel- 
low, to avoid temptation, took to the hills with the determination to re- 
main in hiding until after the departure of the Mohican. It was a mat- 
ter of the utmost importance that the subject should be thoroughly in- 
vestigated before leaving the island, and unscrupulous strategy was the 
only resource after fair means had failed. Just before sundown one 
evening, shortly before the day appointed for our sailing, heavy clouds 
rolled up from the southwest and indications pointed to bad weather. 
Ina heavy down-pour of rain we crossed the island from Vinapu to Ma- 
teveri with Mr. Salmon, and found, as had been expected, that old Ure 
Vaeiko had sought the shelter of his own home on this rough night. He 
was asleep when we entered and took charge of the establishment. 
When he found escape impossible he became sullen, and refused to look 
at or touch a tablet. As a compromise it was proposed that he should 
relate some of the ancient traditions. This was readily acceded to, be- 
cause the opportunity of relating the legends to an interested audience 
did not often occur, and the positive pleasure to be derived from such 
an occasion could not be neglected. During the recital certain stimu- 
lants that had been provided for such an emergency were produced, and 
though not pressed upon our ancient friend, were kept prominently be- 
fore him until, as the night grew old and the narrator weary, he was in- 
eluded as the “‘ cup that cheers” made its occasional rounds. <A judi- 
cious indulgence in present comforts dispelled all fears in regard to the 
future state, and at an auspicious moment the photographs of the tab- 
lets owned by the bishop were produced for inspection. Old Ure Vae- 
iko had never seen a photograph before, and was surprised to find how 
faithfully they reproduced the tablets which he had known in his young 
days. A tablet would have met with opposition, but no objection could 
be urged against a photograph, especially something possessed by the 
good bishop, whom he had been instructed to reverence. The photo- 
graphs were recognized immediately, and the appropriate legend related 
with fluency and without hesitation from beginning to end. The story 
of all the tablets of which we had a knowledge was finally obtained, 
the words of the native being written down by Mr. Salmonas they were 
uttered, and afterwards translated into English. 

A casual glance at the Easter Island tablets is sufficient to note the 
fact that they differ materially from other kyriologic writings. The 
pictorial symbols are engraved in regular lines on depressed channels, 
separated by slight ridges intended to protect the hieroglyphics from 
injury by rubbing. In some cases the characters are smaller, and the 
tablets contain a greater number of lines, but in all cases the hiero- 
glyphics are incised and cover both sides as well as the beveled edges 

and hollows of the board upon which they are engraved. The symbols 


516 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


on each line are alternately reversed; those on the first stand upright, 
and those on the next line are upside down, and so on by regular alter- 
nation. E 

This unique plan makes it necessary for the reader to turn the tablet 
and change its position at the end of every line; by this means the 
characters will be found to follow in regular procession. The reading 
should commence at the lower left-hand corner, on the particular side 
that will bring the figures erect, and followed as the characters face in 
the procession, turning the tablet at the end of each line, as indicated. 
Arriving at the top of the first face, the reading is continued over the 
edge to the nearest line, at the top of the other side, and the descent 
continues in the same manner until the end is reached. The Bonstro- 
phedon method is supposed to have been adopted in order to avoid the 
possibility of missing a line of hieroglyphics. 

Ure Vaeiko’s fluent interpretation of the tablet was not interrupted, 
though it became evident that he was not actually reading the charac- 

‘ters. It was noticed that the shifting of position did not accord with 
the number of symbols on the lines, and afterwards when the photo- 
graph of another tablet was substituted, the same story was continued 
without the change being discovered. The old fellow was quite dis- 
composed when charged with fraud at the close of an all-night session, 
and at first maintained that the characters were all understood, but he 
could not give the signification of hieroglyphics copied indiscriminately 
from tablets already marked. He explained at great length that the 
actual value and significance of the symbols had been forgotten, but the 
tablets were recognized by unmistakable features and the interpreta- 
tion of them was beyond question; just as a person might recognize a 
book in a foreign language and be perfectly sure of the contents with- 
out being able to actually read it. 

Beyond doubt certain legends are ascribed to particular tablets, all 
of which are named, and a reference to those names will recall the ap- 
propriate story from those who do not profess to understand the hiero- 
glyphics. An old man called Kaitae, who claims relationship to the 
last king, Maurata, afterwards recognized several of the tablets from 
the photographs and related the same story exactly as that given pre- 
viously by Ure Vaeiko. 

The writing is composed of pictorial symbols carrying their significa- 
tion in the image they represent. The execution would be a creditable 
production with the assistance of the best etching tools, and is a truly 
wonderful result of patience and industry to be accomplished by means 
of obsidian points. The minute size of the hieroglyphics made it im- 
possible to convey anything more than the general appearance of the 
objects delineated, but the figures may be recognized by their form in 
the outline drawing after the manner of some of the Egyptian hiero- 
glyphies. The study of the tablets is chiefly difficult on account of the — 
way in which actual objects are conventionally treated, and in order to 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 517 


preserve symmetry and effect, men, canoes, fish, etc., are represented 
of the same size throughout the lines. 

A eareful study of the hieroglyphies of Easter Island is being made 
with the hope that valuable information may be obtained in regard to 
the early history and origin of the people. Results of an extremely inter- 
esting nature are barely outlined at present and notin shape to bepre- 
sented herewith. It is not considered expedient to attempt an expla- 
nation of the symbols until the subject can be treated exhaustively. As 
an example of the ideographie character of the signs, the tablet contain- 
ing the genealogical tables shows a frequent repetition of the symbol of 
the great spirit Meke-Meke in connection with that of the female vulva, 
The signification is the birth of a person. The position of the figures 
shows whether the child was the result of marriage, or intrigue, and the 
following figures indicate the date of the birth, the seasons and the ap- 
proximatetime. Animportant feature, in connection with the tablets, is 
the fact that forms have been discovered which have no types on Easter - 
Island, and which may lead to an identification of the locality from 
whence the first settlers migrated. The hieroglyphics include, besides 
the representation of actual objects, figures used by the chiefs, and each 
clan had its distinctive mark. Samples are given in different treaties 
made with the islanders of the sign-manual of some of the chiefs. (See 
Plates XXX VI-XLIX.) 


TRANSLATION OF EASTER ISLAND TABLETS. 


APAI. 
(Plates XXXVI and XXXVII.) 


Timo te kakaha piki apai te roria aruki e tangata Mohonakuta mo- 
honga matang! eiri apai ia ra Techo i te ika mahoi rua matangi apai ti- 
rori mahoi rua matangi tahoi te tha tahoi hakavirri ia tapui rurenga 
tahri te ika tahoi te ata e tau ira tau na mimi hara rau kina ata rangi 
no no tupa kan k maka reva atea e tau ira matuku hara atarungi no no 
tapairu renga ava ki hoato. 

Houa kata-kata hura matini rau hanga tamaru kia tun ama tavake 
toto tunmakeuka tantan mea te kura. Ki hi honga te kura e aku ta- 
paini kari mao aku hoa-hoa tae kote kura mata ki rei aaku tapa iru nei 
kairi mai aku hora-hora tae kote kura. 

Mata ki rei mata ku haka iri marai matairi maru matai maru ka irira 
tapui rei tapui ranga muku kiri mai aku hoa-hoa tae kote kura. Mata 
ki rei mata ku haka iri maru matai maru matai rara ku uira tapui rei 
tapui rei tapu ranga muku kairi mai aku hora-hora kapainga mai. KE. 
tangaroa te mare kura hapai e haka ihi mo topa rei kura taku tapo rei 
hun atu arua tae haath rangi ura rangi hara-tua oaku matua oaku ma 
tenga otae ahiri noa ranga ki te rangi no te munniri a rua hiru te hetu 
takiri ko mumu ana kia kake mao-mao ake. Haka tau Bra a Nuku te 
atua. Atara kahiria a uka hopua. Tun haka maua kura. Tun te ha 

hei kura. Tun te tieuituiri kura, Tun te matangie ria a mangaro, 


518 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Tun tahake oi taura te herunga taku ohu tutuhinga tanku mato kapi- 
piri te hetun tan aranga noi ruga vake noi runga. 

Maruaua ha heire mana mahahine mauaira taake. Te herunga taku 
oho te tuhinga taku mata mata ka pipiri te hetu tau avanga no iringa 
vake-vake. No iri uga vake rei manana hahinie E te mai ran o tun e 
katau, ra, ka piapiri ra e te maraioturi e kakapurae kahakpiri e kaho- 
notake mate aa tapu onote ariiki no Manana hahiue no Mananatake a 
hiramai te rangi kai a ku ia umika uri te hainu tokotokona to rau e 
nui a tapu te tai nate arliki. HE. hopu aiae tapu te tai no te tapa iru 
e kore kaukau 4 ia haharua tau kapa tau kaiugoh i te an mata heuna, 
mariunga te hou i te an mataheune mariunga te houga ma tau arapeka 
hoa mai ia keho iti hiti aura hiti apanoko hue taka haahaarua tau kape 
tau hai ugoto piria tamu ara te uaua na Hekei kai te hunue kura te 
nahoapu, pue hatataka i te an mata mo tara haieka i te peka akatau 
o mirunga te hounga mo tara haieka. Panga tiorei nuku horo papa 
tara naeakii te pou tuu. Panga te orei nuku horo papa hoake mataue 
uake tahau te nauai e oho te nauaie rai te nauau nauai kino noho ava- 
ava tauake te kete irnuga te niu ei ia hoa ko ni ni ei ia hoa o Rionou 
tona koake matone uake te nauai e oho te nauai e rai te nauai nauai 
nauai kino nohi ava ava taua kate kete iringa te niu haamatua nauai 
kino katangi te moko-moko uri katangi te moko-moko tea kohao kopi- 
rieuta moko-moko uri ua moko-moko tea takaia rangi kakae hoki i te 
atua. Mohao haruru vai e kahihinga ma te tougakapitia rangi moko- 
moko uri moko moko tea kohao kopirie atua mamairi kauaha itu. atimo 
eae aruarua vori kahihiua mo te Tonga kahuhinga ma te Tonga nui 
kahinga i tongarou kapitia rangi moko moko uri mcko-moko tea praho 
kauaha uri korueiha Hangaroa a Timeo eae e te Raki ete roroe taua 
erua aaku manu. 

Hakarongo noa i te reo 0 te moa e vai-vai mahaui ia ure roroi renga 
aha iho nei e te ahiue ariikie ouku ika na kio i varimariaria hopue hara 
koe e rara a eau i te taura hiku raverave a hiro kai te teri hepo e tao 
koe hoki uapa te ingoa taua ika ko mumu maranga ugaiatu ko pephu 
ko pepetangi. ko pepetangi taravi tavi. ko pepetangi tava taravi tava 
e hakanui koe ki te ehu koe ki te kapua. Tun hitu hare ka more koe 
kapai tue. 


ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF APAI TRADITION. 


Mohouakuta, the chief of a powerful clan, when about to make war 
to revenge the death of one of his relatives, who had been killed by 
treachery, summoned Timo, the builder of fowl-houses, and ordered 
him to construct on the windward side of the house of Techo, the 
fisherman, a fowl-house of one hundred cresent-shaped stakes. It was 
ordered that of the fowls captured in the war those with long tail- 
feathers, and the white ones, should be reserved and sent to this house 
for safe-keeping. 

The warriors of the clan assembled promptly at the council-fire with 


ee eT ee 


ao 


TE PITO 'TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. oN, 


their faces brilliantly painted and wearing their distinctive shell neck- 
laces. 

The solemn ceremonies, attendant upon the declaration of war, were 
performed by the assembled braves, in accordance with the ancient 
customs handed down by their forefathers. Obeisance was first made 
to the Sky, each warrior repeating the prayer, ‘* May we be killed in 
battle if we neglect to worship the Great Spirit.” The ceremonies 
concluded with obeisance to the god of feathers, each warrior wearing 
the feather-hat of his clan—Era Nuku, tbe god of feathers, whose 
costume consists of feathers for the head, feathers for the neck, and 
feathers to be waved by the wind. He who brings good luck when 
feathers are worn that are tied by a string of hair. He who protects 
the vams and potato plantations when feathers are tied upon a stick, 
and placed close together between the hills. He who keeps off the evil 
spirit when feathers are planted over the burial-places. 

The god of feathers, whose wife is Manana. Manana Take came 
from the skies. She once visited the land in the shape of a fish, which 
was captured and given to the king on account of its size and beauty. 
Recognizing the divine nature of the fish, the king was thereafter 
debarred from swimming in the sea. 

(The next hieroglyphics ou the tablet are supposed to have been 
written in some ancient language, the key to which has long ago been 
lost. After this unknown section the translation is continued as fol- 
lows): 

When the island was first created and became known to our fore- 
fathers, the land was crossed with roads beautifully paved with flat 
stones. The stones were laid close together so artistically that no 
rough edges were exposed. Coffee-trees were growing close together 
along the borders of the road, that met overhead, and the branches 
were laced together like muscles. Heke was the builder of these roads, 
and it was he, who sat in the place of honor in the middle where the 
roads branched away in every direction. These roads were cunningly 
contrived to represent the plan of the web of the gray and Dlack- 
pointed spider, and no man could discover the beginning or the end 
thereof. 

(Here again are some sections of the tablet written in the characters 
that are not understood, after which the following translation is 
made :) ; 

In that happy land, that beautiful land where Romaha formerly 
lived with his beloved Hangaroa, and where Turaki used to listen to 
the voice of the fowl, and feed them with watery food. In that beau- 
tiful land that was governed by gods from heaven, and who lived in 
the water when it was cold. Where the black and white-pointed 
spider would have mounted to heaven, but was prevented by the 
bitterness of the cold. 


. 


520 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Where is our ancient queen? Itis known that she was transformed 
into a fish that was finally caught in the still waters. <A fish that had 
to be tied by the rope of Heros to be captured. Away, away, if you 
can not name the fish. That lovely fish with the short gills that was 
brought for food to our Great King, and was laid upon a dish that 
rocked this way and that. The same that afterwards formed the 
corner of the stone walk that led to the house of the Great Chief. 


TRANSLATION OF THE EASTER ISLAND TABLETS. 


ATUA MATARIRI. 


(Plates XXXVIII and XXXIX.) 


Atua Matariri; Ki ai Kiroto, Kia Taporo, Kapu te Poporo. 

Ahimahima Marao; Ki ai Kiroto, Takihi Tupufema, Kapu te Kihi- 
kehi. 

Aoevai; Ki ai Kiroto, Kava Kohe Koe Kapu te Koe. 

Matua anua; Ki ai Kiroto, Kappipiri Haitau, Kapu te Miro. 

Augingieai; Ki ai Kiroto, Kia Humutoti, Kapu te Maluta. 

Hiti; Ki ai Kiroto, Kia Heta Kapu te Ti. 

Atura; Ki ai Kiroto, Katei, Kapu te Monku Uta. 

Ahan; Ki ai Kiroto, Vava, Kapu te Tureme. 

Ahekai; Ki ai Kiroto, Hepeue, Kapu te Mataa. 

Viri Koue; Ki ai Kiroto, Ariugarehe Uruharero, Kapu te Runa. 

Atua Metua; Ki ai Kiroto, Kariritunarai, Kapu te Niu. 

Atua Metua; Ki ai Kiroto, Kite Vuhi o Atua, Kapu te Toromiro. 

Atua Metua; Ki ai Kiroto, Tapuhavaoatua, Kapu te Moana. 

A Heuru; Ki ai Kiroto, Hetomu, Kapu te Marikuru. 

A Taveke; Ki ai Kiroto, Pouhutuhututerevaimangaro, Kapu te Veke. 

A Hahamea; Ki ai Kiroto, Hohio Kapu te Takure. 

Aukia Ki ai Kiroto; Moremanga, Kapu te Ngarava. 

Avia Moko; Ki ai Kiroto, Viatea, Kapu te Kena. 

Tereheue ; Ki ai Kiroto, Viaraupa, Kapu te Kaupa. 

A Heroe; Ki ai Kiroto, Unhipura, Mapu te Ro. 

Tahatoi; Ki ai Kiroto, Kateapiairiroro, Kapu te To. 

Irapupue; Ki ai Kiroto, Irakaka, Kapu te Pia. 

Mangeongeo; Ki ai Kiroto, Herakiraki Kapu te Kape. 

A Hen; Ki ai Kiroto Pana Kapu te Hue. 

Heima; Ki ai Kiroto Kairui Kairui-Hakamarui Kapu te Raa. 

Huruan ; Ki ai Kiroto Hiuaoio Kapu te Moa. 

A Hikua: Ki ai Kiroto Hiuaoioi Kapu te Uruara. 

Tingahae: Ki ai Kiroto Parararahikutea Kapu te Niuki. 

A Hikue: Ki ai Kiroto Hiuaoioi Kapu te Tabraha. 


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PLATE XXXVIII. 


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PLATE XXXIX. 


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TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 521 


Tikitehatu: Ki ai Kiroto Hihohihokiteturu Kapu te Paroko. 

Tikitehatu: Ki ai Kiroto Hiuapopoia Kapu te Hiuakuhara. 

Tikitehatu: Ki ai Kiroto Maea Kapu te Heraherakitomea. 

Tikitehatu: Ki ai Kiroto Ruruatikitehatu Kapu te Teririkatea. 

Atimoterae: mea a mura i hiki te alu mo tunu o te ita. mo haugai it 
te ariiki. 

Takoua: Ki ai Kiroto Tukouo, Kapu te Poopoo. 

KE. Toto te Efi no Kino no naroko no ngaoreno no nga tokutoko 
ruapapa. 

Epuoko te nuika no tupa iti no tupa-nui. 

Uku Ki ai Kiroto, Karori Kapu te Ngaatu. 

Kuhikia Ki ai Kiroto Taurari Kapu to Ngaatu. 

Kuhikia Ki ai Kiroto Ruperoa Kapu to Turi. 

Taaria Ki ai Kiroto Taaria, Kapu te Taueehu. 

Haiuge Ki ai Kiroto hatukuti, Kapu te Evea. 

Pauaroroko Ki ai Kiroto Hakukuti, Kapu te Taerongoveteve. 

Hiuitirerire Ki ai Kiroto Kanohotatataporo Kapu te Roporo. 

Numia a Tangaire Turuhirohero te toto 0 te o korare. 

Kamau te Korare taratara te Korare. 

Turuki te Ua Maanau Manavai roa. 

Kaunuku raituahea anakihorou eaa e toe tua tanu to tana moko 
eaha Uaugai e to e ufi e Kumara. 


ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF THE ABOVE TABLET. 
EASTER ISLAND TRADITION. 


The origin of inanimate things is believed to be the result of the 
marriage of certain gods and goddesses in accordance with the follow- 
ing table, 

God Atua Matariri and goddess Taporo produced thistle. 

God Ahimahima Marao and goddess Takihi Tupufema produced 
rocks. ; 

God Aoevai and goddess Kava Kohekoe produced medicine. 

God Matua anua and goddess Kappipiri Aaitau produced the Miro 
tree. 

God Augingieai and goddess Kia Humutoti produced the paper-mul- 
berry tree. 

God Hiti and goddess Kia heta produced the tea plant. 

God Atura and goddess Katei produced bunch grass. 

God Ahen and goddess Vaua produced fine grass. 

God Agekai and goddess Hepeue produced obsidian. 

God Viri Koue and goddess Ariugarehe Uruharero produced the 
morning-glory plant. 


an REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


God Atua Metua and goddess Kariritunaria produced cocoanuts. 

God Atua Metua and goddess Ki te Vuhi o Atua produced the toro- 
miro tree. 

God Atua Metua and goddess Tapuhavaoatua produced Hibiscus. 

God A Heuru and goddess Hetomu produced the blue leaf plant. 

God A Taveke and goddess Pouhutuhututerevaimangaro, produced 
the white ash. 

God A Hahamea and goddess Hohio produced flies. 

God Aukia and goddess Moremannga produced roaches. 

God A Via Moko and goddess Viatea produced boobies. 

God Tereheue and goddess Viaraupa produced leaves. 

God A Heroe and goddess Unhipura produced ants. 

God Tahatoi and goddess Kateapiairiroro produced sugar-cane. 

God Irapupue and goddess Irakaka produced arrowroot. 

God Mangeongeo and goddess Herakiraki produced yams. 

God Ahen and goddess Pana produced calabash. 

God Heima and goddess Kairui-hakamarui produced stars. 

God Huruan and goddess Hiuaoioi produced fowls. 

God A Hikua and goddess Hiuaoioi produced vermilion. 

God Tingahae and goddess Pararahikutea produced sharks. 

God A Hikue and goddess Hiuaoioi produced porpoise. 

God Tikitehatu and goddess Hihohihokiteturu produced rock-fish. 

God Tikitehatu and goddess Hiuapopoia produced life. 

God Tikitehatu and goddess Maea produced luck. 

God Tikitehatu and goddess Ruruatikitehatu produced man. 

Atimoterae created brook-fish and established them as the chosen 
food of the gods. 

God Takoua and goddess Tukouo produced milk-thistle. 

E Toto discovered the sweet taste of the yam and made it the prin- 
cipal food of the people. — : 

Kpuoko created the delicious banana food for the kings. 

God Uku and goddess Karori produced bullrushes. 

God Kuhikia and goddess Taurari produced small birds. 

God Kuhikia and goddess Ruperoa produced sea- gulls. 

God Taaria and goddess Taaria produced white gulls. 

God Haiuge and goddess Hatukuti produced wind. 

God Pauaroroko and goddess Hakukuti produced pain. 

God Hiuitirerire and goddess Kanohotatataporo produced creeping 
vines. 

Numia a Tangaire Turuhirohero was the founder of all things un- 
pleasant and bad smells. 

Turuki was the first builder of rock fences and barriers. 

Kuanuku created death by drowning, death in warfare, death by 
accident, and death by disease. 


si 


TE PIVO TE ITENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 523 


TRANSLATION OF EASTER ISLAND TABLETS. 
EAHA TO RAN ARIIKI KETE. 


(Plates XL and XLI.) 


1. Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? 
E tupu tomo a mata mea e rangi ran e tuatea to ran ariiki kete ma- 
hua i uta nei. 
Ane rato mani rata karata te tuatea, karata te rangi ran karata te 
tupuna. 
2. Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? 
EK ura e poopoo e koiro e nohoe e to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei. 
Ane rato mani rata karata te ura ki kara te poopoo e nehe e riku e 
kava-kava atu. 
3. Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? 
E nehe e rikue kava atua to ran ariiki kete mahuai uta nei. 
Ane rato mani rata karata te nehe karata riku karata rain kava atua. 
4, Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? 
E a hao nei e kahi e atu e ature. 
Ane rato mani rata karata te kahi kaharta ahi rarata teature ane rato. 
5. Kaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? 
E ufi e tra e kumaro to ran ariiki mahua i uta nei, 
Ane rato karata te ufi kumara toa e mahua i uta nei, ane rato maru. 
6. Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? 
Ii honu e kea e pane te ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei. 
Ane rato karata te honu te kea te pane. 
7. Kaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei ? 
EK hetu e range e han e nae raae mahua te ran ariiki kete mahua 
i irunga nei. 
Ane rato karata te rangi e hon e na e raa.e mahua, 
8. Haba te ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei ? 
Ii anuga nei karata te hehun rangi han na raa mahua. 
Ane rato karata te hehuu rangi han na raa mahua. 
9. Kaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? 
E ariiki e tapairu to ran ariiki kete i mahua i mua nei. 
Ane rato karata to ariiki te tapairu. 
10, Eaha to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei? 
E oi e potupotu e ugarara e hata to ran ariiki kete mahua i uta nei. 
Ane rato karata main rata e oi e potupotu e ugarara e hata to ran 
ariiki kete mahua i uta nei. 


t 


ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF TABLET. 
EASTER ISLAND ANTHEM. 
What power has the Great King on the land? 
He has power to make the plants grow and to change the sky to 


different colors. 
All hail the power of the Great King who makes us lenient to the 


524 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


young plants, to admire the skies of different colors, and to behold the 
clouds that rise. 

What power has the Great King on the land? 

He has the power to create the lobsters, white-bait, eels, ape fish, and 
everything in the sea. 

All hail the power of the Great King who gives us the knowledge of 
how to catch the lobsters, white-bait, eels, ape-fish, and all marine ani- 
mals. 

What power has the Great King on the land? 

He has the power to produce the ferns, creeping plants, grass, bushes, 
and all vegetation. 

All hail the power of the Great King who has taught us to love the 
ferns, creeping plants, and all green things. 

What power has the Great King over the sea? 

He has the power to create the mighty fish that swim in the deep 
water. 

All hail the power of the Great King who has given us the strength 
and skill to catch the fish of the mighty deep. 

What power has the Great King on the land? 

He has the power to produce the yams, potatoes, and sugar-cane. 

All hail the power of the Great King who enables us to use as food 
yams, potatoes, and sugar-cane. 

What power has the Great King on the land ? 

He has the power to clothe the turtles in hard shell, the fish with 
scales, and protects every living thing. 

All hail the power of the Great King who enables us to overcome the 
defense of the turtles, fish, and all reptiles. 

What power has the Great King in the universe? 

He has the power to create the stars, the clouds, the dew, the rain, 
the sun, and the moon. 

All hail the power of the Great King who enables us to appreciate 
the blessings of the bright stars, the lowering clouds, the gentle dew, 
the falling rain, and the light of the sun and moon. 

What power has the Great King upon the land? 

He has the power to populate the earth, to create both kings and 
subjects. 

All hail the power of the Great King who has created the human 
beings, given authority to kings, and created loyal subjects. 

What power has the Great King upon the land ? 

He has the power to create maggots, flies, worms, fleas, and all 
creeping and flying insects. 

All hail the power of the Great King who enables us to withstand 
the attacks of the maggots, flies, worms, fleas, and all manner of insects. 

What power has the Great King? 

All hail the unlimited power of the Great King. 


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TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 525 


TRANSLATION OF EASTER ISLAND TABLETS. 
FATHER MOURNING THE LOSS OF HIS CHILD, 


(Plates XLII and XLIII.) 


Ka ihi uiga — te ki ati — 

Auwe te poki, e — 
Ite maki tana — Rii te hiva ina, 
Ka ihi uiga — mai, 


9 


“we 


Ka ihi uiga— te ki ati — 

Auwe te poki, e — 
Ite maki tana — Honiti ina. 
Ka ihi uiga — moa mai, 


3. 
Ha imu, — poki—e—; 
Ta auwe rai —e; 
Viviri rai, inage—o; 
J — ruga —i; 
Te papare hinua 
Viviri rai — inage —o! 


4. 
Haki—e! 
Avahinua — ki tagu atu. 
Auwe poki—e! 
Ava rai — 
Ava mata — Ina hiva 
Auwe poki—e! 
Ite renia 0 parapa moni 
Auwe poki—e! 


This is an old song, supposed to have descended from the time the 
first inhabitants arrived on the island. The father is believed to mourn 
for his child left in that eastern land, from which tradition states the 
people migrated. 

ENGLISH TRANSLATION, 


The sail of my daughter, 

Never broken by the force of foreign clans! 
The sail of my daughter, 

Unbroken by the conspiracy of Honiti! 
Ever victorious in all her fights 

She could not be enticed to drink poison waters 
In the cup of obsidian glass. 

Can my sorrow ever be appeased J 
While we are divided by the mighty seas ? 

Oh my daughter, oh my danghter! 
It is a vast and watery road 

Over which I look toward the horizon, 
My daughter, oh my daughter! 

I'll swim over the deep to meet you, 
My daughter, oh my daughter! 


526 REPORT OF NATIONAL. MUSEUM, 1889, 


TRANSLATION OF EASTER ISLAND TABLET. 
“‘Ate-a-renga-hokan iti poheraa.” 
LOVE SONG. 


(Plates XLIV and XLV.) 


Ka tagi, Renga-a-manu — hakaopa; 
Chiu runarame a ita metua. 

Ka ketu te nairo hihi —O te hoa! 
Eaha ton tiena—e te hoa — e! 


Ita haga ta poapatu — O te hoa! 
Kahii te riva forani— O te hoa—e! 

Auwe ka tagi ati — u— a — iti iti. 
Eha ton tiena— e ta hoa — e. 


Ta hi tiena ita have. 
Horoa ita have. 
° Horoa moni e fahiti; 
. Ita ori miro; 
Ana piri atu; 
Ana piri atu; 
Ana taga atu. 


ENGLISH TRANSLATION. 
NATIVE LOVE SONG, 


Who is sorrowing? It is Renga-a-manu Hakopa! 
A red branch descended from her father. 

Open thine eyelids, my true love. 

Where is your brother, my love? 

At the feast in the Bay of Salutation 

We will meet under the feathers of your clan. 

She has long been yearning after you. 

Send your brother as a mediator of love between us, 
Your brother who is now at the house of my father. 
O, where is the messenger of love between us? 
When the feast of drift-wood is commemorated 
There we will meet in loving embrace. 


TRADITION IN REGARD TO THE ORIGIN OF THE ISLANDERS. 


The island was discovered by King Hotu-Matua, who came from the 
land in the direction of the rising sun, with two large double canoes 
and three hundred chosen followers. They brought with them pota- 
toes, yams, bananas, tobacco, sugar-cane, and the seeds of various 
plants, including the paper mulberry and the toromiro trees. The first 
landing was made on the islet of Motu Nui, on the north coast, and 
there the first food was cooked that had been tasted for one hundred 
and twenty days. The next day the queen started in one of the canoes 
to explore the coast to the northwest, while the other canoe, in charge of 
the king, rounded the island to the southeast. At Anekena Bay the 


PLATE XLII. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


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TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 527 


two canoes met and, attracted by the smooth sand-beach, Hotu-Matua 
landed and named the island ‘“ Te-pito te-henua ” or * the navel of the 
deep.” The queen landed, and immediately afterwards, gave birth toa 
boy, who was named Tuumae-Keke. The landing place was named 
Anekena in honor of the month of August, in which the island was dis- 
eovered. All the plants landed from the canoes were appropriated for 
seed, and the people immediately began the cultivation of the ground. 
For the first three months they subsisted entirely upon fish, turtle, 
and the nuts of a creeping-plant found growing along the ground, 
which was named ‘ moki-oo-ne.” After the lapse of a number of 
unrecorded years, during which the island had been made to produce 
an abundance of food, and the people had increased and multiplied in 
numbers, Hotu-Matua at an advanced age was stricken with a mortal 
illness. Before his end drew near, the chief men were summoned to 
meet in council. The king nominated his eldest son as his successor 
(Tuumae-Heke), and it was ordained that the descent of the kings 
should always be through the eldest son. This important matter having 
been settled, the island was divided up into districts and portioned out to 
the children of the king as follows: To Tuumae- Heke, the eldest, were 
given the royal establishment and lands extending from Anekena to 
the northwest as far as Mounga Tea-tea. To Meru, the second son, were 
given the lands between Anekena and Hanga-roa. To Marama, the 
third son, were given the lands between Akahanga and Vinapu. The 
land lying to the northward and westward of Mounga Tea-tea was the 
portion of the fourth son, Raa, and was called Hanga-Toe. To the 
fifth son, Korona-ronga, were allotted the Jands between Anekena and 
the crater of Rana-Roraku. To the sixth and the last son were given the 
lands on the east side of the island. His name was Hotw-iti. 

The tradition here goes back before the advent of the people on the 
island, and states that Hotu-Matua and his followers came from a group 
of islands lying towards the rising sun, and the name of the land was 
Marae-toe-hau, the literal meaning of which is ‘the burial place.” In 
this land, the climate was sointensely hot that the people sometimes 
died from the effects of the heat, and at certain seasons plants and 
growing things were scorched and shriveled up by the burning sun. 

The circumstances that led to the migration are related as follows: 
Hotu-Matua succeeded his father, who was a powerful chief, but his 
reign in the land of his birth, owing to a combination of circumstances 
over which he had no control, was limited to a very few years. His 
brother, Machaa, fell in love with a maiden famed for her beauty and 
grace, but a rival appeared upon the scene in the person of Oroi, the 
powerful chief of a neighboring elan. After the manner of the sex in 
all ages and climes, this dusky beauty trifled with the affections of her 
suitors and proved fickle-minded. When pressed to make a choice 
between the two, she announced that she would marry Oroi, provided 
he would prove his love by making a pilgrimage around the island, 


528 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


and it was specified that he should walk continually without stopping 
to eat, or to rest by day or night, until the tour of the island was 
completed. Retainers were selected to carry food to be eaten on the 
route, and Oroi started upon his journey, accompanied for the first few 
miles by his affianced bride, who promised upon parting, to permit her 
thoughts to dwell upon nothing but him until his return. The incon- 
stant female eloped with her other lover, Machaa, on the same evening. 
Vroi did not hear this news until he had arrived at the farther end of 
the island; then he returned directly to his home, where he prepared a 
great feast to which he summoned all the warriors of his clan. The 
indignity that had been put upon him was related, and all present 
registered a vow that they wouid never rest until Hotu-Matua and his 
entire family had been put to death. 

It appears that Machaa was aman of prudence, and seeing that a 
desperate conflict wasimminent, he embarked with six chosen follow- 
ers and his bride, in a large double canoe, and with plenty of provisions 
sailed in the night for some more genial clime. The great spit 
‘‘ Meke-Meke” is supposed to have appeared to him and made it known 
that a large uninhabited island could be found by steering towards the 
setting sun. The land was sighted after they had been out two months, 
and the canoe was beached on the south side of the island. On the 
second day after their arrival they found a turtle on the beach near 
Anekena, and one of the men was killed by a blow of its flipper in try- 
ing to turn it over. Two months after they had landed on the island, 
the two canoes with Hotu-Matua and his followers, three hundred in 
number, arrived. 

The desertion of Machaa did not appease the wrath of Oroi, and war 
to the death was carried on until Hotu-Matua, after being defeated in 
three great battles, was driven to the last extremity. Discouraged by 
his misfortune, and convinced that his ultimate capture and death were 
certain, he determined to flee from the island of Marae-toe-hau, and 
accordingly had two large canoes, 90 feet Jong and 6 feet deep, provis- 
ioned and prepared for a long voyage. In the night, and on the eve of 
another battle, they sailed away, with the understanding that the set- 
ting sun was to be their compass. 


It appears that the intended flight of Hotu-Matua was discovered by 


Oroi at the last moment, and that energetic individual smuggled him- 
self on board of one of the canoes, disguised as a servant. After ar- 
riving upon the island, he hid himself among the rocks at Orongo, and 
- continued to seek his revenge by murdering every unprotected person 
who came in his way. This interesting state of affairs continued for 
several years, but Oroi was finally captured in a net thrown by Hotu- 
Matuaand was pounded to death. The tradition continues by a sudden 
jump into the following extraordinary condition of affairs: Many years 
after the death of Hotu-Matua, the island was about equally divided 
between his descendants and the “long-eared race,” and between them 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 529 


a deadly feud raged. Long and bloody wars were kept up, and great 
distress prevailed on account of the destruction and neglect of the crops. 
This unsatisfactory state of affairs was brought to an end, after many 
years’ fighting, by a desperate battle, in which the “loug ears” had 
planned the utter annihilation of their enemies. A long and deep ditch 
was dug across Hoto-iti and covered with brush-wood, and into this the 
‘long ears” arranged to drive their enemies, when the brush-wood 
was to be set on fire and every man exterminated. The trap was found 
out, and the plan cireumvented by opening the battle prematurely and 
in the night. The “long ears” were driven into the ditch they had 
built, and murdered to a man. 

After the defeat and utter annihilation of the “long-eared race,” 
the tradition goes on to state that peace reigned on the island, and the 
people increased in numbers and prosperity. In the course of time 
dissensions arose between the different families or clans, which led to 
open hostilities. Kaina, the chief of the Hotu-iti clan, and a descend- 
ant of the sixth son of the first king, proved himself a valiant warrior, 
and his possessions were increased by encroachments upon the domain 
of his neighbors. He died and was succeeded by his son, Huriavai, 
who inaugurated his introduction inte the office by a three days’ en- 
gagement, in which the chiefs of two neighboring clans were killed. 
Several clans now combined forces, and after desperate fighting the 
Hotu-iti people were defeated, half of them taking refuge in a cave on 
the face of the cliff on the northeast side of the island, and the rest 
on the islet of Marotiri. 

The besieged parties were watched night and day by their vigilant 
enemies, and were finally reduced to the verge of starvation. <A chief, 
named Poya, had just finished a large double canoe at Hanga-roa, 
which he called Tuapoi. This was dragged across the island and 
launched at Anahava. .Every day this canoe, filled with fighting men, 
cruised around the islet of Maroiri, making attacks upon the besiegéd 
Hotu-iti people whenever opportunity offered. As the people were 
reduced by privations, the number of prisoners captured increased day 
by day. The captives were taken to a place called Hanga-wi-aihi- 
toke-rau and portioned out to the different clans, and were immediately 
cooked and eaten. This is said to be the origin of cannibalism on the 
island, and is supposed to have been prompted by revenge. 

Cannibalism, however, proved a double-pointed sword that caused 
dissensions in the ranks, and finally resulted in the liberation of a part 
of the besieged people. <A chief named Oho-taka-tore happened to be 
absent upon one occasion, and upon his return found the bodies had all 
been distributed and his claims completely ignored. He demanded 
his share of the spoils, and was informed that “aman who sleeps late 
in the morning can not expect to see the sun rise.” Feeling degraded 
by the slight, Oho-taka-tore turned his feather-hat hind-side before, to 

H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 34 


530 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


indicate that the alliance was broken, and with his men marched off 
the field. 

On the road he stopped at Vaka-piko, at the house of his daughter- 
in-law, to inquire after his son. The “lady” received him with demon- 
strations of respect, and while listening to the story of his wrongs, 
stood behind him and picked fieas out of his head, which, in accord- 
ance with the native customs, was the most delicate compliment that 
one individual could show another. 

Upon the return of her husband, whose name was Moa, the woman 
related the particulars of the visit of his father. Moa said nothing 
about the state of his feelings, but arose at sunrise and dug up a lot 
of potatoes and yams, which he baked in an oven. Towards evening 
he brought out his fish-net and employed himself in arranging the 
floats and sinkers. After dark he wrapped up his potatoes and yams 
in sugar-cane and leaves, shouldered his net, and started off, after in- 
forming his wife that he was going fishing. He hid his net in the 
rocks at Kahiherea and then went to Mounga-tea-tea, where a palm tree 
was growing, from which he cut and trimmed eight large branches. 
At Ngana Moa he found the camp of the men who guarded the cliff over- 
looking the cave where the Hotu-iti people were imprisoned, so he 
turned and went down by the sea-shore. The men stationed there to 
guard the approach were all asleep, and Moa managed by great cau- 
tion to pass them without being discovered. Having arrived near the 
cave he was challenged, and replied, ‘‘I am Moa, who seeks revenge 


while helping you.” One of the besieged men, named Tokihai, de- 


scended from the cave and received the grip of friendship by being 
clasped around the belly. Moa took his food into the cave and dis- 
tributed it among the thirty famished and thoroughly discouraged 
men who remained alive. 

While the great canoe was making its predatory excursions to the 
islet, the combined forces had not neglected the people who had taken 
refuge in the cave. Every day a large net filled with men was lowered 
from the top of the cliff, and from it stones were hurled into the cave, 
killing and maiming the defenseless people. Moa produced his palm 
branches and instructed his friends how to make hooks from pieces of 
human bone, which could be fastened to the poles and used as grapples. 

Before daylight everything was in readiness, and when the net was 
lowered abreast of the opening, it was caught by the hooks and drawn 
in the cave, and the men in it dispatched almost without resistance. 
The prisoners got into the net and were hoisted to the top, where by rea- 
son of the surprise and the fierceness of their fighting their enemies 
were defeated and put to filght. 

It happened that on the night of Moa’s visit to the cave, Huriarai and 
a mannamed Vaha, who were with the party on the small island of Ma- 
rori, became desperate from hunger and made an effort to capture one 
of the men guarding the sea-beach. The sentry saw one of the men 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 531 


swimming towards him; it proved to be the chief Huriarai, who was so 
much exhausted that he was glubbed to death without making much 
resistance. Vaha, however, landed some distance off, and creeping upon 
the sentry killed him while he was bending over the body of his victim. 
Vaha hastily buried the body of his chief among the rocks and taking 
his victim upon his back swam back to his companions on theislet. The 
people there were without means of making a fire and the body had to 
be eaten raw. In the morning, when they saw the escape of their com- 
rades from the cave and the desperate fighting on the cliff, they all swam 
ashore and joined forces. 

The traditions, from this point, are a record of tribal wars, abounding 
in feats of personal bravery and extraordinary occurrences, but of little 
value to the history of the island. The discovery of the island by Hotu- 
Matua and his band of three hundred, together with the landing already 
referred to, is probably correct and seems natural enough down to the 
division of the land and the death of the first king. The wars and 
causes that led to the migration of the people from that unknown land, 
called Marae-toe-hau, are no doubt based upon a foundation of facts. 
There is no good reason for doubting the description of the climate of 
their former home, which would, if accepted, locate it somewhere about 
the equator, or at all events in the tropics. The heat could not be the 
effect of volcanic action, or their legends would not state that the crops 
were burned up by the sun at certain seasons. 

The improbable, not to say impossible, part of the story comes in, 
where Machaa steals away and lands upon the same island which his 
brother’s party reach two months later, by simply steering towards the 
setting sun, There is not one chance in a million, that two canoes could 
sail for thousands of miles, steering by such an uncertain and indefinite 
course, and strike the same little island. The tradition states that Ho- 
tu-Matua found the island uninhabited, and immediately contradicts 
this, by the ridiculous story of his brother and his followers having been 
there two months. It is not unlikely that the natives, anxious to main- 
tain the credit of tie discovery of the island, attempt to account for 
the presence of an earlier people in this way. This might account for 
the killing of one of Machaa’s men by the turtle, for it has no possible 
bearing upon the story, beyond the fact that it would account for Ho- 
tu-Matua finding a tomb or burial-place.on the beach at Anekena, when 
he first landed. 

The story of Oroi disguising himself as a servant and sailing for 
months in an open canoe, filled with naked savages, without his identity 
being discovered, is too absurd to be considered, beyond ascribing an 
origin to the enemy or enemies who murdered Hotu-Matua’s people, and 
whose stronghold was on the rocky cliffs near Orongo. One peculiar 
feature of the tradition is the allusion to the fighting-net, which must 
have been something after the fashion of those used in old Roman times. 
These nets are represented to have been square and weighted at the 


By REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. °* 


corners with stones. A lanyard was fastened to the center, and the net 
was thrown over an antagonist, who was beaten to death while en- 
tangled in its meshes. It is worthy of remark that nothing of this sort 
has been discovered among the Polynesians or their contemporaries on 
the coast of America. 

The suddenness with which the tradition jumps into the warfare be- 
tween the descendants of the first king and the ‘long-eared race” is 
startling, because no previous reference has been made to such arace on 
the island. It is hardly possible that the “long-ears” were descended 
from people who landed with them on the island, for those that came 
with Hotu-Matua were of the same clan, and it is fair to presume that 
the same customs obtained among them all. Besides, the legends all 
make a distinction between the ‘‘long-eared” race and the descendants 
of the first king. The “long-ears” appear to have been a power in the 
land at an early period in the history of the island, though they were 
eventually defeated and exterminated by the others. 

It is possible that there has been more than one migration of people 
to the island, and that their traditions have been mingled together, but 
there can be no reasonable doubt about the progenitors of the pres- 
ent islanders being of the Malayo-Polynesian stock. It is difficult to 
account for the statement, so frequently repeated throughout the legends, 
that Hotu-Matua came from the eastward and discovered the land by 
steering towards the setting sun, because the chart shows no islands in 
that direction which would answer the description of ** Marae-toe-hau.” 


TRADITION REGARDING OBSIDIAN SPEAR-POINTS. 


The implements of warfare brought to the island by King Hotu- 
Matua and his followers*were few in number, and in the course of time 
became broken, lost, or destroyed. The clans were continually at war 
with each other, but from the want of proper weapons the most desper- 
ate encounters resulted in little loss of life. Spears were improvised 
with heads made of the sharp edges of the calabash, but they proved in- 
efficient weapons and did little execution. During the reign of Atura- 
ugi, the sixth king, a man living near the crater of the Rana Kau, while 
returning to his home after sundown from Temanevai, where he and his 
companions had been engaged in a useless struggle, stepped in the 
darkness upon a sharp stone that cut his foot like a knife. He carried 
the stone home with him, and in the morning found it to be black vol- 
canic glass, which upon being broken showed vitreous edges such as 
had cut his foot. Believing he had discovered an effective material for 
the manufacture of spear-heads, he substituted the obsidian for the 
calabash points and went forth to meet his enemies. The new weapon 
proved more puissant than he had hoped for, and havoc was created in 
the ranks of his opponents. Armed with spear-heads obtained from 
the obsidian mountain Orito, the discoverer and his clan swept every- 
thing before them until the new material became known to all the 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 5353 


people. Since the time of this discovery the encounters of the island- 
ers are characterized as more sanguinary. 


TRADITION REGARDING FISH HOOKS. 


In the time of Atua Ure Rangi, the seventeenth king, the image- 
makers were exempt from all other kinds of work, and the fishermen 
were taxed for their chief support. The fish-hooks in use were made of 
stone, so hard that many months of chipping and grinding were re- 
quired to fashion one fit for service, and the most perfect hooks, even 
in the hands of expert fishermen, permitted the escape of a large pro- 
portion of the fish. A youth named Urevaiaus, who was descended 
from a long line of fishermen, living at Hanga Pico, became prominent 
as one of the most skillful fishermen on the island. His outfit con- 
tained hooks bequeathed to him by his forefathers, but he became 
discouraged by the want of success which he thought his labors de- 
manded, and much time was devoted to a consideration of the subject. 
One day, after a number of large and choice fish had escaped from his 
hooks, he determined to spend the entire night in the worship of the 
god Mea Kahi. About midnight, while he was still at his devotions, 
the spirit of an ancient fisherman named Tirakoka appeared, and made 
known the fact that his want of success was due to the inefficiency of 
the hooks. The spirit directed him to go to the cave in which his 
father’s remains had been interred, and secure a piece of the thigh- 
bone, out of which a proper hook might be constructed. Urevaiaus 
became so much frightened by his interview with the spirit, that he 
failed to remember fully all the instructions that had been given, but he 
went to the cave the next day and secured the thigh-bone of his pater- 
nal parent. Jor many days he went out in his canoe regularly, but in- 
stead of fishing, his entire attention was devoted to the manufacture of 
an improved hook. During this period his boat returned empty every 
evening, and his want of success excited the open ridicule of his com- 
pavions and the concern of his friends, but he persevered until he had 
fashioned a bone-hook with barbed point. 

When ready to test his new invention, a place was selected at a dis- 
tance from his companions, and his boat was quickly filled with the finest 
fish. The extraordinary success of the young fisherman, in time excited 
the envy and jealousy of his companions, and his persistent refusal of 
all inducements to part with the secret led to a serious quarrel and 
bitter enmity. A sudden attack was finally planned upon Urevaiaus 
while at work upon the fishing-grounds; in the effort to preserve his 
secret the youth lost his life, but the new form of hooks was found in 
his boat and the invention became known to the fraternity. 


GENEALOGY OF THE KINGS OF EASTER ISLAND. 


Hotu-Matua, driven from his kingdom to the eastward by the rebell- 
ion of his subjects, landed with a chosen band of followers at Haster 


534 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Islands, in the month of August (Anekena), in two canoes, each 15 


fathoms long and 1 fathom deep. 


First. Hotu Matua. 
Second. Tuumaeheke. 
Third. Nuku. 
Fourth. Miru. 

Fifth. Hiuariru. 
Sixth. Aturaugi. 
Seventh. Raa. 
Eighth. Atarauga. 
Ninth. Hakapuna. 
Tenth. Oibu. 


Thirtieth. Kote Kura Tahoua. 
Thirty-first. Taoraha Kaihahauga. 
Thirty-second. Tukuma. 

Thirty-third. Tekahui te Hunga. 
Thirty-fourth. Tetun Hunga Nui. 
Thirty-fifth. Tetun Hunga Roa. 
Thirty-sixth. Tetu Hunga Mare Kapeau.t 
Thirty-seventh. Toati Rangi Hahe.t 
Thirty-eighth. Tagarea Tatarara. 
Thirty-ninth. Hariui Koro. 


Eleventh. Ruhoi. Fortieth. Punahako. 

Twelfth. Tukanga te Mamaru. Forty-first. Puna Ate Tuu. 
Thirteenth. Takahita. Forty-second. Puna Kai te Vaua. 
Fourteenth. Ouaraa. Forty-third. Teriri Katea. 
Fifteenth. Koroharua. Forty-fourth. Hanumoana. 
Sixteenth. Mahuta Ariiki.* Forty-fifth. Tupaarii Ki. 
Seventeenth. Atua Ure Raugi. Forty-sixth. Mahiki Tapuakiti. 
Kighteenth. Teriri Turkura. Forty-seventh. Tuu Koiho. 
Nineteenth. Korua-Rougo. Forty-eighth. Anekena. 
Twentieth. Tiki-Tehatu. Forty-ninth. Nui Tupahotu. 
Twenty-first. Urukenu. Fiftieth. Re Kaun. 
Twenty-second. Ternruatiki te Hatu. Fifty-first. Terava Rara. 
Twenty-third. Nan Ta Mahiki. Fifty-second. Tehitehuke. 
Twenty-fourth. ‘Terika Tea. Fifty-third. Terahai. 
Twenty-fifth. Teria Kautahito. Fifty-fourth. Kaimokoi. 
Twenty-sixth. Kotepu Ite Toki. Fifty-fifth. Ngaara. 
Twenty-seventh. Kote Hiti Ruanea. Fifty-sixth. Kaimakoi Iti. 
Twerty-eighth. Turua Ki Keua. Fifty-seventh. Maurata. 
Twenty-ninth. Tuterkimanara. 


Maurata, the last king, only reigned three years. He was carried 
away by Ai Peruvians in 1864, and it is supposed to have died in the 
guano mines of the Chinchi Temas: 


LIST OF ETHNOGRAPHIC SPECIMENS OBTAINED AT EASTER ISLAND. 


Wooden image.—Called Moai Tangata. Male figure made of toro- 
miro wood, with eyes of bone and obsidian. (Plate L, fig. 1.) 

Wooden image.—Called Moai Kva-kva. Male figure made of toro- 
miro wood, with eyes of bone and obsidian, and breast-bone and ribs 
Sharply defined. (Plate L, fig. 2.) 

Wooden image.—Called Moai Papaa. Female figure made of toro- 
miro wood, with eyes of bone and obsidian. (Plate L, fig. 3.) 

These figures have been called household gods, and were never wor- 
shipped, though they were regarded as the representations of certain 
spirits. Similar figures were made to represent deceased chiefs and 


= Mahnta Ariiki tad a son ea Tee cine who made the first stone image on 
the Island. This son died before his father. 

tThese two kings reigned at the same time. The son rebelled against his father, 
and finally killed him. 


& 


FE 


PLAT 


Thomson 


1889. 


Viuseum 


na 


la? 
Wat 


eport of 


R 


CNS 


afl 


“LOSI 


wot, fA. doyseurdeg Aq pewea[[O) “PURIST 1978 


ou. f AV toysvurteg Aq poe] 


UN'S" 


N 6E266T ‘ON “FB)) 


“ST1NNS NYWNH GNV SSVI] NAGOOM 


‘STTIANG NVROY 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. PLATE ej. 


3y 


PP? 


BENENSON Te 
P es re Wee : 
? ? PP) 
DS ARIBENS SD) sh Y 
‘ 


; eee) 
es 

RE EAEE ROC EEE! 

(Se rp re 

rey no, 

z 2; 


Ny, bees ere oe 
bakes eM + 


Y 


STONE GODS, BULRUSH WALLET, ETC. 


Figs. 1, 4,5, 6. Stone Gops. (Cat. Nos. 129770-129773, U.S. N. M. Easter Island. Collected by Pay- 
master W. J. Thomson, U.S. N.) 

Fig. 2. BuLRUSH WALLET. (Cat. No. 129760, U.S. N. M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. 
J. Thomson, U.S. N.) 

Fig. 3. Knire. (Cat. No. 129735, U.S. N. M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, 
U.S. N.) 

Fig. 7. Tapoa-ctoTH. (Cat. No. 129739, U. S. N. M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. 
Thomson, U.S. N.) 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson PLATE LIl. 


WOODEN CLUBS AND PADDLE. 
Figs. 1,2. Woopen Cuuss. (Cat. No. 129761, U.S. N.M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. 
J. Thomson, U.S. N.) 
Fig. 3. PaAppLE. (Cat. No. 129749, U.S.N.M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, 
U.S. N.) 


Hirt 


Sie sa! 


¥ a Tix: eh 


| 


Li dail tell 
Lal by 
. 
. 
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CNS) ‘uosuOyL CM Jaiseurdeg Aq poqoo][9) ‘PUL]ST 1OISCA “WN “S11 ‘SPLEST-TPLGSL "SON “9RD) ‘sauvog HSL p‘€ ‘SBIyT 
CN ‘SQ ‘uosMioyy ‘fA deyseutdvd Aq pePe2][OD “PURIST 1OISCHE “WN “SD ‘OPLGGL ‘ON “9BD) ‘SGNVA\ DNIONVC “@‘T'SSIT 


“SGuvVOg HSILS4 AGNV SGNVAA DNIONVG 


PLATE LIII. 


es 
od Shae 


Roan 


ee 


3 


4 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


PLATE LIV. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Themson. 


‘f) ‘WostaONy “f “A\ taqsvurdrg Aq peqwe]op “purvysy 193seq 


‘SLVH YSHIVa4 


‘WN ‘S ‘10 ‘€S2621-0¢2621 


“SON “420) 


TH PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. wo) 


persons of note, and were given a place of honor at feasts and cere- 
monies. ' 

Stone image.—Called Moai Maea. Male figure; held in the same esti- 
mation as those made of wood. (Plate LI, fig. 1.) 

Wooden clubs.—Called Ua. Made of toro-miro wood, 6 feet long, the 
point slightly widened and the handle ornamented with a bi-fronted 
head with eyes of bone and obsidian. These clubs were only used as 
batons of office by the chiefs, and the handle was supposed to represent 
the effigy of the owner. (Plate LII, figs. 1 and 2.) 

Wooden club.—Called Poa, Made of heavy wood, about 50 inches 
long, gradually widened from the handle to a broad blade, rounded 
at the end. These were used tor fighting and were handled with great 
dexterity. 

Wooden club.—Called Ao. Made of light wood, used as wands in 
dancing. The flattened ends are sometimes ornamented with heads 
supposed to represent females noted for skill and grace in this accom- 
plishment. (Plate LILI, figs. 1 and 2.) 

Wooden club.—Called Ariiki. Made of toro-miro wood, the end 
being turned at right angles from the short handle. The club is orna- 
mented all over with heads. This was the baton of the king and used 
only by him. Obtained with much difficulty and expense. 

Calabash.—Called Hue Vai. Opened at the small end only, used as 
a water vessel, and for domestic purposes. 

Calabash.—Called Epu Moa. Known as the fowl gourd, and a super- 
stition ascribes a beneficial influence over the chickens fed and watered 
from it. 

Calabash-—Called Tata. Used chiefly in boats for bailing. 

Calabash.—Very old specimen obtained from an ancient tomb, 
covered with hieroglyphics similar to those found on the incised tab- 
lets. These calabashes grow in profusion on the island, but are worthy 
of note on account of the prominent place they occupy in the traditions, 
and because the seed was introduced by the original settlers. 

Fish-net.—Called Kupenga Maito. This form of net has been in use 
from an early period, and is made from the fiber of wild hemp. Nets 
of different sizes used in fishing, as well as those for fighting and other 
purposes, were of similar material and mesh. (Plate XIII.) 

Feather hat.—Called Vana-vana. Head-dress made of black and 
green variegated feathers, used only in delivering a challenge to com- 
bat for revenge. (Plate LIV, fig. 1.) 

Feather hat.—Called Wan Kura-kura. Small head-dress of brown or 
red feathers worn by soldiers in time of war. (Plate LIV, fig. 2.) 

Feather hat.—Called Han Pan-ten-ki. Head-dress of long, black, 
green, and variegated feathers worn by dancing-people. (Plate LIV, 
fig. 3.) 

Featherhat.—Called Han Tara. Small head-dress of trimmed feath- 


536 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


ers ornamented by long tail feathers behind; used by chiefs on ocea- 
sions of eeremony. (Plate LIV, fig. 4.) 

Feather hat—Called Han Vaero. Head-dress used in dancing, and 
formerly at marriage feasts. (Plate LV, fig. 1.) 

Feather hat.-—Called Han Hie-hie. Large and heavy head-dress 
made of black feathers worn by chiefs as insignia of office. These 
hats are made of chicken feathers secured by the quill ends to a founda- 
tion of knitted hemp, intended to fit the head closely. They are fre- 
quently referred to in the traditions. (Plate LV, fig. 2.) 

Wallet.—Called Kate. Made from bullrushes taken from the crater 
of Rana-Kau. (Plate LI, fig. 2.) 

Mat.—Called Moenga. Made of bullrushes and used for sleeping 
nats. : 

Obsidian spear-points.—Plate LV1.—Large collection showing the nine 
classes into which they are divided by the natives. Fig. 1, narrow leaf- 
shaped spear-head, called Mataa Nutakuku. Fig. 2, wide round-pointed 
spear-head, called Mataa Rei-pure-pure-rova. Fig. 3, narrow and long- 
pointed spear-head, called Mataa Neho-mango. Tig. 4, narrow spade- 
shaped spear-head, called Mataa Hikutiveva. Fig. 5, broad straight- 
edged spear-head, called Mataa-hae. Fig. 6, smooth round. edged spear- 
head, called Mataa Aro-kiri. Fig. 7, broad fan-shaped spear-head, 
called Mataa Nutu-kuku. Fig. 8, coneave and convex sided spear-head, 
called Mataa Roa. Fig. 9, long sharp, irregular pointed spear-head, 
called Mataa Hai-haerve. These spear-heads were fastened to poles 
about 8 feet long, by lashings of hemp, and formed the chief weapon 
used by the natives in their frequent strifes. They were thrown to 
a distance, as well as a thrusting weapon, much after the manner in 
which the Zulus use their assagais. The voleanic glass of which 
the points were made, crops out at many places on the island, but was 
chiefly obtained at the obsidian mountain of Orito. Spear-heads of 
different shapes and sizes were dependent upon individual taste and . 
skill. The best sampies in the collection were purchased from Mr. Sal- 
mon; others were found in the tombs and burial-places; and some were 
picked up on the old battle-grounds. 

Fetish-board.—Called Timoika. Broad, flat paddle made of whale- 
bone, 30 inches long and 14 inches wide. This wand is used in working 
a charm against an enemy. The injured individual while performing a 
sort of convulsive dance, makes mystic movements with the paddle, 
meanwhile muttering incantations in a monotonous tone. The result is 
believed to be the speedy death of the person against whom the fetish 
isinvoked. (Plate LILI, fig. 3.) 

Potato fetish—Called Rapa. Small, light paddle double bladed, 
about 24 inches long, painted light red in color. It was used with ap- 
propriate ceremonies at times when the potato crop was in danger from 
insects or drought, and was believed to ward off and guard against evil 
spirits. (Plate LITT, fig. 4.) 


—— 


PLATE LV. 


ry 


FEATHER HATSs. 


S. N.) 


[ 


Thomson, 


Collected by Paymaster W. 


Easter Island. 


S. N. M. 


4-129755, U 


12975 


Nos 


at 


oO 


aS 


ae 


BVA | 3 
fw 


vues 
> fa} 
Ps y i 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson PLATE Vile 


OBSIDIAN SPEAR-HEADS. 


(Cat. Nos, 129722-129730,U.S.N.M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U.S. N.) 


CNS A ‘uosmoys ‘f*M toyseurdeg Aq pozooyfo) “PURIST JoISeA “W'N'S "1 ‘OGLEZT-BELOSL. SON “9WO) “SAVAH UVadS NVIAISEO 
CN'S QD UOSUIOGL “fA JoysBUAeg Aq poyoT[OO “PURIST 1eISeA “W'N'S D“PELGGI-@ELEZT “SON “JBO) “SAZTY ANOLS 


“SQVSH-HV3adS NVIGISAO GNV SAZOWY ANOLS 


PLATE LVII. 


: 
z 


Rt 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. PLATE LVIII. 


FISHHOOKS. 


Fig. 1. FisHHook of HumAN Bone. (Cat. No. 129736, U.S.N.M. Easter Island. Collected by 


Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U. 8S. N.) 
Fig.2. FisHHook oF Human Bone. (Cat. No. 129737, U.S. N.M. Easter Island. Collected by 


Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U.S. N.) 
Fig.3. FISHHOOK OF STONE. 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 537 


Stone adzes.—Called Toki. The collection comprises twenty-five dif- 
ferent sizes, called by distinctive names which signify the use for which 
they are designed. Tools of this class were always used in a wooden 
handle. (Plate LVIL.) 

Stone knife-—Called Hoe. Ground down to a knife-blade with a 
point and cutting edge, used principally for fashioning the eyes and 
faces of the images. (Plate LI, fig. 3.) 

Ax handles.—Miro Toki. Hard-wood, with natural joint, used for 
holding stone implements. (Plate LVII.) 

Fish god.—Called Mea Ika. This rough, ill-shaped stone was one of 
the objects really worshipped by the natives. Some of them bear evi- 
dences of tool marks, but it does not appear that any effort was made to 
carve them into shape or decorate them. These gods were never com- 
mon, and were possessed by communities or clans, and not by individ- 
uals. The legends claim that they were all brought to the island by 
Hotu Matua and the first settlers. (Plate UI, fig. 4.) 

Bonito god.—Called Mea Kahi. A stone with apparently no distin- 
guishing characteristics, and nothing to merit the profound religious 
homage paid to it. It is not clear why the bonito should have the dis- 
tinction of a separate god from the other fish, unless it be for the reason 
that it appears in great numbers in these waters, and has always been 
highly esteemed as an article of food. Fish always constituted an im- 
portant diet with the natives, and the abundance in. which they were 
found was ascribed to the faithful and constant adoration of these stone 
gods. (Plate LI, fig. 5) 

Fowl god.—Called Mea Moa. A beach pebble with slight traces of 
tool-marks, but it might readily be passed among other stones without 
attracting attention. To the fowl god is ascribed the custody of chick- 
ens, and its beneficial influence was secured by being placed under a 
setting hen for a short time before the eggs were hatched. (Plate LI, 
fig. 6.) 

Stone Fish Hook.—Called Mugai Kihi. These primitive hooks, now 
very rare on the island, were made of the hardest rock to be obtained, 
and were ground into shape by long and constant rubbing. (Plate 
LVIUI, fig. 3.) 

Bone fish-haoks.—Called Mugai Irvi. In accordance with an ancient 
superstition, these hooks were manufactured from the thigh-bones of 
deceased fishermen. The curve was fashioned with a small barb which 
prevented the escape of the fish. The form is so perfectly adapted to 
the purpose that the natives still use their old bone hooks in preference 
to those of European make. A fish-hook of similar design was used 
by the Indians of Santa Cruz Island. (Plate LVIII, figs. 1 and 2.) 

Incised tablets.—Called Hokau Rongo-Rongo. Two specimens in ex- 
cellent state of preservation, showing the hieroglyphics used in the 
written language. (Plates X XX VIII-XLI.) 

Double paddle.—Called Mata Kao-kao. Made of heavy wood, bal- 


538 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


anced by wide blades ornamented with outlined faces. Used in the 
ancient canoes in a similar manner to that practiced by the Indians of 
America. (Plate LI, fig. 3.) 

Ancient scull oars —Called Mata Kao. Angular float of peculiar 
shape and unique design attached to a long handle. Used for steering 
and sculling very large canoes. Very old and highly prized by the 
islanders as the only specimen of the scull-oar used by their ancestors. 
(Plate LIX.) 

Human skulls.—Called Puoko Iri. An examination of these skulls 
shows very little difference between the crania of the present people and 
those found in the most ancient tombs. Three specimens obtained from 
the King’s platform have hieroglyphics engraved upon them, which sig- 
nify the clan to which they belonged. (Plate L.) 

Native cloth. Called Hami Nua. Made of the inner bark of the hi- 
biscus and paper-mulberry trees. The manufacture of the ‘“ tappa” has 
now ceased altogether. (Plate LI, fig. 7.) 

Tattooing implements.—Called Ta Kona. Tools used for puncturing 
the skin. Made of bird bones. 

Needles.—Called Iri. Both bone and wooden needles used for sewing 
tappa cloth, and other varieties for knitting meshes of nets. (Plate 
LX, fig. 1.) 

Fetish stones.—Called Atua Mangaro. A collection obtained by dig- 
ging beneath the door-posts of the ancient dwellings. The majority are 
simply beach pepples; others have been formed by rubbing; and one is a 
triangular-shaped stone with a face outlined upon it. These were placed 
beneath the houses, with much ceremony, and were supposed to ward 
off evil influences. (Plate LX, fig. 2.) 

Neck ornaments.—Called Hoko Ngao. Carved wood in fanciful de- 
signs worn during the dance. : 

Pigments.—Called Penetuli. Natural paints used by being ground 
down in the heated juice of the sugar cane. 

Frescoed slabs.—Taken from the inner walls and ceilings of the stone’ 
houses at Orongo. (Plate X XIII.) = 

Fetish stones.—Buried under the corner-stones of the houses. 


POLYNESIAN ARCH AJOLOGY. 


The most ancient monuments of Polynesia are the lithic and mega- 
lithic remains, coincident in style and character with the Druidical 
circles of Hurope, and the exact counterpart of those of Stonehenge and 
Carnac in Brittany. These earlier efforts of the human art are invaria- 
bly the remains of temples, places of worship, or of edifices dedicated 
in some way to the religion and superstitions of extinct generations, 
whose graves cover every island and reef. The most numerous, and 
perhaps the most ancient structures, are quadrangular in shape, and 
are composed of loose lava stones, forming a wall of great firmness and 
strength. These temples frequently exceed 100 feet in length, with a 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. PLATE LIX. 


ANCIENT SCULL-OARS. 
(Cat. No. 129746, U.S.N.M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. Thomson, U. S. N.) 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Thomson. PLATE LX 


NETTING-NEEDLES AND FETISH-STONES. 


Fig.1. NETTING-NEEDLES. (Cat. No, 129738,U.S. N.M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster W. J. 
Thomson, U.S. N.) 

Fig.2. Ferisu-stones. (Cat. Nos. 129765-129772, U.S. N. M. Easter Island. Collected by Paymaster 
W. J. Thomson, U.S. N.) 


YE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. Boo 


proportionate width, and were designed to be roofless. They contain 
remains of altars composed of the same materials as the wall of the 
main inclosure, generally located at one end, and in shape resembling 
parallelograms. In many cases, these edifices are in as perfect a state 
of preservation as when countless numbers of human victims were im- 
molated upon their altars, though time has obliterated all traces of 
everything perishable. 

In the search for prehistoric remains, the diversified character of the 
many islands that dot the South Sea should be borne in mind. Coral 
groups and atolls, these wonderful formations produced by the ceaseless 
work of zodphytic animals, being of comparatively recent creation, 
were perhaps merely tide-water reefs, when the islands of purely vol- 
canie character were peopted by lawless and turbulent tribes, constantly 
engaged in warfare and in making depredations upon each other. Even 
where there is sufficient evidence of antiquity to warrant the search, 
the absence of monuments upon the low-lying islands of coral formation, 
may be accounted for by the lack of suitable material for their construc- 
tion, or to the destroying hurricanes that occasionally sweep across 
this part of the Pacific, which are accompanied by a furious sea that 
breaks completely over the narrow atolls, carrying death and devasta- 
tion to all things animate and inanimate. 

The height of the atolls, in many cases, does not exceed 5 or 6 feet 
above the normal level of the sea surrounding them, and instances are 
unfortunately abundant, of islands that have been transformed in a few 
hours, from a scene of tropical luxuriance and with a contented people 
surrounded by nature’s most bountiful gifts, to one of utter barrenness 
and desolation. The largest and most important islands of Polynesia 
are of voleanic character, and bear evidences of having been inhabited 
from a remote period. Here may be duplicated the Teocallis of Palen- 
que, Copan, and Uxmal. In some islands these ancient monuments 
were searched out with great difficulty, having been so completely 
overgrown with dense tropical vegetation that their existence was not 
suspected by the indifferent people of to-day. 

While the islanders never advanced to a high civilization, and their 
best efforts consist in cromlechs, dolmens, and elevated platforms or 
truncated pyramids, their handiwork is still preserved, and points with 
abundant interest to the history of a rude and early age. 

The primitive Polynesians, like their contemporaries, the Incas of 
Peru, may be judged in regard to their condition and history, by the 
monuments they have left, for with the exception of Easter Island, 
there is no trace of their having possessed a written language. Tribes 
flourished, were conquered and passed out of existence, without leaving 
a trace behind them except perhaps, a shadowy tradition. The natives 
in this genial climate have always dwelt in rude structures of thatch and 
cane, which after a few years of abandonment would decay and leave no 
sign behind, unless it be a few broken implements lying about. Among 


540 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


them, traditions have always been preserved with care, and it is won- 
derful to find how the history of a people can be followed in this way 
for hundreds of years. The Samoans claim a complete chronicle dating 
through eee generations of the reigning family of Malietoa, and 
extending over a period of eight hundred years, while the Tongans can 
chronicle a fairly accurate history of their priesthood through twelve 
centuries.* 

The priests have usually been the custodians of the national tradi- 
tions, and there is sufficient evidence to show that every precaution was 
taken to have them handed down from one generation to another, pure 
and unchanged, for oral record was their only means of committing to 
posterity the deeds of their ancestors. 

To be intrusted with the traditions, constituted of itself an office of 
high dignity, and the holder was afforded the protection of a taboo of 
the most rigorous character. 

Family records were perpetuated with the national history, but as 
might be expected, there was a tendency to embellish them when ex- 
tended back beyond a reasonable limit, with mythological personages 
and improbable occurrences. Still the extraordinary power of these 
keepers to preserve unimpaired for centuries, events and facts or even 
the geneaology of important families, would astonish those who are fa- 
miliar only with written history, and whose memories depend upon arti- 
ficial aids. Except in a few cases, the traditions of the natives do not 
extend back far enough to throw much light upon the ancient monu- 
ments found upon the islands. This is due in a measure to the fact, that 
in only isolated localities have the people lived unmolested for any 
great length of time. The tribes were continually at war with one an- 
other. From love of conquest, and jealousy, no tribe was safe from the 
depredations of its neighbor, although living upon terms of supposed 
friendship. The love of war induced frequent expeditions planned for 
the destruction of the tribes of adjacent islands, while occasionally a 
combination was made for more extensive operations against the unsus- 
pecting natives of a different group. The visitors usually put to death 
the fighting men of the conquered tribes and absorbed the others. The 
traditions of both parties were preserved separately for a time, but they 
naturally tended to merge together, and in this state, a combination of 
the glories of both tribes were handed down never to be unraveled to 
their succeeding generations. The monuments of antiquity scattered 
throughout Polynesia, with the exception of Easter Island, increase in 
importance as we advance to the westward, commencing with the cir- 
eles of uncut stones, and advancing by regular steps until we arrive 
at the more elaborate sculptures. This fact indicates the decline eee 


2 These ponentont ATH mone ener n a aay admitted to be true, 
have received the special investigation of some of the missionaries. The Rey. Shir- 
ley Baker, now premier of Tonga, assures us that there is no reason to doubt them, 
and that on the other hand there are many reasons for accepting them as absolute 
truth. 


e 


YE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 541 


took place in the social and mental culture of the people as they rami- 
fied eastward through the various islands of the Pacific. Detachments 
arriving at the different groups separated into distinct communities as 
accident or fancy directed ; here they became segregated, and rapidly 
degenerated in knowledge and in the arts. 

Starting with the Sandwich Islands, we find that the Hawaiian pre- 
historic remains are confined to the most primitive forms of structures, 
such as the remains of the pagan temple at Waikiki, and the enormous 
heiau at Punepa near I[ole, both of which are notable types of walled 
inclosures, and also the catacombs of Waimea, which do not greatly 
differ from some of the places of sepulture in other islands. 

Farther to the South and West, the Marquesas and Society groups 
show nothing beyond the primitive works of people who have passed 
away ages ago, leaving no other sigus of their having existed. 

The island of Rapa-titi, in mid Pacifie and just outside the tropics, 
contains evidences of a numerous population at some remote period. 
The island is remarkably mountainous, though quite small, with pinna- 
cles rising to the height of 2,000 feet, and precipitous cliffs jutting into 
the sea. Massive forts command all the principal valleys; they are 
constructed of stone; built in terraces; and furnished with towers for 
observation and rallying points.* 

In the Friendly Islauds are found some interesting relies of antiquity. 
Near the ancient metropolis of Moa, on the island of Tongatabu, and 
about 12 miles from Nukualofa, the present capital of the group, are 
the graves of the Tui-Tongas. 

These embrace nineteen truncated pyramids, measuring about 100 feet 
square on the base lines, and rising in three terraces to a height of 25 
feet. The stones used in their construction are of coral concrete, and 
many of the huge blocks are 18 feet long by 54 feet high and 3 feet 
thick, and weigh fully 20 tons each. 

The labor of building these tombs was enormous, and whenit is con- 
sidered that the great blocks were cut from the coral reef about 3 miles 
distant, and transported to the spot by savages who were ignorant of the 
laws of mechanics, and who were without appliances, we can not fail to 
be lost in wonder at the magnitude of the work accomplished. These 
pyramids are of various ages, extending over a period of twelve hun- 
dred and fifty years. They are overgrown by a dense forest of fao and 
banyan trees, of immense size and great age, the roots of which have dis- 
lodged and thrown down some of the largest stones. The Tui-Tongas 
were high-priests and their genealogy has been carefully preserved. 

*In 1867, the French purchased the sovereignty of this little island for a gallon of 
rum and some old clothes, thus cutting out a prospective American Steam-ship Com- 
pany that had fixed upon it for a coal depot. Coal is found here in small quantities, 
and this fact has been adduced in support of the theory of a submerged continent in 
the Pacific, a fallacy evident to the geologist. Although there are several bays, a 
landing may be made at any point owing to the remarkable smoothness of the sea. 
The people bear a close resemblance to the New Zealanders. 


542 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The priesthood was hereditary, descending from father to son. Under 
the laws of Tonga the high-priests could marry only the daughters of 
the king. Their sons became priests, and the daughters occupied a 
position analogous to that of the Vestal Virgins and were not permitted 
to marry. This long line is now extinct, the last of the Tui-Tongas hav- 
ing been laid with his fathers in 1865. 

About 6 miles beyond these tombs, on the eastern shore, stands an 
ancient cromlech, or more properly speakingadolmen. This interesting 
monument is composed of three blocks of coral concrete. The two up- 
rights are 14 feet high, 8 feet wide and nearly 4 feet thick, and weigh 
over 15 tons each, while the cross-piece is somewhat smaller and weighs 
about 10 tons. The native tradition is that these larger masses of stone 
were cut trom the coral reef about 2 miles distant, and that the vertex 
was brought by one of their large canoes from Wallis Island. While it 
is possible for this legend to be founded upon fact, there is room for 
strong doubt, since the same formation exists upon both islands; but 
the difficulty of handling astone of that size and weight, and of carrying 
it a distance of 600 miles by sea, would hardly be warranted when it 
could be quarried on their own shores. Viewed, however, as a trophy, 
and the cromlech as a sort of triumphal arch to commemorate a victory, 
(for the Tongans were perhaps the most successful of the ocean rovers 
of the Pacific) the legend of the stone seems entitled to greater credence 
than the neglected pile would at first warrant. The traditions do not 
go back far enough to tell us by whom this cromlech was erected, but 
simply assert its erection by one of the early kings on the advent of his 
dynasty, a fact which the disintegration of the stone, due to age, would 
seem to corroborate. The Samoans formerly erected stone pillars to the 
memory of their chiefs, but the most interesting relic of former ages, in 
this group, is the ruins of a heathen temple located in the mountains 
near the center of the island of Opolu. Secreted in an almost in- 
accessible gully, this temple was built in the form of an ellipse, meas- 
uring 57 feet one way by 39 feet the other. The roof was evidently 
thatched with pandanus leaves, as is the custom to the present day, but 
three large columns of basaltic rock formed the center supports, while 
the eaves rested upon the pillars of the same stone placed at intervals 
of 3 feet apart around the ellipse. Many of these stones are still stand- 
ing, but the site has been almost obscured by a dense tropical growth. 

Within a few feet of the old temple is an ancient tomb covered with 
a large block of stone and marked by an upright basaltic column. Sa- 
moan legends do not give much information about this ruin, but the 
Tongan traditions hold that the temple was built by them, after they had 
conquered the Samoans, and that the tomb is that of one of the Tui- 
Tongas who accompanied the successful expedition, and who died and 
was buried alongside of the temple. This conquest took place at least 
eight hundred years ago, for it was about this time that Malietoa I. was 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 543 


made king, for his bravery and success in freeing his country from the 
Tongan yoke. 

Plans were made to open this tomb, but for the lack of time could not 
be carried out, and the observations on this interesting relic were con- 
fined to one hasty visit. 

Continuing still farther to the westward, to the island of Tinian, one 
of the Ladrones, are found two ranges of stone columns, over a dozen 
in number, and somewhat similar in size and shape to those of the 
ecromlech at Tongatabu; but the ctirious feature of this ruin is that 
each column is surmounted by a large semi-globe, flat surface upward, 
weighing 4 tons. Freycinet supposes them to be supports of wooden 
ceilings to houses, that long ago have fallen into ruin, but other author- 
ities assert that they are sepulchral urns. The natives call them “the 
houses of the ancients.’ 

Upon the adjacent islands are numerous remains of a similar charac- 
ter, but in most cases the columns are smaller. 

In the island of Ponape, Caroline group, are found remains of a 
higher grade of stone work and which are a puzzle to ethnologists.* 
Upon the bank of a creek that empties into Metalanien harbor is an 
inclosure with massive walls built of basaltic prisms 300 feet long and 
35 feet high. There is a gateway opening upon the creek composed of 
enormous basaltic columns laid flat, inside of which is a court inclosed 
by walls 30 feet high. There are terraces against the wall inside, also 
built of basaltic prisms 8 feet high and 12 feet wide. The inclosure is 
nearly square and is divided into three parts by low walls running north 
and south. 

In the center of each court is a closed chamber 14 feet square, orna- 
mented with basaltic columns and roofed with the same stone. On the 
central ridge of the opposite side of the island, 10 miles distant, are a 
large number of very fine basaltic columns, and this must have been the 
quarry for the structure just described, for the configuration of the land 
is such that roads would have beenimpracticable, and the only dedue- 
tion is that the material must have been taken down to the coast and 
thence by water to the location on the creek. 

This is reported to have been the home of the buccaneers, but it is 
impossible that they could have put up works of such magnitude. 
There are other ruins on the island, and also some mounds of consider- 
able size, 12 feet high and.a quarter of a mile long. On Kusai, and other 
islands of the group are found ruins, but those of Ponape are by far the 
most remarkable. 

Though not properly in the province of the work, a short description 
by Mr. Wallace of some of the architectural wonders of Java is in- 
serted. He estimates the date of their construction at five hundred 
years ago when the island was under the sway of the Hindoos. 


* From Wallace’s ‘‘ Australia,” 


544 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The road to Wonosalem led through a magnificent forest, in the 
depths of which we passed a fine ruin of what appeared to have been 
a royal tomb or mausoleum. It is formed entirely of stone, and elabor- 
ately carved. Near the base is a course of boldly projecting blocks, 
sculptured in high relief, with a series of scenes which are probably in- 
cidents in the life of the defunct. These are all beautifully executed, 
some of the figures of animals in particular being easily. recognizable 
and very accurate. The general design, as far as the ruined state of 
the upper part will permit of its being seen, is very good, the effect be- 
ing given by an immense number and variety of projecting or retreat- 
ing courses of squared stones in place of mouldings. The size or the 
structure is about 30 feet square by 20 feet high, and as the traveler 
comes suddenly upon it on asmall elevation by the road side, over- 
shadowed by gigantic trees, overrun with plants and creepers, and 
closely backed by the gloomy forest, he is struck by the solemnity and 
picturesque beauty of the scene, and is led to ponder on the strange 
law of progress, which looks so like retrogression, and which in so many 
distant parts of the world has exterminated or driven out a highly 
artistic and constructive race, to make room for one which, as far as we 
can judge is very far its inferior. The number and beauty of the archi- 
tectural remains in Java have never been popularly illustrated or de- 
scribed, and it will therefore take most people by surprise to learn that 
they far surpass those of Central America, perchance those, of India. 
To give some idea of these ruins, perhaps to excite wealthy amateurs 
to explore them thoroughly, and to obtain by photography on accurate 
record of these beautiful sculptures before it is too late, I will enum- 
_erate the most important as briefly described in Sir Stanforns Raffle’s 
History of Java. 

Near the center of Java, between the native capitals of Djoko-Kerta 
and Sura-Kerta, is the village of Brambanam, not far from which are 
abundance of ruins, the most important being the temples of Loro- 
Jongran and Chandi Sewa. At Loro-Jongran there were separate 
buildings, six large, and. fourteen small temples. They are now a 
mass of ruins, but the largest temple was supposed to have been 90 
feet high. They were all constructed of solid stone, everywhere 
decorated with carvings and bas-reliefs, and adorned with numbers 
of statues, many of which remain entire. At Chandi-Sewa, or the 
‘thousand temples,” are many fine colossal figures. Captain Baker, 
who surveyed these ruins, said that he had never in his life seen 
such stupendous and finished specimens of human labor, and the 
science and taste of ages long since forgotten, crowded together in so 
small a compass as in this spot. They covera span of nearly 600 feet 
square, and consist of an outer row of eighty-four temples; a second row 
of seventy-six; a third row of sixty-four; a fourth of forty-four; and a 
fifth forming an inner parallelogram of twenty-eight; in all two hun- 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 545 


dred and ninety-six small temples disposed in five regular parallelo- 
grams. In the center is a large cruciform temple surrounded by forty 
flights of steps, richly ornamented with sculpture and containing many 
apartments. 

The tropical vegetation has ruined most of the smaller temples, but 
some remain tolerably perfect, from which tie effects of the whole may 
be imagined. About half a mile off is another temple, called Chandi 
Kali Bening, 72 feet square and 60 feet high, in fine preservation, and 
covered with sculptures of Hindu mythology surpassing any that exists 
in India. Other ruins of palaces, halls and temples, with abundance of 
sculptured deities, are found in the same neighborhood. 

About 50 mileseastward, in the province of Kedu, is the great temple of 
Borobods. It is built upon a small hill, and consists of a central dome 
and seven ranges of terraced wall, covering the slope of\the hill, 
forming open galleries, each below the other, and communicating by 
steps and gateways. The central dome is 50 feet in diameter; around 
it is a triple circle of seventy-two towers; and the whole building is 620 
feet square and about 100 feet high. In the terraced walls are niches 
containing cross-legged figures larger than life, to the number of about 
four hundred; both sides of the terraced walls are covered with bas- 
reliefs crowded with figures carved in hard stone, which must there- 
fore occupy an extent of nearly 3 miles in length. 

The amount of humap labor and skill expended upon the great pyra- 
mids of Egypt, sink into insignificance when compared with that re- 
quired to complete this sculptured hill temple in the interior of Java. 

About 40 miles southwest of Samarang, on a mountain called Junong 
Prau, an extensive plateau is covered with ruins. To reach the temples, 
four flights of stone steps were made up to the mountain from opposite 
directions, each flight containing more than a thousand steps. Traces 
of nearly four hundred temples have been found here, and many (per- 
haps all) were decorated with rich and delicate sculptures. The whole 
country between this and Brambanam, a distance of 60 miles, abounds 
with ruins, so that fine sculptured figures may be seen lying in ditches, 
or built into the walls of inclosures. 

In the eastern part of Java, at Kediri, and in Melang, there are 
equally abundant traces of antiquity, but the buildings themselves 
have been mostly destroyed ; sculptured figures, however, abound, and 
the ruins of forts, palaces, baths, aqueducts, aud temples can be every- 
where traced, 

The ruins of the ancient city of Majapahit cover miles of ground 
with paved roads, walls, tombs, and gateways, while sculptures of Hindu 
gods and goddesses of hard trachytie rock are found in the forests or 
in situ in temples. Some of the buildings are of brick of curious con- 
struction; the bricks are burned and built together without cement, 
and yet adhere incomprehensibly. 

H. Mis. 234, pt. 2 33 


546 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


LANGUAGE—VOCABULARY. 


The natives reckoned their time, and in fact do so still by moons or 
months, commencing the year with August, which was, according to 
the traditions, the time when Hotu-Matua and his followers landed upon 
the island. 

The following corresponds nearly to the English months set oppo- 
site: 


INTELEG Ens GG0550 Heaney soqcsn MCN AWE NE Ko) Bo Sa5unnobes soSc08 oc February. 
Hora-iti (little summer) -.... September. | Tetnupu .......... .----...--March. 
Hora-nui (big summer)....-- October. Marahaoracsa-e 522s ease April. 
Pangarourl.-- ==. ==. part of November. | Vaitu-nui (big winter) ...--. May. 
Kotuti .......November and December. | Vaitu-poto (short winter) ..-June. 
IaIthl BeSsep eae December and January. Maro or Temaro...... Soreeere July. 
HOTOP eer seveteies sieiais © isis ie secete January. 


The natives have recently divided the months into weeks, giving to 
the days the names of First day (Raa-po-tahi), Second day (Raa-po-rua), 
Third day (Raa-po-torn), etc. The week is commenced on Monday in 
order to bring the seventh day on Sunday. 

The month is divided into two equal portions, the first beginning 
with the new moon, and the second with the full moon. . The calendar 
at the time of our visit to the island ran about as follows, the new 
moon being full on November 26: 


Kokore tahi (first Kokore).. November 27 | Kokore toru (third Kokore) .December 13 
Kokore rua(second Kokore).November 28 | Kokore ha (fourth Kokore) -December 14 
Kokore toru (third Kokore) .November 29 | Kokore rima (fifth Kokore).. December 15 


Kokore ha (fourth Kokore).. November 30 | Tapume..---...-...-.-.-.-. December 16 
Kokore rima (fifth Kokore) -December 1 | Matua ..--.......-.-.-.-...-December 17 
Kokore ono (sixth Kokore)..December 2 | Orongo, last quarter ......-December 18 
Maharu, first quarter ......- December 3 | Orongo taane ....-.......-.December 19 
Ohugereceeccctecetacocs cee December, 45| Mauri iiss: aeeeeseeee sees December 20 
Opa ek tack Sess ance ecee December 5 | Marui Kero =222222- 22. a-see December 21 
OTHE caedaadanase.cecqoun sa December 26s) (Omutesees eee eee eee eee -. -_December 22 
WETS jG pe Gooono Doe oEDBoos December, 7); Tueoy2-seeeenaee ao eeeene December 23 
MAPA ssmeeee.nc et svecienee acc December’ 8s sOataceeooee eo eter eee December 24 
AMC AM mises =< Sis icjsisleieveiouis December -9 || Oari,new moon’ ..-2--..---- December 25 
Omotohi, full moon.........- December 10 | Kokore tabi (first Kokore) .. December 26 


Kokore tahi (first Kokore) .. December 11 | Etc., ete., ete. 
Kokore rua (second Kokore), December 12 


The natives of Easter Island speak a dialect of the Malayo-Polynesian 
language, which is so widely spread in the South Sea and Malay Archi- 
pelago. Any one who will take the trouble to compare the accompany- 
ing vocabulary with the same words used by the natives of New Zea- 
land, Tahiti, Rorotonga, Samoa, and any of the islands of Polynesia, will 
see that many of the words are identically the same, and others show a 
slight variation. 

Not only do the words of this language resemble those spoken 
throughout the South Sea, but all the dialects possess, in common, the 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OF EASTER ISLAND. 547 


peculiarity of having a dual number of the personal pronouns in addi- 
tion to the singular and plural. For example, he or she is, ** Ko-ia,” in 
the Maori it is, “‘ia;” they two, on this island is ‘ rana-a,” in the Maori 
it is “‘rana;” they, in this dialect is * pouro,” in the Maori, it is ‘‘ratou.” 
Words are frequently reduplicated to denote the plural of collectives 
in nouns, the comparative, or superlative degree in adjectives, and re- 
peated action in verbs. “Iti” signifies little, ‘‘iti-iti,” expresses very 
little, and the word for small child is * poki iti-iti.” ood, or to eat, is 
“ Kai,” to eat much or heartily is expressed by “ kai-kai.”. The names 
of several of the colors are usually duplicated, as red, ‘‘mea-mea;” 
black, ‘‘ uri-uri;” white “ tea-tea;” vermillion ‘ ura-ura.” 

An interesting feature of the language is the native name for pig, 
“ Oru,” which differs from the corresponding term in all of the other 
Polynesian dialects. It is probably derived from the grunting sound 
made by the animal. In nearly all of the kindred dialects the uame for 
pig is **puaka,” a word which is also applied by some of them to all 
quadrupeds except the rat. The Easter Islanders have given this name 
to cattle, calling a cow “puaka tamahine” (female puaka), and a bull 
“ puaka tamaroa” (male puaka). This tends to show that although 
pigs had probably been introduced on the islands from which the ances- 
tors of the present inhabitants came, they took none with them in their 
migration, and only preserved the word puaka in a vague sense, as Sig- 
nifying a large animal with four legs. When cattle were introduced, 
they consequently applied the term to them, and coined the new one 
afterwards, 

Fingers are called “ manga-manga” and toes, “ manga-manga vae,” 
or literally the fingers of the foot. ‘‘ Kiri” means covering, and to ex- 
press the wood shoe they say “ Kiri vae,” or covering, for the foot. ‘+ Ivi” 
is the name applied to both needle and bone, which probably indicates 
that the original needles were made of bone. 

In the pronunciation of words of two syllables, the accent is on the 
first; in words of three syllables it is generally on the second, and in 
polysyllabie words it is on the penultimate. Modern articles recently 
introduced on the island are called by their English names, or some- 
thing that has a similar sound. 

It is worthy of note that the word * Atua” is used to signify both 
god and devil. 


VOCABULARY. 


Absent Ngaro. A or and KE. 

Adieu Kamoi. Age Mata hi. 

Air Hangu. Abdomen Manava. 

Aid Hanu. Ankle Kari-kari vae,. 
All (whole) Ananake, | Arms Kaufa, 
Ancestor Tupuna, Arm Rima. 
Artisan Maori. Artery Ua noho toto. 
Autumn Vaha-tonga. Ash-wood Mari-kuru. 


Ax Toki. Ape-fish Nohue, 


548 


Arrow-root 
Bad 

Bath 

Battle (war) 
Bay 

Betore 
Below 

Bird 

Bird (tropic) 
Bitter 
Black 

Boat 

Boy 

Branch 
Bring me 
Brother (younger) 
Brother (elder) 
Brown 

Bury 

Bull 

Bush 

Button 

Boar 

Back 

Beard 
Bladder 
Blood 

Bone 

Breath 
Buttock 
Bulrush 
Boobies (birds) 
Basket 

Calm 
Canvas 
Cannibal 
Cat 

Catch 
Caught 

Care 

Chief 

Child 

Clean 

Climb 

Cloak 
Clothing 
Cloud 

CJub (short) 
Club (dancing) 
Club (long) 


Cocoanut 
Comb 
Cooking place 
Correct 

Cow 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Bias 
Rake-rake. 
Hopu. 

Tana, 
Paconga. 
Vaha. 

Iraro. 

Manu. 
Makohe. 
Kava. 
Uri-uri. 
Vaka Poe-poe. 
Poki-tamaroa. 
Manga miro. 
Kotomal. 
Hangu potu. 
Atariki. 
Hiku vera. 
Muraki. 
Puaka tamaroa. 
Miro taka-taka. 
Herreo. 

Oru tamaroa. 
Tua iri. 
Vere. 

Taua mimi. 
Toto. 

Iri. 

Hangu. 

Eve taki-eve. 
Naatu. 

Kuia. 

Kete. 

Marie. 

Hecki keho. 
Kai tangata. 
Gooli. 

Kato. 

Roa a. 

Ana. 

Honui. 

Poki iti-iti. 
Maita Kia. 
Kahiti. 

Nua. 

Hami. 

Rangi tea-tea. 
Para. 

Ao. 

Ua. 

Niu. 

Tapani. 
Heumu. 

Riva mao 4. 


Puaka tamahini, 


Cure 

Cut 
Cut-grass 
Cape 
Coat 


' Come here 


Clay 

Cry 

Cattle 

Crab 

Calf of leg 
Chest 

Chin 
Clitoris 
Copulate 
Convolyulus 
Calabash 
Cockroaches 
Cemetery 
Cheek 
Dance 
Darkness 
Day 

Death 
Defeat 

Dew 

Diaper 
Dirty 
Docile 

Dog 

Drink (water) 
Dry 

Dry, v. 
Dung 

Dwell 

Devil 
Dish-cloth 
Drinking-cup 
Dead 
Ear-ring 
Earth 

Eat (food) 
Eat (heartily) 
Evening 

Kel 

Ear 

Elbow 

Eye (or face) 
Eye-brow 
Eye-lash 
Eye-lid 

Far 

Feign 
Female 

Fire 


eee eT ns Soe 


Hakaora. 
Hauva. 
Kaverimal. 
Heihnu. 
Lukan. 
Ohogimai. 
Oone val. 
Tangi. 
Puaka. 
Pikea. 
Rera. 

Uma. 
Kanae. 
Matakao. 
Tuki-tuki. 
Tanoa. 
Hue. 
Negarara. 
Papekoo. 
Kukunne. 
Hoko-hoko. 
Pouri. 
Raa. 

Mate. 

Kio. 

Hau. 

Hami Kaufa. 
Go-0-onea. 
Mangaro. 
Paihenga. 
Kaunu taa-vai. 
Paka-paka. 
Haka paka-paka. 
Tutai. 
Noho. 
Atua. 

Te maro. 
Rapa-rapa. 
Heniati. 
Taringa. 
Oone. 

Kai. 
Kai-kai. 
Ata-ta. 
Koiro. 
Taringa. 
Turi rima. 
Mata. 
Hihi. 
Veke-veke. 
Tutu Mata. 
Konui. 
Haka kemo. 
Tamahini. 
Ahi. 


a 


7 
J 


| 
; 


Fish 
Fishing 
Fishing-line 
Fish-hook 
Fish-snood 
Flea 
Flower 

Fly 

Food 

Fowl 

Fork 

Fool 

Fray 

Fury 

Full 

Fancy 

Few 

Face 

Fat 
Fore-arm 
Forehead 
Finger 
Finger (index) 
Finger (middle) 
Finger-ring 
Finger (little) 
Foot 

For, or to 
Father 

Girl 

Give me 
Glance 

Go 

Go away 
God 

Gold 

Gold coin 
Good 

Grass 

Grave 
Great 

Grief 

Gull 

Gun 

Gave 

Get out 
Gourd vine 
Grass (fine) 
Grass (bunch) 
Goddess 
Good-by 
Greeting 
Hail 

Half 
Handkerchief 


Ika. 

Ika kato omai. 
Eaho. 

Herou. 

Ekave. 

Koura. 

Pua. 

Kakaure, 

Kai. 

Moa. 
Manga-manga. 
Heva. 

Tama. 

Pohi. 

Titi 4. 
Tangi-hangi. 
Tae nengo-nengo. 
Mata. 

NAako. 

Paonga. 
Korae. 
Manga-manga. 
Rima tuhi henna. 
Roaroa tahanga. 
Rima tuhi # hana. 
Ko manaroa. 
Vae. 

Ki. 

Metua. 

Poki tamahini. 
Karai-mai. 
Mata ui. 

Kaho. 

Rari kau. 
Atua. 

Tui-tui. 

Ohio. 
Riva-riva-maitai. 
Mouku. 
Avanga. 

Nui. 

Topa tangi. 
Kia-kia. 
Hango. 

Eaai. 

Kahoa. 

Hue. 

Turumea. 
Moku. 

Kirato. 

Kamoi. 
Kakoia. 

Rangi. 
Vaenga. 

Rupa. 


TE PITO TE HENUA, OR EASTER ISLAND. 


Heaven 
Heavy 
Here 
High 
Hot 


House (hut) 


Hunger 
Hurry 
Hush 
Hat 

He, she, it 
Horse - 
Hen 
Hair 
Hand 
Head 
Heart 
Hip 
Hibiseus 
Hill 
Heel 
Infant 
Tron-rust 
I or me 
Instep 
Intestines 
Ice-plant 
Image 
Jest 

Joy 

Kill 
Knife 
Kidney 
Knee 
Kelp 
King 
Land 
Lantern 
Large 
Laugh 
Leaf 
Life 
Light 


Light (weight) 


Lightning 
Little 
Lonely 
Long (far) 
Lose, v. 


Limpet (Chiton 
magnificus ) 


Leg 
Lips 
Liver 
Lung 


549 


Rangi. 
Panghi. 
Inri-ia. 
Runga. 
Vera. 

Hare. 
Maruaki. 
Horo-horan. 
Gamnu. 
Hau. 

Koia. 

Hoi. 

Eufa. 
Ranoho 
Rima. 
Puoko. 
Mokoikoi. 
Tipi. 
Moaua. 
Otu. 

Rike. 

Poki porekoiho. 
Toto ohio. 
Kovau. 
Peka-peka vae, 
Nene-nene. 
Herepo. 
Moai. 

Haka reka. 
Koa. 
Tingai, 

Hoe. 
Makoikoi. 
Turi. 
Harepepe. 
Ariiki. 
Kaina. 
Hera parapa. 
Nui. 

Ekata. 
Raupa, 
Po-o-te tangata. 
Maeha. 
Marma. 
Uira. 

Iti. 

Hoko tahi. 
Konni roa. 
Marere. 


Hemama, 
Hern. 
Neutu, 
Até. 
Inanga. 


550 


Lichen 
Leek 

Luck 
Lobster 
Man 

Make 

Male 

Mat 

Meet 

Moon 
More 
Morning 
Mountain 
Move 

Mud 
Memory 
Modern 
Mamma 
Moustache 
Mouth 
Muscle 
Milk-thistle 
Marshmallow 
Name 
Narrow 
Native 
Needle 
New 

Next 
Night 

No 

Now 

Nail (finger) 
Navel 
Neck 
Nipple 
Nose 
Nostril 
Obsidian 
Oar (paddle) 
Obey 
Omitted 
Of 

Paint 
Paper 
Path (trail) 
Place 

Pick 

Pig 

Pine 

Pipe 
Plaiting 
Plant 
Plantation 


Kihi-kihi. 
Hekekeohe. 
Hera-ki-to-mea. 
Ura. 
Tangata. 
Haka. 
Tamaroa. 
Moenga. 
Pire. 
Mahina. 
Kina. 
Popohanga. 
Mounga. 
Hakaneke. 


Oone heke-heka. 


Manuao. 
Hou anei. 
Wie 

Vere ngutu. 
Haha. 

Kiko na-na. 
Poporo-hiva. 
Mova. 
Ingoa. 
Vaka-vaka. 
Hoa kona. 
Tri. 

Hou. 
Tetahi. 

Eo: 

Aita. 

Anei rA. 
Mai kuku. 
Pito. 

Negao. 
Matan. 

Thu, 
Poko-poko ihu. 
Mahaa. 
Matakao. 
Haka-rongo. 
Patu. 

Kia 
Penetuli. 
Para-para. 
Ara. 

Pahu. 
Kaverimai. 
Oru. 
Koromaki. 
Puhi-puhi. 
Tanra. 

Mea tupu. 
Kona oka kai. 


Play 
Prawn 
Pitch 
Population 
Puffed 
Pure 
Physilia utriculus 
Palm (of hand) 
Pancreas 
Penis 
Perineum 
Prepuce 
Pubes 
Pulse 
Rage 

Rat 

Red 

Rest 
River 
Road 
Rock 

Roll, v. 
Root 

Rope 

Rain 

Rib 

Salt 

Sand 
Sea-urchin 
See, v. 
Servant 
Ship 

Shirt 

Shoe 
Shoot, v. 
Shooting 
Short 
Shoulder 
Silver 

Sky 

Sleep 

Slip 
Smoke 
Smoking 
Snail 

Soon 
Sorrow 
Speak 
Spear 
Spirit (soul) 
Spring (season) 
Steal (thief ) 
Stand up 
Star 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Kori. 

Ura. 
Piarhioa. 
Heatua. 
Pupuhi. 
Putu. 

Papa Ki. 
Paraha Rima. 
Kiko o te ivi tikAé. 
Ure. 

Vaha takitua.. 
Kiri ure. 
Pukn. 

Ua naiei. 
Pohi. 

Kiora. 
Mea-mea. 
Hakaora. 

Vai tahe. 
Ara. 

Maka motu. 
Katuru. 

Aka. 

Huti. 

Wiak 
Kava-kava. 
Kava. 

Oone. 
Hetuke. 

Kui. 
Pukuranga. 
Miro. 

Gahu. 

Kiri vai. 
Pakakina. 
Hango pakakina. 
Poto-poto. 
Kapu hivi. 
Monie. 

Rangi uri-uri. 
Han-uru. 
Kahinga. 

Au umn. 
Kangan. 
Pipi. 

Anei ra nei. 
Tangi toka-tangi. 
Paran vangana. 
Mataa. 
Kuhange. 
Vaha hora. 
Toki-toki. 
Komaru. 
Hetu. 


— 


Stone 
Stone (tool) 
Stone ax 
String 
Sngar-cane 
Summer 
Sun 
Suspenders 
Swallow, v. 
Satchel (valise) 
Shell 

Sit 

Sit down 
Slowly 
Small 
Soaked 
Stocking 
Stop (halt) 
Stopped 
Stuffed 
Sheep 

Sow 

Small univalve 
Sea-bass 
Scalp 
Scrotum 
Shin 
Shoulder 
Sole (of foot) 
Spine 
Spleen 
Stomach 
Sea-weed 
Strength 
Shark 


-Skin 


Talk 

Tame 

Taro 
Tattooing 
Tenderly 
Thief 

Thin 
Thirst 
Thunder 
Tobacco 
To-morrow 
Tree 

Trunk of tree 
Turtle 
They 

The 

Those 
Thou 


TE PITO TE HENUA, 


Kihi-kihi. 
Tanki. 
Toke. 
Huti. 
Toa. 
Hora, 
Raa. 
Pena. 
Kahoco. 
Kete. 
Pule. 
Noho. 
Kano. 
Koro iti. 
Iti. 
Ngare-perepe. 
Tokin. 
Maroa. 


Hakanoho hia. 


Mea popo. 
Mamoi. 

Oru tamahine. 
Ngingongi. 
Kodoti. 

Kiri puoko. 
Kiri maripu. 
Paka. 

Kapu hivi. 
Pararaha vae. 
Tua papa. 
Para. 

Kopu mau. 


-Miritoun. 


Riri. 
Ninki. 
Kite. 
Paran. 
Mangaro. 
aro: 

Ta KonA. 
Ko viti. 
Toke-toke, 
Paki roki. 
Mate vai. 
Hatn tiri. 
Ava-ava. 
Apo. 
Miro tupu. 
Tutuima, 
Honnu. 
Pouro. 
Te. 

Rana 4. 
Koe. 


OR EASTER ISLAND. 


Together 
Tendon 
Testes 
Thigh 
Thumb 
Tongue 
Toe 

Tooth 

Toe (great) 
To, or for 
Tea-plant 
Thread 

To fight 
To throw away 
To awake 
To smoke 
To cough 
Umbrella 
Under 

Up 
Urethra 
Uterus 
Valley 
Vengeance 
Vermilion 
Vessel (water) 
Victor 
Vine (fern) 
Virgin 
Vagina 
Vein 
Vulva 
War 
Warrior 
Water (fresh) 
Water (salt) 
Wave 
White 
Who 
Whole (all) 
Wide 
Widow 
Widower 
Wife 

Wild 
Wind 
Winter 
Woman 
Wood 
Worm 
Write 

Wet 

When 

We 


Amogio. 
Na-na. 
Miripau. 
Papa Kona. 


551 


Rima metua nea-nea. 


Arero. 


Manga-manga vae. 


Niko. 


Manga-manga tumu. 


Ki. 

40h 
Taura. 
Kavava. 
Parue. 
Karu. 

E ouo. 
Etehu. 
Hemahia. 
Traro. 
Runga. 
Na mimi. 
Henua. 
Ava mounga, 
Kopeka. 
Ura-ura. 
Ipu. 
Matatoa. 
Riku. 
Nire. 
Takapau. 
Ua. 
Kannutu. 
Tana. 


Tangata Matan, 


Vai. 
Vai-kava. 
E. 
Tea-tea. 
Korai. 
Ananaké. 
Hakarava. 
Hove. 
Hove. 

Na via. 
Manu. 
Tokeran. 
Tonga. 
Via. 
Miro. 
Koreha. 


Motu rongo-rongo. 


Rari. 
Ahea. 
Matou., 


552 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Waist Kakari manara. Yes Aé. 
Wrist Kakan rima. Youth Kope tungu-tunga, 
White-bait (fish) Poopo. You Koe. 
Year Tau. | Yam Kape. 
Yellow Pava. 
NUMERALS. 


In counting the natives use the fingers of both hands but never the 
toes. 


1 = Ka-tahi. 50 = Ka rima te aanghuru. 
2= Ka-rua. 60 = Ka ono te aanghuru. 
3 = Ka-toru. 70 = Ka hitn te aanghuru. 
4 = Ka-ha. 80 = Ka raru te aanghuru, 
5 = Ka-rima. 90 = Ka ira te aanghuru, 
6 = Ka-ono. 100 = Ka rau. 
7 = Ka-hitu. 101 = Ka tahi te rau ma tahi. 
8 = Ka-varu. 102 = Ka tahi te rau ma rua. 
9 = Ka-iva. 200 = Ka rna te rau, 
0 = Aanpghuru. 201 = Ka rua te rau ma taki. 
10 = Ka tahi te aanghuru. 300 = Ka toru te rau. 
11 = Ka tahi te aanghuru Ka tahi. 301 = Ka toru te rau ma tahi. 
12 = Ka tahi te aanghuru Ka rua. 400 = Ka ha te rau, 
13 = Kata hi te aanghurn Katoru, ete. 401 = Ka ha te rau ma tahi. 
20 = Ka rua te aanghuru. 000 = Ka rima te rau, ete. 
21 = Ka rua te aanghuru Ka tahi. 1,000 = Piere: 
22 = Ka rua te aanghuru Ka rua. 2,000 = Ka rua te piere. 
23 = Karuate aanghurn Ka torn, ete. 3,000 = Ka toru te piere. 
30 = Ka toru te aanghuru. 4,000 = Ka ha te piere. 
31=5Ka toru te aanghuru Ka tahi. 10,000 = Ka mano. 
32 = Ka toru te aanghuru Ka rua. 100,000 = Ka peka. 
33 = Katoru teaangburu Katoru,ete.| 1,000,000 = Ha ra. 
40 = Ka ha te aanghuru. | Over one million, mingoi-ngoi. 


From 1 to 10 the syllables are pronounced as one word, in a multiple 
of ten the words are distinctly separated. A record of numbers was 
kept by stringing pieces of bulrush together. 


tn caliall 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING—A STUDY BASED ON MATERIAL IN THE 
U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


By Otts T. Mason, 
Curator of the Department of Ethnology. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Consider for a moment all the industries included within the word 
“leather.” It involves everything done to the hides of animals from 
the moment they are taken off by the butcher until they are manufact- 
ured and ready to be sold to the consumer. It is important to enter 
somewhat into detail at this point before deseribing the skin-working 
apparatus of the American aborigines, so as to bring into a congenital 
relationship the earliest and the latest manifestation of a great series of 
industries. 

The hides of cattle, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, and indeed of all do- 
mestic animals, the peltries of all wild animals that are of any use what- 
ever to man, are gathered up in a kind of civilized or wild harvest, as 
the case may be, by butchers, trappers, hunters, ete., and sent to the 
tannery or to the manipulators answering to this trade. 

Here commences a diversity of treatment, ending in the preparation 
of the hide with the hair remaining, by the farrier; in the production 
of a soft leather by a process called tawing; or in the manufacture of 
true leather by the use of tannin in some form. We have done now 
with the secondary industries. 

The products of the leather factories are taken up and prepared for 
consumption by harness-makers, shoe-makers, glove-makers, satehel- 
makers, embossers, book-binders, carriage-makers, armorers, machinists, 
musical-instrument-makers, taxidermists, and the like, and passed on 
through the great Briareus of commerce to those who will destroy 
them in use. 

After fully realizing this immense body of industries, we are in a 
position to appreciate one or two faets respecting savagery, to wit, how 
largely the products of the skins of animals entered into the activity of 
primitive men; how necessary it is, in order to reconstruct that eivili- 
zation, to know what modern savages do with these same substances, 
and finally to collect the tools and observe the processes of aboriginal 


553 


554 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


peoples working at this series of trades in order to know the life-history 
of a great human occupation. 

The first artisans of this craft were, for the most part, women, who, 
indeed, were the inventors and fostering patrons of all these simple 
arts which lay at the foundation of most of our modern peaceful indus- 
tries. 

Let us follow the savage woman through her daily cares in order that 
we may comprehend the significance of her partin the play. The slain 
deer lying before her cave or brush shelter, or wigwam, shall be the 
point of departure in the inquiry. «She strikes off a sharp flint flake 
for a knife. By that act she becomes the first cutler, the real founder 
of Sheffield. With this knife she carefully removes the skin, little 
dreaming that she is thereby making herself the patron saint of all sub- 
sequent butchers. She rolls up the hide, then dresses it with brains, 
smokes it, curries it, breaks it with implements of stone and bone, with 
much toiland sweat, until she establishes her reputation as the first 
currier and tanner. With fingers weary and worn, with needle of bone 
and thread of sinew, and scissors of flint, she cuts and makes the cloth- 
ing for her lord and her family ; no sign is over the door, but within 
dwells the first tailor and dress-maker. From leather especially pre- 
pared she manufactures moccasins for her husband, which to his speed 
adds wings. Compared with the tardy progress of her barefooted man 
in the chase, they are indeed the winged sandals of Hermes, and she is the 
aboriginal St. Crispin. Out of little scraps of fur and feathers, supple- 
mented with bits of colored shell or stone or seeds, she dresses dolls for 
her children, makes head-dresses and toggery for the coming dance, 
adorns the walls of her squalid dwelling, creating at a single pass half 
a dozen modern industries—at once, toy-maker, milliner, modiste, 
hatter, upholsterer, and wall-decker. 

In order to comprehend the steps in the processes of the aboriginal 
tanner it may be serviceable to take a hurried glance through a mod- 
ern tannery. The methods of procedure are somewhat as follows: 

(1) Salted or dried hides are soaked to make them pliable, washed, 
and the extraneous flesh taken off with a flesher, an instrument like a 
drawing knife, sharp on one edge and dull and smooth on the other. 
Market hides are soaked in fresh water to remove blood and dirt. 

(2) The cleaned hides are then placed for a few days in a vat of lime 
water, which opens the pores, loosens the hair and combines with the 
oily matter in the hide to forma soap. Putrefaction softening is also 
resorted to for removal of the hair. 

(3) The hides are then rubbed down with the smooth side of the 
flesher, the hair removed, and the skin madeas pure and clean as it can 
be. They are at the same time rendered porous for the reception of the 
tannin. 

(4) They are then hung in a series of tan-pits, in which the water is 
more and more charged with tannic acid until the hide is converted 
into leather. 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 555 


(5) After rinsing, the hides are subjected to scouring in a machine 
by which one man can go over a hundred a day. But the interesting 
part remains that Turkey-stone is still the only substance that will do 
the work. The whole operation at this point is no more than a savage 
process, except that machinery is used to move the stone. 

(6) The subsequent processes of drying, oiling, sweating, and press- 
ing are varied with the uses of the leather. The genius of the inventor 
has been invoked to substitute machinery for these simple hand proe- 
esses. After all the problems are the same, to remove the hair with- 
out impairing the hide, to introduce some antiseptic substance within 
the texture, to break up the fibrous tissue, and to render it pliable as 
possible. The subsequent processes of dyeing and preparing for spe- 
cial uses involve all the accretions of civilization, and produce the com- 
plexity of the more highly organized processes. 


ANIMALS WHOSE SKINS ARE UTILIZED BY AMERICAN ABORIGINES. 


It will help us in getting an adequate conception of the amount of 
work on peltries by our aborigines to consider for a moment the great 
number and variety of animals whose skins were necessary to their 
happiness. The mention of savage skin-working usually recalls the 
seal, elk, reindeer, musk-ox, buffalo, bear, deer, beaver, and fox, but a 
moment spent in examining the species of mammals which the fastidi- 
ous taste of an Esquimo woman demands before her wardrobe is com- 
pleted will enlarge one’s knowledge. 

In order to properly estimate the industry under consideration, a 
list of the animals whose skins are known to have been used by our 
aborigines is appended. 


MAMMALS. 


Felide. 


Lynx rufus (Giildenstadt). Bay lynx or wild cat. North America. 

Lynx baileyi Merriam. Plateau wild cat. Colorado, Utah, and Arizona. 

Lynx canadensis (Geoff. and Desm.). Canada lynx. Northern North America. 

Felis yaguarundi Desm. Yaguarundi cat. North America, south of the United States, 
Felis concolor Linn. Puma or cougar. America generally. 

Felis pardalis Linn. Ocelot or tiger cat. Southwestern North America. 


Canide. 


Canis lupus Linn., var. griseo-albus. Gray wolf. North America generally. 

Vulpes macrotis Merriam. Big-eared fox. SouthernCalifornia. 

Vulpes fulvus (Desm.), var. decussatus. Cross fox. Northern North America. 

Vulpes fulvus (Desm.), var. fulvus. Red fox. Northern North America. 

Vulpes fulvus (Desm.), var. argentatus. Silver fox; black fox. Northern North 
America. 

Vulpes macrurus Baird. Prairie fox. Western States. 

Vulpes velox (Say). Kit fox or swift fox. Western States. 

Vulpes lagopus (Linn.). Arctic fox. Alaska. 


556 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Urocyon virginianus (Schreber). Gray fox. United States generally. 
Urocyon virginianus (Schreber}, var. littoralis. Coast gray fox. Islands of the Cal- 


ifornia coast. 
Mustelide. 


Mustela pennanti Erxl. Fisher. Northern North America. 

Mustela americana Turton. Pine martin or American sable. Northern United States. 

Mustela caurina Merriam. Washington Terr. 

Putorius erminea (Linn.). White weasel; ermine. Northern United States. 

Putorius longicauda Bonaparte. Long-tailed weasel. Western United States. 

Putorius vison Rich. Mink. North America generally. 

Putorius nigripes Aud. and Bach. Black-footed ferret. Western States (in holes of 
prairie dogs). 

Gulo luscus Sabine. Wolverene or glutton. Northern North America. 

Taxidea americana Waterh. American badger. Western United States and Pacific 
slope. 

Mephitis mephitica (Shaw). Common skunk. Eastern United States. 

Mephitis estor Merriam. Arizona. 

Spilogale putorius (Linn.). Little striped skunk. Florida. 

Spilogale interrupta (Rafin.). Little striped skunk. Kansas. 

Spilogale ringens Merriam. Little striped skunk. Alabama. 

Spilogale indianola Merriam. Little striped skunk. Texas. 

Spilogale lucasana Merriam. Little striped skunk. Lower California. 

Spilogale leucoparia Merriam. Little striped skunk. Texas. 

Spilogale gracilis Merriam. Little striped skunk. Arizona. 

Spilogale saxalilis Merriam. Little striped skunk. Utah. 

Spilogale phenax Merriam. Little striped skunk. California and Oregon. 

Conepatus mapurito (Gmelin). White-backed skunk. Southwestern United States. 

Lutra canadensis Sab. American otter. North America generally. 

Enhydra marina Fleming. Sea otter. Pacific coast of the United States. 


Urside. 


Ursus horribilis Ord. Grizzly bear. Western United States and Pacific slope. 

Ursus richardsoni Reid. Barren ground bear. Arctic America. 

Ursus americanus Pallas. Black bear. United States generally. 

Thalarctos maritimus (Linn.). White or polar bear. Northern America, Europe, and 


Asia. 
Procyonide. 


Procyon lotor (Linn.). Raccoon. United States generally. 


Otariide. 


Callorhinus ursinus (Linn.). Fur seal. North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. 
Evmetopias stelleri (Lesson). Steller’s sea lion. Pacific coast. 


Phocide. 


Phoca vitulina Linn. The common seal; harbor seal. North Atlantie and Pacifie 
oceans. 

Phoca groenlandica (Fabr.). Warp seal. Arctic seas. 

Phoca fasciata Zimm. Banded or ribbon seal. Pacifie coast, Arctic seas. 

Erignathus barbatus (O. Fabricius). Square-flipper seal. Aretice seas. 

Halichoerus gryphus (O. Fabricius). Gray seal. North Atlantic ocean. 

Cystophora cristata (Erxl.). Hooded seal. North Atlantie ocean. 

Macrorhinus angustirostris Gill. Sea elephant; elephant seal. Pacific coast. 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 557 
Odobenide. 


Odobanus rosmarus (Linn.). Atlantic walrus. North Atlantic. 
Odobwnus obesus (Illig.). Pacific walrus. North Pacific. 


Bovide. 


Bison americanus (Gmelin). Bison, or American buffalo. The great prairie region 
(nearly extinct). 

Ovibos moschatus Blainville. Barren grounds of Arctic America. 

Mazama montana (Ord), Rocky Mountain goat. Northern Rocky Mountains of the 
United States and British America. 

Ovis canadensis Shaw. Bighorn; Rocky mountain sheep. Rocky Mountain region. 


Antilocapride. 


Antilocapra americana Ord. Pronghorn antelope or cabree. Plains west of the Mis- 
sourt from lower Rio Grande to the Saskatchewan. 


Cervide. 


Alces machlis (Linn.). Moose. Northwestern United States to Alaska. 

Rangifer tarandus (Linn.), subspecies caribou. Woodland caribou. Arctic and sub- 
arctic America. 

Rangifer tarandus (linn.), subsp. groenlandicus. Barren-ground caribou. Arctic 
America. 

Cervus canadensis Erxl, American elk; wapiti. Northern North America. 

Cariacus virginianus (boddaert). Virginia deer. United States east of the Missouri. 

Cariacus macrotis (Say). Mule deer. Central North America. 

Cariacus columbianus (Rich.). Columbia black-tailed deer. Pacific slope. ; 


Dicotylide. 
Dicotyles tajacu (Linn.). Peceary. Red River, Arkansas, and southward. 
Delphinide. 


‘Delphinapterus catodon (Linn.). White fish or white whale. Arctic and subarctic 
seas (ascending large rivers). 

Monodon monoceros Linn. Narwhal. Arctic seas. 

Phocena communis Lesson. Harbor porpoise; herri 
Pacific oceans. 

Phocana dallii True. Dall’s porpoise. Coast of Alaska. 

Globicephalus scammoni Cope. Blackfish. Pacitic coast. 

Grampus griseus (Cuy.). Grampus; cow-fish. North Atlantic. 

Orca gladiator (Lacépede). Killer whale. Pelagic. 


hog. North Atlantic and 


Ww 
> tn] 


Physeteride. 
Physeter macrocephalus Linn, Sperm whale. ‘Tropical and temperate seas. 
Talpide. 


Scalops aquaticus (Linu.). Common mole. United States generally. 


508 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 


Sciuride. 


Sciurus niger Linn.* Fox squirrel. Eastern United States, westward to the plains. 

Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin.* Gray squirrel. United States. 

Sciurus fossor Peale. California gray squirrel. Pacific slope. 

Sciurus aberti Woodhouse. 'Tuft-eared squirrel. Southern Colorado, New Mexico, 
and Arizona. 

Sciurus hudsonius Pallas.* Red squirrel; Chickaree. North America generally. 

Tamias striatus (Linn.). Chipmunk. Eastern United States. 

Tamias quadrivittatus (Say).* Missouri striped squirrel. Pacifie slope, eastward to 
Michigan. 

Tamias lateralis (Say).* Say’s striped squirrel. Rocky Mountain region, from Mex- 
ico northward. 

Spermophilus grammurus (Say).* California ground squirrel. Pacific coast to West- 
ern Texas and New Mexico. 2 

Spermophilus harrisi Aud. and Bach. Harris’s ground squirrel. The Great Basin, 

Spermophilus leucurus Merriam. Lower California. 

Spermophilus franklini (Sabine). Gray gopher. Northern Illinois, northward to the 
Saskatchewan. 

Spermophilus mohavensis Merriam. Mohave Desert. 

Spermophilus mollis Kennicott. Short-tailed spermophile. Utah and Nevada, north- 
ward. 

Spermophilus neglectus Merriam. Arizona. 

Spermophilus tereticaudus Aud. and Bach. Round-tailed ground squirrel. Arizona. 

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus (Mitchell).* Striped gopher; prairie squirrel. The 
prairies of the United States. 

Spermophilus mexicanus (Erxleben). Mexican ground squirrel. Southwestern Texas 
and southern New Mexico, southeastward into Mexico. 

Spermophilus parryi Rich.* Parry’s marmot. Northern parts of the continent, from 
the northern States to Hudson Bay and Bering Strait. 

Spermophilus spilosoma Bennett.* Sonora ground squirrel. Eastern base of the Rocky 
Mountains north to western Wyoming. 

Spermophilus cryptospilotus Merriam. Desert spermophile. Arizona. 

Spermophilus canescens Merriam. Arizona. 

Spermophilus richardsoni (Sabine). Yellow gopher. Plains of the Saskatchewan 
southward to the upper Missouri. 

Spermophilus townsendi Bach. ‘Townsend’s ground squirrel. Plains of the Columbia. 

Cynomys ludovicianus (Ord), Prairie dog. Great plains east of the Rocky Mountains. 

Cynomys gunnisoni Baird. Short-tailed prairie dog. Sonoran region. 

Cynomys leucurus Merriam. Wyoming. 

Arctomys monas Linn. Woodchuck. Eastern North America. 

Arctomys caligatus Eschscholtz. Hoary marmot. Rocky and Cascade Mountains 
from Washington northward. 

Arctomys flaviventer Aud. and Bach. Yellow-bellied marmot. Rocky Mountains and 
westward to the Pacific coast. 

Arctomys dacota Merriam. Dakota woodchuck. Black Hills, Dakota. 


Haplodontide. 


Haplodon leporina Rich. Sewellel; Showtl. Pacific slope (especially about Puget 
Sound). 
Haplodon major Merriam. Sierra Nevada Showtl. Sierra Nevada Mountains. 


* The species of rodents marked with an asterisk run into numerous geographical 
races. Descriptions of most of these will be found in the works of Drs. Coues and 
J. A. Allen, especially in Monographs U. S. Geological Survey, Vol. X1; also among the 
writings of Dr. C. H. Merriam, in North American Fauna. published by the U. 8. De- 


partment of Agriculture. 
> 


a 


- 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 559 


Castoride. 


Castor canadensis Kuhl. American beaver. North America generally. 
Geomyide. 


Geomys bursarius Rich. Pouched or pocket gopher. Missouri to Minnesota and 
Nebraska. 

Geomys tuza (Ord). Florida salamander. Southeastern States. 

Geomys castanops Baird. Texas pouched gopher. Texas and New Mexico. 

Thomomys talpoides (Rich,). California gopher. Northern and western North America. 

Thomomys clusius Coues. Small-footed pouched gopher. Rocky Mountains. 


Muride. 


Cunicuculus torquatus (Pallas). White Lemming. Arctic America. 
Myodes obensis Brants. Lemming. Aretic America. 
Fiber zibethicus Cuv. Musk-rat. United States, except the southwestern portion 


and southern Florida, 
Hystricide. 


EBrethizon dorsatus (Linn.) var. dorsatus. White-haired porcupine. Northern United 
States. 

Prethizon dorsatus (Linn.) var. epixanthus. Yellow-haired porcupine. Pacific slope 
and upper Missouri regions. 


Leporide. 


Lepus timidus* Fab., var. arcticus. Polar hare. Arctic and subarctic America. 

Lepus americanus, Erxl. American hare; varying hare. Central United States to 
Alaska. 

Lepus campestris, Bach. Prairie hare. Central plains of North America. 

Lepus callotis Wagler. Jackass hare; jack rabbit. Southwestern United States. 

Lepus texianus Waterh. Jack rabbit. Arizona. 

Lepus californicus Gray. California hare. California. 

Lepus sylvaticus Bach.* Gray rabbit; cotton-tail. United States generally. 

Lepus arizonie J. A. Allen. Arizona jack cotton-tail. 

Lepus bachmani Waterhouse. Bachman’s hare. Texas. 

Lepustrowbridgit Baird. Trowbridge’s hare. California. 

Lepus palustris Bach. Marsh hare. Southeastern United States. 

Lepus aquaticus Bach. Water hare. Southern States, 


Lagomyide. 


Lagomys princeps Rich. Little chief hare or Pika. Rocky Mountain region from Col- 
orado and Utah northward to Alaska. 
Lagumys schisticeps Merriam. Sierra Nevada Pika. Sierra Nevada Mountains. 


Dasypodide. 
Tatusia novemeinctus (Linn,). Armadillo. Southwestern United States and South- 
ward, 


Didelphide. 


Didelphys marsupialis Linn. Opossum. United States generally. 


* The species of rodents marked with an asterisk run into numerous geographical 
races. Descriptions of most of these will be found in the works of Drs. Coues and 
J. A. Allen, especially in Monographs U. S. Geological Survey, Vol. X1; also among the 
writings of Dr. C. H. Merriam, in North American Fauna, published by the U. 8, De- 
partment of Agriculture, 


560 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


REPTILES. 


Crocodilide. 


Crocodilus americanus Seba. Florida crocodile. Southern Florida. 
Alligator mississippiensis Daudin. Alligator. Southeastern North America. 


Testudinide. 
Testudo carolina Linn. Florida gopher tortoise. Southeastern North America. 
Emydie. 


Malacoclemmys palustris (Gmelin). Diamond-back terrapin. Coast from New York to 
Texas. 

Pseudemys rugosa (Shaw). Red-bellied terrapin. New Jersey to Virginia. 

Pseudemys concinna (Leconte). Florida terrapin. Southeastern United States. 


SKIN-DRESSING AMONG THE ESKIMO. 


For the purpose of approaching this industry in its earliest and least 
complex state a few quotations from early travelers and explorers are 
introduced. Crantz, in the history of Greenland (p. 167), speaks as 
follows: i ; 

‘For their ‘kapitek,’ or hairy seal-skin clothes, they scrape the seal- 
skin thin, lay it twenty-four hours in the ‘ korbik,’ or urine tub, to ex- 
tract the fat or oil, and then distend it for drying with pegs ona green 
place. Afterwards, when they work the skin, it is sprinkled with 
urine, rubbed with pumice-stone, and suppled by rubbing between the 
hands. 

(2) The sole leather is soaked two or three days in a urine tub; 
then they pull off the loosened hair with a knife or with their teeth, lay 
it three days in fresh water, and so stretch it for drying. 

(3) In the same manner they prepare the ‘ eresak’ leather that they 
use for the legs of boots and the overleather of shoes, only that it is 
scraped very thin to make it pliable. Of this leather they also make 
the sea-coats which the men draw over their other clothes to keep out 
the wet when they go to sea. It is true it grows as soft and wet as a 
dish-cloth by the salt water and rain, but it keeps the wet from the 
undergarments. 

(4) In the same manner they dress the ‘ erogak,’ of which they make 
their smooth black pelts to wear on shore, only in working it they rub 
it between their hands; therefore it is not so stiff as the foregoing, but 
loses the property of holding out water and is not fit for boots and sea- 
coats. 

(5) The boat-skins are selected out of the stoutest seal hides, from 
which the fat is not quite taken off. They roll them up and sit on them 
and let them lie in the sun covered with grass several weeks till the 
hair will come off. Then they lay them in the salt water for some days 
to soften them again. They draw the borders of the skins tight with 


7 
/ 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 561 


their teeth, sew them together, and smear the seams and stitches with 
old seal blubber instead of pitch, that the water may not penetrate. 
But they must take care not to impair the grain, for if they do the cor- 
roding sea-water will easily eat through the leather. 

**(6) The remnants of this and the other sorts they shave thin, lay 
them upon the snow or hang them in the air to bleach them white, and 


if they intend to dye it red chew the leather with some bark of the 


roots of pine, which they gather up out of the sea, working it in with 
their teeth. 

(7) They soften the skin of the fowls about the head and then draw 
it off whole over the body. The processes of tanning, Hall says, are 
first to scrape the skin by an instrument called Sek-koon (by the 
Frobisher Bay Innuits, Teg-se-koon). (Plates LX X, LX X1.) 

This instrument is about 6 inches long, including the handle, and is 
made of a peculiar kind of whet or oil stone, or else of musk-ox or rein- 
deer bone or of sheet-iron. The second step is to dry the skins thor- 
oughly; the third, to scrape again with the sek-koon, taking off every 
bit of the flesh; the fourth, to wet the flesh side and wrap it up for 
thirty minutes, and then again scrape with the sek-koon, which last 
operation is followed by chewing the skin all over, and again scraping 
and cross scraping with the instrument. These laborious processes 
Hall describes as resulting “in the breaking of the skin, making the 
stiff hide soft, finished like the chamois skin.” The whole work is often 
completed within an hour. (Narrative of the Second Expedition made 
by C. F. Hall, pp. 91, 92.) 

“In Cumberland Sound,” says Kumlien, ‘“ when a seal skin is about 
to be prepared for drying the blubber is first removed somewhat 
roughly, the skin then laid on a board, and with the woman’s knife the 
membrane underneath the blubber is separated from the skin. The 
knife must be very sharp to do this successfully. The operators always 
push the knife from them. It takes considerable experience to do the 
job well. When all the blubber is removed, which will take three or 
four hours of faithful work, the skin is taken outside, and by means of 
the feet is roiled and rubbed around in the snow for some time, and by 
this process they succeed in removing every trace of grease from the 
hair. When thoroughly washed the skin is put upon the stretchers, if 
it be winter, to dry; these stretchers are merely four poles, which are 
lashed together at the corners, like a quilt-frame, the proper distance 
apart to suit the size of the skin. The skin is seeured in place by seal- 
skin thongs passed through little slits along its edges and made fast to 
the poles. 

When the skin is properly stretched upon the frame it is put above 
the lamps inside the snow-hut to dry. As the sun gets higher and 
begins to have some effect the skins are stretched, flesh side up, on 


_ the southern slopes of snow banks, and are secured by means of wooden 


; 


' 
4 


or bone pegs about a foot in length. 
2 H. Mis, 224, pt. 2——36 


562 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


As the season advances and the snow melts they begin to stretch 
the skins upon the ground by means of the before-mentioned pegs. 
The skins are not allowed to rest upon the ground, but are raised a few 
inches to allow the air to circulate underneath. Skins dry very fast 
when exposed in this manner. 

The first days of spring are always a busy time with the Eskimo 
women. One thing is, they get more freshly-killed skins to prepare, 
and then they generally have a surplus stock of the winter’s catch, 
which they could not take care of by the slow process of drying over 
the lamps in the huts during winter. The skins of the young in the 
white coats are dried in some considerable quantities, as it takes about 
fifteen to make a single suit of clothes, and many of them have double 
suits made from this material. They have no idea of any tan, and 
prepare the skins by merely rubbing them with their skin-scrapers. 

We insert a sketch of a very old skin-scraper, such as are now found 
only in the old graves (Plate Lxx, Fig. 3). It is made of stone, with a 
wooden handle, which is fastened to the stone by means of a strip of 
whalebone. Another and a later pattern is made from the scapula of 
the reindeer. A better idea of its manufacture can be got from the 
sketch than by a description. Such scrapers are still in use, but serve 
as a sort of auxiliary to one made from a tin can, resembling a little 
scoop in shape and having a wooden handle, This is the style of scraper 
made at the present day, and is by far the most effective instrument of 
the three. The manner of using these scrapers is to take the skin 
firmly in the left hand, to put the knee or foot upon the extreme 
part of it, holding it securely, while the scraper is worked with the 
right hand, pushing downward with some force. If the skins are 
very dry when they begin they are somewhat softened by rubbing with 
the hands, or even chewing the most stubborn parts. They continue 
using these tools upon a hide till it gains the desired pliability. All 
the work of stretching, drying, cleaning, washing, and softening the 
skins falls on the women. 

“The skins of Phoca barbata are stretched ona frame like those of the 
netstick, but not until the hair has been removed. The cutting of the 
hair is one of the nastiest and most disgusting sights one can imagine. 
It generally falls to the lot of some old woman todo this. The skins are 
allowed to lie and become somewhat putrid, a portion of the blubber 
remaining on. The only tool used is the woman’s knife before men- 
tioned. When about to clean one of these skins the squaw takes off 
her boots, stockings, and pantaloons, and tucking her feet under her 
body, lays this dirty, bloody, greasy, stinking skin on her bare thigh, 
the flesh side down. She then pushes the knife against the hair, cut- 
ting or rather shaving it off. As her hand becomes too oily to hold on 
to the skin, she puts her fingers into her mouth and thus cleans them. 
When properly cleaned, it is dried in the manner already spoken of, ex- 
cept that the back and belly of the animal are dried separately, as the 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 563 


skin is different on those portions of the body, and would cure unevenly. 

_ When finished it is almost as stiffand dry as a board. This skin is used | 
mainly for the soles of boots; the pattern is cut from the hide and then 
chewed till it becomes sufiiciently soft to sew. This last operation is 
also mainly performed by the old squaws. When they are too old to 
sew they become oojook chewers as the last resort, and when their teeth 
fail them they are better off in the grave.” (Ludwig Kumlien. Bull. 
National Museum, No. 15.) 

Amongst the Central Eskimo, says Dr. Franz Boas, the latest author- 
ity, the skin of the seal (Phoca, fetida) is dressed in different ways 
according to the purpose for which it is intended. In skinning the 
animal a longitudinal cut is made across the belly with a common buteh- 
ers knife or one of ancient pattern (An. Rep. Bur. Ethnol VL, Fig. 
460). The skin, with the blubber, is cut from the flesh with the same 
knife. The flippers are cut off at the points, and thus the whole skin is 
drawn off in a single piece. The woman’s knife, ulo is used to clean and 
prepare the skins (id. Fig. 461), in which operation the women spread 
the skin over a piece of whalebone (Asimautang), a small board, or 
flat stone, and sit down before it, resting on their knees, the feet bent 
under the thighs. They hold the skin by the nearest edge, and push- 
ing the ulo forward, remove the blubber and deposit it in a small tub, 
which stands near the board. As they proceed to the opposite end of 
the skin the finished part is rolled up and held in the left hand. 

If the skin is to be used with the hair on it, the tough membrane 
(mami) which covers the inner side is removed in the same way as the 
blubber, and after it has been carefully patched and the holes have 
been cut all round the edge, it is stretched over a gravelly place or on 
snow by means of long pegs (paukton), which hold it a few inches above 
the ground, thus allowing the air to circulate underneath it. The skin 
itself is washed and rubbed with gravel, snow, or ice, and every hole 
made by the bullet or by the spear or in preparing it is sewed up. I[t 
very seldom happens that the women in preparing it damage the skin 
or even the thin mammae. It is particulariy difficult to split the skin 
neara hole. First, they finish the work all around it and then carefully 
sever the membrane at its edge. The skin is dried in the same way as 
the membrane. In the early part of spring, though it may still be very 
cold, a few choice young seal skins are dried on snow walls which face 
the south. In order thoroughly to dry a seal skin, one fine warm spring 
(lay is needed. Ifthe Eskimos are greatly in need of skins they dry 
them in winter over the lamps. <A frame is made of four poles, lashed 
together, according to the size of the skin. A thong passes through the 
slitsalong itsedgeand around the frame, keeping the skin well stretched. 
Thus it is placed over the lamps or near the roof of the hut. However, 

itis disagreeable work to dry the skins inside the huts, and as they are 
much inferior to those which are dried on the ground, the Eskimos 
avoid it if they can. When so prepared the seal skins are only fit for 


564 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


covering tents, making bags, etc.; they are too hard to be used for 
clothing, for which purpose the skin of yearlings is almost exclusively 
employed. 

The young seals having shed for the first time have a very handsome 
coat, the hair being of a fine texture and much longer than in older ani- 
mals. Krom the middle of May until late in summer their skins are 
most suitable for the manufacture of summer clothing, but it is neces- 
sary to protect the careass of the killed animals from the burning rays 
of the sun as soon as possible, or the skin will be quickly spoiled. 

After being dried they are cleaned with a sharp scraper (teserqun) 
(Boas, Figs. 465, 466). The skin is then soaked in salt water and washed 
again. As soon as it is dry it is softened with a straight scraper 
(seligoung) (Boas, An. Rep. Bur. Ethnol., v1, Fig. 468). 

Skins of Phoca fetida, Cystophora cristata, and Phoca groenlandica are 
prepared in the same way. 

Those that are intended for kayak covers, boots, mittens, quivers, ete., 
are prepared in a different way. They are either put into hot water or 
laid in a brook for a few days until the hair begins to loosen. Then 
both sides are cleaned and worked with the ulo, in order to clean and 
shave them. When the hair has been removed they are dried and made 
pliable in the same way as has been described. Ifitis intended to make 
the skin as soft as possible, it is allowed to become putrid before it is 
cleaned. ‘Then the hair and blubber are removed, and afterwards it is 
left to hang in the sun a few days until it acquires a light color. 

The large ground seal Hrignathus barbatus is skinned in a different 
manner. Its skin is very thick, even thicker than sole-leather, and is 
extremely durable, and suitable for all sorts of lines, particularly traces, 
lashing and harpoon lines, and for soles, drinking cups, and boat covers. 
The skin of the back and of the breast dries unequally, and therefore a 
piece covering the throat and breast is taken out and dried separately. 
If it is to be used for lines, it is cut by making girdles about 6 inches in 
width around the body. The hair and blubber are removed from these 
cylindrical rings, from which lines are made by cutting spirally, a 
string 70 or 80 feet long being thus obtained. 

This line is stretched as taut as possible between two rocks, and 
while drying it undergoes an enormous tension. Before it is taken 
from the rocks the edges are rounded and cleaned with a knife. 

Walrus hide is always cut up before being prepared. As soon as the 
walrus is killed it is cut into as many parts as there are partners in the 
hunt, every part being rolled up in a piece of skin and carried home in 
it. Sometimes the skin is used for making boats, but generally it is 
cut into lines. Both kinds of hide, that of the walrus and that of the 
ground seal, are as stiff as a board when dried and require much work 
before being fit for use. They are chewed by the natives until they 
become thin and pliable. The whole skin must be chewed in this way 
before it can be used for soles and boat covers. Afterwards itis scraped 


r 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 565 


with the tesirqun and softened with the straight seraper. The new 
thongs after being dried between the rocks must be also chewed until 
they become sufficiently pliable, after which they are straightened by a 
tretcher that is held with the feet (Boas, Fig. 469.) Frequently they are 
only pulled over the sole of the boot for this purpose, the man taking 
hold of the line at two points and pulling the intermediate part by 
turns to the right and to the left over the sole of the foot. 

Another kind of line is cut from the hide of the white whale, which 
is skinned in the same way as the ground seal; but, as it must be slit 
on the spinal column, the single pieces of line are much shorter, and 
they can not be used to the same extent as seal lines. Some lines are 
cut from the skins of Pagomys fetidus, but these are weak and greatly 
inferior to lines of ground-seal hide. 

Deer skins are dried in summer and dressed after the ice has formed. 
Like all other kind of skins, they are not tanned, but curried. They 
are hung up on the rafters of the hut, and the workers in Oqo and 
Akudnirn, the women—in Hudson Bay the men—take off their jackets 
and begin preparing them with the sharp scraper. After being cleaned 
in this way they are thoroughly dried, either by hanging them near the 
roof of the hut, or according to Gilder, by wrapping them around the 
upper part of the body next to the skin, after which they are again 
scraped with the tesirqun. This done the flesh side is wetted, the skin 
is wrapped up for half a day or a day, and afterwards undergoes a 
new scraping. Then it is chewed, rubbed, and scraped all over, thus ae- 
quiring its pliability, softness, and light color. In the spring the skinof 
bears and of seals are sometimes dried on large frames which are ex- 
posed to the sun, the skins being tied to the frames withthongs. Smaller 
quadrupeds, as foxes and ermines, are skinned by stripping the entire 
animal through its mouth without making a single cut in the skin. 
Birds are opened at the breast, and the body is taken out through this 
small hole; the head, wings, and legs being cut off at the neck and the 
joints. Ducks are frequently skinned by cutting the skin around the 
head and the outer joints of the wings and legs, and stripping it off. - 
The skins are cleaned by sucking out the fat and chewing them. 

Skins of salmon are used for water-proof bags, intestines of seals, par- 
ticularly those of ground seals, are carefully dried, and after being sewed 
together are used for sails, windows, and kyak jackets. 

The Malemut Eskimo tan and soften the seal skin used for boot-soles 
in urine (Whimper, Tr. Ethnol. Soc. 1868). For making kyaks and 
umiaks seal skins are used. The skin is prepared in the first instance, 
while the hair is yet on it, by spreading fermented fish-spawn over it, 
and allowing it to remain until the hair rots off. It is then stretched 
on a frame and saturated with urine until it becomes translucent. The 
fat is removed with bone and stone knives, metal being considered 
likely to cut it. (Whimper, Alaska, 162.) 


566 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The hide scraper of the Chukchis is of stone or iron, and fastened to 
a wooden handle, and looks like a spokeshave. It is, indeed, the lineal 
descendant of the bone scraper. With this tool the moistened hide is 
cleaned very particularly, and is then rubbed, stretched, and kneaded 
so carefully, that several days go to the preparation of a single reindeer 
skin. That this is hard work is also shown by the woman who is em- 
ployed at itin the tent dripping with perspiration. While thus em- 
ployed she sits on a part of the skin and stretches out the other part 
with the united help of the hands and bare feet. When tbe skin has 
been sufficiently worked she fills a vessel with her own urine, mixes 
this with comminuted willow bark which has been dried over the lamp, 
and rubs the blood-warm liquid into the reindeer skin. In order to 
give this a red color on one side the bark of a species of Pinus (?) is 
mixed with the tanning liquid. The skins are made very soft by this 
process, and on the inner side almost resemble chamois leather. Some- 
times, too, the reindeer skin is tanned to real chamois of very excellent 
quality.* 

The Tuski understand the art of tanning and are able to produce 
very fair specimens, but practice it principally with seal skin, which is 
dressed in all colors. The white is very delicate and much prized. 
Deer skins are dressed with ammonia, red ocher and other materials. 
They are rendered very soft and pliable (W. H. Hooper, p. 183), 
This description answers perfectly to the work done on the reindeer 
hide, both with and without the hair, by the Indians and Eskimo of 
Ungava, Canada. 

A large collection of those brought by Lucien Turner will be found 
in the National Museum. The softness of the texture is marvelous. 
Not one particle of rigid fiber seems to have been left in the skin. 
In order to effect this perfect flexibility the statement of Norden- 
skjold is not overrated. Indeed, those who have seen some of the best 
of the wigwams made of buffalo hide depilated will recall the soft- 
ness and pliability effected in this refractory material by the applica- 
tion of human muscle, which after all is the chief ingredient in abo- 
riginal tanning. 


CHAPTER III. 
SKIN DRESSING AMONG THE INDIANS. 


The skin-working apparatus of the Naskopi Indians is deseribed by 
Lucien Turner. 

This instrument is one of the few really labor-saving tools of the 
poorly equipped Naskopi; and is particularly effective in removing the 
hair from the hides of various mammals or the fat from the flesh side 
of the skins. The skin is removed from the beast and laid aside until 
a convenient time arrives for preparing it for its intended uses. The 


* Nordenskjéld, Voyage of the Vega, New York, 1882, Macmillan, 486, Fig. 1. 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 567 


time depends on the season of the year; for ifit bein the height of the 
deer-killing the poor squaw has her hands full of labor, since she must 
not only remove the skins from the carcasses, but prepare the flesh for 
drying, smoking, or other manner of preserving it for the future. To 
these labors are to be added the other domestic duties which fully oc- 
cupy the shortening days of the year, and often cause her to express a 
wish that the deer were less plentiful for the time being. When anum- 
ber of reindeer skins have been collected they are wetted and thrown 
into a pile, where they are allowed to decompose or ferment until the 
hair is loosened in its follicle. The process may be inspected from time 
to time, and when advanced to a proper state a skin is taken from the 
heap to undergo the act of depilation, which is effected in the following 
manner. (Plate LX VII, Fig. 1.) 

The radius or large bone of the fore-leg of the reindeer is cleaned of 
its flesh and one side of the shaft or central portion of the bone is re- 
moved, leaving two sharp edges. One edge is dull or rounded for rea- 
sons which will appear clear in the manner of using the scraper. The 
other or outer side (for the instrument is to be held in a certain way) is 
rendered sharp, so as to form an edge, but not so keen as to cut the pelt. 
The skin is now placed upona short beam of wood about 3 or 4 inches 
in diameter and long enough to reach obliquely from the abdomen of 
the standing person to the ground at a convenient distance, say 4 feet 
in length. Over this beam the skin is laid with the hinder part of the 
skin towards the person, so as to allow the edge of the scraper to work 
against the layer of hair. The scraper is now seized with one end in 
each hand and applied to the portion of the skin lying in contact with 
the beam. A skilful push dislodges the hair, and the skin appears clean 
and free from hair wherever the edge of the bone has scraped its sur- 
face. The process continues until each part of the skin is brought un- 
der the edge of the scraper and the work is complete, This instrument 
is also employed to remove the excess of water from a skin that has 
been wetted to bring it into the degree of pliability desired. It is em- 
ployed in the same maimer to remove the scurf from the skins of the 
white whales (Delphinapterus calodon), captured in goodly numbers each 
year near Fort Chimo. (Lf must here add that the Whale River (Fort 
George) Indians perform this labor, as the Naskopis consider the whale 
too oily a creature for them to work. It only proves that the employ- 
ment of this instrument is not confined to the Naskopi Indians.) 

It should be understood that this form of aboriginal beaming-knife is 
employed for removing the hair from reindeer skins that are to be con- 
verted into parchment (raw hide) or into buckskin. It is to be remarked 
that the scraper is used only after the flesh side of the skin has received 
attention. The flesh side requires another form of instrument to effect 
the removal of the skin-muscles, ligaments, and adherent fat. An in- 
strument is especially made for removing that part. The heel bone of 
the reindeer is cut very obliquely at the lower end, so that the flat edge 


568 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


may form a blade, which is ground sharp and then finely serrated. A 
strap-like loop is tied around the bone, and when the tool, which is adze 
and chisel combined, is grasped, the hand is prevented from slipping 
along the bone by the loop passing under the wrist and supporting the 
hand. The adherent muscle is quickly separated from the skin and 
forms a sort of vellam, which may be dried and serve as wrappers for 
bundles of furs or dry meat. The fleshy side of the skin is rubbed with 
a mixture of decomposed brains and liver and laid away for several 
hours. The process of rubbing is next resorted to, resembling the act 
of rubbing linen in the laundry between the hands. When the desired 
pliability is gained, the superabundant fat and moisture are removed 
by calcareous earths, bone dust, or flour, to act as absorbents. Theskins 
are now ready for any purpose. (Plate LX VIII, Figs. 1, 2, 3.) 

Lieut. G. T. Emmons, U.S. Navy, says that the Chilkat women pro- 
cure the hair of the Rocky Mountain goat for their sacred blankets by 
rolling up the hide until it sweats and the pores are opened. A woman 
then sits on the ground, lays the skin on her lap, and with her hands 
scrapes off the hair in great flakes, without the use of a beaming-knife 
of any kind. This, of course, is the simplest form of depilation. The 
next is that practiced by the Indians of northern California, who em. 
ploy a rib of the elk, without any modification whatever. 

The manner of preparing buckskin by the Nisqually and Columbia 
River Indians is as follows: Immediately after the animal is killed the 
skin, having all the hair scraped off, is stretched tight onaframe. Itis 
there left until it becomes as dry as parchment, then it is rubbed over 
with the brains of the animal, which impart oil toit. It is then steeped 
in warm water and dried in the smoke, two women stretching it all the 
time it is drying. Itis then again wet and wound tightly around 
tree, from which it is again taken, smoked, and drawn by the women as 
before. When nearly dry it is rubbed with the hands, as in washing, 
until it is soft and pliable, and then it is ready for use. 

Mr. Forest stated to me that he had put on a suit twenty-four hours 
after the animal had been running in the forest. (Wilkes.) 

The Crows, like the Blackfeet, are beautifully costumed, and perhaps 
with somewhat more of taste and elegance, inasmuch as the skins of 
which their dresses are made are more delicately and whitely dressed. 
The art of dressing skins belongs to the Indians in all countries; and 
the Crows surpass the civilized world in the beauty of their skin-dress- 
ing. The art of tanning is unknown to them, when civilized habits 
and arts have not been taught them; yet the art of dressing skins, 
as we have it in the civilized world, has been (like hundreds of other 
ornamental and useful customs which we are practicing) borrowed from 
the savage without our ever stopping to inquire whence they come 
or by whom invented. 

‘The usual mode of dressing the buffalo and other skins is by im- 
mersing them for a few days under a lye from ashes and water until 


t 
hel 


7 
P 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 569 


the hair can be removed, when they are stretched upon a frame or upon 


the ground with stakes or pins driven through the edges into the earth, 
where they remain for several days, with the brains of the buffalo or 
elk spread upon and over them, and at last finished by “ graining,” as 
itis termed by the squaws, who use a sharpened bone, the shoulder- 
blade, or other large bone of the animal, sharpened at the edge some- 
what like an adze, with the edge of which they scrape the fleshy side 
of the skin, bearing on it with the weight of their bodies, thereby 
drying and softening the skin and fitting it for use. (Plate XCI.) 

The greater part of these skins, however, go through still another 
operation afterwards, which gives them a greater value and renders 
them much more serviceable—that is, the process of smoking. For 
this a small hole is dug in the ground, and a fire is built in it with rot- 
ten wood, which will produce a great quantity of smoke without much 
blaze, and several small poles of the proper length stuck in the ground 
around it, drawn and fastened together at the top, around which a skin 
is wrapped in form of a tent, generally sewed together at the edges to 
secure the smoke within it. In this the skins to be smoked are placed, 
and in this condition the tent will stand a day or two inclosing the 
heated smoke, and by some chemical process or other which I do not 
understand the skins acquire a quality which enables them, after being 
wet many times, to dry soft and pliant as they were before, which secret 
I have never yet seen practiced in my own country, and for the iack of 
which all of our dressed skins, when once wet, are, I think, chiefly ruined. 

An Indian’s dress of deer skins, which is wet a hundred times upon 
his back, dries soft; and his lodge also, which stands in the rains and 
even through the severity of winter,.is taken down as soft and as clean 
as when it was first put up. 

A Crow is known wherever he is met by his beautiful white dress and 
his tall and elegant figure, the greater part of the men being 6 feet _ 
high. The Blackfeet, on the other hand, are more of the herculean 
make, about middling stature, with broad shoulders and great expan- 
sion of chest, and the skins of which their dresses are made are chiefly 
dressed black or of a dark-brown color, from which circumstance, in all 
probability they—having black leggins or moceasins—have got the name 
of Blackfeet. (Catlin’s Eight Years, pp. 46-47, vol. 1.) 

Among the Sioux the hides were stretched and dried as soon as possi- 
ble after they were taken from the animals. When a hide was stretched 
ou the ground pins were driven through holes along the borders of the 
hide. These holes had been cut with a knife. While the hide was still 
green the women scraped it on the under side by pushing a webajabe 
over its surface, thus removing the superfluous flesh, ete. The webajabe 
was formed from the lower bone of an elk’s leg, which had been made 
thin by scraping or striking. The lower end was sharpened by striking, 
having several teeth-like projections, as in the accompanying figure, 
A withe was tied to the upper end, and this was secured to the arm of 


570 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


the woman just above the wrist. When the hide was dry the woman 
stretched it again upon the ground, and proceeded to make it thinner 
and lighter by using another implement called the weubaja, which she 
moved towards her after the manner of an adze. ‘This instrument was 
formed from an elk horn, to the lower end of which was fastened a piece 
of iron (in recent times) called the weu-hi. (Plates XC and XCI.) 

When the hide was needed for a summer tent, leggins, or summer 
clothing of any sort, the weubaja was applied to the hairy side. When 
the hide was sufficiently smooth grease was rubbed on it, and it was laid 
out-of-doors to dry in the sun. This act of greasing the hide was 
called wawexigxi, because they sometimes used the brains of the elk or 
buffalo for that purpose. 

Dougherty stated that in his day they used to spread over the hide 
the brains or liver of the animal, which had been carefully retained 
for that purpose, and the warm broth of the meat was also poured over 
it. Some persons made two-thirds of the brain of an animal suffice for 
dressing its skin. But Frank La Fleche says that the liver was not 
used for tanning purposes, though the broth was so used when it was 
brackish. 

When the hide had been dried in the sun it was soaked by sinking 
it beneath the surface of any adjacent stream. This act lasted about 
two days. Then the hide was dried again and subjected to the final 
operation, which was intended to make it sufficiently soft and pliant. 
A twisted sinew about as thick as one’s finger, called the “ wexikinde,” 
was fastened at each end to a post or a tree about 5 feet from the 
ground, The hide was put through this and pulled back and forth. 
This act was called waxikinde. On the commencement of this process, 
called ta!/’pé, the hides were almost invariably divided longitudinally 
into two parts each, for the convenience of the operator. When finished 
they were again sewed together with awls and sinews. When the hides 
were small they were not so divided before they were tanned. 

The skins of elk, deer, and antelopes were dressed in a Similar 
manner. (J. O»Dorsey, An. Rept. Bur. Ethnol. 1881-82, p. 310.) 

Dressing skins by the Sioux Indians is thus described by a noted 
traveler: ‘They had killed a large elk, the skin of which the women 
were employed in dressing. They had stretched it out by means of 
leather straps on the ground near the tent, and the women were scrap- 
ing off the particles of flesh and fat with a well-contrived instrument 
made of bone, sharpened at one end, and furnished with little teeth 
like a saw, and at the other end a strap, which is fastened around the 
waist. The skin is scraped with the sharp edge of this instrument 
until it is perfectly clean. Several Indians have iron teeth fixed to 
this bone.” (Maximilian’s Travels.) 

Again: “ We looked at the women as they worked; for the shoes 
they made they had softened the leather in a tub of water and 
stretched it in the breadth and length with their teeth. In another 


] 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 5T 


tent the women were dressing skins, either with a pumice-stone or with 
the toothed instrument described before. They then pulled the skin 
over a line in all directions to make it pliable.” (Maximilian, p. 158.) 
Among the Kiowa Indians those skins taken are mostly dressed for 
lodges. They are first staked on a smooth spot of ground and water 
put upon them, when they are ready for fleshing. This consists in re- 
moving the flesh with an instrument made of a straight bar of iron, 
about a foot in length, flattened at one end and filed to the edge. This 
being grasped in the hand, and a succession of quick biows given, the 
work slowly proceeds. The skin is then dried, after which the hair is 
removed in a dry state, and the skin reduced to the proper thickness by 
dressing down on the hair side. This is done with an instrament made 
by firmly tying a flat piece of steel, filed to a beveled edge at one end 
and with the corners rounded, to a large prong of a deer’s horn. This 
is So trimmed, in connection with the body of the horn, as to form an 
elbow, and is used a little as a carpenter uses his adze. This work is 
usually done in the cool of the morning. The brains of the animal, 
having been properly taken care of for the purpose, are now soaked 
and sqeezed by the hand. until reduced to a paste and applied to both 
sides of the skin, which is afterwards worked and rubbed until flexible. 
The preparation of robes is from winter skins, and differs from the 
foregoing only in being dressed down on the flesh side, so as to leave 
the wool and hair upon the robe, and is more thoroughly worked and 
scoured by means of a sharp gritted stone. (Thomas C. Battey. A 
Quarter of a Century among the Indians, 1875, pp. 187-188.) 
* The Pitt River Indians and the Modoes tan their leather by nearly 
the same process. When an Indian wants buckskin for clothes, imme 
diately after skinning a deer he cuts its head open, procures the brains, 
spreads the skin on a smooth log with the bark off. The flesh side 
of the skin being up, he rubs-the brains over it and allows*it to 
dry. This makes the hide not only grain easier, but half tans it. 
The skin is then thrown into the stream, where if is allowed to re- 
main three or four days. This raises the grain. It is then thrown 
across a slick smooth piece of log about 10 or 12 inches in diameter. 
One end of this stick is usually about 3 feet off of the ground and the 
other end resting on the ground. The neck of the skin is now pulled 
6 or 8 inches over the elevated end of the graining log, and the 
stomach of the grainer pressed tightly against it. A flat stick is usually 
placed between the stomach and the skin. This enables the workman 
to hold the skin from slipping. He has what is known as a graining- 
knife. This knife is now made of iron, but was not long since made of 
hard yew wood. Itis from one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch thick, 
by 2 to 3 inches wide. It is curved edgewise to fit the round surface 
of the graining-log. The edge is perfectly square. There is a handle 


at each end, and the knife is taken by each handle and pushed vigor- 


ously down the skin. This is rather slow work; still, an Indian will 


at2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


grain twelve or fifteen skins in a day. After a skin is grained it is | 
thrown into a basket of water. This water has a lot of roots cut up in 
it that causes the water to lather like soap. In fact it is called soap- 
root, and is used not only for tanning, but for washing clothes, ete. 
The hide is allowed to remain in this soapy water from three to four 
days. It is then taken out and rubbed and pulled dry. This completes 
the tanning of askin. If, though, it bea very large one, the same pro- 
cess is gone through with, except the graining, the second time, which 
invariably leaves the skin soft and nice. This rule is slightly varied by 
some of the tribes. For example, the brains will be taken from the 
deer’s head and cooked about half. This keeps it from spoiling. The 
skin is soaked longer to raise the grain, sometimes a little ashes being 
sprinkled on the skin, which makes the grain slip. After graining the 
skin is thrown into brain-water and soaked, instead of using the soap- 
root water. It is then worked as before described until soft. We now 
have buckskin. To prevent this from becoming stiff and hard when 
wet it is thoroughly smoked. This smoking process is also practiced 
by the settlers here, but I think the idea originated with the Indians. 
A ditch is cut in the ground about 2 feet deep and 20 or 25 feet long. 
At one end of this ditch a rough fire-place is made, being usually walled 
up with rock. Over the other end of the ditch is a large hollow log, 
something like a bee-gum, only largerand taller. In this the buckskins 
are hung, and the top of the gum pretty well closed. Sticks are laid 
cross-wise close together from one end of the ditch to the other and 
covered completely over with dirt. This makes a blind ditch from fire- 
place to the gum. A fire is now built in this fire-place, and the smoke 
naturally follows the ditch, there being an escape for the smoke in the 
top of the gum. The idea of having the ditch long is a good one; the 
smoke becomes cool in its passage through the ground, and there is no 
danger of burning the buckskin. A buckskin is smoked two or three 
days. After this it can be washed like a piece of cloth, and when dry 
is equally as soft. 

The tribes belonging to the Shoshonian stock inhabiting the Great 
Interior Basin were formerly most expert manufacturers of buckskin 
leather. Clothing, tents, and much of their paraphernalia were made 
of three kinds—the white, the yellow, and the brown. The processes 
of preparing were identical in the main with those described. How- 
ever, the hair was removed in many cases by rolling up the hide in ashes 
wet with warm water for a few days. The hair was then removed by 
means of a wooden knife, a rib, or in later times with an old case-knife 
or bit of hoop-iron. The yellow and the brown skins received their 
tint by drying them over a smoldering fire of dry willow for the former 
and green willow for the latter color. The skins were vigorously pulled 
and stretched in every direction while the drying and smoking were 
going on. (Compare Plates XOI, XCII, XCIII.) 

Tanning among the Pawnees is thus effected: The hide is extended 


= 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. Ly 3 


upon the ground and with an instrument resembling an adz, used in 
the manner of our carpenters, the adherent portious of dried flesh are 


removed and the skin rendered much thinner and lighter than before. 


The surface is then plastered over with the brains or liver of the ani- 
mal, which have been carefully retained for the purpose, and the warm 
broth of meatis also poured overit. The whole is then dried after which 
it is again subjected to the action of the brains or broth, then stretched 
in a frame and while still wet scraped with pumice-stone, sharp stones, 
or hoes until perfectly dry. Should it not be sufficiently soft itis sub- 
jected to friction by pulling it backward and forward over a twisted 
sinew. 

This generally terminated the process. On the commencement of it 
the hides are almost invariably divided each longitudinally into two 
parts for the convenience of manipulations and when finished they are 
again united by sewing with sinew. This seam is almost always pres- 
ent in the bison robe, but one of the largest we have seen is used for 
covering on one of our beds, and has been dressed entire, being cesti- 
tute of aseam. When the process of tanning and dressing is com- 
pleted and the inner surface of the skin dry, figures are traced upon it 
with vermillion and other showy colors. These are designed as orna- 
ments, but are sometimes the record of important facts. (Long’s Ex., 
Vol. I, pp. 221, 440.) 

The Senecas used to tan green hides. If a hide was dry it was soaked 
in the water of a running stream, after which it was stretched ona 
smooth log the size of a man’s leg. With a knife-blade, placed in a 
curved stick, all the hair and outside skin was scraped off. After that 
the flesh was scraped off and the skin thoroughly dried. It was then 
soaked in a suds made of deer’s brains and warm water, one or two In- 
dians rubbing with stones, much like those called axes plowed up in 
the fields, and often pulling the skin. A hole 18 inches in diameter 
was then made in the ground and the skin suspended above it on upright 
sticks and smoked, until the desired color is produced, by burning 
rotten wood beneath. The skin was then ready for use. 

Skin-dressing among the Eastern Indians is thus described : 

These skins they convert inte very good leather making the same plume and soft. 
Some of these skinnes they dress with haire on and some with the haire off. The 
hairy side in winter they weare next their bodies and in warme weather they weare 
the haire outwards. They make likewise some coates of the Feathers of Turkies 
which they weave together with twine of their owne makinge very prettily ; these 
garments they weare like mantels knit over their their shoulders and put under their 
armes. They have likewise another sort of mantels made of Mose skinnes, which 
beast is a great large Deere so bigge as a horse. These skinnes they commonly dresse 
bare and make them wonderous white and stripe them with size round about the 
borders, in form like lace set on bya taylor and some they stripe with sizein works of 


- severall fashions very curious, according to severall fantasies of the workmen where- 
_in they strive to excell one another. And mantels made of Beares skinnes is an usuall 
_ wearinge among the natives that live where the beares doe haunt. They make 


> 


_ skinnes of Mose skinnes, which is the principal lether used to that purpose and for 


574 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


want of such lether which is the strongest, they make shoes of deeres skinnes very 
handsomely and commodious, and of such deeres skinnes as they dresse bare they 
make stockings that comes within their shoes, like a stirrup stockinge and is fastened 
above at their belt which is about their middell. A good well growne deere skin is of 
great account with them and it must have the tale on, or else they account it de- 
faced. The tale being three times as long as the tales of our English Deere, yea foure 
times solonge. This when they travell is raped round about their body and with a 
girdle of their making bound ronnd about their middles to which girdle is fastened a 
bagg in which his instruments be with which hee can strike fire upon any occasion. 

Of their several arts and employments ; as first in dressing all manner of skinnes, 
which they do by scraping and rubbing, afterwards painting them with antique em- 
broyderings in unchangeable colors, sometimes they. take off the haire especially if it 
bee not killed in season. (Wood’s N. England Prospect. Prince Pub. Soc, I. Page 
101.) 


DETAILS OF SKIN-DRESSING AMONG THE NAVAJOS. 


When the author at first contemplated this paper he found that the 
accounts of the most careful observers were not quite up to his require- 
ments. He therefore wrote to his friend Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, U.S. 
Army, begging him to define the process as minutely as possible. The 
result was most satisfactory and was published in the Proceedings of 
the Museum for 1888. As much of Dr. Shufeldt’s paper as is necessary 
to complete this narrative is here reproduced, together with the illus- 
trations. The reader should note especiaily the similarity of the hair 
scraper to those from Point Barrow, Labrador, the Interior Basin, and 
the graves of Madisonville, Ohio. (Plates LXI to LX VII.) 

Dr. Shufeldt employed a Navajo to do the work for him. Ina day 
or two this Indian returned with a fine doe, an adult specimen of 
Cariacus macrotis. He had skinned the legs of the animal from the 
hoofs up as far as the ankles, which he disarticulated partially, so the 
limbs could be tied more compactly together, and thus be less liable 
to either frighten his horse or catch in the low timber as he returned 
home with his game. 

“The deer which had been captured for me had already been evisce- 
rated and the skin divided from its chin to its tail, the entire length of 
the under side of the animal. In a moment with a sharp hunting-knife 
he divided the skin on the inside of the thighs, from the ankles to the 
abdominal division, making similar incisions on the inside of the fore- 
limbs. The legs were quickly skinned, the small tail split up on its 
under side and the vertebrae removed, while with his knife the hide 
was started on both sides from the abdominal and throat incision and 
quickly removed in the direction of the animal’s back. Thus it was 
that the skin was removed from the entire body and up to the ears first; 
then as he arrived at the latter, their cartilages were cut through close 
to the skull, leaving the great ears of this species of deer attached to 
the hide. When he arrived at the eyes, these were skinned round, 
much in the same way as a skilful taxidermist manages the eyes in any 
vertebrate specimen he may be preparing. Upon arriving at the muzzle 


at AS 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 575 


he simply divided the skin all around, posterior to the external nostrils, 
and the operation of removing the hide was completed. (Pl. LX.) 
He next proceeded to dig a hole in the ground about as big as a bushel. 
The bottom of this excavation was tramped hard with his feet and the 
hide placed therein, hair side up, and immediately covered with. cold 
water. On top of the hide he placed a camp-kettle bottom side up, 
and braced it down with the spade. This was to prevent the skin from 
drying and to keep the dogs from eating it during the night. 

‘In the morning he left the camp with an axe to soon return with 
the trunk of a small pine tree. At its thickest end it was about 6 
inches through, and about 4 inches at the smaller extremity. From 
one side of the larger half he removed the bark, completely exposing 
the smooth surface of the wood beneath it. He next cut a deep notch in 
the big end of this stick, so as to assist in bracing it against the limb of 
a small cedar tree near by, with the smooth surface facing him and the 
small end of the stick resting firmly upon the ground some two feet 
from the base of the cedar tree. Around about was plentifully be- 
strewn some clean short hay, to prevent the hide from being soiled 
upon the ground beneath. He now returned to the hole where the 
skin had remained over night, and it was taken out to be washed in 
clean water, when he proceeded with a sharp knife to remove all super- 
fluous tissue from its raw side, skinned the ears carefully by removing 
completely the cartilaginous parts, then cleared away the muscles 
which had remained attached about their bases, trimmed off the remains 
of the panniculus muscle, and indeed left nothing but a thoroughly 
clean hide which received its final dip in clear water. 

“It was now ready to have the hair shaved from it. The tanner 
obtained his scrapers from the bones of the fore limb of the deer he had 
killed, and the ulna and radius of this limb are wonderfully well fitted 
to perform the work of this natural spoke-shave. These bones, as we 
well know, are, in a deer, as in many other hoofed animals, quite 
firmly united together, having a form well known to the comparative 
osteologist. The shaft of the ulna, which is closely approximated to 
the shaft of the radius, has its posterior edge thin and sharp, which is 
still further improved by the tanner scraping it with his knife. The 
olecranon process, with the deep sigmoid notch, forms an excellent 
handle at one end, while the enlarged distal end of the radius, with the 
carpal bones, which are usually left attached, forms a good one at the 
other. Moreover, the curvature of the shafts of this consolidated bone 
is favorable for the use of our Indian tanner, who, in using this primi- 
tive instrument, slings it at either end in his hands, and works with it 
in shaving off the hair much in the same manner as one of our carpen- 
ters uses a spoke-shave, only here the sharp edge of the ulna bone takes 
the place of the knife-edge in doing its special work. (Plate LXII.) 

‘“‘ Before proceeding further I should mention that, after removing the 
hide, on the first day he placed the skinned head of the deer, without 


276 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


the lower jaw, in the low ashes of a camp-fire, where the brains were 
able te become semi-baked during the first night, as these parts too 
are utilized in the tanning process. 

‘Next to shaving off the hair, the hide is thrown over a small log he 
had arranged against the tree in the morning, being held in place by 
catching the skin of the head between the notch and the limb, the skin 
of the hinder parts being always nearer the ground, and as the work 
proceeds it is deftly shifted about by the tanner. 

‘¢ Now all the hair, except on the lower parts of the legs and the tail, 
is rapidly scraped off with these bone scrapers, including the black epi- 
dermis. Some tanners use a deer’s rib, or that of the beef, and others 
a dull hunting-knife, but the bones of the deer’s fore-arm is the usual 
instrument, and it is quite remarkable to observe how skilfully it is 
managed, and how rarely a hole is cut in the skin. The shaving is ¢ar- 
ried to the very edges of the hide all around, and even the backs of the 
ears are carefully scraped, the entire operation lasting from two to four 
hours, depending upon the size of the deer. 

‘‘Tn appearance the hide now has the same form as when removed 
from the animal, the hair side is clean and white, the body side devoid 
of all superfluous tissue, the back of the ears still showing the black 
epidermal layer of the skin, as it is only from these parts where it is 
not scraped off with the hair; the hair also 1s left on the skin of the 
lower halves of the four limbs. 

“A thorough washing is now given it in several changes of clear, 
cold water, though sometimes in the last wash the water may be made 
slightly tepid, and in this it is allowed to stand while the tanner pre- 
pares the brains of the animal soon to be used in another stage of his 
work. Picking up the deer’s skull from the ashes where he had left it 
the night before, he took an ax and split it along the bifrontal suture, 
cleaving the skull partly in two, then chipping off the parietal bones he 
was enabled to lift out the brains nearly entire. They were at once 
transferred to a basin of tepid water, where by gentle manipulation the 
little slivers of the bone (which had gotten into it while splitting the 
cranium), the blood, etc., were effectually removed. Next they were 
placed in a small quantity of tepid water in another basin and put upon 
a low fire, where they were allowed to simmer for over an hour. At 
the end of this time the water, then being not so hot but that one could 
comfortably hold his hand ip it, had come to be of a muddy color, and 
our tanner, using the fingers of one hand as a sieve, lifted out from the 
water the little particles of brain in a small pile upon the palm of his 
opposite hand; then, by rubbing this together between the palms of 
his hands, it was soon reduced to a pasty mass. This process was con- 
tinued until all the brains were thus reduced and dissolved, and then 
the water in which they were had about three times its quantity of 
tepid water added to it, nearly filling the small basin. 

‘“ Returning to the skin, it was now removed from the water where it 
had been left, carefully rinsed, and wrung out with the hands much as 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 51T 


- we see washing women wring clothes, and carried over to the tree 
where the scraping process had been done. Here the tanner selected 
a small limb about 5 or 6 feet from the ground and passed the head and 
neck of the hide under and over it, and then carefully folded this latter 
part lengthwise along the middle of the body surface of the hide, and 
twisted the whole over and over again until he came to the fore legs. 
It will be seen that the limb was firmly folded within a loop of the 
hide, and by pulling heavily upon it I saw that there was no such 
thing as its slipping. In a similar manner the skin of the fore legs was 
folded lengthwise inside the hide; then the borders of the abdominal 
incision were likewise folded in, and in turn the skin of the hind legs, 
but this latter had, of course, to be thrown in, in the direction of the 
tree, so as to include them. The borders of the hinder parts were 
thrown over in such a way as to form a loop like the one around the 
limb of the tree. During all of this operation the hide was being twisted 
from left to right, and at its completion looked like a wet hide rope, 
fast, as we have described, to the tree at one end and looped over a 
stick about two feet long at its middle at the other. This latter was 
used as a twister by the tanner, for now he proceeded to wring the 
hide thoroughly by twisting it over in one direction, causing the water 
to be rapidly squeezed out of it. (Pl. LXIII.) By continuance of this 
twisting the skin was finally brought up close to the limb of the tree in 
a hard coil, where by hooking the turning stick under the limb it was 
held in that position and allowed to drip for nearly;an hour. At the 
end of the above-mentioned time the Indian unhooked the stick, un- 
twisted the hide, and took it down. It had apparently shrunk two- 
thirds of its size, and looked like a damp, semi-tanned dog-skin. The 
tanner immediately set to work to pull it into shape as he walked in 
the direction of his eamp-fire. 

‘‘ Spreading out a small buffalo robe, he sat down on it (Plate LXIV) 
and proceeded to pull the hide vigorously with his hands in every direc- 
tion. Catching hold of the extreme edges, he tugged away at it until 
it was nearly its original size. I noticed, however, that he only em- 
ployed his hands in this part of the operation, and never once resorted 
to his feet for assistance in the stretching. 

“ After he was satisfied that the entire surface of the hide was coped 
and exposed again, he carefully spread it out perfectly flat, with the 
hair side up, upon the buffalo robe on which he had been sitting; then, 
taking his basinful of dissolved deer brains, he commenced applying it 
with his hand to the surface from which the hair had been removed. 
It is never put on the opposite side of the skin. In doing this he fre- 
quently rubbed the solution well in, using his open hand for the pur- 
pose, and as he came to the head, ears, and legs he worked the stuff in 

‘with his fingers, and occasionally kneaded it with his knuckles, going 
over the entire skin on the side referred to until his basin of brains was 
expended and the whole had been worked in as described. (Plate LXY, 

H, Mis, 224, pt. 2-——37 


578 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1899. 


‘‘Upon asking him why he put it only on the hair side, he gave me — 
to understand that the pores were on that side, and consequently the — 


brains could get into the skin more effectually, and upon inquiring why 


he put them on at all, he said, ‘To make it soft. Buckskin that is 


tanned without using brains is harsh and stiff afterwards, and stiil 
worse in these particulars if it happens to get wet at any time. 

“The Navajoes often use beef brains for this purpose, especially when 
their game is taken far from camp and they do not care to pack the 
deer skulls home on their ponies. In early days they employed deer 
brains as a rule, but in some cases the brains of the buffalo, when that 
animal existed in their country. 

‘Finally, as the last step of the process, he commenced, by folding 
in the edges of the skin all round continuously, to make it up into an 
ellipsoidal ball, quite firm, though not tightly rolled. He then wrapped 
it up in the buffalo robe and allowed it to remain out in the sun for 
about fifteen minutes for the purpose, he said, ‘ of letting the brains go 
well into him.’ 

‘¢Once more in its wet and limp condition it is thoroughly opened, 
and this time spread out over the top of a sage bush near by with the 
outer surface exposed to the sun and sufficiently from the ground to 
prevent the dogs from getting at it, or its being soiled through accident. 
It was now about 3 o’clock in the afternoon, and very warm, and the 
skin at once commenced to show the effects of it as the first stages of 
drying set in. Nevertheless, I was informed that the hide would now 
be allowed to remain there and dry until dark, when it would be placed 
up on top of the ‘‘ hogan” for the night, or in the event it rained, to be 
taken in and hung up on the inside. Next morning I was on the ground 
at 9 o’clock, and was thoroughly surprised at the appearance of the 
hide when it was brought out and shown me. Although I was familiar 
with the making of buckskin, not only as practiced by the Navajoes, 
but by the Sioux and other North American Indians, I never happened 
to have seen if in this particular stage, that is, right after the drying on 
the second day. 

‘7 found that it had again shrunken so as to be not more than one- 
third of its original size, or just after it had been removed from the 
animal. It was hard and appeared almost brittle, as though it might 
be broken in two; moreover it was semi-transparent, and easily trans- 
mitted the light through it, or even prominent objects might be out- 
lined through it in favorable lights. In color it was of a deep, muddy 
amber, or a semi-translucent Roman ocher, and one would never have 
suspected in the world that it was either a deer hide, or that in a few 
short hours it be converted into the softest and most durable fabric in 
the country—a tanned buckskin. 

By the exercise of considerable ingenuity and careful bending he now 
forced the skin into a large camp-kettle containing water from which 
the chill had been taken off by the addition of a little warm water, and 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 579 


in this it was allowed to soak well for the next three hours, standing 
all this time out in the morning sun. 

Some of the Indians insist that this soaking should be done in cold 
water (spring water), and a new Mexican guide who has been among 
the Navajoes for many years, being an excellent tanner himself, claims 
that it is almost the universal practice to soak it in cold water on the 
morning of the third day instead of in tepid water. However, there 
was but little difference, for on the present occasion the water was 
almost cold from the start, and quite so after the skin had been in 
twenty minutes. This washing, the Indians tell me, was to remove all 
traces of the brains which were rubbed into the skin on the day before. 
He next gives it three or four thorough rinsings in clear cold water, and 
takes it over to the tree to wring it. This is done precisely in the man- 
ner already described above and shown in the plates. 

‘*‘ Likewise it is curled once more, made into a coil, twisted and re- 
twisted upon itself, and allowed to drip in this condition for nearly half 
an hour. It is then once more undone and drawn out into shape, as 
on a previous occasion after wringing. 

‘He is very careful now in exposing the entire surface; pulling the 
edges, stretching the skin of the ears, flattening out the skin that cov- 
ered the legs, and paying similar attention to the little tail. 

‘¢In the mean time he had brought a large square piece of canvas 
and spread it out upon the ground near where he was at work. It is 
upon this that the last stages of the operation will be performed. 
Bringing next a sharp knife, it takes him but a moment to whittle out 
from a soft piece of pine an instrument that resembled a large wooden 
awl. This, with the knife, he threw upon the canvas sheet, where 
they may be distinctly seen in Plate LX VI. To return to our hide, how 
different it looks after this second wringing; but he persists in pulling 
away at the edges all around, over and over again, until the whole is 
manipulated into a shape to suit him. Even this primary handling now 
has its effect, and in some places the skin begins to grow like buck- 
skin. At last he sits down on the middle of the canvas sheet, having 
first thrown aside his hat and removed his moccasins. He wears nothing 
but his thin Navajo shirt and trousers, while beside him is his wooden 
awl and sharp knife. (Plate LX VI.) 

‘He threw the now limp skin lengthwise over his naked feet and 
pulled it with both hands iu the direction of his body. Rapidly re- 
peating this operation, he turned it and tugged at it the other way. 
But it was most offen thrown over his feet and vigorously pulled 
towards him. Then he stretched it out with his hands, pulled it this 
way and then pulled it that, worked at the edges to get them limp and 
pliant, manipulated the ears and the skin of the legs. But during all 
this an interesting change was coming ower it, the heat of an August 
sun was rapidly drying it, it was fast coming to a velvet-like softness 
throughout, and attaining its original size, it was changing to a uni- 


580 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


form pale clay color. The hair side was smooth, while the inside was 
roughish. Indeed, in a few moments more it was buckskin. 

“Picking up next his wooden awl, he commenced far forward on the 
extreme edge of the skin on the right side of the neck, and by succes- 
sively stretching it over the handle of the awl, cut upon this edge some 
dozen or thirteen holes with his knife. Then beginning in front, he put 
the awl in every hole, and by holding on to the edge of the opposite 
side with his left hand he was enabled to powerfully stretch the skin of the 
neck transversely. This operation is shown in Plate LX VI. His mark 
must go on next, so turning the skin of head over, he cut on either side 
just below the ear on the body or inner surface of the skin a leaf-like 
figure, with the apex pointing forward and outward. 

‘‘This was the last touch of all, and the now finished fabric, if we 
may call it a fabric, so pliant, so soft, and withal so useful, was spread 
out on the canvas for an hour in the sun to receive its final drying, 
after which it passed into the possession of the National Museum. One 
of these finished skins retains much the same form as the hide had 
when first removed, though it may be rather longer from the stretch- 
ing. The backs of the ears are always black; the edges all around are 
uneven and harder than the rest of the skin; the hair remains upon 
the distal moieties of the skin of the legs; bullet-holes of exit and en- 
trance will be usually seen, and there may be an accidental rent or two 
of small size. 

‘The Navajoes value these hides at a price varying from $1.50 to $2, 
depending upon the size and the need they haveof the money. Squaws, 
IT am told, never engage in manufacturing them, while the Indian boys 
learn the art at a very early age.” 


SKIN-DRESSING AMONG ABORIGINES OF OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD. 


In Patagonia the skin of the guanaco is dried with the hair on in 
such a manner that when wet it retains its pliability and softness. This 
process of preserving skins seems to be peculiar to the Indian tribes, 
and is not unlike that by which buffalo robes, bear skins, and other 
articles of luxury and even necessity among us are prepared by the 
North American Indians. Guanaco skins are cut into pieces of all sizes 
and sewed into a thousand fanciful patterns, every workman originat- 
ing a style to suit himself. (Bourne, ‘‘ Captive in Patagonia,” p. 53.) 

The following is the method among the Fors in Darfur, Central 
Africa: As soon as the animal has been skinned the skins are scraped 
and put into water in which okun (the bark of a tree) has been mixed. 
After several days they are taken out, scraped again with iron knives, 
and afterwards pegged out under the shade of a tree or under a shed 
made for the purpose.” They are then rubbed and beaten with flat 
stones. At times they are also rubbed with butter. (Proe. Roy. Soe. 
of Edinburgh, 188485, p. 262.) 

The Wagandas are good tanners and manage to get their skins as 


~— 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 581 


soft as the best kid leather. In some eases the hair is removed, but 
generally it is left on. They first dry the skins in the sun, then stretch 
them on a frame, and the inner surface is carefully scraped with a sharp 
knife. They are then rubbed for a long time with flat heavy stones 
until quite smooth. This produces a fine grain. Butter or oil is then 
applied in considerable quantities and the skin once more placed in the 
sun. This latter process is repeated several times. Both men and 
women are employed in tanning. Some skins are dyed after the hair 
has been removed, others have patterns printed on them, and the thick 
buffalo hide, from which sandals are made, is ornamented by either 
a knife or a red-hot nail. Leather rope is sometimes used in house- 


- building, if so, it is without tanning. Straps, traps, and nets are first 


tanned. (Proceedings Royal Soc., Edinburgh, 188186, p. 730.) 

Friendly Islanders remove the hair and entrails of the hog with 
knives of split bamboo, also used in carving cooked pig. Nutka Sound, 
iron, knife, chisel, mallet, polisher. (Cook.) 

In making an opossum rug the Yarra tribe employ some skill and 
knowledge. In the first place, it is necessary to select good, sound, 
well-clothed skins. These, as they are obtained, are stretched on a 
piece of bark and fastened down by wooden or bone pegs, and kept there 
until they are dry. They are then well scraped with mussel-shell or a. 
chip of basalt, dressed into proper shape, and sewn together. (H. B. 
Smyth, Aborigines of Victoria, 1, 1878, p. 271.) 


THE SCRAPER. 


Whenever the savage has come in contact with the whites he has 
been quick to substitute iron for stone in his arrow-heads, knives, ete, 
Not so with his scraper. Indeed the white man keeps up the use of 
stone, glass, etc., in his modern tannery, In some respects these im- 
plements are the most interesting example of the history of the civiliza- 
tion of man. They may not actually be the earliest implement made or 
used, but they have been the longest in use. We might despair of ex- 
plaining their extreme antiquity. 

They commence to appear with the earliest age of man and have con- 
tinued in use to the present day, and are essentially the same instru- 
ment now as at the beginning. Their use was all but universal among 
the prehistoric peoples of North America, but they were equally uni 
versal in the paleolithicera. They were the principal implement of the 
early cave dwellers in western Europe and so continued through all the 
other prehistoric ages. They extend through all time among all peoples 
and have figured in all civilizations. Neither in form nor substance did 
it change perceptibly during the prehistoric ages. It is the one endur- 
ing implement that was also used by prehistoric man. It is therefore 
of the utmost importance for the archeologist who wishes to rehabilitate 
a certain ancient culture to consider carefully all the elements of that 
culture which crystallize around this little implement. He may havein 


582 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


his cabinet a few pieces of stone which he labels “scrapers.” At once 
in looking at them there springs upon the imagination of the philosophic 
student visions of clothing, houses, beds, furniturs, boats, lines for all 
conceivable purposes, the paraphernalia of state, ceremony and religion, 
the garniture of the dead. 

We may now pay attention to particular examples. Laying aside for 
the moment flaying, sharpening, cutting, and sewing tools, the reader is 
invited to look especially at the collection of scrapers in the U.S. Na- 
tional Museum. (Plates LX VII-XCIIL.) 

Under this general table have been grouped together all of those 
aboriginal implements which belong to the tanner’s craft. They are 
found in all the countries where man has used the depilated skins 
of animals for any purpose whatever. In the American Continent this 
region is bounded on the north, only by the line of uninhabited territory. 
It extends southward through Greenland, Alaska, Canada, and the 
United States. The warm climate of middle America requires the sub- 
stitution of vegetable clothing, so that the scraper is no longer a neces- 
sity. The essential elements of a scraper are its grip or handle and its 
working portion or blade. Inthe first scrapers the blade and grip were 
one. Indeed the Little Lake, Concow, and Redwood Indians used for- 
merly the dried rib of a large mammal, and now think there is nothing 
better than the rib of a steer without any change of form. (Plates 
LXXXIV, fig. 3.) This implement is caused to vary in structure by the 
following conditions: (1) The natural supply of material. (2) The skins 
to be manipulated. (3) The tribal technique. (4) The culture grade of 
the people. 

Even among the Eskimo one can see how in the change of location 
slate, chert, and jade replace one another. This is a universal law of 
industries. 

Again, to prepare a seal-skin for the Bidarka demands a different 
treatment and tool from those required in producing the soft product of 
the antelope hide by the Navajo. 

Not so well as in language, nevertheless, in a marvelous degree, the 
history of a people is written in their implements and industries. Tribes 
have their own ways of doing things. A museum curator has reason 
to be thankful for this every day, owing to the careless manner in which 
many of his acquisitions are labeled. 

Again, the nicety of the tool is a sure guarantee of the status of a 
people. The cylindrical scrapers are variously made. A segment from 
the hollow base of a walrus tusk, a strip of antler bent into the form of 
a hoop and properly lashed, or a strip of the same material strained to 
the form of a horseshoe, has a cable of raw-hide stretched between the 
calks of the shoe. In all of these, one edge of the cylinder is sharpened 
to a chisel edge to increase its efficiency. The cup-shaped scraper made 
of walrus ivory is often labeled in collections as a vessel, but a slight 
inspection will show that it is a veritable tool. The shape is that of a 
low oblong pan, not over 3 inches long, 2 inches wide, and 1 inch high. 

> 


ae Lap ana 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 583 


a This is grasped in the hand, bottom up, and drawn across the hide until 
a quantity of fat is secured, which is deftly conveyed to the stone lamp 
or some convenient receptacle. (Plates LXXX-LXXX1I.) 

In connection with the making of moccasin is the art of tanning 
deer-skins. It isdone with the brain of the deer, the tanning properties 
of which, according to tradition, were discovered by accident. The 
brain is mingled with moss, to make it adhere sufficiently to be formed 
into a cake, which is afterwards hung by the fire to dry. It is thus 
preserved for years. When the deer-skin is fresh, the hair, and also 
the grain of the skin are taken off, over a cylindrical beam, with a 
wooden blade or stone seraper. <A solution is then made by boiling a 
cake of the brain in water, and the moss, which is of no use, being re- 
moved, the skin is soaked in it for a few hours. Itis then wrung out 
and stretched, until it becomes dry and pliable. Should it be a thick 
one, it would be necessary to repeat the process until it becomes 
thoroughly penetrated by the solution. The skin is still porous and 
easily torn. To correct both, a smoke is made, and the skin placed over 
it in such a manner as to inclose it entirely. Each side is smoked in 
this way until the pores are closed, and the skin has become thoroughly 
toughened, with its color changed from white to a kind of brown. They 
also use the brain of other animals, and sometimes the backbone of the 
eel, which, pounded up and boiled, possesses nearly the same properties 
for tanning. Bear-skins were never tanned. They were scraped and 
softened, after which they were dried, and used without removing the 

hair, either as an article of apparel or as a mattress to sleep upon. 
(Lewis H. Morgan, League of the Iroquois, 1851, pp. 361, 362.) 

After flaying the seal, the Eskimo often finds the inner surface of the 
skin coated with fat, and the first operation is to remove this by means 
of a special tool, which we may call the fat-scraper. By means of this 
the fat is scraped clean from the hide and placed in the soap-stone iamp, 
for which purpose some of the forms are specially adapted. These im- 
plements occur in the Eskimo area all the way from Ungava to Kodiak 
and are of three forms, the spoon-shaped, the cylindrical, and the cup- 
shaped scraper. The simplest form is a segment of reindeer scapula 

_(Rangifer tarandus), so cut as to have the inferior border at the back of 
the knife and the thin part between this border and the spine for the 
blade. This implement is also used for scaling and opening salmon and 
isa most efficient tool. Almost as simple as the foregoing, is a fat- 
scraper made of the split antler of the reindeer. The spongy part is 
scraped out and the borders brought to the proper edge. Some speci- 
mens of this type are ingeniously worked out, so as to have one of the 
small prongs for a handle, while the spoon or scraping portion is from 
the split portion of the antler. Bits of walrus-tusks are also carved 
into the shape of a long-bladed spoon. From the long spoon-shaped 
seraper, branches off, in the region between Behrings Strait and Norton 
Sound, a very dainty ladle-shaped implement with projections on the. 


584 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 


hinder margin to fit the fingers. This is a very effective tool, both in 
its grip and the handiness with which its contents may be conveyed to 
the lamp. (Plate LXIX.) 

There is not so great a variety of apparatus in the hana of the abo- 
riginal leather worker as will be found at present in possession of the 
civilized craftsmen, yet there are several classes of tools worthy of at- 
tention. 

The pre-Columbian buteher’s or flaying knife has not been sufficiently 
studied. This will form the subject of a subsequent chapter. 

The leather cutting knife is also worthy of careful study. Among 
the Eskimo collections it goes by the name of woman’s knife or ulu. 
Among our modern industries this peculiar Eskimo form has a curious 
history. When women ceased to be leather workers and went into the 
kitchen they carried the ulu with them, but transferred it to another 
function, that of meat chopping. On the other hand, when men became 
leather workers, they borrowed this same implement from the women, 
and it may be seen any day in the saddler’s shop. <All of these woman’s 
knives have crescent-shaped or plano-convex blades set in handles of 
wood, musk-ox horn, antler, walrus ivory, and other substances peculiar 
to each region. The blades are of slate, jade, or inetal and are kept 
sharp by rubbing with the incisor tooth of a beaver. Now there is no 
tool more common in our collections than this same knife. It is safe to 
say that no Eskimo girl or woman is without one or more. 

As we come further south the chipped thin blade takes the place of 
the smooth blade of the Eskimo, but only in very restricted areas has 
any observer reported the Indians as using stone blades for cutting 
leather. 

Seeing the great numbers of this particular tool among modern sav- 
ages, it is incumbent upon the archeologist to look out among his 
specimens, the scissors, the shoemaker’s knife, and the saddler’s knife of 
pre-historic peoples. He will probably find them among the boxes he 
has been labeling spear-heads. 

The north Alaskan Eskimo type of scrapers consists of a grip more 
or less fitted to the hand and a chipped blade, with a varying length 
of shaft between them. In the handle the different type-forms grow 
out of the provisions made for accommodating the thumb, the first 
two fingers, the last two fingers, and the palm of the workman. 

In the front end of this handle the blade is inserted in a rude socket ; 
the rear of the handle slopes down like a Derby hat to form the palm 
rest. On the left side is the thumb groove, on the upper side are 
the first finger grooves, on the right side and bottom is a great sweeping 
excavation which may be ealled the finger pocket. On grasping one 
of these implements one is struck with the ingenuity with which every 


part of the hand.is brought into its maximum activity and every 


necessity of the operation provided for. (Plates LX XII to LX XIX.) 
The palm is provided with a nicely rounded surface for pushing, the 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 585 


first fingers with the best faeility for bearing down, the thumb for 
guiding, and the last two fingers for pulling the tool back, and at the 
same time they are protected from injury by the hide beneath. 

The student of technology is at every moment astonished to see how 
the Eskimo, wherever he sets out to invent, leaves nothing to be de- 
sired as regards facility. Remember, also, that as we go southward 
and get away from the walrus, the scraper handle is made of wood, 
and losing the graceful proportions of its northern relative, grows 
more and more like the tool of the southern Indians. 

Typical Eskimo scraper handles seem to be divided into two classes, 
even in the same locality, for which no reason is assigned. 

One class is characterized by an under-cut extending quite sym- 
metrically across the under side, and the material has some uniformity 
of thickness, as in a ladle. In most of these the grip descends to 
its base in the rear almost vertically, and in none of them is there 
any considerable tail-piece. The finger grooves, except in a few aber- 
rant forms, are extremely shallow, and the outline above much curved. 

The other class is characterized by an under-cut which primarily 
does not extend across the under side. The impression on a soft 
surface is quite similar to that of a human foot without toes. In 
some specimens the thumb side of the bottom is notehed out some- 
what, but this has no functional connection with the real under-cut. 

Now, in all the specimens of this type the tail-piece is more or less 
pronounced. The finger grooves run the whole gamut of profundity, 
from a shallow groove to deep pockets in which half of each finger 
is buried. In outline this class is more parallel-sided. 

No literature is at hand upon the subject, but from the manner in 
which these implements are poised it would seem that they go in 
pairs, as the jack-plane and smoothing plane, the spoon shaped tool 
serving for the rough or first process, the flat-bottomed class for finer 
work in finishing. But this is only guessing. 

Tivery one who has handled a series of these implements has been 
astonished at the diminutive hands of the workwomen who have wielded 
them. Todress the hide is woman’s work, but the men also have small 
hands. Again, while I have found three left-handed throwing-sticks 
in a hundred; in more than a hundred scrapers I have never seen one 
left-handed. 

Scraper blades among the northwestern Eskimo are made from a 
plano-convex spall of black chert, jasper, etc., kept flat on the under 
face and chipped into shape on the upper face. The cutting edge is 
rounded and chisel-shaped, and is usually the broadest part of the blade. 
The general outline varies from circular, or even a flattened ellipse 
through infinite varieties, to an oblong parallelogram rounded at either 
end. Indeed, one and the same blade may be all of these forms at 
various periods of its existence by a process now to be explained. 

One of the commonest tools in ethnotechnice cabinets is the stone 


586 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


chipper of bone used in forming the edges ot arrow-heads, spear-heads, 
scrapers, etc. The writer has only recently learned the indispensable 
character of this tool. In the first place every chipped implement after 
being separated from the parent block is made out and out with one of 
them. But this is only the beginning. The writer has lately learned 
that the hunter and the leather-worker are never without one, and they 
bring it into requisition with a frequency which reminds one of the old 
plantation slave sharpening his scythe every few minutes, to get a rest. 

Lieutenant Stoney, speaking of his experience at Kotzebue Sound, 
says that the leather-worker is incessantly touching up his scraper 
edge with the chipper, and that in time he wears it out to a mere stub. 
This constant sharpening also accounts for the fact that few specimens 
show signs of great wear. It is important to repeat this, that the con- 
stant use of the edging tool rapidly wears down the scraper blade and 
keeps the edge sharp. This accounts for the great difference in the 
length of the blades in our cabinets and for the fact that they show so 
little sign of use. 

A very old skin-scraper, such as are now found only in the old graves, 
is made of stone, with a wooden handle, which is fastened to the stone 
by means of a strip of whalebone. Another and a later pattern is 
made from the scapula of the reindeer. A better idea of its manufac- 
ture can be got from the sketch than by a description. Such scrapers 
are still in use, but serve as a sort of auxiliary to a scraper made 
from a tin can, resembling a little scoop in shape and having a wooden 
handle. This is the style of scraper made at the present day and is 
by far the most effective instrument of the three. (Boas, VI An. Rep. 
Bur. Ethnol., Figs. 465, 466, 468.) 

The manner of using these scrapers is to take the skin firmly in the 
left hand and putting the knee or foot upon the lower part of it, hold 
it securely while the scraper is worked with the right hand, pushing 
downward with some force. If the skins are very dry they are some- 
what softened by rubbing with the hands, or even chewing the most 
stubborn parts. They continue using these tools upon a hide till it 
gains the desired pliability. 

After removing the fat with a muscle shell, the skins are iendeten to 
the men, and especially to the guests, as a piece of civility to chew or 
gnaw betwixt meals. This is esteemed a delicacy. Then the skins are 
macerated or steeped in the urine tub. After that they are dried in the 
air a little and finally milled to perfection by their teeth. They make 
their thin light under-garments of the backs of the sea-fowl skins ; their 
warm winter garments of the bellies, and their fine holiday dress of the 
necks, and these they commonly turn feathers outward. 


ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 


587 


List of specimens in the U. 8S. National Museum on which this paper is based, showing the 
catalogue number, the material and shape of the implement, the place or tribe from which 


4 


it was procured, the length, and the collector. 


FAT-SCRAPERS. 
Number. Material. Shape Place Length. | Collector. 
| Inches. 

OODLE AMG Ola ccmeas wae ctces css SPOON aa. | PMSUSHIN Wks iemale cie seen es 63 | Nelson. 
LESNAR Face a Be tdot 20 | @halitmut..s2:2 00s eo tees: T Do. 
LS Bead CORA SSeS aSee aparece BOW =o oes Sledpe! Island 2s-s-cs--2- 55 34 Do. 

BAUS Te RVOPY;= 32 = socss> ascccsece== Rings... | BOO! ce seeisesacnsecsecosse 2 Do. 
measose || Antler. ...-.5.ccc.se--cces IBOWiasssies ooo GOlacccastinceneweccenconsre 3 Do. 

MAQEOD | PEVONY cs-=2-5-<ore see noes Ring...:.. Bes cU (iE SSeS Eee SERS OCODOEE 25 Do. 

BOI amen Ol soe cee cas aiseeehmce calle seed Our anen| Fed Octet cestnices ne esceseses 23 | Do. 

Boo eAN Lote sas ses etek orcs ccc ae Hoopeeees Bristol’Bayeeceeeeces sence aes 38 | McKay. 

BEOOSE MLUONY: sco ec Ss. ccce~ se awe oss Dish: ----- ‘Pomt Barrow: =-2 se] -seeenee 44 | Ray. 

BROOD lee OO seer eee eee seca emcee Sai bios ea as Op tate toe ee Soe ees 34 Do. 

TS BUA Le ok Nee ee le | I mee Ole ce St. Lawrence Island .....-.-. 34 | Nelson. 

Bono eelO ls nce es cere oes aisaioccesle er Oscar tans (0 ee ee ee eae 3 Do. 

SS UBS alle A (RSS SSS eS eeaesee A SAO tases |: pe OOhs tae seers easiamaceeaiecsee 25 Do. 

(SHY b dat (ete eee ere! Amey shesey lama eal nc st eee see pied 32 Do. 

63355 PaO Ope ace seo oae|s EAN (igosee Se Ol asta ode Secs nee vase 3 Do. 

BoGdO Noes! scce cc cnsces Soscasass Berek Kt) ec leet2dO-s- sosseccesceeeceeneees 41 Do. 

MgOt ete PAN GION. > 2 ocie tas cee on ae aks Bowen ee Cape Wankarem............ 23 Do. 

BEGOG UP LVOLY =. 55<<c\smccaieciss.2 Binowees = Diomede Island.......-. --. 23 Do. 

USCA oe eG (Ol ee ee ee et QO. setae Se UOneeeeearcssccressscesaan 14 Do. 

OC PAUP acasacccccice ss scee Spoonee.-o | Loiite HOperenet csesce cesar 3 Do. 

UBCE Ball) 71) 5 hee ee et Dish-2-22- leSetdO's ceste esse csctesecceace 4 Do. 

MeOOOMMATIEON coccccesie cece cece: Spoon Diomede Island: :>..-2-2-2 =. 3 Do. 

BuO aL VOR ssa ae a ine = Disheeasas| Pointy Barrows s-s-o=se-se-== 3g | Ray. 

BODDG EDs OO) sesaSuesscssces mses: BEG Cee Sei Open ne aos sae ee ane 33 Do. 

BOLD OM nea AO ba itae Sateicise is cee sate cic il: Se ROO! sviase S (UO S pcodeadacesonenobeetas 34 Do. 

PATS ol nee Cie es Se me alls ae Te Aen a aeal See OP erect sae ea enia ences 3g Do. 

DUS MAT ELOM eos asl sresmicicicicc ss Spoon’ <-=-|) Logiak: River. ----.--.--..- 73 | Applegate. 
LOTSY)® BAREG Oe Re See Soe eae eet cree Hoop. =2=2-|22-- Ojes= sc soeewscsasenseses 2¢ | Johnson. 
127791 |----dO .--------------00---. |e oe doar Rens hinwle sn Mascce ms ecciecs 34 Do. 
MeOaIs ee UO Svscccascccsosesc-cs<|os0 dodo IEN@ENGOK = cen esce ccs sesce cs 4 | Fisher. 
ENB ac Ole s com eccueccciseoe oss Spoon .-..| Kotzebue Sound ............ 3} | Stoney. 
| 
HIDE-SCRAPERS. 


[Used for cutting flesh and hair fromadried skin. The handle, blade and lashing indicate environment, 


skill, and amount of contact with the white race. ] 


prune Material. Place Length.| 
Inches. 
LOSEse WOO WONG, BINOW: ==. wns s% i -ae- co ona = Teljoliin ciccce.ceseceeecn sc 6% 
24350 | Wood, slate, spruce root .....-..--.----- Norton Sound ............-- 6% 
ACO i ee al ae i de St. Michael’s Island......... 9 
eeanE Pe WVMOU SILC scans s- 2h anon von ateooen Norton Sound). -<-.----.co-. 43 
24689 | Wood, slate, rawhide.......-- mend Qe beta/ tara wea) a fois Giereesteiey-1- 113 
RSs ene LO reenact tenants ce masa toet ele Seats tara sara scre Sarco 14 
BSUS Nr CaO man's ciesod ano eiclojcsSaiswrracsceceeeels eee seishac sarasee nono a 424 
ME Ee OO ana as aianeneeisie e oicicis.2)io'cwaictc Soeoees Pee piktowile <os-s-s<sccns— 5 93 
deUuon MLVOry stn httztes. fsc5. 505 eacee aos se ees Norton Sound ..........---- 34 
Re Se VOD saisele clara eisain wcrc wi aareusciee anes LGplqtyvall!s Sosende SEAS e nee 64 
34083 | Wood, stone, twine ........-....-.--.--- Cumberland Gulf.........-. 43 
REA | RNC Oe Seeseictrn ic otvsae so ware Sav acictemesis SOO secs ceiece soceclensicciees 4 


Collector. 


Hall. 
Nelson. 
Turner. 
Do. 
Do. 
Nelson. 


Kumlein. 
Do. 


588 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
HIDE-SCRA PERS—Continued. 
aa Material. Place. Length.’ Collector. — 
Inches. 

34085 | Wood, stone inserted..........-..-.-.--- Cumberland Gulf.......-.-- 32 Kumlein. 
SIOlSe MLO yO DIAG Oban seer ere eee eianeieiert INUDWiaksaseccc es eee eee 4, Nelson. 
37614 AO} act Gee seh Bera ones swan cis cisemeel Kotzebue Sound............ 2s Do. 
38252 | Wood, flint, spruce root.-.-..-...--...-. Rake Vukton6-s0000- ose 61 Do. 
38253 | Wood, slate, spruce root ..........------|. San iis aneeosdecenassasecsent 64 Do. 
SePAsts | IBsOre ND IDEN). Oe asemoane osocsscucoeEbolldase Ope esa ain apcec meeane mes 335 Do. 
38485 | Wood, slate, spruce root ..---....--.----|---- QO 2 e,2 (5st) porcelain ece 10 Do. 
38602 | Wood, slate, sinew twine...--..--.------ Cape Vancouver....- 183 Do. 
38603 | Wood, slate, rawhide...-...............- ee AO es oan estas sec sere seers 174 Do. 
38868 | Wood, slate, spruce root .....---.--..--- Kuskokvimts:3--t-2--2 -2 522 19 Do, 
38828 | Wood, celt, rawhide...-....-.--..------- Tse I Poss Seno soscapeseoc 123 Do. 
38838 | Crutch of wood, slate, spruce root.....--|....d0-..-.....-.-...-------- 7 Do. 
39062 | Wood, tlint, rawhide .-........---.- eee | sNortoni Sound) assesses eae 6 Do. 
AS OSE MUVOLY cin belo e se ee aici isis eee tall Oonalakleet)~222-24-5-2-=--- 5} Do. 
CBY OD) \Wraen bir 55 oasecodson cccuegouseaccasel| Cape Prince Wales...-.-..-- 7 Do. 
AZ408aNVOOd. slate Tawhide@-. 2-2-5. cen ces alee = CONS tee ae ee eee 43 Do. 
43886 | Crutch of wood, slate, rawhide ....-.--. Mission Alaska. .--2------.- 163 Do. 
43927 | Wood, slate, spruce root......-..------.- OND Wialket oo enact Liz Do. 
GUND ES) |P MAOI GRIPE! SoS ocoS sco Sbos cna ses dessa) 1Go\aiic TINY e oo oee sao scocac 63 Do. 
AATAON mVViOOd Wn DLAd Ge memaneees == eee nae IMHMON ILE one ca seance aodoe - 5h Do. 
AVOID || IhrtoAys 80) WEN) sSepceeoscon Ss dsocsoe sue | Cape sDanb yasaeeecie eee 53 Do. 
AOS STE |) ANI@E OSI EVIS) Sead conaso se saosoneSs05¢ leNoxrtonyBay reece eeae sees 41 Do. 
44085 | Wood, flint inserted .-...............--- | Keovuk (River: ss. - eee ee 48 Do. 
AES) I iyvear a) WENO) sos Seo cccosecseconeecesoc: BadaG Ukebs east cetoas sneasamd oe 4 Do. 
44982 | Wood, slate, rawhide.........-.....-..-.. Sledge Island...........--.- Te Do. 
(EOE) | betes OV eoemeeder-sseceeeaeeaceaeecesh ea: 2 Ona me neee yeaa ae meee 73 Do. 
AAGGA GOO. 2 hoa c.cotesclic See cieretse pec ones ciel) =ee OO ereceg toss Seer eee ai Do. 
48623) pLcory, NOI ACG esse cess setae aaa ee eee Kotzebue Sound..........-- 25 | Do. 
48624 |....d0 .......-.---5..--22 2-2. --- one a G0 ena mcisieseiese clcieeseee 33 | Do. 
ASG25))| Lvory, Hint inserted .-.--.-sese— 446-5 DASOO)hiacciargeaceercserasesios 4: | Do. 
A862" PlvOLye NO IDIAdO)--2 ances mene aseceee DMO ee eooaee beeen Gees 32 Do. 
ASGATE |e s2-GO:jsmclcarnen eis ecsec ds asses aceeeales BAO So ceecas cmer esc etiees 53 Do. 
48882 | Wood, slate, spruce root..........-...-. akewVulkconsstee = nee seer 7g Do. 
ECU eaecd OSs éncctocoppseraceneeeosecccuserace Sabotmiskysec-e-see=sseeae 113 Do. 
BM eoSct asoeooSannadosoodscqcanteudcdsearac BTIStOl BA ygere ee eal 153 | McKay. 
BOUMOD saris AOy =. wtstejorcc.e sine esis einai ee ee ise ato AQ usew sls cceniscessteesee er 133 Do. 
DOILOON asd Oil. vase acsossce esate dea eccceeeeaeas SE-00:. te a. cose wes eae eeeoaee 123 } Do. 
GR eSel) Sogaénsessuocn cone ssnebogeanscansen LiMOs-vteacesecsesmaeceeeioee 154 Do. 
55910e}| Wood, slate, rattan root .--.-...-....-..|---- G0) bab oss ceaaasesoesase se 16 Do. 
559107, Wood, slate, spruce root.-------..--.--.|-- $20 Or sce maeete seeee censor 15% Do. 
HHGLO| Hand Onnastoee eS acr face sa cme eA toot cee PaO! eect eee eee 164 | Do. 
55910k| Crutch of wood, slate, rawhide -......-.. EAC (ieee ence ceesos 133; Do. 
5591 Oui ben O Ope cece sen wicidstnite clo es oes See SI B SAO Mite eee eee 14 Do. 
DOGLOK | fae sO) Sits aikn tas e's dis'erc ace oe a ee eee ae TO Saco eee ce ese eee 14% Do. 
BD OLOLMER eC OF R=. co ee dobse scence sce seueeueee wecQO: seceeecuices seen tees 164 | Do. 
HOo4 Sil evOry, 0) Dade. ce sreseskcnc se eee bee Point Barroweseseeceeeeee ee 34 | Ray. 
EGE CE) LD, Sera ed PEs che eM re eT fi WEG gti tiee sal, Nase baat 44 Do. 
63559 SOOM erdcin nto so ciciaetsieis sas ons uclinmasaiee aisle Point: Hopess---css-eeee = 33 | Nelson. 
CELE. JOU Les ae ae ee eee 20a ates Gani ammeter omens 4 Do. 
6385 a hvorys Mint iMsSerted.- =... ss.cseus -scstie - + Os sate eee Cora eee 33 | Do. 
G38524 Re ae Or ast. Sas oe wis cece ne cakinneiateacias se CO 5s Se ee 33 Do. 
G3R5 Ssh do, eae teen co aa ste See ee BPR acenerisdes saeencdsnecce 45} Do. 
Gs8o4Hilvorywan OupIAdel vec serieaceeeemeeicee les Berit eae Sic Ae 33 | Do. 
GASH eesd oO: Pa meee ee AR Rear ML Se Ge pees ceta sed ase 3%| Do. 


| 
( 
| 
) 


a 


ee ae 
ABORIGINAL SKIN-DRESSING. 589 
GRAINING TOOL, WITH FINE TEETH AT THE END. 
oe | Material. Tribe. Length.) Collector. 
Tnehes. | 
A OGMION OM ee cmieiaine sis Belcias las cieiwivlaesjeisieretoaeicies's | SMDIES oSasage6oscs9caccseccen: 15 | Palmer. 
“TRICE | OTE ee Ses a lg et a oR a Let opera ieae aan 0 eee hr om 74 | Powell. 
TUSINE as onGC) nace Sens socsen wBoboee oSSabeE eons JPM NUR sane adioacacanansssS. 114 | Yarrow, 
URE | 3 30 co peco se eenond 6c Po SE eeeeoo Serre spor | WWE er ooo oaomcsoredses 121 | Turner. 
SOP DMB OMOLAN GLOW fr iieiecysciaisinterastacrsieinats se epil's y= GW Sus soSeccoossosssoase 143 | Do. 
SHORT |) area Lening in Vga epanabercecanasenrcd | laoad QO s-esdonconsbacsceeosase 13 Do. 
SMIDAMIOH On eE ss a2 ca2 ote oot ciehsceae lec vessel cee doves heeeeee eee oe aes: Do. 
BEAMING TOOLS OF BONE, FOR REMOVING HAIR 
ae Material. | Place or people. heaneun: Collector. 
ae Inches. | 
TDR || UXO beats S oe ocessGcsocooceacnoncocanacc JEON WUE bens cogcnocseodinas 10$ | Powell. 
CRED || Sei ae ea emcee REY AO aus essence tae ee 144 Do. 
RAMP ONS sccmc es nae sont oceclewe awerncetiocscies Madlisomvill@secscetcas ees aelncceece! | Metz. 
BEGIN | 5 ecb) co sddeobenseedans—crese sen seucer KerskOva Mm eeeraoeeasenicdscce 9 | Nelson. 
Boia VOOM ANG 1LOM see ae aoe eel mnie aisle Bristol@bayiee aces 2 temciceaee 144 | McKay. 
UPA) || 8) 1) Se oee cos paso cee es oceooo cscs aaesad) WINE NE Ree notsosocsecedoccos 134 | Turner. 
CHARM || 55=.0 0 scan eh es osanbpquoceneaceneanagasocor [east cee ecopepeteoneanccoent 14 Do. 
LIAS LS ie Ele ai ele Sree ee Bact Oe: ace eece EER 123! Do. 
YES) Noel sao scoot Ssacsbancceer teooosaanorcesa |sead OWDon Gesaooceoocoqassaustc! 113 Do. 
ADZE-SHAPED SCRAPERS WITH IRON BLADES. 
aie Handle. Tribe. ‘Length. Collector. 
-| a Sera ae _ [- oar se, 
| Inches. 
sasoase EN GP osepe pone Shu scbacn cxcocdoooeedocso|| HLOIb-<snsceednenuedaccesonses 144 | Blackmore. 
1462 |.-..do -.--.--------------2.---- 22-222 --- | Comanehies) x.c22.-s-0 4-002 11 | Berlandier. 
(BEG Baaad (eee acer ese Reer nec aonne armeer Gros: Vientres\..2---- ssee.5- 11 | Matthews. 
CUTEST a ae ae oe, een sacl) séneeciaoacatoocconog sca 134 | Gray and 
Matthews. 
OSG NY C0 Cee mer ecisesleiaciae ne ae alles eee Comanches) ss. c22 5-42 = so=i5s) 12 | Palmer. 
CTY Ce eect ieee CROSS Oana Cea eC C eRe Treats mae GOs eter ease ee aes iL Do. 
CEE) VGtin Gig  eenemnpecbaOnogcesH os Sseceeronc SIIB’ come seosrh cee toncemnoce 12 | Gardner. 
9852 ||. -.dO ~~. = enn n one nee se een nn a nnnn ee | Utes.....-.-..-..-.----..-.. 114 | Lyon. 
NUIT Toa Cs Se egilina epee + CSAS ee ee Eee MO TOWS! eee fen des 2 134 | Stevenson. 
TMD Ss GS ah eae Se a eoorooonrecncr cee see LEE ALOR Set bc SABE Se ORBEA oe 114 | Powell. 
CEE Seo Tega ae ee a el Diz eee Sa ee eee poor a aa 
LORS ls G4 Spo sp oct Sass OcECATOCESCODOBEOOE Serie Emel Owrcncscee cate creas see ces 113 Do. 
SSC I ne a TOUTS FT is 11 | Wheeler. 
AUT INH ee Sete cS a EOE eGOOPORODE Oe (SHON ceceanscee sceRavecEEeS 144 | Allen. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXl. 


AS 
=| \ } 


ay \\S 
W/E 


=< 


BAPE} 
inc, Sind 
Rin wig fi 
Nees 


Way vay ys 
Jo hI 


eet. g's sie 
i a YUL = 
PMN Yee 3 


NAVAJO INDIAN SKINNING DEER. (After Shufeldt.) 


Report of National iviuseum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXIl. 


4 ei 


7 MY 


) 


Wy) A 


NAVAJO INDIAN REMOVING HAIR FROM DEER-SKIN. (After Shufeldt.) 


ae 

& 
any 
ae a aa 


% 
us 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXIll. 


enw 


iN Nin 


me Wiege wit visti : 


a 


Wye \s Aids wl 


‘ 
sa 


tal 
“sidnex. 2 gall liked ¢ ui . ie, 
yh 
wy 
Xt 


NAVAJO INDIAN WRINGING WATER FROM A DEERCSKIN. (After Shufeldt.) 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXIV. 


1 di yy nee 
PR 
Aapegle dis aad 
Cl ie aoe 


NAVAJO INDIAN PULLING DEER-SKIN INTO SHAPE AFTER WRINGING. (After Shufeldt.) 


Le a aR CDma dl 


kis 
et 


Report of Nationai Museum. !889.—Mason PLATE LXV. 


\ 


Ml “i “in KA 
a ae ie r ie x ke 
s WY Ji yl 
Wy 


My J 
cel 


He: ie : 


< 
* 
Ht 
LA ih 
VAN 7a) i 
= 


NAVAJO INDIAN APPLYING BRAINS TO DEER-SKIN TO MAKE IT SOFT. (After Shufeldt.) 


‘ 
> 
; 
— 
a 
oe 
e: 
ass 
: 
. 
é 
= .s 


ALBA me 


oe 


4 ase se me 
Sera? 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXVI. 


a a aeons x 
Be 

P z _— ot Lt A — pw “ 

ee eee IRR Wy Mee eee 

Ai Zid G6 Gh aie 
ee eee 
; seq 3h lpossal gull lec to SMU 

ate Cee ee 3 WEG Bee VEx 
totaal ~ "wale! Wie 


ths Le Miullip 
Livy int ~We- —.), w— & i" Ley 
Mie, Paes an Wp Aas 

Pa en 11 mente OY “ =< 
yeah CMe IE aa 


URN AP: 


y ie 
r Te hen 
PAI am > ~ 


I eae ike’ 
=p W jij} MIEN\NY 


Yi 


NAVAJO INDIAN FINISHING DEER-SKIN BY STRETCHING IT. (After Shufeldt.) 


ie 


te, 
1 


Teles 
ML ie 
‘ ¥ 


i 
bi 
att 


ao Ve are 
UBB POU Timi yr ee Hie 
(Sy an a 
he F Vins iy 
Th Ae cal ii 


Fig. 


(ere vo 


ra) 


[3] 


EXiPIEANAWIIIOIN TOR SPE Amy EE XGV Ali 


. BEAMING TooL. Made of the tibia of a musk-ox. The bone has been hacked 
in so as to have the broad inner part of the posterior wing for a rest and 
the middle of the front portion for an edge. The natural form of the 
bone lends itself splendidly to this method of treatment. Compare this 
with Fig. 3, Pl. LXVII, and Fig. 1, Pl. LXXXIV. | 

Cat. No. 90248, U.S. N. M. Indians of Ungava, Canada. Collected by Lucien M. 
Turner. 

. BEAMING TOOL. Made from the leg bone of the reindeer. Only half of the 
specimen is given, but enough remains to show the absolute similarity 
between this and the great number of broken implements of the same 
sort found in the Madisonville cemetery, Ohio. See next figure. The 
perforation on the lower side is common in many Eskimo tools. 

Cat. No. 89488, U. S. N. M. ‘ Eskimoof Point Barrow. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, 
U.S. Army. 

. BEamMInG Toon. Made from the leg bone of a deer. The bone has been cut 
away so as to afford two edges for removing the hair in skin working. 
This specimen comes from the celebrated cemetery at Madisonville, Ohio, 
and is here reproduced to show the great similarity of form in various 
parts of the country. 


Cat. No. 43076, U.S. N. M. Graves of Madisonville, Ohio. Collected by Dr. C. L. 
Metz. 


PLATE LXVII. 


Report of National Museum, 1 


SSS SWANN 


<2 ES a 


SS 


SS 
SS 


pe za 7 


BEAMING TOOLS. 


Ci) 


Fi 


t=) 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVIII. 


.1. GrAINER. Of the humerus of the musk-ox. The upper joint furnishes the 
handle and the hard portion of the bone cut diagonally forms the edge. 
Fine serrations on the edge furnish the graining surface. 

Cat. No. 90246, U.S. N. M. Eskimo and Indians of Ungava, Canada. Collected by 
Lucien M. Turner. 

.2. GRAINING TOOL. Handle of pine. Blade of iron, finely toothed and lashed 
to the shaft with a buckskin strip. A thong fastened to the top of the 
handle passes around the wrist and catches the force of the blow. This 
is an excellent device for giving emphasis to the work of the tool. 

Cat. No. 89927, U.S. N. M. Eskimo and Indians of Ungava, Canada. Collected by 
Lucien M. Turner. 

. 3. GRAINER. Made from the ‘‘ bit” of a plane and finely serrated. In use this 

is placed on the primitive bone grainer and lashed with buckskin. 


Cat. No. 90260, U.S. N. M. Eskimo and Indians of Ungava, Canada. Collected by 
Lucien M. Turner. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXVIII. 


” ~ 1h 
> = - \ 
GF 1 nh 
jelly 
cof h Sale 
pURoteca 


GRAINING TOOLS. 


Bares 


Fig. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIxX. 


. 1. FAT-SCRAPER. Of antler. 


The antler is first split. 
form a grip, and from the remainder the core is scraped away and the 
edge of the hard portions sharpened. 


Cat. No. 90250, U. S. N. M. 
Lucien M. Turner 


g. 2. SCRAPER. Probably for removing fat. 
Holm’s celebrated work on East Greenland. 


3. FaT-SCRAPER. Of antler. 
scraped to an edge. 


Cat. No. 90397, 


Mo tS IN I5 dt 


Much larger than the examples from the west. 


About one-third of the piece retains the core to 


Indians and Eskimo of Ungava, Canada. Collected by 


Reproduced here from Captain 


A strip of the horn split off and the lower part 


Eskimo of Igloolik. 


Collected by Capt. C. F. Hall. 


PLATE LXIX. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. 


FAT-SCRAPERS. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXxX. 


Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Blade of bone, with edge resembling that of a gouge, fastened 
to a pine handle by a seizing of sinew. The edge is very smooth and 
worn, and the specimen must have been used more as a beaming tool. 
The drawing marked (2) is a precisely similar form dug from the ash-pit 
graves of Madisonville. The attention of archeologists is here called to 
the fact that all the specimens from that celebrated cemetery are allied to 
modern northern implements. 

Cat. No. 10397, U. S. N. M. Eskimo of Iglulik. Collected by Capt. C. F. Hall. 


Fig. 3. SCRAPER. Handle of soft wood, faintly and rudely cut in and grooved like 
the beautiful ivory specimens from Alaska. Thumb groove, fore and 
middle finger grooves atop; ring finger groove and undercut large; 
notch for finger, small. “The blade is a dull celt of sandstone let half its 
length into a socket in the end of the handle. Length, 4 inches. 


Cat. No. 34084, U. S. N. M. Eskimo of Cumberland Gulf. Collected by L. Kumlien. 
There are three examples of this type in the National Museum. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. Plate LXX. 


aN isis 
4\\ ) Y 
iN * Ar Nu 


ae 


iy PALO arty dup ANY i es 
1 
SCRAPERS. 


EDIPIE/AINT AITO) Ole IRIEZAVInIs Lec. 


Fig. 1. ScRAPER. Handleof antler. Blade of iron driven into the end of the handle. 
: The antler shows longitudinally the marks of the sand-saw. 
Cat. No. 2020, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Anderson River, Canada. Collected by B. R. 
208s. 
Fig. 2. SCRAPER BLADE. Of dark chert. 
Cat. No. 36290, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Cape Vancouver. Collected by E.W. Nelson. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE XX: 


1 2 


SCRAPERS. 


¥ 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXII. 


Fig. 1 (a, b, and ¢c), SCRAPER. Long, large-sized handle of spruce. Thumb groove 
for a large digit, deep and wide. Groove for forefinger, pocket for mid- 
dle finger, undercut nearly across the béttom. Tailpiece rectangular. 
thin, and nearly flat. Unlike most other implements of this class the 
specimen has for a blade a thin scale of sandy shale. 

Cat. No. 89309, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. 
P. H. Ray, U. S. Army. 


Report of 


National Museum, 1889.—Mason 


SCRAPER. 


SUT Ta ¢ UWNTFTR: 


PLATE LXXII. 


a 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIII. 

Fig. 1 (@ and b). ScRAPER. Of walrus ivory. Thumb groove slight. Fingers sepa- 
rated by a ridge three and three-quarters inches in length. Undereut 
quite across and extending into a spoon-shape cavity of the palm rest, 
which is pierced for a suspending cord. This is a broad, heavy, and 
effective implement. 

Cat. No. 89321, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U. S. Army. 

Fig. 2. SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory. There are no grooves for digits. The under- 
cut extends quite across and the implement rests on its front and rear 
edge. The palm rest declines at an angle of 90 degrees and terminates 
abruptly without horizontal appendix. The blade, of reddish-brown jas- 
per, is held in its socket by a washer of rawhide. 

Cat. No. 89313, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U.S. Army. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXIIl. 


SCRAPERS. 


1 
Ae at 


oN es 


at hee 


7 
- ee 
7 tl 


SAIPIEZNINVA III @lF IPIEANIPIS: [LOW 


Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory. <A delicate, mottled specimen, shaped in front 
like the incisor of a horse. Thumb groove very slightly and delicately 
hollowed. There is an undercut on this side, but it serves no earthly pur- 
pose. In this and many other specimens this cut seems to be a fashion 
without an aim. The finger grooves are continuous to the margin next 
the stone blade and are models of graceful carving. The undercuts on 
both sides are nearly alike, causing the implement to rest on the front and 
rear. This is one of the most beautiful pieces in the Museum. 

Cat. No. 89317, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U.S. Army. 

Fig. 2. SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory, resting upon the front and tailpiece. The thumb 
groove a shallow pit. Front finger grooves slight hollows. Undercut 
extending entirely across, but much smaller on the thumb side. Blade 
of blacix chert, held in place by a packing of cord much broader than the 
handle. 

Cat. No. 89315, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U.S. Army, 

Fig. 3. SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory. Heavy and high arched. The specimen is 
new and is ornamented with incised lines coarsely fringed. This speci- 
men has never been used and is the only one in the National Museum 
with the slightest ornamentation. It rests upon the front margin of the 
blade socket and the edge of the declined tailpiece and is singularly 
lifted up. Thumb groove deep, bordered above by a long ear-shaped 
piece in high relief. The finger grooves are long, narrow, and deep. The 
undercut is peculiar, that portion in which the fingers fit being sepa- 
rated from the more shallow portion on the left by a sharp offset. The 
ear-shaped projection will be noticed faintly on several other specimens. 


Cat. No. 89314, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U.S. Army. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXIV. 


SCRAPERS. 


. 
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4 
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i 
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2 e 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXV. 


Fig. 1. ScRAPER. Of walrus ivory. The specimen lies flat, touching a horizontal 
oa ry > 


surface all around its underside. The last two specimens, on the con- 
trary, touch only at the front and rear. Thumb groove a deep furrow, 
almost concealing the digit. Finger grooves two slight cup cuttings for 
the tips. Undercut not extending all the way across, so that the lower 
margin under the thumb touches the ground all the way from front to 
rear. 

Cat. No. 89316, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 

H. Ray, U. 8S. Army. 


SCRAPER. Handle of wood. Flat bottomed. The material is so much cut 


away that the thumb pocket. the upper and the side finger pockets all 
communicate, and the thumb groove at the end opens into the blade 
socket. 
Cat. No. 89310, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U. S. Army. 


SCRAPER. A clumsy specimen of spruce wood resting upon a flat base, 


scarcely affected by the undercut. The thumb groove wide and for the 
first joint a deep pocket. Upper finger groove only for the forefinger. 
For the middle finger there is a separate undercut pocket and for the 
last two fingers the undercut is deeply pocketed. The front is precipi- 
tate, 2 inches high; the rear prolonged into a flat tailpiece, broader than 
the rest of the implement. There are a few specimens of this class made 
of wood, unique in form, but there are no others with precipitate front. 


Cat. No. 89311, U. S.N. M. Eskimo of Point Barrow, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U.S. Army. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXV,. 


SCRAPERS. 


EXPLANATION OF PEATE EXXV: 


Fig. 1 (a and b). ScraPEeR. Handle or grip of wood, with deep pocket grooves for 
the digits. The thumb is almost hidden in its cavity. On top there are 
three grooves for the fore, the middle, and the ring finger, respectively, 
and a very deep pocket into which the ends of all three are concealed. 
The little finger fits into a deep pocket cn the right side and there is not 
the slightest shadow of undercut, the lower surface resembling exactly 
that of a carpenter’s plane. The blade, of drab flint, is neatly inserted 
into the front and packed with canvas. A blue bead inserted on top in 
front of the finger pocket is the only ornament. 


Cat. No. 63848, U. S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXVI 


SCRAPER. 


o AD nae ‘4 : i 
re ey a scih aie dhs Mio | 
maar i y wae os ; y 
SaShT b, a ni at QrVi. ‘ ne } a , 
aie 
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a i i 
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La 4 
7 i 7 
hyy 
Lip. 


4 
ie 


EXIPEAINAT ON VOIR PE Ate Er EexXexavalilie 


Fig. 1. ScRAPER. Handle of spruce. Thumb groove fitted to both phalanges of 
the thumb. Finger grooves slight. Undercut only two-thirds across 
the bottom, giving the implement a rest along the entire left side. The 
top is arched high up and there is a slight bell-shaped tailpiece. Blade 
of black chert, secured with a leather washer into a grooved socket—that 
is. half the depth of the mortise is cut out on the sides. This would fit a 
blade of any width. 

Cit. No. 63847, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U. 8. Army. 

Fig. 2. SckaAPER. Handleof hard wood. Thumb groove deep and long, over which 
an ear-shaped projection is carved, as in Plate LX XIV, Fig. 3, from Point 
Barrow. Finger groove rounded out to give the appearance of a skull 
and terminating 1 inch behind the stone blade. Undercut not wide and 
hook-shaped in base outline. The tailpiece is gouged out like the rim of 
a beli. This form is quite an oddity and leads to the conclusion that each 
implement was made to fit the hand of the workman. This being the 
case they reveal as great a diversity in the size of Eskimo hands as exists 
among the white race. 

Cat. No. 63849, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U.S. Army. 

Fig. 3. SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory. <A very graceful old handle, much discolored, 
resting on the front or haft and the broad flattened tailpiece. Thumb 
groove shallow, but exactly fitting and bounded above by the ear-shaped 
ridge so prominent in Plate LX XIV, Fig. 3, from Point Barrow. Finger 
grooves extending to the stone blade. Undercut consists of two distinct 
parts, that for the last two fingers and a smaller one under the thumb, 
a common characteristic, but serving only to remove useless material. 
The tailpiece is long, broad, and gracefully curved into the grip. 

Cat. No. 63855, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Point Hope, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U.S. Army. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLaTE LXXVII. 


SCRAPERS. 


or nae 


EX PEA NAGHIO NOR P PAE ES exe Gv eliile 


Fig. 1(@ and b). ScRAPER. Handle of spruce wood, with marked characteristics, 
: resting on the front and long tailpiece and slightly arched up in the mid- 
dle. Thumb groove profound, finger grooves moderately deep. Under- - 
cut two-thirds the distance across the bottom. Between this and the 
blade is a cul-de-sac for the third or ring finger. The grip is high arched 
and the flat tailpiece projects abruptly from its base. The socket is 
broad and intrudes slightly on the sides. Split by a stone blade, the old 
device of a groove and lashing has been resorted to. 
Cat. No. 127886, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Hotham Inlet, Alaska. Collected by Capt. 
Pe Ray, Wes. Armiys 
Fig. 2. SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory. A slender spoon-shaped handle. Thumb is 
scantily provided for and the finger grooves are mere shadows. The 
undercut is scalloped delicately on its side to receive the string and the 
middle finger. The socket is very broad and deep but entire on its mar- 
gin. There is a delicious continuity of curvature over the entire surface 
of this specimen, so that not a single sharp turn occurs anywhere except 
in the socket. 
Cat No. 48624, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. Collected by Capt. 
Pe Ray, Us: Army: 


-PLATE LXXVIII. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. 


SCRAPERS. 


me ne) 
7S) oe 


ai 


PAL ALS) oes 


ame) 8 ee 
Lt PP TA beURT, 


EXPEANATION OF PEATE SEXXIX: 


Fig. 1. ScRAPER. Of spruce wood. High arched on top and resting on its two 
ends. The thumb groove is deep and pocketed. Finger grooves deeply 
pocketed and divided by a thin partition. Undereut two-thirds across 
the bottom, which is shghtly arched up. Grip high arched and sub- 
tended by a narrow bell-shaped tailpiece, the margin of which is pro- 
longed. Socket a very deep mortise extending to the thumb and finger 
pockets. 

Cat. No. 64177, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Hotham Inlet, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U.S. Army. 

Fig. 2. SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory. An abnormal specimen, made from the proxi- 
mal end of a walrus tusk. Evidently the maker racked his ingenuity to 
get the most out of his material. Provision for the thumb and first two 
fingers is made by the core cavity in front. The undercut trenches 
largely on the same cavity, which extends onward through the grip. The 
socket is mortised an inch deep. 


Cat. No. 64181, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Hotham Inlet, Alaska. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U.S. Army. 


ae 


Fig. ¢ 


OQ 


Scraper. Handle of pine wood; blade of drab-colored chert: lashing of 
unshredded sinew, with washers of rawhide. This is a rude specimen, 
representing only the outline and commencement of the type characters 
in the one-handed scraper. There is no thumb groove on the side; no 
finger groove on the top. On the under face of the right-hand side are 
two very shallow grooves for the ring and little finger. The protection 
of the hand is secured by the angle of the handle. The blade has chip- 
pings only on the upper side. It is laid in a roughly gouged hollow, so 
as to bring its under surface flush with that of the handle. A Pawnee 
Indian informed the writer that the careless lashing on so many hafted 
tools is owing to the fact that the blade is continually taken out to be 
sharpened, which tallies with Lieutenant Stoney’s testimony. 


Cat. No. 43405, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Cape Prince of Wales. Collected by Capt. P. 
H. Ray, U.S. Army. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXIX 


SCRAPERS. 


EXPLANATION SOIR PE Adee ex Cx: 


Fig. 1. FAT-SCRAPER. Dish-shaped. Made from a section of walrus tusk. This 
form of scraper might easily be mistaken for a dish, but an examination 
of the edge shows that on one side at least it has been scraped down 
sharp. There are types of these scrapers—the dish-shaped, the hoop- 
shaped, the horseshoe-shaped, the knife or spoon shaped, the scoop- 
shaped, and the ring-shaped, and each shape has a definite locality. 

Cat. No. 633855, U. S. N. M. Eskimo of St. Lawrence Island. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson. 

y. Shaped like an old-fashioned milk skim- 
mer or a grocer’s scoop. The form is quite graceful and the graceful 
ridges on the upper margin afford a firm grip to the hand. This form is 
in the Straits and Kotzebue. 

Cat. No. 63900, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Diomede Islands. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 


Fig. 2. FAT-SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory 
D> 


Fig. 3. Fat-sCRAPER. Fine old specimen of discolored walrus ivory. Blade, ladle, 
or skimmer shaped. Two prongs carved to imitate bears’ heads form the 
most convenient grip. 

Cat. No. 127896, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Kotzebue Sound. Collected by Lieut. G. M. 


Stoney, U.S. Navy. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE L.XXX 


A 


NAN 
AN 


FAT-SCRAPERS. 


wo 


ay 


i" 
by 
. 


ae 


WN 


Se 


oT hk aa St hr 


aT 
vrs J 
? 


EUIPIE/INVATFIOIN @lE PILATE IL2O6 Ile 


Fig. 1. Fat-SCRAPER. A strip of ivory 6 inches long, 1 inch wide, and shaped like a 
knife blade, one-eighth of an inch thick at the back, where it is also bent 
and held in position by a rawhide string passed once or twice across 
through holes in the ends of the ivory and then carefully wrapped around 
the cross strings. Its use is said to be for scraping fat from seal skins 
to be put in the soapstone lamps. 

Cat. No. 63642, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Cape Wankarem. Collected by Capt. P. H. 
Ray, U.S. Army. 

Fig. 2. FAT-SCRAPER. Made of a section of the lower end of a walrus tusk sawed 
off like a napkin ring. The inner side being soft and the outer side hard, 
it is the easiest thing in the world to scrape away the soft part, so as to 
have an edge like the tooth of a rodent. Used to remove fat from skins 
before dressing them. This form of scraper is not found in the Museum 
collection except from Sledge Island and the Diomedes. 

Cat. No. 44990, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Sledge Island. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fig. 3. FAT-SCRAPER. Made of a narrow, thin strip of antler bent in form of a 
horseshoe and held in place by a strip of rawhide passed backward and 
forward through two holes in each end and then wrapped in a neat coil 
across. The loop on the outside of the ends is neatly countersunk. One 
margin of the antler strip is scraped to an edge from within, so as to pre- 
serve the outer hard portion for work. 

Cat. No. 4771, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Sledge Island. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXXI. 


FAT-SCRAPERS. 


EXP EANATEOING OR) Pe Aun EsExXexexchl 


Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Handle of wood, blade a flat celt of schist let into the lower part 
of the handle neatly and lashed in place with spruce root. A very large 
but neatly made specimen. It is an excellent example of transition 
between the short and the long handle. Place for the thumb is exca- 
vated; lift margin for the forefinger on the upper surface, and for the 
other three fingers underneath. The palm of the hand rests against the 
depressed end. 

Cat. No. 43927, U. S. N. M. Eskimo of Norton Bay, Alaska Collected by E. W. 
Nelson. 

Fig. 2. SCRAPER. With wooden handle of medium length. The grip in its curve 
with the handle suggests a pistol butt. The shaft is a long triangle and 
onthe underside excavated to receive the celt-like blade of hard volcanic 
rock. This blade has a chisel edge and is held in place by means of a 
thong of raw seal-hide fastened by tucking the end under. The attention 
of archeeologists is especially called to the mounting and function of this 
polished blade with chisel edge, as they have many similar pieces in their 
cabinets. Length, 114 inches. 

Cat. No. 24689, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. Collected by Lucien 
M. Turner. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLaTe LXXXIl 


——_ 


———— 
——— 
—S— 

——— 


= Yf 
= 


———— 


YX 


PTT ae SA a 
2 


SCRAPERS. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIII. 


Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Handle of wood, grip cylindrical, shaft triangular, expanding 
downward to fit neatly the blade of slate, which les in a cut on the 
under side and is held in place by a neat lashing of fine rawhide string. 

Cat. No. 129216, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of St. Michaels, Alaska. Collected by Lucien 
M. Turner. 

Fig. 2. SCRAPER HANDLE. Of walrus ivory; very old. The noticeable marks are 
the economy of material, the smallness of the owner’s hand, the slight 
grooves for thumb and first two fingers, and chiefly the spoon-shaped 
cavity beneath for the ring and the little finger. Length, 33 inches. 

Cat. No. 33093, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Norton Sound, Alaska. Collected by E. W. 
Nelson. 

Fig. 3. SCRAPER. Handle of spruce wood. This is an interesting connecting link 
between the shaftless type and the long shafted type of the South. The 
shaft from the point of the thumb is about 14 inches; no finger grooves. 
Under cut two-thirds across. Grip a straight incline without tail piece. 

Cat. No. 44086, U.S. N.M. Eskimo of Koyuk River. Collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, 
U.S. Army. 


PLATE LXXXIll. 


Report of National Museum, 1889 —Mason 


Yj 
) 


h 


My 


Pe 


Why 


iG ih 


i 


/ 
/, 


/ 


Hi: 


SCRAPERS. 


EXPEANATRIONS Oy BEATE Ee xXOxexci Ve 


Fig. 1. Fat-SCRAPER. Made of the radius of the deer. The rounded front portion 
is cut away so as to furnish a rest on the ridge of the incurved portion, 
and two edges, one on either side. The hard lower edge of the imple- 
ment is also ground to a chisel edge like that of a graining tool. Every 
portion of the implement affording a hard, bony surface has been ground 
to an edge. 

Cat. No. 38490, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Mission, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fig. 2. FAT-SCRAPER. Of walrus ivory. Ingeniously carved so as to furnish a grip 
and a long opening for the thumb. One edge only is sharpened. The 
implement fits only the right hand and shows that the Eskimo scraped 
away from himself and not towards himself. 

Cat. No. 127508, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Togiak River, Alaska. Collected by I. Apple- 
gate. 

Fig. 3. SCRAPER. Made of the rib of a deer, with little or no modification of form. 
The Indians of California are said to use a rib in the same manner. 

Cat. No. 38244, U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Mission, Alaska. Collected by E. W, Nelson. 


PLATE LXXXIV. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. 


Mt pt 


Ml 1¢ 


Yy 
title 


Yj 
Wl 


» 


SCRAPERS. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXV. 


Fig. 1. ScRAPER. Handle of pine, quite old, slightly fitted to the hand. Blade of 
slate lashed to the handle roughly by a leather thong passing through a 
perforation. 

Cat. No. 127502, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Togiak River. Collected by I. Appiegate. 

Fig. 2. SCRAPER. Handle a curved piece of pine wood, pistol-shaped. Blade a 
ground celt of black chert, edge wedge-shaped, lashed to the handle with 
a splint of pine root. The blade is made to fit to the handle by a padding 
of grass. If the unknown may be explained by the known, this speci- 
men finds a function for many flat, wedge-shaped celts. 

Cat. No. 38252, U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Lower Yukon. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE LXXXV, 


i 4 a i 
it ene: | A 
| i [i q ms 


ee 
Hoag 

EA 
Z 

EB 


i} " ui | 


i i " 


ic 


1 : 
i: 2 
ia 
mil laa, ie 
uy] a: 
ie 


SCRAPERS. 


» 


a 


a Hn 3 ; 


SUG coe: ae ne 
OCck a 


* 
_ 


, ; ; : =—N be OA eee 
bite ert 4 i Ree 
ri: ity ea thn ee: 


lines hrs : nar ii, & ns 7 a ; ° 


re) 1 oe a i 


a 
‘ 


a » OR el y . ; aA, ai Mi 


Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


~) 


SN) 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXVI. 


. SCRAPER. Handle a long shaft of spruce with a grip formed by a slight 
natural bend at the upper end. Blade a thin celt of chert, with edge 
wedge-shaped, but the two sides are very much rounded; that is, in 
cross section the edge forms a ietter Y with one limb straight, the other 
curved outward. 

Cat. No. 38603,U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Cape Vancouver. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

FAT-SCRAPER. Made of antler; the handle, one of the prongs, and the 
spoon-shaped blade scooped out of the columnar portion. This is a 
dainty iniplement for its work. 

Cat. No. 37967,U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Chalitmute. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 
. FAT-SCRAPER. Made of antler and used for removing the fat from bird and 
animal skins prior to the curing. The fat is preserved for the lamp. 
Length, 64 inches. 


Cat. No. 36501, U.S. N. M. Eskimo of Kashunuk. north of Norton Sound, Alaska. 
Collected by E. W. Nelson. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason cea es 


fet Pah Le i 
UN HA) Wit UH (UA 


ee a 

A ‘ af Mh Vs 

y ; | | 
ie 


os 


race 
— 


= 
= eo 


ogee 


Cp as 


IN ETAL RRS 
iit Kt \\ 
Mh \ J) 
Sao aia 
b ) Ny} 


‘ 


SCRAPERS. 


op 


ey 


qeieth 
t - 3 


EXPIEAN AME IOIN Ol sPEAt Es EXeXxaVvalill: 


Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Handle of wood 15 inches long. Grip a crutch handle mortised 
to the end of the shaft perpendicularly to the edge of the blade. Bladea 
long, narrow celt of schistose rock fitted to a shoulder of the shaft and 
held in place by a neat seizing of spruce root. The crutch handle is con- 
fined to Big Lake and the region around Bristol Bay. 

Cat. No. 38838, U.S. N.M. Eskimo of Big Lake, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 

Fig. 2. SCRAPER. Handle a natural curve of spruce wood. Blade a very wide celt 
of schistose rock, fitted to a notch in the handle, and held in place 
with a lashing of fine rawhide string. The unique feature of the speci- 
men is the disproportion between the blade and the handle. 

Cat. No. 38828, U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Big Lake, Alaska. Collected by E. W. Nelson. 


PLATE LXXXVII. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. 


aE = =" 
ji FiQFEEZ 


SCRAPERS. 


So nernte me 


yi 
, tae 
‘ a | 
ae 
. 
i 
j I 
ih 
rin 
ee 
"Wk 
_ 
at ae 
i 
F 
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Vit Ne 
. a} 
q 
a 
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hs: n 
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i iia iy 
is ) 
oa 2 
ae wy Al 7 : 
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f oY 
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7 : 7 
vi 
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, : on 
. 
fr 
ie 
* 
i 


EXPIEANATION SOR Pe EAgbe Eyeeavaliiilie 


Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Handle a forked stick of spruce with the bark stillon. Blade a 
celt of hard slate fitted to a notch on the handle and held in place by a lash- 
ing of rattan. This seizing shows the happy faculty of the Eskimo in 
grasping every available thing that comes to his hands. 

Cat. No.55910(e), U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Bristol Bay. Collected by C. L. McKay. 

Fig. 2. ScRAPER. Handle a natural curved stick of spruce. Blade a very long, 
smooth celt of schistose rock, set into a notch on the handle, 4 inches long 
and held in place by a seizing of spruce root. Rather a clumsy piece. 

Cat. No.55910(e), U.S. N.M. Eskimo of Bristol Bay. Collected by C. L. McKay. 


o 


Fig. 8. BEAMING TooL. Made of a strip of hoop iron inclosed between two half 
cylinders of wood and held in place by seizing of pine root at the end. 
The iron is ground to an edge along one margin and the wood has been 
chamfered away to give the edge a chance to work. This is an excellent 
specimen, showing the hair in the interstices. 
Cat. No.55912,U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Bristol Bay. Collected by C. L.McKay. 


PLaTe LXXXVIII. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason 


oF) 
ZZ = = 
LZZLLLLEE, <= = == a a 


SCRAPERS. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXIX. 


Fig. 1. FAT-SCRAPER. Made of a thin band of antler bentan form of a hoop, ends 
overlapping but not interlocked. Held in form by a rawhide string 
wrapped three times around the exterior. A unique specimen. 

Cat. No. 127792, U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Nakneek, Alaska. Collected by W. J. Fisher. 

Fig. 2. FAT-SCRAPER. Ingeniously made of a broad, thin strip of the outer crust 
of antler, wide in the middle and narrow at the ends. This strip is bent 
in shape of a truncated cone, and one end cut, arrow-shaped, is thrust 
through a triangular cut in the other end and tangled. Of course all this 
was done when the horn was softened. This type is confined to Bristol 
Bay. 

Cat. No.55911,U.S.N.M. Eskimo of Bristol Bay. Collected by C. L. McKay. 


PLATE LXXXIX. 


Report of National Museum, 1889 —Mason 


FAT-SCRAPERS 


y 


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a 
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i 
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ee : 
i lca * a; 
oi) i M 
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> wy 7 ra 
F i Poe) Ye he a “y D cay 
Laan vt we pe i #6 lf ve WOE 
hy Mt ol Shah Rr? Py v 4 
i ae le aS: od : , : Da 
ae alee ’ 
ane ie thant Al) ‘eg, Staats i ar 
Hip: REO Fe 0 ate ie 
Uf rita’ PS fe 
> he Vy) ear" aan Ay 
” Mind ; | 
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itt ’ 
| he 
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ao 
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EXC BAN AGH ION Ol > Ann Emer 


Fig. 1. BEAMING TooL. Made from the tibia of a horse. There has been little or 


i no modification of the bone. The fibula furnishes a most excellent 
natural edge for the tool. 
Cat. No. 19891, U.S. N. M. Piute Indians, southern Utah. Collected by Maj. J. W. 
Powell. 
Fig. 2. GRAINING TooL. Made of the tibia of the deer. At the middle part. where 


the bone is hardest, it is cut in two diagonally so as to expose a square 
edge on the posterior part. Teeth are cut in this edge to soften the skin 
after treatment. 

Cat. No. 19894,U.S.N.M. Utes of northern Utah. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. 

Fig. 8. GRAINING Toot. Made of the tibia of a horse. The column cut diagonally 
across the middle or hardest portion so as to furnish a square edge on the 
posterior side. Very fine teeth have been made along this edge for grain- 
ing or softening the skin. ; ‘ 

Cat. No.31316,U.S.N.M. Indians of the pueblo of Isleta, New Mexico. Collected by 
Dr. H.C. Yarrow and Lieut. George Wheeler, U.S. Army. 

Fig. 4. GRAINING TooL. Made of iron. An old-fashioned wagon skein, used on 
wooden axles before iron axles were invented. The upper or inner por- 
tion shows the holes for the rivets. Its edge is serrated for graining the 
hide. The buckskin thong is wrapped around the forearm and serves as 
a brace to hold the tool rigid. The shaft is covered with buckskin to 
protect the hand. 

Cat. No. 14196,U.S.N.M. Sioux Indians, Dakota. Collected by Edward Palmer. 


PLATE XC. 


Report of Nationa! Museum, 1889,—Mason 


BEAMING AND GRAINING TOOLS. 


PR ME i I, ett 10 ee rn 
ee Coy LT a f A, ! Ue ee 
Te aR, 


tn 
" 


tea 


BXIR BAIN Am OING O BaP Anh iE mexcCile 


Fig. 1. ScRAPER. Of the antler of the elk, with a provision for the blade left in one 
of the prongs. In modern times steel takes the place of stone blades. 
Cat. No. 6337,U.S.N.M. Gros Ventres Indians, Dakota. Collected by Drs. Gray and 
Matthews, U.S. Army. 
Fig. 2. SCRAPER. Handle of antler. Blade of steel fastened in place with buck- 
skin thong. 
Cat. No.11100,U.S.N.M. Crow Indians, Montana. Collected by Col. James Steven- 
son. 


PLATE XCl. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.— Mason 


ADZE-SHAPED SCRAPERS. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XCIl. 


Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Adze type. Handle of the antler of the elk, the grip being the 
principal column, and the blade attached to a short section of a branch- 
ing prong. The blade of the modern tool is of iron, seized loosely with a 
thong of buckskin so as to be removed easily for sharpening. 
Cat. No. 11226,U.S.N.M. Piutes of Utah. Collected by Maj. J. W. Powell. 
Fig. 2, SCRAPER. Adze-shaped. Handle of wood cut from a natural knee-shaped 
stem. The blade of iron is lashed to the flat inner face of the handle, 
which is not shouldered to catch the blow. Length, 114 inches. 


Cat. No. 31317, U.S.N.M. Pueblo Indians of New Mexico. Collected by Lieut. G. 
Wheeler, U.S. Army. 


PLATE XCIl. 


ES ————EE ESS 
: SS ———————— 
(FS — SS SS 
SS — a Fata a —_ Ss 
ee wae 

= eg == 
(EO= <-> = 
5 ~ aN ee = 


Ni \\ aw ee nee | 5 
iy \ —$< SS ee a = 


\ dpe =S=S SSTx_= — — = SSS SS a —_—— 
‘hy, iy SS 
— = SF 


al Museum, 1889.—Mason. 


Report of Nation 


ADZE-SHAPED SCRAPERS. 


e 


EOS PIE/NINVN IIOIN) Ole IPIL/N INS 2 Ne 


Fig. 1. SCRAPER. Handle of wood; adze-shaped. Blade of iron, like a plane bit. 
It is fitted to the handle by a wrapping of buckskin and securely fastened 
by a rough seizing of buckskin thong and rag. As the blade must be 
removed constantly for sharpening, the lashing is very rudely done. 
Length, 12 inches. 

Cat. No. 6896, U. 8. N. M. Comanche Indians of northern Texas. Collected by E. 
Palmer. 


oie) 


g. 2(a, b, and c). SCRAPER. Handleof wood. Blades of obsidian. The obsidian 
blades are inserted into holes, one on each side of the curious handle, and 
fastened by a black mastic made with the gum of the colqual. Handle, 
© inches. 
Arusi Galla tribes in southern Shoa. Collected by Henry H. Giglioli and described 
in Internat, Archiv. fiir Ethnographie, Vol. 11, page 213. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Mason. PLATE XCIll. 


a 


ADZE-SHAPED SCRAPERS. 


Corenl) “VANd 


is 


THE PUMA, OR AMERICAN LION: FELIS CONCOLOR OF LINNEUS, 


By FREDERICK W. TRUE, 


Curator of the Department of Mammals. 


The Puma is the only large, unspotted, native American cat.* The 
general color of the fur is tawny, but on the under surfaces of the body 
it is whitish. The color of the central line of the back is darker than 
that of the sides and the end of the tail is dusky brown. The ears are 
black externally, with a central whitish area. The upper lip is white 
from the nostrils to the middle of the mouth, and at the latter point is 
a prominent black spot. The nostrils are flesh-colored. Baird com- 
pares the color of the Puma to that of the Virginia deer, and states that 
it varies with the seasons as it does in the deer; that is, the summer - 
coat is reddish and the winter coat grayish.t 

There is much variation in color among individuals of this species, 
but it has not been proven that this is correlated with the varying 

*Nine species of cats are found in North America north of the Isthmus of Pan- 
ama. These are— 

The Puma, Felis concolor Linné. 

The Jaguar, Felis onca Linné. 

The Ocelot, Felis pardalis Linné. 

The Tiger Cat, Felis tigrina Erxleben. 

The Eyra, Felis eyra Desmarest. 

The Yaguarundi, Felis yaguarundi Desmarest. 

The Bay Lynx, Lynx rufus (Giildenstidt). 

The Plateau Lynx, Lynx baileyi Merriam. 

The Canada Lyux, Lynx canadensis (Desmarest). 

The Puma, or account of its wonderfully extensive range, reaching from Patagonia 
to Canada, may perhaps be considered as the most characteristic of American animals, 
though it is less powerful than the Jaguar. The Jaguar and Ocelot enter the terri- 
tory of the United States only on the extreme southwestern border. The Eyra, Ya- 
guarundi, and Tiger Cat have never been found north of the Rio Grande. The Lynxes 
are common in the United States. The spotted form of the Bay Lynx, found in Texas, 


and the banded form, found in Oregon and Washington, have been described as sep- 


arate species, under the names Lynx maculatus and Lynx fasciatus. They are now 
generally regarded as geographical races of the Bay Lynx, The Canada Lynx is a dis- 
tinct species. 


t Baird, Mammals of North America, 1859, p. 83, a 
ot 


592 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


climatic conditions of its range.* The occurrence of albino Pumas in 
the Alleghany Mountains and in New Mexico has been reported, but 
not authoritatively.t 

Burmeister remarks on this point: ‘‘ Very rarely individuals of this 
Species of a brown, nearly black color have been found, while differ- 
ences in color between yellowish-brown and yellowish gray are not rare. 
Iam aware that individuals nearly white and others nearly black have 
been observed, but I have never seen such myself.” + 

New-born Pumas are very different in appearance from the adults. 
Instead of being of uniform color, the back and legs are covered with 
large blackish-brown spots, and the tail is ringed with the same color.§ 
According to Dr. W. A. Conklin these markings disappear in about six 
months after birth.|| 

The male Puma represented in Plate XCLV is of the following dimen- 
sions: Head and body, measured along the curves, 53 inches; tail, 264 


*There is an early allusion to this matter in Miiller’s translation of Linnawus’s Sys- 
tem of Nature, published in 1796. After mentioning the discrepancy between Pen- 
nant’s and Schreber’s measurements of the Puma, this author remarks: ‘‘It is not, 
however, to be wondered at that different measurements are given, when it is con- 
sidered that the two animals from which they were taken were born in such very 
different regions. The climate likewise contributes to changes in their disposition, 
and hence those living in North America are much less ferocious and much weaker 
than those which are born in hotter regions. It has influence also upon the color. 
In the Iroquois country the species is gray, in other regions reddish.” (Miiller, Linné’s 
Natursyst. Fortsetzung nach 13ten Ausgabe, 1. Theil, Siingethiere, 1796, p. 207.) 

tSee Forest and Stream newspaper, XVII, p. 110; also, American Field, Xx, 1883, p. 201 

+ Burmeister: Description Physique de la République Argentine, 11, 1879, p. 132. 

§ This difference between the young and adults in- coloration led the veracious 
Garcilasso de la Vega intoerror. In his Royal Commentaries he writes: ‘‘A Spaniard 
whom I knew killed a great lioness in the country of the Antis, near Cuzco. She 
had climbed into a high tree, and was killed by four thrusts of a lance. They found 
two whelps in her belly, which were sous of a tiger, for their skins were marked with 
their sire’s spots.” (Royal Commentaries, 1609, book 8. < Hakluyt Society, X11, 

1869, p. 385.) According to Castelnau, young North American Pumas have white 
spots. Burmeister states that he never saw such individuals in Brazil. 

|| Dr. W. A. Conklin, in Merriam’s Vertebrates of the Adirondack Region. < Trans. 
Linnean Soc., New York, 1, 1882, p. 35, foot-note. 

They persist, however, though always more or less indistinct, until the animal has 
reached its full size, or perhaps in some cases, throughout life. The term spotted, 
notwithstanding, can not be applied to the species in the same sense as to the Jaguar, 
Leopard, and Ocelot. It may be mentioned in this connection that lions, which to 
the eye are unspotted, sometimes appear in photographs as spotted animals. I sub- 
join some notes on the color of a number of flat skins of Pumas, which I recently ex- 
amined through the kindness of Mr. F. S. Webster, of Washington. 

(a) Length without tail, 4 feet 9 inches. Color very pale tawny. Spots apparent 
on all parts of the body. 

(b) Length without tail, 4 feet 4 inches. Shows spots of darker tawny than the 
wveneral color of the body. 

(c) Length without tail, 4 feet 7 inches. Color very pale. Shows very faint spots. 

(d) Total length, 6 feet 11 inches. Color gray. Numerous irregular small spots of 
white snd single white hairs. No dark spots. 

(e) Total length, 6 feet 10 inches, Color pale tawny. Numerous white hairs. Faint 
spots on the legs only. 


: ‘THE PUMA, OR AMERICAN LION. 593 


inches; height at the shoulder, 224 inches. Audubon and Bachman 
give the following dimensions of a male killed by J. W. Audubon at 
Castroville, Tex., January 28, 1846, From point of nose to root of tail 
(whether measured along curves, not stated), 5 feet 1 inch; tail, 3 feet 
linch; height of ear posteriorly, 3 inches.* 

The male Puma measured by Azara was somewhat smaller, the head 
and body being 51f inches and the tail 29 inches.¢ The system of 
measurement is not given. 

The average dimensions obtained from these three individuals are: 
For the head and body, 55;'; inches, and for the tail, 504 inches; total, 
85 inches. 

Dr. Edgar A. Mearns has generously permitted me to copy his meas- 
urements of the nineteen individuals killed by him in Arizona between 
1884 and 1888. Measurements of total length are given in seven in- 
stances. These are as follows: 


| . oe 
| total “agit | en 
= body. hairs. 
Se Ce Us =| \_ 
Inches. Inches. Inches. 
Female, Mogollon Mountains, Arizona..............--------.---- 72.5 | 44.5 | 29.5 
Male, 10 miles southwest of Fort Verde, Arizona .........-....-. | 80.0 | 51.2 Stor 
Male, east slope of Mogollon Mountains, Arizona -.......-...--. | 78.0 | Ls eR | 31.0 
Female, east slope of Mogollon Mountains, PAniz ouavecee eee | 60.0 [Ec apes al 25.5 
Male, east slope of Mogollon Mountmins, Arizona ..----...--...-. | BENQ WRetas yrs eae 36.0 
Neda oe atatere le eres cle ioiee ares eiclanis ces pais Sela yleadete aid acle oS \niwsicSe ele | ice Weaccioeone ce 23.0 
ee eer ate a ovate se oe icine son or ersicialnie pisioaiare ote tic earns © cieibliae | 72.0 | BODOCOESODoN 30.0 


I have found no authentic record of any individuals measured before 
skinning of which the dimensions were greater than those of Audubon’s 


(f) Total length, 5 feet 94 inches. Color grayish. A few very faint spots. 

(g) Total length, 5 feet 8 inches. Color gray. Shows large spots throughout, and 
also two bars on the shoulders, and a line of very distinct spots along the spine. 

(h) Total length, 5 feet 8 inches; color gray; numerous spots, especially on the legs. 

(i) Total length, 5 feet 5 inches (tip of tail wanting). Similar to ‘“‘y,” but the 
spots less distinct. 

(j) Total length, 5 feet 6 inches. Similar to ‘‘g.” 

(k) Total length, 5 feet 4 inches (tip of tail wanting). Color gray. Shows large 
dusky spots throughout. 

(1) Total length, 5 feet 3 inches. Color pale tawny. Spots distinct but pale. 

(m) Length without head, 4 feet 1 inch. Color a beautiful vinaceous tawny, over- 
laid everywhere with large dusky spots. A broad, dark spinal band, and very dis- 
tinct shoulder bars. <A black line along the entire tail, above. The terminal third of 
the tail entirely blackish. 

*Audubon and Bachman, Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America, 11, 1851, p. 306. 

Buffon gives the following measurements received in a letter from Collinson 
(whether measured along curves not stated); Head and body, 5 feet 4 inches; tail, 
2 feet 6inches. This is probably English measure. < Giuvres Comp. de Buffon, 
edited by Richard, xv, 1826, p. 74, under heading of Le Couguar de Pennsylvanie. 

+ Azara, Apuntamientos para la Historia Natural de los Quadripedos del Para- 
giiay, 1, 1802, p. 124. ‘‘ Longitud, 74 pulgadas; cola, 263.” 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2-38 


1. 


594 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


specimen mentioned above. The total length in that case was 8 feet 2 
inches. There are, however, records of measurements of flat skins of 
greater size.* JI have myseif measured a skin from Colorado in the 
National Museum, (No. 19906), of which the total length in a straight 
line is 8 feet 4 inches. Mr. Livingston Stone states that the skin 
of a Puma killed on the McCloud River, California, ‘“‘ measured 84 
feet when stretched.”t The average total length of nine flat skins of 
adults in the possession of Mr. F. S. Webster, of Washington, is 7 feet 
4 inches. 

The area over which the Puma ranges extends from New England and 
British Columbia to the Straits of Magellan. On the Atlantic coast of 
North America the species has apparently not been found in the States 
of New Hampshire, Rhode Island, New Jersey, or Delaware. On our 
northern boundary I find no mention of its having been found in Miehi- 
gan or Indiana. In Ohio it was extirpated prior to 1838, and probably 
more recently in Illinois and Indiana. I find no record of its oceur- 
rence in Nevada, but as it has been found in the surrounding States it 
seems improbable that it should be entirely absent here. 

With these exceptions there are recorded instances, more or less nu- 
HADES, of ue occurrence of the Puma in every State and Territory of 


; 


* Since Tine was written, ae ©. L. Bristol, of vee million! South Dakota, has sent 
me a letter addressed to him by Mr. James G. Needham, ee: of Galesburgh, 
Tllinois, in which the writer states that he knows of several mounted specimens in 
which the head and body taken together exceed 60 inches in length, and that he has 
recently mounted one from near Lake Valley, New Mexico, a fine dark skin, which 
measured 70 inches from the nose to the root of the tail. The tail was 39 inches long, 
and the total length 109 inches. ; 

+ Forest and Stream, Xrx, 1882, p. 208. 

Anonymous and pseudonymous writers in the various natural history and sporting 
journals give still larger dimensions. Thus we read of a Puma killed at Lander, in - 
Wyoming Territory, which measured ‘10 feet from tip to tip” (American Field, xxiv. 
1885, p. 486) and even of one from Colorado that was 11 feet 3 inches long (‘*S8. C. C.” 
Forest and Stream, X1x, 1852, p. 127). 

While itis well known that giants, which greatly exceed ordinary individuals in 
size, exist among many kinds of animals, it is necessary that statements regarding 
them in order to receive credence should be accompanied by unquestionable proofs. 
The best vouchers are the skins and skulls of the specimens preserved in museums. 
The cases cited above are not properly vouched for. It may be said, furthermore, 
that among the twenty skulls of Pumas in the National Museum there is none which 
by the most liberal calculation could be supposed to belong to an individual exceed- 
ing 8} feet in total length. The greatest length of the largest skull, (No. 1158, from 
Prairie Mer Rouge, Louisiana), is 8% inches, and its basilar length, that is, from the 
back of the incisor teeth to the front edge of the foramen magnum, 6% inches. 

In recording measurements of fresh specimens, it should always be stated whether 
the line is allowed to follow the curves of the back or whether the measurements are 
made in straight lines. It should also be remembered, as regards measurements of © 
total length, that an individual with a well-developed body, but a short tail, may ap- 
pear to be a smaller and feebler animal than one with a long tail, when the contrary 
may in reality be the truth. 


7 ney 


THE PUMA, OR AMERICAN LION. 295 


the Union, dating from the beginning of the century. Like many other 
large American animals, however, the Puma has retired before the ad. 
vance of civilization, and in many of the more thickly populated States 
itis improbable that even stragglers could be found at the present day.* 


* The localities in the several States and Territories in which individuals have been 
captured or seen, so far as they are recorded in the literature at command, are given 
in the following list : 

Upper Canada. —A specimen from this region was seen by Audubon. (Audubon and 
Bachman, Quadrupeds of North America, 11, 1851, p. 312.) A second specimen was 
killed near the city of Ottawa. (William Couper, in Forest and Stream, vul, 1877, pp. 
299, 300. Communicated by Dr. Elliott Cones.) King reports having seey one which 
was killed by Dr. Maitland near St. Catherine’s. (King, Sportsman and Naturalist 
in Canada, 1866, p. 16.) There is an improbable narration of a Puma having at- 
tempted to attack some men in a boat near St. Francis on the St. Lawrence River, 
in Small’s Animals of North America, 1864, p. 49. The size, weight, and other par- 
ticulars are, however, given. 

Manitoba.—The Puma is not included by Mr. E. E. Thompson in his recent list of 
the mammals of Manitoba. (Trans. Manituba Sci. & Hist. Soc., No. 23, May, 1886.) 

British Columbia.—Abundant in Vancouver’s Island, and ranges to 56° north latitude 
in British Columbia, according to J. C. Hughes. (orest and Stream, Xx, p. 103.) 

Alabama.—Hallock states that the Puma is occasional in De Kalb County. (Sports- 
man’s Gazetteer, 1877, p. 3.) 

Arizona.—Generally distributed, but found most frequently in the wooded and 
mountainous portions of the Territory. (Coues, American Naturalist, 1, 1867, pp. 
281-292.) Drs. Coues and Yarrow killed two specimens in the Triplet Mountains. 
(Wheeler’s Survey, v, Zoology, 1875, pp. 40,41). Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U.S. Army, 
has kindly given me measurements of nineteen Pumas killed by him in Arizona 
between December, 1884, and February, 1888. Four were killed near Fort Verde ; six, 
in the Mogollon Mountains; four, at the head of Beaver Creek, Yavapai County; and 
five, on the Verde River. 

Arkansas.—Nuttall reported the occurrence of the Puma on the Arkansas River, 
north of Little Rock, in 1819. (Travels into Arkansas Territory, 1821, p.118.) Mr. 
Hallock states that the dense cane-brakes, swamps, and forests of Cross County are 
infested by Pumas. They are occasionally found also in the dense cane-brakes along 
the Red River, in Jackson County, and great numbers in Prairie County, in the cane- 
brakes between the White and Cache Rivers; also in Phillips County, in the vicin- 
ity of Helena, in the woods; in Pulaski County, near Little Rock; and in St. Francis 
County. (Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 1877, pp. 8, 9.) One is reported to have been killed 
near Bayou Bartholomew, in Jefferson County, in 1883. (Forest and Stream, Xx, 1883, 
p. 125.) There is also an account of a hunt on Crooked Bayou in the southeastern 
part of the State in 1887 in Morest and Stream, XXVU1, 1887, p. 323. 

California.—Abundant throughout the State, as appears from the statements of 
various authors. Mr. H. W. Henshaw, however, stated in 1875 that the species had 
apparently disappeared from the lower and more thickly settled portions. (Wheeler’s 
Survey, Report of 1876, pp. 305-312.) Mr. Hallock mentions the Puma as oceurring 
in 1877 in Butte, Humboldt, Klamath, Trinity, Mendocino, Los Angeles, Marin, 
Nevada, Santa Clara, Shasta, Siskiyou, Souoma, and Tehama Counties. (Sports- 
man’s Gazetteer, 1877, pp. 11-18.) Specimens were obtained in Shasta County in 1884 
by Mr. C. H. Townsend. See also Forest and Stream, X1tx, 1882, p. 208; xx, 1883, 
p. 203; Xx111, 1885, p. 497, (McCloud River); xxv, 1885, p. 46 (Conejo Valley); xxvu1, 
1887, p. 493; xxx, 1888, pp. 289, 350, 411. American Field, xxt, 1884, p. 451; xxv, 
1856, p. 343 (San Buenaventura); XXVil, 1887, p. 105 (Georgetown). 


596 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Colorado.—Common in Park County in 1874, according to Dr. J. A. Allen. (Bull. 


Essex Inst., v1, 1874, pp. 43-66). Elsewhere in the mountains, according to Drs. Coues — 
and Yarrow. (Report Wheeler’s Survey, v, 1875, pp. 35-129.) Mr. Hallock states | 


that they occur in the North Park, inSummit County. (Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 1877, 
p. 22.) Three specimens were received from Cation City in 1877 by the National 
Museum. See also Porest and Stream, Xxx, 1888, p. 243 (Rifle Creek). 

Connecticut.—Linsley, in 1842, saw a specimen reported to have been killed in the 
northern part of the State. (Amer. Journ. Sci., XLi1, 1542, pp. 345-354.) 

Dakota.—Mr. G. B. Grinnell saw a single individual in the Black Hills in 1874, but 
believed them to be quite numerous in thatregion. (Ludlow, Rep’t of a Reconnais- 
sance of the Black Hills, 1874, pp. 77-85.) Mr. Vernon Bailey also learned in 1887 
that they were considered quite common in the Black Hills, and saw a young one 
which had been captured there. (Rep’t Ornithologist, Dept. Agric., 1888, p. 431.) 
Hoffman reported in 1877 that specimens were occasionally captured in the oak groves 
on Oak Creek in the vicinity of Grand River. (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x1x, 
1877, pp. 94-102.) 

Florida.—Dyr. J. A. Allen stated in 1870 that the Puma was not unfrequent in the 
more unsettled parts of the State. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology, 11, 1870, p. 186.) May- 
nard in 1873 reported that it was common in the interior and more southern parts of 
the State, but was not found on the Keys. (Quart. Journ. Boston Zool. Soc., 1, 1883, 
Nos. 1-4.) The late Mr. Judson, however, writing under the pseudonym of ‘Ned 
Buntline,” reported that a Puma was captured on Key Largo. (forest and Stream, 
x11, 1880, p. 994.) See also a note on one killed in Manatee County in 1887, in Amer- 
ican Field, XXVIII, 1887, p. 7. 

Georgia.—Found along the water-courses in this State thirty years ago, according 
toAudubon. (Audubon and Bachman, Quadrupeds of North America, 0, 1851, p. 212.) 
According to Mr. Hallock the scream of the Puma is not uncommonly heard in Barlow 
County and in the hill country generally; also in Thomas County, in the vicinity of 
McDonald. (Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 1877, pp. 37-40.) 

Idaho.—Mr. Hallock reported in 1877 that Pumas could be found in the mountains 
and forests of Idaho County. (Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 1877, p. 42.) A person writing 
under the pseudonym of ‘‘ Nica” reports that he killed a Puma in Northern Idaho in 
1888. (orest and Stream, xxx, 1888, p. 308.) 

Illinois. —Kennicott in 1855 stated that a single individual had been known to occur 
in Cook County. (Trans. Illinois State Agric. Soc., 1, 1855, pp. 577-580.) The species 
has probably disappeared from the State. Professor Leidy calls attention to a fossil 
skull found 30 feet below the surface, in the bed of the Kaskaskia River, in Proc. 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1888, p. 9. 

Indiana.—I have not met with any mention of the occurrence of the Puma in this 
State. Haymond omits it from his list of mammals observed in Franklin County in 
1869, published in the Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana for that year. 

Indian Territory.—W oodhouse in 1853 remarks of this species: ‘‘ It was observed in 
the Indian Territory in the neighborhood of a swamp.” He does not give the loca- 
tion of theswamp. (Sitgreaves, Exped. down the Zuni and Colo. Rivers, 1853, p. 47.) 

Towa.—Dr. C. A. White writes in 1869 as follows: ‘‘The panther has been known 
within our limits but very rarely.” (Proce. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x11, 1869, p. 181, 
foot-note. ) 

Kansas.— According to Mr. F. W. Cragin, four Pumas were captured and three 
others seen in the counties of Harper, Barbour and Comanche in the winter of 
1884—’85. (Bull. Washburn Laboratory of Nat. Hist., 1, 1885, p. 42.) 

Kentucky.—I am obliged to Prof. John R. Procter, director of the geological survey 
of Kentucky, for a letter regarding the occurrence of the Puma in Kentucky, written 
at his request by Mr. R. T. Durrett, of Louisville. On the authority of manuscripts 
in his possession, Mr. Durrett states that John Sanders killed a Puma in a chestnut- 
oak tree at the Knobs, 6 or 7 miles south of Louisville, in 1784. A young Puma was 


THE PUMA, OR AMERICAN LION. 597 


killed on Mr. Durrett’s father’s farm, in Allen County, by a negro, in 1815, The 
Puma was last seen in Kentucky in 1863, when a full-grown individual, having a total 
length of 7 feet, and weighing 111 pounds, was killed by Mr. John Custis and others, 
within 6 miles of Lexington. 

There is also mention of two or three killed near Reeder in American Field, XX11I, 
1885, p. 174. 

Louisiana.—A skull from Prairie Mer Rouge, obtained by James Fairie, in 1853, is 
in the National Museum. Baird includes the Puma in his list of the mammals of the 
Red River of Louisiana, (Marcy’s Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana, 1853, 
Appendix F.) See also American Field, xxvii, 1887, 390 (Red River). Mr. Hallock 
states in 1877 that Pumas were to be found in Grant Parish, about Flagon, Clear, 
Big, and Trout Creeks. (Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 1877, p. 62.) 

Maine.—Included without comment in Holmes’s list of the mammals of the State, 
in the sixth annual report of the Maine board of agriculture, 1861, p. 123. Iam 
credibly informed that no Pumas have been killed in the State in recent years. 

Maryland.—The species formerly occurred here, according to Audubon and Bach- 
man. (See Quadrupeds of North America, 0, 1251, p. 312.) It is included by Scott 
among the indigenous animals of the State, under the name of Panther. (Joseph 
Scott, A Geog. Descript. of the States of Maryland and Delaware, 1807, p. 28.) 

Massachusetis—Emmons states that the Puma was not to be found here in 1840, 
though it existed in the State at an earlier day. (Emmons, Report on the Quadru- 
peds of Massachusetts, 1840, p. 36.) Dr. J. A. Allen, in 1869, writes: ‘‘ The Panther 
has probably been for some time extinct in Massachusetts, though undoubtedly once 
occurring here.” (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1863-1869, p. 153.) There was a rumor 
that one was seen near East Douglass as late as 1883. See Forest and Stream, xx, 
1883, p. 48. 

Michigan.—No record was found of its occurrence in this State. It is not mentioned 
in a list of the vertebrates of the State, published by M. Miles, M. D., about 1861. 
(Presumably in the report of the geological survey of the State for that year. I 
have seen only an undated excerpt.) 

Minnesota.—Not included in Head’s list of mammals found in the vicinity of Fort 
Ripley in 1854. (Smithsonian Report, 1854, p. 291.) Mr. Frank J. Locke makes the 
following statement: ‘‘I recently had a bloodless encounter with a huge panther 
the only one seen in this locality for years.” (Forest and Stream, Xx, 1883, p. 226.) 

Mississippi.—Audubon states, in 1851, that the Puma was to be found in the swamps 
of this State, and relates several adventures with it in the region of the Yazoo River. 
(Quadrupeds of North America, 1, 1851, p. 308.) Wailes, in 1854, writes: ‘‘The 
Panther is now rarely met with except in dense and extensive swamps and cane- 
brakes.” (Report on the Geology of Mississippi, 1854, p. 315.) Mr. Hallock states 
in 1877 that there was an excellent region for Pumas in Tunica County, at Hudson, 
near the Mississippi River; also in Washington County. (Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 
1877, p. 92.) See also an improbable story in Forest and Stream, Xx, 1883, p. 125. In 
this connection, the remarks of Du Pratz, a writer of the last century, are of interest. 
Du Pratz appears to have established himself near Natchez. Writing in 1758, he says 
of the Puma or Tigre: *‘One sees them but little; and if this animal was as common 
as a certain author (? Buffon) would have us believe, the ancient inhabitants of the 
country would have seen a certain number, but I have never heard mention of but 
one. I have seen two at different times about my habitation.” (M. Le Page Du 
Pratz, Histoire de la Louisiane, U1, 1758, pp. 91-92.) 

Missouri.—I found uo records of the occurrence of the Puma in this State since the 
beginning of the century, when Dr. J. Watkins, in a letter to Dr. Barton, included 
it among the mammals found in the country west of St. Louis. (Trans. Amer. 
Philos. Soc., vi, 1809, pp. 69-72.) 

Montana.—The Puma occurs in congenial localities throughout the Territory. It 
was seen by Mr. G. B. Grinnell at the mouthof Alum Creek in 1875. (Reconnaissance 


598 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


from Carroll, Montana, to Yellowstone Nat. Park in 1875, by Wm. Ludlow, 1875, pp. 
63-72.) A Puma from Fort Keogh is living in the Smithsonian park at this date. 
See also Forest and Stream, XXv1, 1886, p. 508; xxx, 1888, pp. 411, 350. Mr. Vernon 
Bailey found the Puma at Tilyou’s Ranch, Dawson County, in 1887. (Rep’t Orni- 
thologist, Dep’t Agriculture, 1888, p. 431.) 

Nebraska.—Aughey remarks regarding the Puma in this State: ‘I have only seen 
it a few times on the Niobrara and the Loup.” (S. Aughey, Geology of Nebraska, 
1880, p. 119.) 

Nevada.—I have found no distinct record of its occurrence in this State. 

New Hampshire.—No evidence found of its occurrence in this State. 

New Jersey.—Omitted by Beesley from his list of the wild animals of Cape May 
County (Geology of the County of Cape May, 1857, p. 137) and by Abbott from his 
list of the mammals of the State published in the Report of the Geological Survey of 
New Jersey, 1868, pp. 751-761. 

New Mexico.—Bartlett found the Puma along the water courses of this Territory 
thirty-five years ago, (Narrative of Explorations in Texas, New Mexico, etc., 1, 
1853, p. 555b.) Woodhouse states that the Puma was observed in the mountains of 
New Mexico. He also in another place states that its ery was heard on the San Fran- 
cisco Mountains. (He calls it Felis pardalis.) (Woodhouse in Sitgreayves’s Exped. 
down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers, 1853, pp. 37 and 47.) Drs. Coues and Yarrow 
reported in 1875 that the Puma was tolerably common in the mountains of Colorado, 
New Mexico, and Arizona. (Rep’t Wheeler’s survey, v, 1875, pp. 35-129.) Mr. J. 
Preston True states that his guide killed a Puma at Albuquerque in 1888. (Forest 
and Stream, XXX, 1888, pp. 350, 411. See also Forest and Stream, x11, 1879, p. 294, 
and American Field, xx, 1883, p. 201.) 

New York.—The Puma is still found in the Adirondack Mountains. Dr. C. H. Mer- 
riam gives a list of forty-six killed in that region between 1871 and 1881, and esti- 
mates that nearly a hundred were killed between 1860 and 1882. (Trans. Linnean 
Society of New York, 1, 1882, p. 39.) DeKay stated, in 1842, that the species was oc- 
casionally seen in the Catskill Mountains. (Nat. Hist. of New York, Zoology, 
1842, pp. 47, 48.) He also remembered the appearance of one in Westchester County, 
within 25 miles of New York City, when a boy, and was informed that one had been 
killed in Warren County. See also Forest and Stream, Xx, 1884, pp. 4 and 264; 
XXV, 1885, p. 286; vi, 1876, 138 (Lewis County); x, 1878, p. 138 (Fulton Lakes). 

North Carolina and South Carolina.—Audubon, in 1851, stated that it was occagion- 
ally killed along the water-courses of these States. (Audubon and Bachman, Quad- 
rupeds of North America, 1, 1851, p. 312.) I find no reference to its occurrence 
here at a later date. Dr. Merriam in 1883 reported that the Panther was unknown 
in the Great Smoky Mountain region of Tennessee and North Carolina. (Amer. 
Jour. Science, XXXVI, 1888, p. 459.) 

Ohio.—Kirtland stated, in 1888, that the Puma was formerly found in Ohio, but 
had disappeared. He mentions specimens in Dorfeuille’s Museum in Cincinnati. 
(Rep’t Geol. Survey of Ohio, 1838, p. 176.) Later writers do not include the species. 

Oregon.—Suckley and Gibbs, in 1859, reported the Puma common in Oregon and 
Washington, and abundant in the motmtains of the Klamath River. (Nat. History 
of Wash. Territory, U. S. Pacifie R. R. Survey, 1859.) Mr. Hallock mentions that 
Pumas were numerous in Josephine County, in 1877. (Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 1877, 
p, 188.) See also Forest and Stream, XXvu1, 1887, p. 104 (near Puget Sound). 

Pennsylvania.—Audubon stated that the Pama was abundant at the headwaters of 
the Juniata River in 1851. (Audubon and Bachman, Quadrupeds of North America, 
11, 1851, p. 311.) MeMaurtrie states that a woman was killed by a Puma in Pennsyl- 
vania in January, 1830. (Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, 1, 1831, p. 115.) (See also Forest 
and Stream, 111, 1874, p.67. Berks County). Mr. Hallock states that Pumas were to 
be found in Cambria County, near Ebensburgh, in 1877; also in Elk County, near 
Ridgway. (Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 1877, p. 140.) Mrs. B. H. Warren writes me that — 


THE PUMA, OR AMERICAN LION. 599 


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a Puma was killed in the northeastern part of the State about fifteen years ago, and 
adds: ‘It is asserted by apparently reliable persons (hunters) that a few of these 
are yet to be found in Cameron and Potter Counties.” 

Rhode Island.—No record of its occurrence in this State has been found. 

South Carolina.—See North Carolina. 

Tennessee.—Heywood, in his Early History of Tennessee, mentions the Puma as 
among the wild animals of the State. Mr. Hallock states in 1377 that the cane- 
breaks of Shelby county afforded fine grounds for hunting Pumas. (Sportsman’s 
Gazetteer, 1877, p. 153.) There is a report that a Puma was killed on Wheatley’s 
plantation, 8 miles south of Memphis, in the Chicago Iield, x11, 1880, p. 11. (See North 
Carolina). 

Texcas.—Common all over the State in 1880, according to Professor Cope. (Bull. U. 
S. Nat. Mus., No. 17, 1880, p. 9.) There are specimens in the National Museum from 
Eagle Pass and the Brazos River, cellected respectively in 1853 and 1857. 

Utah.—The Puma, according to Dr. J. A. Allen, is not common, but quite generally 
distributed in the Great Salt Lake valley. (Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, pp. 43-66.) 
Drs. Coues and Yarrow state that they occur in eastern and middle Utah but are not 
numerous. (Rept. Wheeler’s Survey, Vv, Zoology, 1875, p. 40.) 

Vermont.—Thompson mentions a Puma killed in Manchester in 1850, and states 
that the species had become very rare at that time. He knew of one killed in Rox- 
bury in 1821. (Z. Thompson, Nat. Hist. of Vermont, 1853, p. 38; Appendix, p. 12.) At 
an earher time one was killed in Bennington. It had taken a calf out of a pen where 
the fence was 4 feet high. (Williams’s History of Vermont, 1794, pp. 86, 87.) Dr. J. A. 
Allen saw a specimen which was killed on Pine Hill, Weathkersfield, in 1867, (Bull. 
Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1863-1869, p. 153.) A Puma was reported killed in West Wards- 
boro’ in 1875, and another near Brattleboro’ in 1885. (See Vorest and Stream, v, 1875, 
p- 300, and Xxv, 1885, p. 306.) 

Virginia.—A specimen was received from Capon Springs in 1850 by the National 
Museum. Myr. Hallock makes the very interesting statement that the Puma is found 
in the Dismal Swamp. I find no other reference to its occurrence in the low coast 
lands of the South Atlantic States, except in Florida. (Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 1877, 
p. 167.) 

Washington.—Dr. Cooper pronounced it very common in 1859. He mentions one 
captured while swimming in the Columbia River. (Nat. Hist. Washington Territory, 
1859, p. 74.) A specimen collected by Dr. George Gibbs in 1855 was received from 
Fort Steilacoom by the National Museum. Dr. Suckley, in 1859, reported the species 
especially abundant in Cowlitz, Chehalis, and Nisqually Counties. (LL. ¢., p. 108.) 
There are references to its occurrence in Cedar Mountain, Black River, and White 
River, at recent dates. (See Forest and Stream, Xxx, 1883, p. 308; American Field, 
XXI, 1884, p. 302.) 

West Virginia.—I am in possession of a letter from Mr. W. H. Hill, of Gurley Bridge, 
to Mr. Randolph I. Geare, dated August 14, 1890, in which it is stated that six or more 
Pumas have been killed in Webster County during the last eight or ten years, and 
that it has been ascertained from reliable sources that Pumas now infest the wilds of 
the Alleghany range in the Counties of Randolph and Webster, and are also to be 
found in Logan County, near the Cumberland range. Individuals have also been 
taken in the Counties of Randolph and Greenbrier. 

Wisconsin.—Lapham, on the authority of Dr. Hoy, refers to it as occurring in north- 
ern Wisconsin, in his catalogue of the animals of the State, published in 1852. (Fanna 
and Flora of Wisconsin, prepared for the State Agricultural Society, p. 339.) 

Wyoming.—Dr. J. A. Allen, in 1874, writes of the Puma as follows: ‘More or less 
common in the timber of the Medicine Bow Range, as it-is also throughout the tim- 
bered portions of the Rocky Mountains.” (Bull. Essex Inst., v1, 1874, pp. 43-66.) 
According to Mr. Hallock it was to be found, in 1877, in Laramie and Sweetwater 
Counties, (Sportsman’s Gazetteer, 1877, p, 181.) 


600 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The Puma occurs throughout Central America® and in ali parts of 
South America to the Straits of Magelian.t 

The first mention of the Puma appears to be the remark in the letter 
of Columbus regarding his fourth voyage in 1502. In the narrative of 
his exploration of the coast of Honduras and Nicaragua he writes: 
“‘T saw some very large fowls (the feathers of which resemble wool), 
lions [leones], stags, fallow-deer, and birds. 

There are also references to the occurrence of the Puma in North 
America of very early date in the narratives of Laudonniere, Hariot, 
Coronado, Hawkins || and others. 

The Puma, regarded as a species, possesses in a remarkable degree 
the power of adapting himself to varied surroundings. He endures 
severe cold during the winter in the Adirondack Mountains§ and other 
parts of our northern frontier, and tracks his prey in the snow. He is 
equally at home in the hot swamps and canebrakes along the river- 
courses of our southern States.4] In South America he inhabits the 
treeless, grass-covered pampas as well as the forests.** In the Rocky 
Mountains, as I am informed by Mr. William T. Hornaday, he ascends 
to the high altitudes in which the mountain sheep arefound. Mr. Living- 
ston Stone saw tracks of the Puma on the summit of Mount Persephone 
in California, at an elevation of 3,000 feet.tt Similarly, Darwin states 
that he saw the footprints of the Puma on the cordillera of central 
Chili, at an elevation of at least 10,000 feet.{t According to Tschudi, 


* For list of pealines see Alston in Uncgaren &.Salvin’s, Biles Centrali-A meri- 
cana, Mammalia, 1879-1882. 

t Burmeister, Description Physique de la République Argentine, 111, 1879, pp. 
130-132. 

$ Hakluyt Soc., 11, 1847, p. 193. 

This letter was written in Jamaica, 1503, and according to R. H. Major appears to 
have been first published in Venice in 1505, although Pinelo and Ferdinando Colum- 
bus asserted that it was published elsewhere in Spanish as well. 

|| Mexico.—‘* Here are many sorts of beasts, as Beares, Tigers, Lions, Porkespicks,” 
ete. Coronado,.Relation of Mexico, 1540. (Hakluyt’s Collection of Voyages, 111, 
1810, p. 369.) 

F lorida.—“ It is thought that there are lions and tygres as well as unicornes ; lions 
especially; if it be true that is sayd, of the enmity betweene them and the unicornes; 
for there is no beast but hath his enemy, as the cony the polecat, a sheepe the woolfe, 
the elephant the rinoceros; and so of other beasts the like: insomuch that whereas 
the one is, the other can not be missing.” (John Hawkins, First Voyage to the West 
Indies, 1562, 1. ¢., p. 616.) 

Laudonniere mentions ‘‘a certaine kinde of beast that differeth from the Lyon of 
Africa.” (Four Voyages by Certain French Captains into Florida (1561-1565), 1. ¢., 
p- 369.) 

Virginia.—‘‘ The inhabitants sometime kill the Lion, and eat him.” Thos. Hariot, 
“A briefe- and true report of the new found land of Virginia” (1587). (L.e., p. 333.) 

§ See Dr. C. H. Merriam, Trans. Linnean Soec., New York, 1, 1882, p. 32. 

* Audubon and Socio Quadrupeds of North America, II, 1851, p. ae 

** Azara, Quadriipedos del Paragiiay, 1, 1802, p. 120. 

tt Amer. Naturalist, xwi1, 1883, p. 1188. 

tt Voyage of the Beagle, p. 269. 


THE PUMA, OR AMERICAN LION. 601 


the Puma is found in Peru in the highest forests and even to the snow- 
line (though seldom here).* A writer in the Eneyclop:edia Britannica | 
states that ‘in Central America it is still common in the dense forests 
which clothe mountain ranges as high as 8,000 or 9,000 feet above the 
sea-level.” 

In these different regions the Puma always selects for his abode such 
spots as afford some shelter, but we find him in the thickets and copses, 
rather than in the great forests. ‘Those panthers that we have ob- 
served,” writes one of the naturalists of the Mexican Boundary Survey, 
“were always found in the most solitary places, generally where there 
were thick bushes, and in the vicinity of rocky spots, affording caverns 
for secure concealment, and in which to bring forth their young.” || 

The Puma seeks his prey chiefly at dawn and twilight and under cover 
of night, but he also sometimes hunts by day. The different species of 
American deer are his principal quarry, but he preys also upon smaller 
mammals. He will even feed upon the different species of American 
porcupines, despite their quills, which lacerate his mouth and face. § 
Audubon and Bachman state that raccoons and skunks, as well as birds, 
form a part of his food, and that he will eat carrion when hard pressed 
by hunger. To this list Brehm adds the South American Coati,** 
Agoutitt and Paca,it and the Rhea, or American ostrich.||||_ Drs. Coues 
and Yarrow state that in New Mexico and Arizona the Puma kills hun- 
dreds of wild turkeys and has indeed broken up many of the former . 
breeding-places.§§ Pennant asserts that the wolf serves the Puma for 
prey. This is improbable. Nevertheless, he reports that there was in 
the Museum of the Royal Society of London the skin of a Puma which 
was shot shortly after it had kiiled a wolf.q 

Of the larger domestic animals, such as the horse and cow, the Puma 


* Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, p. 132. 

t Ninth ed., xx, 1886, p. 105. 

{ Burmeister, Description Physique de la République Argentine, 111, 1879, p. 130. 

|| Kennerly, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Survey, Pt. 11, Mammais, 1259, p. 0. 

§ De Kay, Zoology of New York, Pt. 1, Mammalia, 1842, p. 49; Merriam, Trans. 
Linnean Soc., New York, 1, 1882, p. 30. 

§ Audubon and Bachman, Quadruveds of North America, 11, 1851, p. 307. 

** Nasua narica. 

tt Dasyprocta aguti. 

tt Coelogenys paca. 

||| Brehm, Thierleben, Siiugethiere, I, 1876, p. 382. 

§§ Report, Wheeler’s Survey, v, Zoology, 1875, p. 40. 

{| Pennant, History of Quadrupeds, 3d ed., 1, 1793, p. 290. Jardine also mentions 
this skin. See Naturalists’ Library, xvi, p. 127. Pennant states also, in the place 
cited, that the Puma leaps upon the moose, as well as on other wild animals, which 
is improbable. 


602 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


attacks only the young, but he will carry away a full-grown sheep from 
the fold,* and not unfrequently preys upon the lama in South Ameriea,t 

In the less settled portions of America the Puma has proved at times 
a great hindrance to stock raising.t Kennerly states that in Sonora, 
Mexico, it kills many colts and calves, and is poisoned with strychnine 
by the herdsmen.§ Mr.C. H. Townsend remarks in 1887: “It is prac‘i- 
cally impossible to raise colts in the Shasta County hills, California, 
on account of these pests. They destroy many hogs and young cattle 
also, but do not present so serious an impediment to the keeping of 
these animals as in the case of horses.” || I have recently received sim- 
ilar reports from other sources. 

The Puma does not ordinarily attack men, but on the contrary when 
surprised attempts to flee from them. Nevertheless it seeins probable 
that some individuals, when strongly pressed by hunger, or moved by 
other unusual circumstances, may be emboldened to make such attacks. 
Hensel affirms that such is the case.{] Darwin states that he had heard 
of two men and a woman who were killed by Pumas in Chili.** Me- 
Murtrie mentions that a woman was killed by a Puma in Pennsylvania, 
January, 1830.t+ That the Puma sometimes kills the hunter who has 


*See Azara, Quadrtipedos del Paragiiay, 1, 1802, p. 208; Williams, History of Ver- 
mont, 1794, pp. 386-87. 

tIt appears that the Puma received permission to kill llamas from the god Coni- 
‘raya. The tale of Coniraya’s pursuit of the beautiful Cavillaca is thus narrated by 
Avila: ‘‘The god went on and meta lion, which in reply to his question told him 
that he was very near the goddess Cavillaca, and that if he made a little more 
haste he would overtake her, This good news pleased the sage, and he blessed the 
lion saying: ‘You shall be respected and feared by all, and I assign to you the office 
of punisher and executioner of evil doers; you may eat the llamas of sinners, and after 
your death you shall still be honored; for when they kill you and take your skin 
they shall do so without cutting off the head, which they shall preserve, with the 
teeth, and eyes shall be put in the sockets so as to appear to be still alive. Your feet 
shall remain hanging from the skin with the tail, and, above all, those who kill you 
shall wear your head over their own, and your skin shall cover them. This shall 
they do at their principal festivals, so that you shall receive honor from them. I 
further decree that he who would adorn himself with your skin must kill a llama on 
the occasion, and then dance and sing with you on his back.” <Narrative of Errors, 
False Rites, etc., of the Indians of Hnuarochiri, collected by Franciso de Avila. 
Hakluyt Soc., XLvul, 1873. (Edited by C. R. Markham.) 

t Burmeister, Descr. Physique de la Répub. Argentine, 111, 1879, p. 131. 

§ U.S. Mex. Bound. Survey, Pt. 1, Mammals, 1859, p. 5. 

|| Proc. U.S. National Museum, 1887, p. 189. See also Forest and Stream, Xxxv, 
1890, p. 312. 

{| Fide Brehm, Saiigethiere, 1, 1876, p. 382. 

** Voyage of the Beagle, p. 269. 

tt Commenting on Cuvier’s statement, he remarks; ‘‘ That this animal, our com- 
mon panther, does not always confine itself to sheep, etc., is well known, and has 
lately been proved, January, 1830, by an unprovoked attack upon an unfortunate 
woman in Pennsylvania. The ferocious brute seized upon her as she was passing 
along the road, and killed her in an instant.” (MceMurtrie, Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, 
I, 1831, p. 115.) : 


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THE PUMA, OR AMERICAN LION. 603 


- wounded him is doubtless true, as any wounded animal is likely to turn 
upon its persecutor, but this is quite different from an unprovoked 
assault.* 

It is the habit of the Puma to spring upon his prey from an emi- 
nence, such as a ledge of rock ora slight rise of ground. If he fails 
to strike his victim, he seldom pursues it for any considerable distance. 
In northern regions, however, he sometimes pursues the deer when 
they are almost helpless in the deep snow.t It was reported to Darwin 
that the Puma killed its prey by jumping upon the shoulder and turn- 
ing the head back with its paw until the vertebre of the neck are 
broken or dislocated. . Azara ascribes the same habit to the Jaguar.t 

The female brings forth her young in some secluded spot. In the 
Adirondacks, according to Dr. Merriam, ‘ the lair is usually in a shal- 
low cavern on the face of some inaccessible cliff or ledge of rocks.” || 
“Tn the southern States,” says Audubon, “ where there are no caves 
or rocks, the lair of the Cougar is generally in a very dense thicket or 
in a cane-brake. It is a rude sort of bed of sticks, weeds, leaves, and 
grasses or mosses, and where the canes arch over it, as they are ever- 
green, their long pointed leaves turn the rain at all seasons of the 
year.” § 

From two to five young are born at atime. Bartlett states that in 
captivity the number is usually two, but sometimes one. Their young 
are reared without difficulty. They are brought forth at the close of 
winter or early in spring in the Northern parts of the United States,|| 
and at the beginning of summer in South America, that is at the end of 
December.** The period of gestation is from thirteen to fourteen 


*Catesby, in a generally judicious account of the Puma, remarks: ‘* The smallest 
cur, in company with his master, will make him take to a tree, which they will climb 
to the top of with the greatest agility. The bunter takes this opportunity to shoot 
him, though with no small danger to himself, if not killed outright, for descending 
furiously from the tree he attacks the first in his way, either man or dog, which 
seldom escape alive.” (Natural History of Carolina, 11, 1743, p. xxv.) 

t Merriam, l. c., p. 32. 

tDarwin, Voyage of the Beagle, p. 269; Azara, Quadriipedos de la Paragiiay, I, 
1802, p. 93. These statements are in a measure corroborated by reliable writers on 
Asiatic mammals, who affirm that the tiger frequently kills its prey in the same 
manner. Sterndale remarks, however, that as the attack is usually made in the 
evening or at night, and very suddenly, it is not easy to determine the exact manner 
in which the prey iskilled. He mentions having seen five cattle, killed by tigers, 
which had the neck dislocated. (Sterndale, Mammals of India, 1884, p. 174.) Dar- 
win saw skeletons of guanacos with the neck dislocated, which were believed to 
have been killed by Pumas. 

|| Merriam, 1. ¢., p. 35. 

§ Audubon and Bachman, I. ¢., p. 311. 

¥ Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1861, p. 141. 

** Burmeister, l. c., p. 118. 


604 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


weeks.* The young first open their eyes when nine or ten days old. 
Their total length when born is from 10 to 12 inches.) Dr. Merriam 
is of the opinion that in the Adirondacks the Puma does not breed 
oftener than once in two years.i 

The age which the Puma attains in the state of nature is unknown. 
It may be remarked, however, that one lived in the Zoological Garden 
at Frankfort, Germany, sixteen years, one month, and nine days. It 
died from injuries received by accident, October 13, 1878.|| Dr. W. A. 
Conklin states that the various species of cats live in captivity fifteen 
or sixteen years, but show signs of decay at twelve years.§ 

Authoritative writers upon the habits of the Puma in North America 
agree that the adults do not commonly or frequently make use of trees 
except when traversing precipitous cliffs or when pursued by dogs. 
Under the latter circumstances they do not climb into a tree, but jump 
upon the nearest branch, even though it be at a considerable distance 
from the ground.§| Rengger, in his Travels in Paraguay, however, states 
that both the Puma and the Ocelot climb well, and that in the forest 
they make their flight not only on the ground, but also by springing from 
tree to tree.** He tells us in another place that he once saw a Puma 
chase a troop of monkeys through the forest by jumping from bough to 
bough among the trees.tt However incredible this may at first appear, 
it becomes less so when we consider the wonderful denseness of the 
South American forests, described by Humboldt and other writers.it 

The Puma, like the cat, has the habit of scratching the bark of trees 
with its claws, for the purpose of sharpening or smoothing them. 
Having mentioned this habit as possessed by the Jaguar, Darwin 


ninety-one days for a female kept in captivity in the Central Park menagerie, New 
York. Head-Keeper Devereux Fuller reported ninety-six or ninety-seven days in the 
case of the Puma in the Zoological Gardens, London, in 1832. (Proc. Committee of 
Science, Zool. Soc. of London, Pt. m1, 1832, p. 62.) 

tPumas living in captivity in the London Zoological Gardens bred in five instances 
between the years 1848 and 1867. See Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1868, p. 624. 

t Merriam, |. c., p. 35. 

|| Zool. Garten., Xx, 1879, p. 70. 

§ Chicago Field, xiv, p. 67. 

q Mr. Livingston Stone states that old hunters in California affirm that the Puma is 
able tojump upon boughs that are more than 20 feet above the ground. (Amer, 
Naturalist, xvi, 1883, p. 1188.) 

** Rengger, Reise nach Paraguay, 1835, p. 203. 

tt Rengger, Sdugethiere von Paraguay. Fide Brehm. 

tt It may be observed that a writer in the Forest and Stream newspaper affirms that 
he saw a Puma climb a tree that had no limbs below thirty feet from the ground, and 
knew of another that climbed a straight tree with no limbs below thirty-five feet. 
He states, however, that both individuals were of small size. (Forest and Stream, 
XXX, 1588, p. 308. See also, pp. 289 and 512.) Dr. Merriam informs us that the kittens 
sometimes climb trees in play. (Merriam, I. ¢., p. 33.) 


THE PUMA, OR AMERICAN LION. 605 


the bare, hard soil of Patagonia I have frequently seen scores so deep 
that no other animal could have made them.” * 

Many reliable authorities are agreed that the Puma does not ordi- 
narily emit loud cries or screams,} but Kennerly, one of the naturalists of 
the Mexican boundary survey, states that on one or two occasions the 
ery of the Puma was heard at a distance, and Schott writes as follows: 
“ After dark his mournful note is heard resounding through the soli- 
tudes of the deserts. The note, listened to once attentively, is apt to make 
a deep, lasting impression. The different native names, as pronounced 
in Spanish, sound very appropriately to the note, and it is likely that 
the ery of the animal forms the base of its names. The note itself is 
often several times repeated, with intervals of from two to four minutes. 
As night advances the cry is heard but rarely.”t He also writes: “A 
Puma was killed on the Rio Bravo, between Fort Duncan and Laredo. 
During his struggle with the hunters and dogs he raised a terrible ery, 
twice or thrice, to express his rage, and perhaps also to give his family 
the notice of danger.” || Dr. J. A. Allen reports that he once heard 
the Puma’s cry near his camp in Montgomery, Colorado.§ Eliot likewise 
states that he beard the cry of the puma at night, while camping on 
the St. John’s River, Florida. He did not, however see the animal. 
Darwin states that the Puma does not often utter cries. He writes: 
“Tt is a very silent animal, uttering no ery, even when wounded, and 
only rarely during the breeding season.** 

In captivity the Puma purrs when pleased, after the manner of the 
cat, and the female has been heard to utter a mewing sound.ft 

The flesh of the Puma is eaten by certain of the South American 


* Voyage of the Beagle, p. 136. Darwin is of the opinion that this practice is in- 
duiged in for the purpose of tearing away the ragged points of the claws, and not 
for sharpening them. 

tSee Merriam, c¢.1., p. 37. Audubon & Bachman, I. ¢., p. 311. 

{U. S. Mex. Bound. Survey, Pt. 11, Mammals, 1859, p. 6. 

io) pate 

§ Bull. Essex Inst., vi, 1874, p. 53. 

q D. G. Eliot, Monograph of the Felidee, 1883, p. 72. See also Suckley, Nat. Hist. 
of Washington Territory, 1859, p. 108. 

**Voyage of the Beagle, p. 270. 

tt A tame Puma was kept by Edmund Kean, the actor, asa pet. Its skeleton is now 
in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London. Jardine gives some 
particulars about this individual. ‘‘The celebrated Kean possessed one which fol- 
lowed him loose, and was often introduced to company in his drawing room. We 
have frequently been in company with the animal which served for the accompany- 
ing illustration. It was extremely gentle and playful, and showed no symptoms of 
ferocity to the strangers who caine to see it. Its motions were-all free and graceful, 
and it exhibited the greatest agility in leaping and swinging about the joists of a 
large unoccupied room in the old college of Edinburgh.” 

“While in London,” observed Mr. Wilson, ‘it made its escape into the street dur- 
ing the night, but allowed itself to be taken up by a watchman, without offering 
even a show of resistance.”—Naturalists’ Library, xvi, p. 113. 


606 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


ai ibe al 


Indians, and was likewise eaten by the natives of North America, 
according to Catesby.* Darwin, who tasted it himself, states that it. 
is white in color and has the flavor of veal.t Numerous other explorers — 
and travellers make the same comment. Azara says on this point: “I_ 
have known my peons to eat it in preference to beef, even when that — 
meat was to be had in abundance.Ӣ 

The Puma is known under a multiplicity of English names. Among 
these are Panther, Painter, Cougar, Catamount, Wild Cat, American 
Lion, California Lion, Silver Lion,§ Mountain Lion, and Tiger. 

The word Puma is the native Peruvian name,|| according to Garcilasso 
de la Vega,q La Condamine,** Tschudi,tt and other authors.{} 

Cougar is an English form of the word Couguar, which Bufton derived 
by abbreviation from Cuguacu-ara.§§ This latter word, lengthened to 
Cuguacuarana, is, according to Markgrave, the native Brazilian name.|||| _ 
Azara, however, states that the ancient name, used by the Guarani 


ea 


J 


* Natural History of Carolina, 11, 1743, p. Xxv. 

+ Voyage of the Beagle, 1832, p. 116. 

+ Quadrtipedos del Paragiiay, I, 1802, p. 128. 

§ According to Brehm, Thierleben, Saugethiere, 1, 1876, p. 381. Kirtland, in treat- 
ing of the Mammals of Ohio, recognizes two species of Puma which he calls ‘‘ Mount- 
ain Tiger,” and “ Mountain Cat,” respectively. (Geol, Survey of Ohio, 1838, p. 176.) 

|| Belonging to the Quichua language. 

] Garcilasso de la Vega, Royal Commentaries, 1609, pt. 2, book 7. <Hakluyt Soc., 
Vol. XLV, p. 238. 

** De la Condamine, Abridged Narrative of Travels through the Interior of South 
America. Read before the Acad. Sci. Paris, 1745.< Pinkerton’s Coll., x1v, 1813, p. 246. 

tt Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, 1844-1846, p. 126. It is here spelled Poma. 

{t The word occurs in several places in Garcilasso de la Vega’s work, and its mean- 
ing is explained. This is the earliest reference to it that I find, though there may 
possibly be earlier ones. 

‘¢ Puma-tampu means a deposit of lions, composed of the words puma, a lion, and 
tampu, a depot.” (Commentaries, Hakluyt Soc., xit, 1869, p. 232.) 

‘“The part of the city [of Cuzco] where the honse of the Fathers of the Company 
of Jesus now stands was called Amaru-cancha, or the district of Amaru, which means 
avery large kind of serpent. The part where they kept the lions, tigers, and bears 
was called Puma-cureu, and Puma-chipana, giving the name orf the lion, which they 
call puma” (1. ¢., 11, book 5. Hakluyt Soe., XLv, p. 30). 

‘* Next [in the palace of Yuca Manco Ceapac in Cuzco], still following our eastern 
route, comes the ward called Puma-curcu, which means ‘the beam of the lions.’ Puma 
is a lion and curcu a beam; because they fastened the lions, which were presented 
to the Ynea, to large beams in that ward until they were tame and fit to be removed 
to the place where they were permanently kept.” (L. ¢., u, book 7, Hakluyt Soc, 
XLV, Pp, 2o5-) 

66 “ Le couguar, nom que nous avons donné a cet animal et que nous avons tiré par 
contraction de son nom brasilien euguacu-ara, que Yon prononce cougua-couare. On 
Vappele tigre rouge & la Guiane.” CEuvres Completes de Button, edited by Richard, 
vol. xv, 1-26, p. 67, foot-note. 

'|\| Markgrave, Hist. Rerum Naturalinin Brasilia, 1648, lib. v1, p. 235. 


THE PUMA, OR AMERICAN LION. 607 


Indians of Paraguay was “ Giiazuard. Others called it ‘ Yagiia-pita,” 
meaning red Yagiia, or Yagiiatt meaning white Yagiia.* 

The word * Painter” is a corruption of Panther. It is unfortunate 
that this latter name has gained general acceptance in the United States, 
since the true Panther is a spotted, Old World cat, very different in ap- 
pearance from the Puma. 

The name Mountain Lion is not altogether inappropriate, as the Puma 
somewhat resembles the female Lion in color and general form.t From 
the earliest days the Puma has been called the Lion (Leon) by Spanish 
Americans, and the name is still used. 

The names Catamount, or Catamountain, and Wild Cat have no special 
applicability to the Puma. They have been used by English writers to 
designate the European Wild Cat (Felis catus) and Lynxes, and by 
Americans have been applied to the Lynxes of this country. 

Besides those names which are in common use, there are some which 
have been invented from time to time by various authors, and are 
known to zoologists as ** book-names.” Buffon’s name Couguar really 
belongs to this class, as do also the names Brazilian Cat (die brasilian- 


*Azara, Quadrtupedos del Paragiiay, 1, 1802, p. 120. It another place, (1. ¢., p. 91) 
Azara states that the word Yagiid originally signified a dog. (A writer in the Ency- 
clopedia Britannica says ‘‘a big dog.”) At the instigation of my friend Prof. O. T. 
Mason, Dr. A. Gatschet has kindly given me some very interesting information regard- 
ing the word Yagiid. ‘‘It appears,” he writes, ‘‘ that agoard was used in the Guarani 
language for all quadrupeds, or at least the wild ones, the dog being yagiid or agua- 
rati; the wolf, aguara quacu (the large quadruped) ; the fox, aguard; the bear, aguard 
rand. Inthe cognate Tupi, jagua means tail, and as the initial 7 becomes deciduous, 
linfer that aguard means nothing else than ‘having a tail.’ Thus in Tonkawé (Texas) 
a large number of birds and the smaller quadrupeds are also called after their tail 
(tan) and its length or other properties.” 

tSome early writers, believing that the Puma was in truth the same as the Lion, 
were puzzled by the fact that all the skins appeared to be those of females, as they 
were without manes. Thus Adriaen van der Donck writes: ‘ Although the New- 
Netherlands lay in a fine climate, andalthough the country in winter seems rather 
cold, nevertheless lions are found there, but not by the Christians, who have trav- 
ersed the land wide and broad and have not seen one. It is only known to us by tlie 
skins of the females, which are sometimes brought in by the Indians for sale; who on 
inquiry say, that the lions are found far to the southwest, distant fifteen or twenty 
days’ journey, in very high mountains, and that the males are too active and fierce 
to be taken.” (Van der Donck, A Description of the New-Netherlands, 2d ed., 1656. 
Coll. N. Y. Hist. Soc., 1, 1541, p. 167. See also De la Condamine in Pinkerton’s Col- 
lection of Travels, etc., x1v, 1813, p. 246.) 

Garcilasso de la Vega remarks of the land of the Yneas: ‘‘ Lions are met with, 
though they are not so large nor so fierce as those of Africa. The Indians call them 
Puma.” (Royal Commentaries, 11, book 8. Hakluyt Soc., vol. xiv, 18, p. 238.) 

See also Clavigero, Hist. of Mexico, Cullen’s trans. 1, 1807, p. 37. 


608 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


ische Katze of Miiller),* the Brown Tiger of Pennant, and the Red 
Tiger (Tigre Rouge of Barrére).t 

As already stated, the Puma is called the lion (Zeon) by Spanish- 
Americans, while the Jaguar is styled the tiger (Tigre). Early Spanish 
writers, however, did not always distinguish between the two, and some- 
times mentioned the Puma under the name of Tiger, or used the name 
insome modified form, as red tiger, etc.¢ Molina states that it is called 
Pagi in Chili,§ and according to Clavigero, it was known to the Mex- 
icans as Mitzli.|| 

The Puma is the Felis concolor of Linneus.{} This name has been 
adopted by subsequent authors, almost without exception. Schreber, 
however, has two figures of the species in his work on mammals, one of 
which is styled Felis discolor.** 

Molina, in 1782, gave it the name of Felis puma, tt and Lesson, that of 
Felis unicolor. tt 


* Miller, Linn., Natursyst. 

t Nouvelle Relation de la France Equinoxiale, p. 166, 

See also Pennant, Synopsis of Quadrupeds, German ed. by Bechstein, 1799, p. 299 
(der rothe Tiger); Hall, Vierfiiss., p. 533 (der grosse americanishe Tiger); Aless, 
Quadrn., I, pl. 17 (Tigre rossa). 

A note in the Encyclopedia Metropolitana (x1x, 1845, 62) states of the Puma: ‘‘It 
is sometimes called the Poltroon Tiger.” Desmarest (Mammalogie, 1820, p. 218) also 
cites this name (Tigre Poltron), but I do not know its origin. 

t See the last foot-note; also, Du Pratz, Hist. de la Louisiane, 0, 1758, p. 91 (Tigre). 

The Germans and the Scandinavians have adopted Buffon’s name Couguar, spelled 
Kuguar. 

§ Saggio Storia Nat. del Chili, 1782, pp. 295, 296. 

|| History of Mexico, Cullen’s trans., 1807, 1, p. 37; u, p. 319, 

I have made no especial attempt to trace out the native North American names of 
the Puma, but may mention that Kennerly gives the following native names: Chim- 
bica (Cochimis of L. California); Yutin (Apache). Dr. Gatschet, however, does not 
find the latter word in the Apache language, but in Pinal Apache the name is ntd-i= 
icho or nti-i=tchu. Tcho or tchw means great. Prince Maximilian zu Wied gives 
the following (the spelling is German): Mischipischui (Ojibway), Ingronga (Osage), 
Ingronga-sindd (Omaha), Schuntad-Haschka (Mandan) [‘‘ The long tail” ], [htupdh-achati 
(Minnitari). (Reise in Nord Amerika, p. 99.) 

{ Linn., Mantissa Plantarum, 1771, p. 522. (Fide Flower. There is no copy of 
this book in Washington. ) 

** Schreber’s Siiugethiere, Plate crv, B. 

tt Molina, Saggio Storia Nat. del Chili, 1782, p. 295. 

t{ Lesson, Manuel de Mammalogie, 1827, p. 190. (ide Eliot.) 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT OR THREATENED WITH 
EXTERMINATION, AS REPRESENTED IN THE COLLECTIONS 
QF THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


By FREDERIC A. LUCAS, 


Assistant Curator of the Department of Comparative Anatomy. 


It is not, perhaps, generally realized how extensive and how rapid 
are the changes that are taking place in almost the entire fauna of the 
world through the agency of man. Of course changes have perpetu- 
ally taken place in the past through the operation of natural causes, 
and race after race of animals has disappeared from the globe, but there 
is this wide difference between the methods of nature and man ; that the 
extermination of species by nature is ordinarily slow, and the place of 
one is taken by another, while the destruction wrought by man is rapid, 
and the gaps he creates remain unfilled. 

Some of the more obvious causes of extermination are to be found in 
the systematic killing of animals for their various products, the destruce- 
tion caused by domesticated animals introduced into new countries, and 


_ the bringing of wild land under cultivation. These are the more simple 


and apparent destructive forces at work, and those that most directly 
affect the larger animals, smaller creatures being influenced by smaller 


causes. Thus the erection of telegraph wires, especially in sparsely 
wooded regions, has proved very destructive to birds, and a more deadly 


though more restricted source of danger is found in lofty electric lights, 
against which the birds dash themselves during their nocturnal migra- 
tions. The extinction of the Rytina and Great Auk, the almost com- 


_ plete extirpation of the Bison, and the reduced numbers of the Walrus 


are good examples of destruction wrought directly by the hand of man, 
while in addition to such cases are the still more numerous instances of 
the very perceptible decrease of animals once abundant. Species used 


_ for food or otherwise of economic value suffer most, fashion affects some, 


ear 


a 
. 


some are necessarily destroyed for the protection of man and his do- 
mesticated animals, and others are killed merely for sport. It has 
taken comparatively few years to.so reduce the untold millions of the 
H. Mis, 224, pt. 2-—39 609 


610 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Passenger Pigeon that the bird is now unknown in localities where it 
once abounded. Year by year the Halibut is growing scarcer ands 
scarcer, and year by year the Lobster canneries find an increasing diffi- 
culty in obtaining necessary supplies, while there is already a dearth of 
Oysters in the once seemingly inexhaustible. waters of Chesapeake 
Bay. The Atlantic Salmon is practically kept from extermination in 
the waters of the United States by the efforts of the U.S. Fish Commis- 
sion, and the same is true of the Shad in many localities, while much 
attention is being paid to the artificial cultivation of Cod in order to pre-, 
serve the inshore fisheries.* 
One reason for this growing depletion is to be found in the common) 
and fatal fallacy that because some animals exist 1n large numbers, the 
supply is unlimited and the species ueeds no protection, a belief that 
is usually acted upon until the species is verging on extinction. Untor-_ 
tunately, too,those most directly interested in the preservation of game—_ 
using the term in the widest sense—are usually the most bitter opponents) 
of any protective measures, especially if the change will produce even a 
temporary inconvenience. The proposed reduction in number and 
change in location of nets in a certain Canadian Salmon stream met 
with vigorous protests from the fishermen; yet, a few years after the 
passage and enforcement of laws making the alterations, the catch of 
fish had increased tenfold. Cases exactly similar to this may be met. 
with everywhere, and any attempt to enforce a close season, allow fish” 
free access to their spawning beds, or to protect them when there, is’ 
almost certain to meet with strenuous opposition from local pot hunters 
and fishermen. The Michigan pigeon-catchers insist that it does no 
harm to take Pigeons in the nesting season, provided traps or guns are 
not used too near the breeding places; the Potomac fishermen complain 
bitterly because they are not allowed the privilege of preventing all 
Sbad and Herring from ascending to the spawning ground ; and the lob- 
ster catchers and dealers object to laws prohibiting the capture and sale 
of Lobsters under a certain size. All this is short sighted in the last. 
degree, and yet as previously stated, those who should be found on the 
side of the law are only too often arrayed against it, Fashion is prin- 
cipally concerned in the destruction of fur-bearing mammals and birds: 
for millinery purposes, although alligators, crocodiles, and of late vari- 
ous reptiles have come into vogue for the manufacture of faney leather, 
and the demand for ‘ novelties” seems on the increase. In 1885 Pec- 
caries were so abundant in the counties of Medina, Uvalde, and Zavala, 
Texas, that their well-worn trails were everywhere to be seen, while 
a 
*During the winter of 1889-90 about 130,000,000 eggs of Cod, Paddoee and Pollack 
were brought to the hatcheries of Gloucester and Wood’s Holl. Previous labors of 
the Fish Commission are already bringing about visible results and young cod are 
now plentiful where they were previously scarce or even unknown. 
A somewhat amusing incident was the sending of young Cod from Plymouth, Mas- 
sachusetts, to Gloucester for identification, the Plymouth fisherman haying forgotte 
what they looked like. 


wore 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. ’ ; 611 


their favorite haunts could be readily picked out by the peculiar musky 
odor characteristic of these little animals. Shortly after this date, hog- 
skin goods being in favor, a price of fifty cents each was offered for 
Peceary hides, with the result that by 1890 the Peccaries had become 
practically exterminated. 

A yearly record of the sales of some London firms would indicate 
quite clearly the whims of fashion, some of the present tendencies being 
shown by the fact that 30,000 monkey skins and 250,000 Australian 
‘¢ opossums” were disposed of at a single sale. Birds are auctioned off 
in still more extraordinary numbers and among the items of one sale were 
6,000 Birds of Paradise, 5,000 Impeyan Pheasants, 360,000 assorted skins 
from India, and 400,000 Hummingbirds, the number of birds disposed of 
at this one auction exceeding that contained in all the collections, public 
and private, of the United States, while one dealer in 1887 sold no less 
than 2,000,000 bird-skins. The fashionable seal-skin sacque demands a 
yearly slaughter of about 185,000 fur seals, but these figures seem small 
when compared with those representing the catch of the plebeian hair- 
seals, 875,000 of these being annually killed for oil and leather. 

At the principal localities where the northern Fur Seal occurs the kill- 
ing is regulated by law and there is little danger of the animal being 
exterminated, but the southern species has been so recklessly hunted 
at its breeding-places on the coast of South America and in the Ant- 
arctic seas that a southern sealing voyage is now very much in the 
nature of a Jottery, and few or no animals are now to be taken at local- 
ities that formerly yielded thousands of skins. 

To supply the world with ivory for a year necessitates the death of 
100,000 elephants, and if these were placed in single file they would 
make a procession over 180 miles long. If, however, Stanley is cor- 
rect, the death of the elephant is but a portion of the price paid for 
ivory, of which every pound weight has cost the life of a “man, woman 
or child,” while ‘‘every twenty tusks have been obtained at the price 
of a district, with all its peoples, villages and plantations.” 

The extermination of the buffalo over large areas of country was 
partly a matter of necessity in order that the land might be rendered 
available for stock-raising ; the wolf and coyote are poisoned for the 
preservation of sheep, and for a like cause the Tasmanian thylacine has 
been hunted to the verge of extinction. Following this necessary de- 
struction comes the unnecessary or unpremeditated but unavoidable 
loss caused by the domesticated animals which have replaced the origi- 
nal possessors of the soil. Such for example is the more or less com- 
plete extirpation of rattlesnakes that follows the introduction of hogs, 
and although this is a consummation most devoutly to be wished for, 
it is none the less a case in point. 

The sentimental importation of birds by colonists is another piece of 
mischief, and is proving very detrimental to the interesting avi-fauna 
of New Zealand and the Sandwich Islands, where, as in our own coun- 
try, the English sparrow is largely instrumental in crowding out native 


612 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


species. The direct harm done is best seen where the smaller species, | 
such as goats, dogs, cats, and hogs have been introduced into small 
islands destitute of carnivorous mammals, and where most of the birds 
are tame and many species ground dwellers. One of the most inter-— 
esting birds now being rapidly destroyed by imporied animals is the 
New Zealand kiwi, which is preyed upov by dogs, and especially by 
eats, whose small size enables them to pursue the kiwi through the 
dense bush of its favorite haunts, while the nocturnal habits of both | 
bring them out in search of food at the same time. Very rarely an an- | 
imal seems to learn wisdom by experience and escape destruction 
by change of habit, but such instances are rare, although among them 
is the case of the Samoan tooth-billed pigeon (Didunculus strigiros- 
tris) which formerly bred on or near the ground, and was so greatly 
reduced in numbers by cats as to be threatened with extermination. 
Eventually the bird took to nesting and roosting in trees and has since 
been gradually on the increase. 

Among the larger and more striking animals whose threatened ex- 
tinction is largely due to the rifle of the sportsman, is the true ze''ra, 
now confined to a small area in South Africa; and the giraffe is rapidly 
disappearing from the same cause. The decrease of our own large 
game is well known; cur only parrot, the Carolina parrakeet, wiil 
probably be extirpated in Florida by visitors, and the eastern pinnated 
grouse is restricted to the island of Nantucket, although long ago laws 
were framed for the protection of the ‘“ Heathen,” as the compositor 
caused the bill to read. The clearing and cultivation of land operates 
directly and indirectly in a variety of ways, and is by no means an 
unmitigated evil to the wild animals affected by it, being fatal to 
some and directly beneficial to others. The larger, more dangerous, 
or more gregarious quadrupeds are naturally the first to disappear, bat 
smaller animals on the contrary, and especially birds, profit by the de- 
struction of their natural enemies and the food furnished by cultivated 
tields and become more numerous. 

Thus in western Kansas the jack-rabbits are on the increase owing 
to the fact that the bounty on coyotes is two dollars while the price of 
a rabbit’s scalp is only five cents, a difference of value that has resulted 
in the rapid decrease of the rabbits’ natural check, the coyote. West- — 
ern Kansas, too, affords another, and most excellent illustration of the 
direct influence of population upon the decrease or increase of the 
larger animals. Up to 1884 the region just mentioned was very 
sparsely settled, antelope were comparatively abundant and mule deer 
were frequently to be seen. During 1885 and 1856, under the mistaken 
impression that western Kansas was suitable for farming purposes, — 
there came a tide of immigration from the east, and before the rising 
wave of increasing population the mule deer disappeared entirely and 
the antelope became extremely scarce. The country, so far as farming 
was concerned, having been tried and found wanting, an ebb tide of emi- — 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 615 


gration took place, and as the farms were abandoned by man, their 
former occupants again took possession, and by 1888 and 1890 antelope 
became not uncommon, while the mule deer appeared in localities 
where none had been seen for years. The felling of forests, burning over 
of land, and draining of swamps are the grosser factors of agriculture, 
and produce some of the more evident changes, but other far-reaching 
though indirect results follow the alterations thus made in physical 
character and food supply. A good example of local extermination 
is to be seen in the Virgin Islands, where the land mollusks were com- 
pletely. destroyed by the practice of burning over the land, and only dead 
shells remain to show their former abundance in that locality. Drainage 
and extended cultivation have driven many birds from Great Britain in 
spite of efforts to retain them, including the wild goose, crane, and bus- 
tard, while clearing away forests about the headwaters of streams has an 
important bearing on the decrease of trout, whose favorite spawning- 
grounds are thereby dried up. Other fish are destroyed, driven out, 
or prevented from entering streams by the pollution of water caused 
by sewerage and factories, by the erection of impassable dams, and, in 
Bene cases, by the sediment caused by hydraulic mining on a large 
scale. In fact, almost every accompaniment of civilization has some 
effect on wild animals. Telegraph wires kill thousands of birds on the 
prairies and electric lights are equally destructive in cities, and so in 
arious ways the ranks of the wild animals are becoming rapidly thinned 
a Although regret at the impending or actual extermination of a 
species is often purely a matter of sentiment, there is no lack of  in- 
Stances where the strictest utilitarian is quite as much interested as 
the naturalist in the preservation of a species from destruction. The 
pity of it is that in so many cases a small amount of protection would 
not only preserve for the naturalist the animals he wishes to study, but 
furnish the * practical” man with an additional source of wealth. 
_ The following papers are based on some of the specimens contained 
in the collections of the U.S. National Museum, and their object is to 
note a few of the more important or interesting animals that have re- 
tently become extinct, or whose extermination seems imminent, and to 
Show the cause of their destruction. This, in nearly every instance, is 
reckless slaughter by man, and although species have occasionally be- 
come extinct in recent times from natural causes, such cases are the 
exception and not the rule. Of necessity these accounts have been 
gathered from various sources, the most important of which are given, 


el am panidebted ae Dr. Leonhard Stejneger for the article on the eae and to Be 
Buchner and Radde for information concerning European bison.—F. A. L. 


614 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


THE WEST INDIAN SEAL. 


(Monachus tropicalis.) 


Toward the end of August, 1494, the flotilla of Columbus, who was 
cruising among the West India Islands in the vain endeavor of finding | 
a passage to the mythical province of Cipango, became scattered, and 
in the hope of catching sight of the missing caravels, the admiral cane 
to anchor off the coast of Hayti, and sailors were sent to climb the rocky 
islet of Alta Vela and sean the horizon for sails. On their return the 
sailors Game upon a band of “sea wolves” asleep on the sands, and 
true to the instinets of the white race immediately proceeded to kill 
them, which they did to the number of eight. The “sea wolves” thus 
rudely made acquainted with the advent of civilization were specimens 
of the West Indian seal (Monachus tropicalis), this species and its con- 
gener of the old world (Monachus albiventer) being the only members 
of the family of earless seals that dwell in warm latitudes. 

The general color of the West Indian seal is umber brown, tinged 
with gray from the light color of the tips of the hairs. The color be- 
comes lighter on the sides and the under surface is, in adult individu- 
als, more or less yellowish white. The newly born young are glossy 
black, and the coloration varies slightly with age. As in color, so also 
in its osteology, the West Indian seal presents a few features sug: 
gestive of the otaries, or eared seals, while curiously enougl there is 
an additional suggestion of that family in the animal’s movements— 
when on land. As is well known, the earless seals depend almost en- 
tirely on their fore limbs and abdominal muscles for terrestrial loco- 
motion, the hind flippers either trailing behind or being held stiffly ex- 
tended and clear of the ground. On the other hand the otaries use all 
four feet in walking, the body being arched so as to completely clear 
the ground, while the hind feet are directed outward and slightly for-— 
ward. Progress is effected by drawing the hind feet up to the fore feet — 
and thrusting these forward by straightening the body so that the 
sea! moves slowly ahead, not unlike a gigantic inch-worm. Now while 
the West Indian seal bes not stand on all fours, the hind feet are 
brought forward by curving the body-upward, when straightening 
itself the creature pitches ahead on its breast, advancing about a foot 
by the operation. The teeth of this seal are very powerful and seem 
quite as well adapted for crushing shells as for capturing fish, though 
unfortunately the stomachs of all that have been examined were empty 
and failed to throw any light on the favorite food of the animal. Like: 
other seals the West Indian seal can go for a long time without food, 
and one in the possession of a Mr. Hill died only after a prolonged fast 
of four months, and even then the animal was very fat. We learn from 
Mr. Elliott that at the fur-seal rookeries of Alaska the males go thre 
and occasionally four mouths without eating, although in their case 
they become much emaciated. The. West Indian seal is a striking ex 


* 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Lucas. 


PLATE XCV 


Cesst “eqn “WN ‘S ‘11 ‘0S68r “ON “98)) 
*s7p91do4] SNYIDUOT 


WaS NVIGN| LSSM SHL 


Ay Reta GAG = = 
ee ee : 


Le 
ax 
ht 
ag 
Fai 


Term 
rated | 


ay 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 615 


ainple of how little knowledge we may have of an animal whose exist- 

ence has been known for centuries, and whose habitat is neither inac- 

~eessible nor far from the habitations of civilized man. Thus, though 

the discovery of this seal is almost coeval with the discovery of Amer- 

—iea, up to 1880 but a single specimen had fallen into the bands of nat- 
uralists, although for many years the animal must have been common 
in various portions of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, its range 
being from the Bahamas to the Guif of Campeche. This very abun- 
dance was, however, the cause of its destruction, for the opportunity 
of prosecuting the seal fishery in a region where it could be carried on 
with comparatively little danger and throughout the entire year was 
too good to be neglected. 


Map 1.—Distribution of the West Indian Seal. (The irregular lines 
show the former range oftheanimal. The figures refer to the year 
in which seals are known to have been taken at the localities in- 

> dicated.) 


In 1675 Dampier notices a seal-fishery in operation at the Alacrane 
Islands, north of Yucatan, saying that: ‘“*‘ Here are many seals; they 
come up to sun themselves only on two or three of the Islands * * * 
the Spaniards do often come hither to make Oyl of their Fat; upon 
which account it has been visited by English-men from Jamaica, par- 
ticularly by Capt. Long: who, having the command of a small bark, 
came hither purposely to make Seal-Oy], and anchored on the North side 
of one of the sandy Islands, the most convenient Place, for his design.” 
Later on Captain Long discovered that although his anchorage might 
be conveniently located, it nevertheless possessed certain undesirable 
drawbacks, for one of the fierce “ northers” that sweep across the Gulf 
of Mexico, came up and blew his bark ashore. He was, however, for- - 
tunate enough to get the vessel off, and having repaired her “ went 
merrily away for Trist” with a full cargo of “Oyl.” Sir Hans Sloane, 
founder of the British Museum, who visited the Bahamas in 1687~88, 
wrote that these “Islands are filled with seals; sometimes fishers will 
catch one hundred in a night. They try, or melt them, and bring off 
their oil for lamps to the islands.” By 1543 the seal seems to have 


616 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


been pretty thoroughly exterminated and to have beeome mainly con: 
fined to the Pedro Kays, some low rocky islets lving about 60 miles 
south of Jamaica, and it was from this locality that, in the spring of 
1846, the specimen was secured which was presented by Gosse to the 
British Museum, and, as above stated, long remained unique. The 
West Indian seal has been reported from time to time as occurring at 
Salt Key Bank, in the Bahamas, on the coast of Yucatan, and: two 
were even taken on the coast of Florida about 1875, but not until 1883 
did a second specimen find its way into a museum. This, animmature 
female, was taken near Havana, and through the courtesy of Professor 
Poey secured for the U.S. National Museum. and after a lapse of three 
hundred and seventy yearsits position among seals exactly detined (Plate 
XCV). In 1886 Mr. Henry L. Ward visited the Triangles, three littleislets 
108 miles northwesterly from Yucatan, and there found, as he had 
hoped, a colony of seals, from which he secured some forty specimens 
before a rising norther forced the party to run back to Campeche. 
Just how plentiful the seals are now Mr. Ward does not tell us, but 
at some time they must have been abundant, since the writer’s father, 
who was at the Triangles in 1856, found quantities of skeletons and 
spoiled hides, indicating the recent existence of a flourishing seal 
fishery. Whether the West Indian seal is doomed to destruction or notis 
a little uncertain, for so far as food, climate, and suitable breeding places 
are concerned, everything is favorable to its existence, and in time it 
may, like the southern right whale, to some extent fill up its now deci- 
mated ranks. On the other hand, when a species has been reduced be- 
low a certain point it seems, like a stone rolling down-hill, to pursue its 
downward course with continually accelerated speed until the bottom 
is reached and the species exists no more. 


AUTHORITIES. 


A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica. P. H. Gosse, London, 1851. 307-314. 

On the West Indian Seal ( Monachus tropicalis). EF. W. Trne and F. A. Lucas, Smith- 
sonian Report, 1884, Part 11, 231-235. Three plates. 

Notes on the Life History of Monachus tropicalis. Henry L. Ward, American Natu- 
ralist, March, 18-7. 257-264. 

The West Indian Seal (Monachus tropicalis). J. A. Allen, Bulletin American Museum 
Natural History, New York, Vol. 11, No. 1, 1888. 1-34. Plates of stuffed speci- 
mens and skeletons. 


THE CALIFORNIA SEA-ELEPHANT. 
(Macrorhinus angustirostris.) 


The California sea-elephant so nearly resembles that of the antarctic 
seas that one general description can easily serve for both. The sea- 
elephant is aptly so called, both on account of its size and because the 
male is furnished with a proboscis, which though short is suggestive of 
its namesake of the land. It is the largest of the seals, greatly exceed- 
ing the walrus, for an old male sea-elephant reaches a length of 15 to 


PLATE XCVI. 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Lucas 


CBIMLOFITR, 


) 


Tamory ‘Avg yeqoyslay) UeG “TN “SA ‘TI8el “ON “9e)) 
SIMPSOMTSNBUD STULYAOLOD IT 


*LNVHd379 VaS VINNOSINVD SHL 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT, 617 


16 feet, or counting from tip of proboseis to the end of the outstretched 
hind flippers, a length of 20 to 22 feet. When in good condition the an- 
imal is very fat, old males attaining a circumference of 15 to 18 feet, and 
one of the last-mentioned size has yielded as much as 210 gallons of oil. 
The female sea-elephant is much smaller than the male, not exceed- 
ing 9 or 10 feetin length; the female, moreover, is destitute of a probos- 
cis, as are also all young, this being the mark of a full grown male. The 
eolor is gray, with a blackish or olive cast, darkest on the back.* 

Considering the former abundance of these animals on the California 
coast, very little has been recorded of their habits or habitat, but the 
sea-elephant appears to have ranged along the coast of California and 
Lower California from about latitude 25° to 35°, although in early 
days it may have considerably exceeded these limits. As just noted 
above, the other species of sea-elepbant is a southern animal of wide 
distribution, and the nearest it approaches to the isolated northern 
species is on the western coast of South America. {t may be that the 
gap now existing between these points was once filled up, and that 
since the disappearance of the animals at intermediate localities the 
northern species has become differentiated from the southern. Or, 
again, the California species may have originated from a few stragglers 
who wandered north and being undisturbed increased and multiplied. 
Prior to 1852 sea-elephants were extremely abundant in the vicinity 
of Cerros Island, where the sealers erected rough stone huts in order 
to prosecute their labors to the best advantage. The animals were ac- 
customed to crawl out on certain favorite beaches, and in spite of their 
bulky forms and slow mode of progress ascended the ravines for a dis- 
tance of half a mile or so, congregating in herds of several hundred. 
In such situations they fell an easy prey to the hunters whose methods 
are well described by Captain Secammon: 

The sailors get between the herd and the water; then raising all possible noise 
by shouting and at the same time flourishing clubs, guns, and lances, the party 
advance slowly toward the rookery, when the animals will retreat, appearing in a 
state of greatalarm. Occasionally an overgrown male will give battle or attempt 
to escape, but a musket-ball through the brain dispatches it, or some one checks its 
progress by thrusting a lance into the roof of its mouti, which causes it to settle on 
its haunches, when two men with heavy oaken clubs give the creature repeated 
blows about the head until it is stunned or killed. After securing those that are dis- 
posed to show resistance, the party rush on the main body. The onslaught creates 
such a panie among these peculiar creatures that, losing all control of their actions, 
they climb, roll, and tumble over each other, when prevented from further retreat by 
the projecting cliffs. We recollect in one instance, where sixty-five were captured, 
that several were found showing no signs of having been either clubbed or lanced, 
but were smothered by numbers of their kind heaped upon them. 


“It is a difficult matter to accurately describe the color of seals, as under varying 
conditions they appear quite differently. When alive the hair is close to the body 
and‘is either wet or greasy, appearing from this cause much darker than it really is. 
Mounted specimens are frequently stained by grease so that the pelage has a yel- 
lowish cast. For these reasons authors disagree considerably in their descriptions 
of the color of these animals. 


618 ‘REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 2 


By 1860, sea-elephants had become so scarce that their pursuit was no 
longer profitable, and from that time up to 1880 so few stragglers were 
seen about Guadaloupe and San Benita Islands that the animal was 
currently regarded as extinct. In 1880 the schooner San Diego killed 
thirty sea-elephants at the Elephant Beach, San Cristobal Bay, on the 
main-land of Lower California, 50 miles south of Cerros Island. In 
- 1882 forty were killed, and six young ones brought alive to San Fran- 
cisco, one of which found its way to the National Museum by way of 
the Philadelphia Zoo. (Plate XCVI.) In 1883 one hundred and ten 
sea-elephants over a year old were taken, at least fourteen being bulls 
of large size. In 1884 ninety-three animals were taken by the sloop 
Liberty, a few females and young being left undisturbed, which were 
unfortunately all killed later in the season by the crew of the City of 
San Diego. In October of the same year Mr. Townsend, with the schooner 
Laura, visited the locality in the interests of the U.S, National Museum; 
but although three young were seen they were spared in the hope that 
their presence might induce larger animals to haul out later on. Con- 
tinuing the search southward the Laura visited all localities in Lower 
California formerly inhabited by the sea-elephant, and finding none, 
returned to San Cristobal in December and took fifteen whose skins 
and skeletons made their way to the National Museum at Washington. 
It is quite possible that this is the end of the California sea-elephant 
although afew may still exist to be slaughtered later on. It is greatly 
to be deplored that this animal should have been exterminated, when 
it could so easily have been preserved by each year sparing the young 
and a few adults.” Butit is a curious fact that those most interested in 
the preservation of any animal are not only indifferent on that point, 
but are the most strenuous opponents of any measure to effect such a 
result, and even were it not too late to endeavor to protect the sea- 
elephants it is not to be supposed that they could be saved from ulti- 
mate destruction. 


AUTHORITIES. 


Marine Mammals of the Northwestern Coast of North America. Charles M. Scam- 
mon, San Francisco, 1870. 

History of North American Pinnipeds. J. A. Allen, Washington, 1880. 

An Account of the Recent Capture of the Californian Sea Elephant, and Statistics 
Relating to the Present Abundance of the Species. Charles H. Townsend, Pro- 
ceedings U. 8. National Museum, 1885, pp. 30-93. 


THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC WALRUSES. 


The walrus is too well known to require even a passing description, 
but it may be said that although very similar in appearance the walrus 
of the Atlantic and that of the Pacific are distinct species, respectively 
known as. Odobanus rosmarus and Odobenus obesus. The searred and 
wrinkled appearance, so characteristic of these animals, is well exhib: 
ited by the head of the Pacific walrus shown on Plate XCVII. AI- 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Lucas PEATE XGVilile 


HEAD OF PACIFIC WALRUS. 


Odobeenus obesus. 


(Cat. No. 18713, U.S. N. M. Walrus Island, Pribylov group, Alaska. ) 


¥ 
+ 
ba 


A 


4 


> 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 619 


though not as yet verging on extinction, the ranks of both species have 
been sadly decimated, and the animals have been completely extirpated 
in localities where they once abounded. In Europe the walrus has oc- 
casionally been met with on the coast of Seotland, and was formerly 
plentiful on many of the islands adjacent to the northern coast of the 
continent, and even along the continent itself, reaching eastward to the 
Lena River,in Asia. In America the Atlantic walius formerly ranged 
from Nova Scotia northward to about 80 degrees, being abundant in the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence and occurring on Sable Island and the eastern coast 
of Newfoundland. The walrus was known in Europe as early as 870 to 
890, and appears to have been an object of the chase on the coast of 
Finmark in 980, while by 1608 it was the object of a regular fishery by 
the English andothers. In the early part of 1600 Cherie, or Bear Island, 
lying about 280 miles to the northward of North Cape, Norway, was 
the scene of operation, and many a ship load—ships were small in those 
days it should be remembered—of oil and ivory was obtained at this 
locality. The walruses were accustomed to haul out on shore, and by 
getting between them and the water immense numbers were killed in 
a short time, the bodies of those first slain being used as a barrier to 
obstruct the retreat of the survivors. On one occasion six or seven hun- 
dred were killed in six hours, and on another nine hundred toa thousand 
in less than seven hours. Naturally this abundance did not long con- 
tinue, and in eight years the animals had become scarce and shy, while 
soon after they were completely extirpated in this locality. Farther 
and farther to the north, to Spitzbergen and the shores of Greenland, 
the hunters pursued the rapidly-diminishing herds of walruses, until 
the pursuit in itself became no longer profitable, and, as at present, the 
walrus fishery was carried on merely as an adjunct to the whale fishery. 
So early as 1534 Cartier mentions meeting with walruses in the vicinity 
of the Magdalen Islands, and it probably was not long before a regular 
“fishery” for these animals was established on the Island of Ramea, 
very probably one of the Magdalen group. In 158i the French ship 
Bonaventure, at lle Blance * slewe and killed to the number of fifteene 
hundred Morses or Sea Oxen, accounting small and great,” and in 1593 
the ship Marigold, in company with another vessel, sailed from Falmouth 
for the express purpose of hunting the walrus. The Marigold seems to 
have been well equipped, foramong the crew of thirty were three coopers 
and two butchers, but owing to delay on the part of her consort the sea- 
son was lost. An English company located on Sable Island, and at 
about the same time a French company was established at Miscou, Bay 
Chaleur. The English company soon came to grief, butits French rival 
did a flourishing business as long as the walruses Jasted, killing so many 
that years after the company and its headquarters of New Rochelle 
had passed away, the bones of the slaughtered animals remained in 
such quantities as to form artificial beaches. In those days walrus 
ivory seems to have been in fashion, for a note in Hakluyt tells us that 


620 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


“The teeth of the sayd fishes, whereof I have seen a dry fat full at 
once, are a foote and sometimes more in length; and have been sold in 
England to the combe and knife makers at 8 groats and 3 shillings the 
- pound weight whereas the best Ivory is solde for halfe the money.” 
The Pacific walrus never had so extensive range as its relative of the 
Atlantic, reaching in seattered numbers to about 55 degrees north, on 
the American coast and 60 degrees on the Asiatie coast, and extend- 
ing thence northwards to the limit of ice. Point Barrow on the east 
and Cape Schelatskoi (157° 30’ east longitude) on the west seem to be 
the natural boundaries of the Pacifie walrus, the species being unusually 
abundant at Bristol Bay, Alaska. The existence of the Pacifie walrus 
was made known not far from 1640 or 1645, but it did not become a 
regular object of pursuit until about 1860, its immunity being due to 
the fact that whaling was far more profitable than the pursuit of the 
walrus. As the whale decreased in numbers the whalemen directed 
their attention more and more to the walruses, and between 1870and 1880 
there was brought to market 1,996,000 gallons of oil and 398,868 pounds 
of walrus ivory, these amounts representing the destruction of not far 
from 100,000 animals. Although far inferior to elephant ivory the de- 
mand for walrus tusks is nevertheless great, and while the price per 
pound was, in 1879, but 40 or 45 cents, it was worth in 1880 $1 to $1.25 
per pound, and in 1583 $4 to $4.50. Being rather a stupid animal, and 
with due caution readily approached when on the ice, under favorable 
conditions the walrus is slaughtered in much the same manner as the 
bison was killed by skin hunters. In making a shot, as it is technically 
termed, a man provided with one or two rifles and an abundance of am- 
munition approaches the herd from leeward, and picking off the more 
wakeful or more suspicious animals first, proceeds to kill the walruses 
until so many have been secured as can be handled or until the herd 
becomes alarmed and takes to the water. The Pacific walrus is in 
greater danger of extermination than its congener of the Atlantic, owing 
to the fact that the range of the species is restricted, while its haunts 
‘are regularly resorted to by the North Pacifie whaling fleet, whose 
crews, as previously stated, devote considerable time to the chase of the 
walrus, and have reduced the numbers of this huge animal about one- 
lialf during the last ten years. 


AUTHORITIES. 


Marine Mammals of the Northwestern Coast of North America. Charles M. Seammon. 
San Francisco, 1874. : 

History of North American Pinnipeds. J. A. Allen. Washington, 1880. 

The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States. -Section V. Washing- 
tome S874") = 


PLATE XCVIII. 


® — 


"NOSIG Nv3ad0OYUNY SHL 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 621 


THE EUROPEAN BISON. 


(Bison bonassus.) 


The Buropean bison, or zubr* (Bison bonassus), bears a very close re- 
semblance to its American relative, but is a little taller, not so heavily 
built at the fore quarters, and lacks the shaggy hair about the head 
and neck that gives the American bison so fierce an appearance. AlI- 
though never existing in such enormous numbersas the American bison, 
the zubr in early days seems to have very generally inhabited the for- 
ests of Central Europe. Cesar found the animal in Germany and Bel- 
gium, and some were brought to Rome, where they were slaughtered 
in gladiatorial exhibitions of the Coliseum. 

The American and European bison were quite different in their 
habits, although this was largely due to the physical characteristies of 
the regions respectively inhabited by the two species, the American 
species preferring the open plains, where it associated iu immense herds, 
Teediung upon grass, while the European species was a forest dweller, 
found in small bands and living very largely on the bark and twigs of 
young trees. The difference in habits between the two animals is 
well shown by the fact that the European bison was not found on the 
steppes of southern Russia, although this region in many respects re- 
sembles the plains of the western and southwestern United States. 
At present the European bison is restricted to part of Lithuania and 
the more inaccessible portion of the Caucasus, this latter region being 
the only locality where the animal is found in astate of entire freedom. 
The Lithuanian herd, which has enjoyed imperial protection for many 
years, dwells in the Bjelowesche forest of the province of Grodno; is 
watched over by a large number of keepers, and is fed during the winter, 
while in the Caucasus the zubr is protected by the rugged nature of 
the region it inhabits and also by an order of the Grand Duke Michael, 
issued in 1860, forbidding the slaughter of the animal. The specific 
identity of the Lithuanian and Caucasian bison is still in dispute, but 
that there is at least a subspecific distinction between them seems prob- 
able, from the fact that the Caucasian. animal is less thickly haired 
than the Lithuanian, although living at a greater altitude and exposed 
to a greater degree of cold. 

Up to 1500 the European bison seems to have been common in Po- 
land, where it was looked upon as royal game, and hunted in right royal 
manner by the King and nobility, as many as two thousand or three 
thousand beaters being employed to drive the game. In 1534 the ani- 
mal was still so numerous in the vicinity of Girgau, Transylvania, that 


*This species is commonly but improperly called the aurochs, but, as Professor 
Alfred Newton says, ‘‘ the aurochs (ox of yore), Latinized by Cresar in the form of 
urus, is, or Was, the Bos primigenius, or Bos urus, of scientific nomenclature. 

“Tt is wholly by mistake that in its extinction as a wild animal its ancient name 
Was transferred to the bison, or zubr.” : 


: Sey oe a 


622 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. : 


peasants passing through the woods were occasionally trampled to 


death by startled bison, and hunts were undertaken by the nobles in 
order to reduce the numbers of the animals. In spite of this local 
abundance, it is probable that about this time the bison was in a great 
measure restricted to Lithuania, and although so late as 1555 one was 
killed in Prussia, it is almost certain that this was merely a straggler 
from the main herd. In 1752 a grand haunt was organized by the Po- 
lish King Augustus III, and in one day sixty bison were killed, besides 
a considerable quantity of other large game, the Queen, who partici- 
pated, killing twenty bison, and finding time in the intervals of sport 
to do some light reading. This achievement was deemed worthy of 
commemoration by a monument, although the manner in which the 
battue was conducted renders the performance less remarkable than 
might appear at first sight. Two huge, strongly built, converging 
fences were erected, and just by the exit, at the apex of the gigantic V 
thus formed, was a platform on which the royal party sat at ease and 
shot the game as it emerged from the trap into which it had been 
driven by a small army of beaters. For some time after the above 
event little seems to have been recorded concerning the zubr, so that 
Desmarest, writing in 1822, says that if any remain in Lithuania they 
must be very few innumber.* There were, however, over five hundred 
bison in Lithuania at that time, for in 1820 there was that number, this 
being a considerable increase since 1815, when there was estimated to 
be only three hundred. About this time active measures must have 
been taken for the protection of the Lithuanian herds, for in 18350 
‘‘owing to the better enforcement of the laws” it comprised seven hun- 
dred individuals. In 1851 a local revolt occurred, the game laws were 
set at naught, and the number of bison reduced to six hundred and 
thirty-seven. Order having been restored the bison began to recuper- 
ate, and according to the official enumeration at the end of each dec- 
ade, there were in 1840, seven hundred and eighty, in 1850, one thou- 
sand three hundred and ninety, and in 1860, seventeen hundred. 
Political troubles, however, were the bane of the bison, and just as 
the prosperity of the Lithuanian herd seemed assured, the Polish upris- 
ing of 1863 took place; many bands of insurgents sought refuge in the 
forests; the bison were left to take care of themselves; and were so’ rap- 
idly killed off, that the next official count showed only eight hundred 
and forty-seven. For ashort time after peace was restored, the herd 
increased to a slight extent, but later on it began to decrease, the enu- 
meration of 1880 showing but six hundred, a number that has since 
been lessened, the herd being still upon the wane. The cause of this 
decrease is not quite apparent, and although it has been ascribed to in- 
breeding, it would seem as if some other reason.must be sought for, 
since the wild cattle at Chillingham, England, are still extant, although 


*Dictionaire Universelle d’ Histoire Naturelle, 


eee 


PLATE XCIX. 


Museun 


Caasoulaqg "Tad Aq peqeyfoo “purls] sulteg “TW 'N 'S ‘A ‘9961@ ‘ON “4R)) 
“SDbIB DURA 


‘MOD VAS ScHATISLS 


a, 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 623 
from the smallness of the herd they have of necessity been very largely 
inbred.* That inbreeding has something to do with the decrease of 
the bison is indicated by the observed fact that many of the females 
bring forth calves after having been infertile for several successive 
years, but although it has been suggested that this might be helped 
by the introduction of animals from the Caucasus, the remedy would 
be difficult of application as well as expensive. As the herd is, or at 


least was, divided into ten or twelve bands, each confined to a dif- ~ 


ferent part of the forest, perhaps some improvement might be effected 
by judiciously crossing the members of these various groups. The 
present rate of decrease is slow, and the Lithuanian herd will exist 
for many years, even if the loss is not prevented. As for the Cau- 
casian bison, protected as it is by nature as well as by man, it may 
endure for centuries to come, and improbable as it once may have 
seemed, be in existence long years after the American bison has ceased 
to live even in tradition. 


THE RYTINA OR ARCTIC SEA-COW. 
(Rytina gigas.) 


The extinct Arctic sea-cow or rytina, an animal nearly related to the 
existing Manatee and Dugong, played somewhat the same part in the 
exploration of the northwest coast of America that the buffalo did in 
the settlement of the western plains. In the autumn of 1741 Bering, 
returning from a voyage of discovery to the coast of Alaska, was ship- 
wrecked on the island now bearing his name, this being the larger of 
two islands lying about 100 miles from the coast of Kamchatka, and 
known as the Commander Islands. The survivors of the expedition, 
who were forced to remain on Bering Island for the ensuing ten 
months, are frequently, though erroneously, said to have subsisted to 
a great extent on the flesh of the huge sirenian discovered by them, 
and described subsequently under the naimne of Manatus gigas. Asa 
matter of fact, the first rytina taken by Bering’s party was not killed 
until the 12th of July following the wreck, seal, otters, and later on, 
fur seals, furnishing a supply of meat. 

For our knowledge of the external appearance of the rytina, its 
habits, and the localities it was wont to frequent, we are indebted to G. 
W. Steller, the surgeon of Bering’s command, and an enthusiastic 
naturalist, who carried on his researches in spite of the privations attend- 
ing a wreck, the inclemency of the weather, and the ravages of disease. 
As the Caribbean seal, described on a preceding page, presents the 
anomaly of a member of an aretic family Jiving in the tropies, the ry- 


*The Chillingham cattle «re, in fact, subject to disease due to inbreeding, but this 
is scarcely to be wondered at, for the herd was once reduced to a single individual, 
a cow with calf, which proved to be a bull, and from this pair the present herd was 
built up. 


j 


624 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


tina offers, or rather offered, the spectacle of a creature whose rela- 
tions are confined to the tropies residing in a subaretic region. In 


point of size the rytina far exceeded its relatives, attaining a length’ 


of from 24 to 30 feet and an aldermanic circumference of 19 or 20, 
weighing according to Steller’s estimates 8,000 pounds. The head 
was very Small in proportion to the body, the jaws toothless, being 
provided in lieu of teeth with a thick, horny pad, very similar to 
that covering the anterior portion of the lower jaw of the dugong. 
Owing to the peculiar structure of the epidermis, an exaggeration of 
the condition found in the manatee and elephant, the skin was so thick, 
rough, and wrinkled that, being dark colored, its appearance was com- 
pared by Steller to the bark of a tree. Aithough in places the epidermis 
was an inch in thickness, and so extremely hard as to necessitate the 
use of an axe in order to cut it, the dermis was only one-sixth of an inch 
thick. The rytina was gregarious, and found in herds about the 
mouths of streams, where it lived on seaweeds, especially on the large 
abundant laminarias. It was stupid, sluggish and comparatively heip- 


Mav 2.—Bering Island, from a map by Dr. L. Stejneger, showing the principal streams. A. Ary 
Island near which Pallas’s cormorant is last known to have been taken. B. Spot where Bering’s party 
wintered. 
less, being unable to protect itself by diving, and occasionally washed 
ashore by the breakers. Inability to dive forced the rytina to seek its 
food in shallow water, and since the storms and ice of winter often 
rendered it a difticult matter to approach the shore at that season, 
spring usually feund the animal much reduced in flesh. 


para Was 1.” ee ae és 
5 , 


y 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 625 


- Soon after the return of the survivors of Bering’s party to Kamchatka, 
expeditions were fitted out for the purpose of wintering on the Comman- 
der Islands and hunting fur-bearing animals, the great northern sea-cow 
offering an abundant supply of fresh meat, a great desideratum in those 
days, when scurvy was one of the greatest and most common dangers en- 
countered by navigators. The first expeditions were followed by others, 
the rytina being relied upon to furnish the bulk of the provisions, and 
vessels sailing for the northwest coast of America were also accustomed 
to stop at Bering Island for the purpose of laying in a supply of salted 
sea-cow. At that date there were no cattle in Kamchatka to furnish 
either fresh or salted provisions, so that the rytina was a veritable god- 
send to the fur-hunters who improved their opportunities to the utmost. 
As Dr. Stejneger has shown, it is a matter of record that between 
1743 and 1763 nineteen parties of from thirty to fifty each wintered 
on Bering Island, while others are known to have wintered on 
Copper Island, and still others simply touched there for supplies. 
During their stay these parties lived on fresh rytina, while a large 
part of their occupation consisted in killing and salting down the ani- 
mal for future use. Small wonder is it tbat a helpless creature of re- 
stricted range and slow reproduction should have succumbed rapidly 
to the systematic attacks of man. This slaughter of the sea-cows must 
have resulted in their extermination, even had it been carried on with 
the utmost care, but the end was hastened by the method of capture 
employed by the small parties of hunters who were scattered along the 
northern and eastern shores, and were compelled to attack and kill the 
huge beast single-handed. Ordinarily the rytina was taken by the 
harpoon from an eight-oared boat, the animal after a short struggle 
being towed ashore and dispatched, but the fox hunters used to cau- 
tiously approach the creature while lying in shallow water and endeavor 
to mortally wound it with a lance thrust. It naturally happened that 
comparatively few would be killed outright, the majority escaping to 
deep water, there to die of their wounds, and later on to drift ashore, 
where the body would be found by the hunters. Some, of course, 
would never reach the shore, while others would be recovered after 
such a lapse of time as to be unfit for food, the more that the rytina 
spoiled so rapidly that if not properly cared for within twenty-four hours 
after death the flesh was worthless. By 1754, only nine years after the 
discovery of the island, the sea-cow had become extirpated on Copper 
Island, and by 1763 was probably nearly exterminated on Bering 
Island, as from that time on records of visits to the place are rare. 
According to the careful estimates of Dr. Stejneger there were not 
more than fifteen hundred to two thousand rytinas about the island at 
the time of its discovery, there being hardly more than fifteen suitable 
feeding places, so that the work of extermination was not difficult. 
The last individual of the race was killed in 1767 or 1768, and although 
Professor Nordenskjéld imagined he had discovered evidence that a 
H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——40 


626 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


specimen had been seen so late as 1854, the animal at that time seen 
by the natives appears in the light of all testimony on the subject, to 
have been a narwhal. Up to 1883 two skeletons, one in the Imperial 
Museum of St. Petersburg, and one in the collection of the Imperial 
Academy of Helsingfors, and two ribs in the British Museum, were all 
the remains of the rytina preserved in scientific institutions. At that 
date Dr. Stejneger visited Bering Island, influenced largely by the 
hope of securing specimens of this extinct sea-cow for the U.S. National 
Museum. This hope was fully realized, for in the course of a stay of 
two years, a considerable series of more or less complete skulls was ob- 
tained, besides many vertebrae, ribs, and other bones. These were 
buried at various depths in the sand, and were discovered by probing 
with an iron rod, rytina bones being readily distinguished by their 
greater density from those of cetaceans, that are found in the same 
locality. 

Many bones were found at so considerable a distance from the water’s 
edge as to suggest that the land had risen since the extinction of the 
rytina, a probability that was changed to a certainty by the discovery 
of a nearly complete skeleton far inland. 

This interesting find is thus recorded by Dr. Stejneger in the Proceed- 
ings of the Geographical Society of Bremen : 


Toward noon it was reported to me that the skeleton of a sea-cow had been found. 
Conceive my agitation, and the haste with which the spades were seized. We had to 
walk some distance, and when I reached the spot, I found the report confirmed. 
From the bank of the brook which ran from the south several ribs protruded. The 
brook had slowly eaten its way into the hillock of sand, and thus by degrees exposed 
and washed away the bones. When we began to dig, we saw at once thatit was the 
tail end which was missing. The distance from the sea was about 500 feet, and the 
skeleton lay about 10 to 12 feet above high-water mark. Jt was imbedded in a hil- 
lock of sand, which belonged to one of the inner rows of dunes. The hillock was 
about 12 feet high, and the skeleton, which was lying upon its back with the head 
toward the west, was situated at about an equal distance from the base and the grass, 
covered upper surface ofthe hill. The sand was wet and fine, of the same kind which 
is still thrown up daily by the sea at the not far distant beach and showed alternat- 
ing brown and blue layers. Near the bones the sand sometimes was blackish, iridescent, 
which was due to the fact that the bones were in a very advanced state of decompo- 
sition. This became evident to me after the first few strokes of the spade. Indeed, 
the skeleton as such was worthless. The separate bones had not cohesion enough to 
allow of their being lifted without injury, their own weight being too heavy. Even 
the ribs, which otherwise are of ivory-like consistency and density, had rotted 
throughout, and some of the bones were so soft that they felt like ‘‘ green butter 
soap” to the touch. In order, however, to ascertain all the circumstances precisely, 
I continued the excavation until all the fragments had been brought tolight. Alto- 
gether there were found fourteen dorsal vertebre with the ribs belonging to them, 
the cervical vertebre, the skull, the breast bone, two shoulder bones, two upper arm 
bones, but oniy one forearm. All the bones were in their natural position, with the 
exception of the breastbone, which lay outside of the skeleton, near the right fore- 
limb, while the left fore-limb, consisting only of shoulder blade and humerus, lay 
inside the thorax. Although none of the bones were of any use to us, nevertheless I 
did not look upon our labor as lost, since they enabled me to determine, in the first 
place, the conditions under which many of these skeletons had been destroyed, and 


secondly that the island had risen, since these remnants had been buried under the 


sand of the former shore. 


1 


2 


4 


| 


‘ 
Ne ae ee oe ee 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 627 


Although the skeleton just referred to was unfortunately of no use as 
a specimen, sufficient bones were obtained to render possible the ‘ ma- 
king up” of a fairly complete skeleton. (Plate XCIX.) Unfortunately 
there is one point which even the extensive series of bones collected 
_by Dr. Stejneger fails to determine, and that is the question as to 
whether or not the rytinahad any bones in the hand. Steller, who 
was an exceedingly pains-taking and accurate observer, expressly 
states that there were none, and none have as yet been found; while, 
on the other hand, the bones of the fore-arm possess well defined articu- 
lar surfaces showing that bones were at least present in the wrist. 

With the exception of a rib from Attu no remains of rytina have 
as yet been found at any localities save Bering and Copper Islands, 
but it is probable that these were the last retreat of the survivors of a 
once numerous race, and that they were discovered in time for man to 
complete the extermination of a species that, from unknown causes, 
had long been on the wane. 


Fic. 21. 


STELLER’s SEA Cow. 
Facsimile of figure on chart compiled by Lieutenant Waxell, navigator of Bering’s party. 


AUTHORITIES. 


Symbol Sirenologice., Joanne Frederico Brandt, Petropoli, Typis Academia Scien- 
tiarum. 1846. E scriptis Academiz Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitana. 
Investigations relating to the date of the extermination of Steller’s Sea Cow. Leon- 
hard Stejneger. Proceedings U. 8. National Museum, 1884, Vol. vir, 181-189. 
How the Great Northern Sea Cow (Rytina) became exterminated. Leonhard Stej- 

neger. American Naturalist, Vol, xx1, No. 12, Dec. 1887, 1047-1054. 


THE MAMO. 
(Drepanis pacifica Gmel.) 


It has long been expected that Drepanis pacifica, one of the most 
beautiful and peculiar birds restricted in its range to the Sandwich 
Islands, will have to be counted among the species which have become 
extinct in recent times. And now that Mr. Scott Wilson has returned 
from a thorough ornithological survey of the archipelago without hav- 


628 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


ing obtained anything but a stuffed specimen from a local collection 
formed many years ago, it is almost certain that the “ Pacific Sickle- 
bill” has disappeared from among the living, and that the few speci- 
mens in the museums, perhaps less than half a dozen, are all that is 
left of a species that once was common in the ‘ Eden of the Pacific.” 
Mr. Scott Wilson is also the first one to suggest the probable cause of 
its extinction, for he saw some of the celebrated feather wreaths, or 
‘‘leis,” of the natives composed of yellow feathers taken from this bird, 
and from the fact that the Hawaiian name of the bird, ‘‘ Mamo,” is the 
same as that of the costly war-cloaks, he coneludes that the robes in 
olden times were chiefly wrought of the beautiful golden-yellow feath- 
ers from its back, which are much deeper in color, as they are larger 
and longer, than the axillary tufts of the O-o. In order to understand 
how probable this explanation of the final extermination of the bird is, 
we shall have to briefly describe these ornamental capes and cloaks. 
In former times the kings, chiefs, and noble Hawaiians, whenever they 
appeared in public on special occasions, in peace or war, donned the 
royal flowing capes or cloaks made of gay birds’ feathers fastened to 
a groundwork of coarse netting, which seem to have had the same sig- 
nificance and to have been as eagerly coveted and highly revered as the 
ermine and purple in feudal Europe. Smaller ornaments, “leis,” or 
feather-wreaths were used as neck-laces by the ladies. Perhaps the 
most magnificent of these robes was that of Kamehameha I, the great 
conqueror who united all the islands under his scepter. Mr. Scott 
Wilson gives the following description of it: 

The fabrication of the great yellow war-cloak of Kamehameha I had been going on 
through the reign of eight preceding monarchs. The groundwork is of coarse net- 
ting, to which are attached, with skill now impossible to be applied, the delicate 
feathers, those on the border being reverted. Its length is 4 feet, and it has a spread 
of 114 feet at the bottom, the whole having the appearance of a mantle of goid.* 

As only a few feathers on each bird were used, it may be imagined 
how many thousand birds it required to furnish the feathers of a single 
robe, and it is a greater wonder that there were enough birds than 
that the species of the brighter color became extinct. Small bunches 
of these feathers were received by the kings as a poll-tax from the lower 
classes of the people, but these were not enough, so the chiefs used 
to have ‘a regular staff of bird-catchers who were expert in this voca- 
tion. They made use of the sticky juice of the bread-fruit, called in 
Hawaiian ‘ pihah,’ and the tenacious gum of the fragrant ‘olapa,’ a com- 
mon tree in some parts of the forests, smearing the stuff about the 
branches of a flower-covered ‘ohai.’” It is asserted that the O-o (Moho 


*The cloak deposited in the U. S. National Museum by Mr. R. O. Aulick is of pre- 
cisely the same size as this, but is a trifle over one-half composed of red feathers. It 
was formerly the property of the powerful chief Kekuaskalami, who, on the abolition 
of idolatry in 1819, rebelled, with the intention of restoring the ancient religion. 
The rebellion was unsuccessful and Kekuaskalami killed. The cloak was presented 
to Commodore J. H. Aulick by King Kamehameha 1 in 1841. 

« 


ae i 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Lucas PLATE C, 


THE CALIFORNIA VULTURE. 


Pseudogryphus californianus. 


(Cat. No. 103375, U. S. N. M. Jolon, Southern California.) 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 629 


nobilis), a black honeysucker, with a tuft of elongated yellow feathers 
under the wing, was caught alive, the feathers pulled out, and the bird 
then let loose, but as the body feathers of the Mamo (Drepanis pacifica) 
were the only ones tu be used it had probably to be killed, and this may 
be the very reason why the former is still a comparatively common bird 
on the island, while the latter has become extinct. The Mamo was a 
honeysucker remarkable for its long and curved bill, which earned for 
it the name “ Sickle-bill,” Drepanis. As already mentioned, it is very 
rare in museums—we can at present only recall four specimens—and a 
good description is yet a desideratum. In default of a better we re- 
produce the original, which was made by Latham a little over a hundred 
years ago from specimens brought home by Captain Cook’s expedition, 
during which the Hawaiian Islands were discovered. 

Length, 8 inches; bill, 1% inches, stout at the base, and very much hooked; color 
of it brown, with a pale base; the upper parts of the body are black, except the 
lower part of the back, the rump, and upper tail coverts, which are of a fine deep 
yellow, the under parts of the body dusky; the shoulders, inner ridge of the wing, 
and part of the inner wing coverts are of the same yellow; the bastard wing yellow- 
ish-white at the end; the under wing coverts snow white; the sides of the vent, the 
vent itself, and the thighs are yellow; the tail and quills black; the legs black- 
brown. 

This is not the only Hawaiian bird which has become extinet within 
historical times. A similar fate has probably also befallen Chetoptiia 
angustipluma (Peale), of which probably not more than one specimen 
exists besides the type which is in the U.S. National Museum, and the 
small tailless Rail (Pennula ecaudata) which is nearly asrare. But still 
worse, any more of the feathered tribes found only in those wonder- 
ful islands seem to be near extinction, partly because of the destrue- 
tion of the forest, partly on account of the introduction of hardier and 
more aggressive species, such as the detested English sparrow. So 
gloomy is the prospect that Mr. Scott Wilson exclaims: “ It would not 
be rash to say that ere another century has elapsed but few native 
species will remain.” 


THE CALIFORNIA VULTURE. 
(Pseudogryphus californianus.) 


The California Vulture disputes with the Condor the claim of being 
the largest of the New World vultures, for, while the Condor is a little 
the more strongly built the California Vulture has a little the greatest 
spread of wing, large specimens having an alar extent of a little more 
than 10 feet. It is more plainly clad than the Condor, the general 
color being brownish-black, slightly glossy above, while the conspicu- 
ous ruff of soft white feathers that encircles the neck of the great Vul- 
ture of the Andes is lacking in its northern relative. The tips of the 
greater wing coverts are whitish, forming a line across the closed wing, 
and a broad band of white extends along the under side of the wing, 


630 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


forming a conspicuous mark when the bird sails overhead. Plate C. 
This vulture formerly ranged from the Colorado to the Columbia Rivers, 
between the Sierra Nevadas and the sea, and is said to have been in 
the habit of ascending the Columbia for a distance of 500 miles in 
order to feast upon the abundant dead salmon cast up on the banks. 
While this section of country is the regular habitat of the California 
Vulture, individuals have been reported from Arizona, or even so far 
outside these limits as southwestern Utah, though these last may be 
regarded as stragglers. A few hundred miles more or less would, of 
course, be nothing to a bird of such powers of flight that it seems to 
float in the air with as much ease as a fish floats in water, for it would 
seem as if nature having assigned the vultures to do scavenger’s duty 
had made some amends by giving them a strong and graceful flight. 
Like the other members of the family, the California Vulture feeds 
chiefly on carrion; in spite of its size and strength rarely attacking liv- 
ng animals, unless they have been so severely wounded as to be unable 
to walk, and while several have been known to combine forces and at- 
tack and kill young calves, this is very exceptional. 

The strength of these birds is shown by the fact that four of them 
were able to drag the carcass of a young bear, weighing 100 pounds, for 
a distance of 200 yards, but owing to the structure of their feet and 
the weakness of the beak and claws their powers of offence are by no 
means commensurate with their size. The bird seems never to have 
been very abundant, and although Dr. Newbury speaks of it as com- 
mon in the Sacramento Valley in 1856, he does not mention it as oceur- 
ring in flocks. On the Columbia not more than two or three would be 
seen at a time, and although Dr. Canfield has seen as many as a hundred 
and fifty gathered around a dead antelope, it is probable that in this 
case they had assembled from over a great area—brought together by 
the actions of the bird who first discovered the dead animal. Soaring 
as they do at great heights these birds command a view over a territory 
many miles in extent, their keen eyes not only searching the ground 
below, but keeping a sharp lookout on the behavior of any of their fel- 
lows that chance to be within sight. No sooner does one bird spy a 
prospective dinner than another, still farther away, is apprised of the 
fact by his actions, and in a like manner, number two intorms a third, 
so that the good news is rapidly spread, and throughout a vast area 
the vultures come hurrying to one point. It is thus that Canon Tris- 
tram accounts for the vast ccngregation of vultures at Sevastopol dur- 
ing the Crimean war, supposing that in this manner “may have col- 
lected the whole race from the Caucasus and Asia Minor.” 

The threatened extermination of the California Vulture is indirectly, 
rather than directly, due to the agency of man, for its suspicious nature 
has ever rendered this bird difficult to capture, while the breeding 
places are in out of the way and often inaccessible localities, and al- 
though the Mexican miners of Lower California are said to kill the bird 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 631 


on every possible opportunity in order that they may use the quills as 
receptacles for gold dust, the destruction thus caused would naturally 
be but small. The free use of strychnine in ridding the cattle ranches 
of wolves and coyotes has caused the disappearance of this bird, which 
has been poisoned by feeding on the carcasses prepared for the four- 
footed scavengers. The California Vulture is now extremely rare, and 
in spite of many efforts to obtain specimens of this interesting bird few 
have been taken of late years, those few coming from southern Cali- 
fornia, which now seems to be the chief habitat of this Vulture. 


THE DODO AND THE SOLITAIRE. 
(Didus ineptus and Pezophaps solitaria.) 


What the brahma is among domestic fowls the dodo was to a far 
greater extent among the order of pigeons, a grotesque, aberrant, and 
gigantic member of the group. The first mention of the dodo* is in an 
account of the voyage of the Dutch Admiral Jacob Cornelius Van Neck 
to Mauritius in 1598. The dodo is there called Walckvogel, or dis- 
gusting fowl, partly on account of the toughness of portions of its flesh 
and partly because even the best portions of the dodo were poor in 
comparison with the tender meat of the abundant doves. This curious 
bird was found only in Mauritius. Another closely related species, the 


ISEYCHELLES 


= ALDABRA 


® : 
BOURBON 


Map 2.—Distribution of didine birds. 


Solitaire of Leguat (Pezophaps solitaria) was found in Rodriguez, and 
probably a third member of the family at Bourbon, this last species 
being known only from the description of travelers, for not even a bone 
of it has ever come under the ken of naturalists. This peculiar distri- 
bution of didine birds is analagous to that of the Galapagos tortoises, 
although not quite so extraordinary, since the islands of Mauritius, 
Reunion, and Rodriguez are much farther apart than are those of the 
Galapagos Archipelago, and the chance of animals being accident- 
ally transported from one to another consequently much less. Mauri- 


*From the Portuguese Dotido, a simpleton. 


A 


632 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


tius, Rodriguez, and Reunion had also their respective species of large 
tortoises, but these too went the way of the dodo and its kindred, and 
only bones remain to tell the story of their former abundance. De Bry, 
the chronicler of Van Neck’s voyage, says the Walckvégel were “ big- 
ger than our swans, with large heads, half of which is covered with 
skin like a hood. These birds want wings, in place of which are three 
or four blackish feathers. The tail consists of a few slender curved — 
feathers of a gray color.” | 


ee. ANI (ere 


Fic. 22. 


Facsimile of Piso’s figure of the Dodo.* 


* This figure was probably made from one of Savary’s paintings, and is found on 
page 70 of an appendix to a work by Guliemus Piso. 

The title is as follows: Guliemi Pisonis Medici Amsteleedamensis de Indix Utrius- 
que Re Naturali et Medica, Libri Quatuordecim: Quorum contenta pagina sequens 
exhibet Amsteleedami Apud Ludovicum et Danielen Elzeverios. AD CIO IOCLVIII. 
Jacobi Bontii Medici Civitatis Batavizee Novie in Tava Ordinarii Historiz Naturalis 
et Medic Indiv Orientalis. Libri Sex. Liber quintus, Caput xvu, p. 70 De 
Dronte, aliis Dod-aers. 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 633 


For a better idea of the appearance of the dodo we are indebted to 
the pictures of Roelandt Savary and his nephew John, Dutch artists 
of the first half of the 17th century, from whose paintings* we gather 
that the dodo was a heavy-bodied, short-legged bird, with a dispropor- 
tionately large head, and huge, formidable-looking hooked bill. The 
body was sparingly clad in loose feathers, the wing feathers alone being 
stiff, the tail resembling a small feather duster. The general color, as 
noted by De Bry, was gray, or blackish, but the breast seems to have 
been brown, and the wings and tail yellowish, or dirty white. The 
bird, so Cause tells us, laid a single egg “ the size of a half-penny roll, in 
a nest made of herbs heaped together,” the somewhat indefinite size 
ascribed to the egg beimg qualified later on by comparison with that 
of the great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus), which it was said to 
resemble in size. Not being acquainted with mankind the birds of 
Mauritius, like those of other uninhabited islands, were at first ex- 
tremely tame, but the dodo seems to have been not only unsuspicious 
but stupid into the bargain, a fact that rendered its extermination all 
the easier. It appears to have been customary upon the discovery of 
any new and edible animal, to give thanks to Providence and straight- 
way proceed to slaughter the creature, but in the case of the dodo the 
thanks were omitted, aithough the exterminating process was at once 
begun. . 

Although the discoverers of the bird seem to have thought poorly of 
its gastronomic qualities, and indeed it woul hardly compare favor- 
ably with doves, tortoises, turtles, and the abundant fishes of Mauri- 
tius, the next vessel to reach this isle of plenty made sad havoe with 
the unfortunate dodos. This was the ship of one William Van West 
Zannen, who stopped there in 1601, and seems to have made things 
very lively for all living creatures. He writes that “The dodos, with 
their round sterns (for they were well fattened), were also obliged to turn 
tail; everything that could move was in a bustle; the fish which had 
lived in peace for many a year were pursued into the deepest water 
pool.” One day Zannen’s crew took twenty-four dodos, on another 
twenty, ‘‘so large and heavy that they could not eat any two of them 
for dinner.” The abundance of game is shown by the fact that five men 
not only captured twenty dodos in a day, but also some thirty other 
birds, and with a good supply salted down, Van Zannen sailed away. 
Other Dutch ships followed in Van Zannen’s wake, feasted on tortoise 
and dodo, and, salting down a store, departed, leaving the ranks of the 
dodos sadly depleted. The last notice of the living Dodo oceurs in a 


* These were made from birds brought alive to Holland. 
t This day’s work seems to have inspired the chronicler’s muse, for he records it in 
a four-line poem, translated by Dr. Strickland: 
“For food the seamen hunt the flesh of feathered fowl. 
They tap the palms, the round-sterned dodos they destroy : 
The parrot’s life they spare, that he may scream and howl, 
And thus his fellows to imprisonment decoy.” 


634° 2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


“A coppey of Mr. Benj. Harry’s Journall when he was chief mate of 
the Shippe Berkley Castle,” which shows that he was in Mauritius in 
1681 and saw “dodos, whose flesh is very hard.” In 1693, a little less 
than a century after its discovery, the bird seems to have become extinct, 
for Leguat, the careful describer of the solitaire, makes no mention of 
the dodo, and moreover remarks that ducks, coots, and turtles of all 
kinds were then become rare. While man began the work of extirpation 
it is quite likely that his allies, cats, dogs, and pigs, completed the 
task, for wherever these animals have been introduced and run wild 
they have wrought sad havoe among the feathered race by destroying 
their eggs and young.* The cat and dog are said to be largely respon- 
sible for the rapid decrease of the New Zealand kiwi, and when this 
curious nocturnal bird passes out of existence it will, in great part, be 
due to the attacks of those two animals. Shortly after the dodo became 
extinct the Dutch, who had so far been the occupants of Mauritius, 
left the island and in 1715 the French took possession, only to give place 
to the English in 1810, one result of these various changes being that 
all knowledge of the quaint and curious bird was so utterly lost as not 
even to live in tradition, while the few specimens preserved in museums 
were so little known that some naturalists became skeptical as to the 
previous existence of such a bird as the dodo. 

The publications of Duncan, Broderip, and Strickland, however, speed- 
ily dissipated the slight haze of doubt, and in 1866 Mr. George Clark, 
of Mauritius, succeeded in obtaining a considerable series of bones, a 
portion of which served Mr. Owen for his memoir on the osteology of 
the dodo. These bones were procured from the mud at the bottom of 
a small marsh, known as the Mare aux Songes,t lying about a quarter 
of a mile from the sea. (Plate Cl.) At the beginning of the present 
century this marsh, as well as the land immediately about it, was still 
covered with large trees whose fruits had doubtless formerly served 
the Dodo for. food, and in this spot the bird seems to have lived and 
died in peace, for none of the bones are cut or gnawed, and here it left 
its remains for the benefit of future naturalists. Curiously enough this 
is the only place in Mauritius where bones of the Dodo have been brought 
to light, although various other localities have been tried in the hope of 
coming upon relies of this interesting bird. 

The Solitaire (Pezophaps solitaria), while presenting a general likeness 
to the Dodo, was somewhat more lightly built, and had decidedly longer 
legs and neck and a smaller beak. For a knowledge of the external 
appearance and habits of the Solitaire we are entirely dependent on 
the account of Francois Leguat, who in 1691 founded a colony at Rodri- 
guez, which endured only for the brief space of two years, owing to the 


* Dr. Strickland considers runaway slaves to have been the principal agents in the 
work of destruction, for, hiding in caves and forests, they would have found in these 
flightless birds just the prey they would have liked. 

tI. e. Marais aux Songes, songe being the local name of Celidium esculentum. 


TIBIAS. 


1. Trpra oF SOLITAIRE (Pezophaps solitarius). (Cat. No. 18246, U S. N. M.) 
2. Tipta oF Dopo (Didus ineptus). (Cat. No. 18248, U.S. N. M.) 
3. Domestic TurRKEY (Meleagris gallopavo). 


\alpy [ ‘ 


a OLN a) 7 ¥ 
gos Tee ee Neer C 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 635 


fact that Leguat seems to have not thought of providing wives for his 
colonists. While Leguat’s description has been quoted and requoted, 
there is no other source from which information may be drawn, and it 
must once more be used. 

He writes : 


Of all the birds in the island the most remarkable is that which goes by the name 
of the Solitary, because it is very seldom seen in Company, tho’ there are abundance 
of them. 

The feathers of the Males are of a brown grey Colour; the Feet and Beak are 
like a Turkey’s, but a little more crooked. They have scarce any Tail, but their 
Hind-part covered with Feathers is roundish, like the Crupper of a Horse; they are 
taller than turkeys. Their neck is straight and a little longer in proportion than 
a Torkey’s when it lifts up his Head. Its Eye is black and lively, and its Head 
without comb or cop. They never fly, their Wings are too little to support the 
weight of their Bodies; they serve only to beat themselves, and flutter when they 
call one another. 

They will whirl about for twenty or thirty times together on the same side, during 
the space of four or five minutes. The motion of their Wings makes then a noise 
very like that of a Rattle; and one may hear it two hundred paces off. The 
Bone of their Wing grows greater toward the Extremity, and forms a little round 
mass under the Feathers, as big as a Musket Ball. That and its beak are the chief 
Defense of this Bird. ’Tis very hard to catch it in the Woods, but easy in open 
Places, because we run faster than they, and sometimes we approach them without 
much Trouble. From March to September they are extremely fat, and taste admirably 
well, especially while they are young. Some of the Males weigh forty-five Pounds. 

’Though these Birds will sometimes very familiarly come up near enough to one, 
when we do not run after them, yet they will never grow Tame. As soon as they 
are caught they shed Tears without Crying and refuse all manner of Sustenance till 
they die. 

When these Birds build their Nests, they choose a clean Place, gather together 
some Palm-Leaves for that purpose and heap them up a foot and a half high from the 
Ground, on which they sit. They never lay but one Egg, which is much bigger than 
that of a Goose. The Male and Female both cover it in their turns, and the young 
which is not able to provide for itself in several Months, is not hatch’d till at seven 
Weeks’ end. All the while they are sitting upon it they will not suffer any other 
Bird of their Species to come within two hundred Yards round of the Place; But 
what is very singular, is, the Males will never drive away the Females, only when he 
perceives one he makes a noise with his Wings to call the Female, and she drives the 
unwelcome Stranger away, not leaving it till ’tis without her Bounds. The Female 
does the same as to the Males, and he drives them away. We have observy’d this 
several Times, and I affirm it to be true. 

The Combats between them on this occasion last sometimes pretty long, because 
the Stranger only turns about, and do’s not fly directly from the Nest. However the 

other do not forsake it till they have quite driven it out of their Limits. After these 
Birds have raised their young One, and left it to itself, they are always together, 
which the other Birds are not, and tho’ they happen to mingle with other Birds of the 
same Species, these two Companions never disunite. We have often remarked that 
some Days after the young one leaves the Nest, a Company of thirty or forty brings 
another young one to if, and the new fledg’d Bird, with its Father and Mother 
joyning with the Band, march to some bye Place We frequently followed them, and 
found that afterwards the old ones went each their way alone, or in Couples, and 
left the two young ones together, which we call’d a Marriage. 
This Particalarity has something in it which looks a little Fabulous, nevertheless, 
what I say is sincere Truth, and what I have more than once observ’d with care 
and Pleasure. 


: 
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Through the efforts of Professor Alfred Newton and his brother Ed. 
ward a large collection of bones of the Solitaire was obtained from 
Rodriguez in 1866, these remains forming the basis for a very complete: 
account of the osteology of the bird. These bones were procured from 
caves, but owing to the impossibility of securing intelligent supervis-; 
ion, little can be said concerning their probable age, except that alll 
seem to long antedate the settlement of the island. It is interesting to 
note that the wing bones corroborate Leguat’s description of the Soli-) 
taire, for they show the presence of a rounded callosity at the angle 
of the wing, just about the size of an old fashioned musket ball. 


636 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


AUTHORITIES. 


The Dodo and its Kindred. H. G. Strickland and A. G. Melville. London, 1848) 
Article Dodo, Alfred Newton. Eneyelopedia Britannica, volume VII, ninth edi- 
tion. 

On the Osteology of the Solitaire or Didine Bird of Rodriguez. Alfred and Edward 
Newton: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1869, pp, 
327-362. 


THE LABRADOR DUCK. 


(Oamptolaimus labradorius.) 


The Labrador Duck was one of the many sea ducks which, during, 
their southern migration, furnished considerable sport to gunners along, 
the coast. In size and appearance it was not unlike the familiar Old 
Wife, or Quandy (Harelda glacialis), to which, indeed, it is nearly re? 
lated. The body and primaries of the male are black, the rest of the 
wing, head and neck white, with a black collar and longitudinal stripe 
on the crown. (Plate CII.) The female is plumbeous gray, slightly: 
darker on the under side. This duck ranged southward in winter to the 
coast of New Jersey and Chesapeake Bay, its summer habitat and breed 
ing ground being, according to Audubon, southern Labrador. It is by: 
no means impossible, however, that the empty nests ascribed to the Lab, 
rador Duck may have been those of the Eider (Somateria Dresseri), as 
they were found on the breeding grounds of that species, and are said to 
have resembled them in shape and size. While the Labrador Dueck 
seems to never have been very common, it was not sufficiently rare to 
attract the notice of collectors, and hence a very small number of speci: 
mens, about thirty-six, are in existence. Considerable interest is at 
tached to two of these specimens in the U.S. National Museum, as they 
were collected by no less a person than Daniel Webster, and figured by 
Audubon. Webster was an enthusiastic sportsman, and his home at 
Marshfield, close by Brant Rock, was one of the best localities for sea 
shooting on the coast of Massachusetts. The ducks in question, how: 
ever, came from Vineyard Island. The bird, so Audubon tells us, was 
frequently for sale in the markets of New York and Baltimore, and, 
according to the same authority, a “bird stuffer” of Camden, New 


Report of National Museum, 1889. 


Lucas 


PLATE Cll. 


THE LABRADOR Duck. (Male.) 


( 


(Cat. No. 61800, U.S. N. M. 


‘amptolaimus labradorius. 


Collected by Daniel Webster and figured by Audubon. 


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ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 637 


Jersey, used to take them like fishes on a long line baited with mus- 
sels. When interest in ornithology became more general, and collectors 
and collections multiplied, it soon became evident that the Labrador 
Duck was extremely rare, and it is now believed to have become en- 
tirely extinct, no example having been taken since December, 1878. It 
is a little difficult to understand why the Labrador Duck should have 
disappeared, for the bird was possessed of good powers of flight, bred 
in comparatively unfrequented localities at the north, and, as just 
stated, was not especially sought after. Some epidemic may have swept 
off the greater part of the race, but this is purely supposititious, as 
nothing of the kind is known to have occurred. That epidemics do 
occur among birds is shown by Dr. Stejneger’s account of the Pelagic 
Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus) of the Commander Islands, thous- 
ands upon thousands of which died during the winter of 1876~77, so 
that masses of dead birds covered the beach all around the islands. As 
this bird formed an important article of food during the time of year 
when the fur seal is not slain, fears were entertained by the residents 
of the island that the bird might become extinct, like Pallas Cormorant. 
But although the birds were scarce during the summer of 1877, their 
numbers have since increased, although they have never attained their 
former abundance. A possible cause for the original depletion may 
have been the taking of eggs by the Indians, for the Eider, which breeds 
alohg the southern coast of Labrador, suffers severely from their dep- 
redations. A small dog is trained to hunt through the bushes near 
the water’s edge, the favorite nesting place of the Eider, while his 
master silently paddles along close to the shore to note just where a bird 
is driven from the nest, and in this manner many eggs are taken. Now 
if the Labrador Ducks bred over a comparatively small extent of country, 
near the summer camp of a band of Indians, their original decrease 
would be readily accounted for. Dr. Stejneger has so clearly shown 
(Stand. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1v. Birds, p. 151) how the extinction of this or 
other species might have come about that the account is here quoted in 
full: 

It seems to be a fact that when a migratory species has reached a certain low num- 
ber of individuals, the rapidity with which it goes towards extinction is considerably 
increased. 

_ Two circumstances may tend toward this result. We know that when birds on 
their migrations get astray, having lost their route and comrades, they are nearly 
always doomed to destruction, that fate not only overtaking single individuals, but 
also large flocks to the last member. 

_ Ifthe safety of the wanderers, therefore, greatly depends upon their keeping their 
correct route, the safety decreases disproportionately the scarcer the species become, 
‘since, if the route is .poorly frequented, the younger and inexperienced travelers 
have less chance of following the right track, and more chance of getting lost, and 
‘consequently destroyed. The fewer the individuals, the more disconnected become 
he breeding localities, the more difficult for the birds to find each other and form 
ocks in the fall. Finally the number will be reduced to a few colonies, and the 
pecies, consequently in danger of extinction, and a casualty, which, under ordi- 


ary circumstances, would only affect a fraction of the members, now may easily 
prove fatal to the remainder of the species. 


638 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


We need only suppose that during one unfortunate year nearly all the broods were: 
destroyed by inundations, fires, or frost, to perceive what difficulty the few birds left 
in the autumn would have in wending their way without getting astray. 

We know that the proportion of birds returning in spring is comparatively small, 
and the flocks are considerably thinned down. 

Under the circumstances presumed, there will hardly be birds left to form flockél 
But birds used to migrate in flocks do not like or can not travel alone; hence they) 
are forced to follow flocks of allied species, which may take them to Noose far 
from their home. In that way a few scattered pairs may survive, and breed here and 
there, a number of years after the rest are destroyed, and such are probably those 
few Labrador Ducks which have been captured occasionally during the last twenty, 
years or more. 

There is a possibility that a few such pairs may be in existence, but, however 
hardy, their fate is sealed, and perhaps not a single one will get into the hands of a 
naturalist. 


AUTHORITIES. 


The Birds of America. John James Audubon, 1840-1844. 
Standard Natural History, Vol. 1v. Birds. Chenomorphae, p. 15]. LL. Stejneger, 
Boston, 1885. 


THE GREAT AUK. 


(Alca impennis.) 


The Great Auk, or Garefowl (Alca impennis), was the largest mem- 
ber of the Auk family, distinguished not only by its size, but by its 
flightlessness, enjoying the proud distinction of being the sole bird in 
the northern hemisphere incapable of flight. The name by which the 
Great Auk was originally and commonly known in America was Pen- 
guin, and the southern birds, now known by that title, did not receive 
this appellation until many years after. Garefowl is of Scandinavian 
origin, and comes to us by way of western Scotland. 

In color the Great Auk much resembied its lesser relative, the Ra- 
zorbill, the head, neck, and back being black, and the under parts white. 
A peculiar mark of the bird was a large white spot in front of the eye, 
one old writer with a greater love of the marvelous than of truthfulness 
stating that this spot was found on the right side only. The wings, 
although far too small to sustain the bird in the air, formed an admir- 
able pair of oars, the Great Auk being a most expert swimmer and 
diver, and performing even longer migrations than many of its relatives 
that were endowed with the power of flight. (Plate CIII.) Many, possi- 
bly all, of the Auk family use their wings quite as much as their feet for 
propulsion under water, and they may literally be said to fly beneath the 
sea as wellas over it. It has been noted that the inability of the Great 
Auk to fly was due to lack of development of the bones of the forearm and 
hand, the humerus being proportionately as long as in other Auks, 
This modification of structure was directly correlated with the aquatie 
habits of the Garefowl, for the resistance of water being vastly greater 
than that of air, a wing especially adapted for subaquatic flight would 

: I 
4 


Report of National Museum, 1889.—Lucas PLATE Clll. 


THE GREAT AUK. 


Alca impennis. 


(Cat. No. 57338, U.S. N. M. Eldey Island, off the coast of Iceland.) 


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ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 639 


demand less surface and more power than a wing formed for aerial loco- 
motion. In the case of the Great Auk this demand was met by shorten- 
ing the outer portion of the wing, while other birds that use their wings 
in diving obtain as far as possible the same result by only partially open- 
ing their wings. 

The Great Auk was confined to the North Atlantic, ranging on the 
European side from Iceland to the Bay of Biscay, and ‘on the Amer- 
ican from Greenland to Virginia, these localities marking the extreme 
limits of the bird’s migrations. 


CPn oo? 
fo ao —— 
Ger 
‘ 

‘ 


Map 4.—Distribution of the Great Auk. The heavy, black line shows the summer habitat, and 
the interrupted line the winter range of tle species. A, localities where specimens have been taken, 
but where the occurrence of the bird was probably accidental. X, places where remains of the 
Great Auk have been found in shell heaps. 


Greenland was the habitat of the Garefowl to a very limited extent, 
and the same may be said of the coast of Norway, while the southern 
limits given above were reached only during the winter migrations of 
the bird. The positively known breeding-places were few in number, 
those where the bird bred abundantly, being the Garefowl Skerries off 
the coast of Iceland and Funk Island on the Newfoundland coast. 
These islands, or more properly islets, were very similar in their general 
character, being isolated rocks, lying at some distance from shore and 
difficult of access. Of course the reason for this similarity is apparent. 
The Great Auk and its eggs formed desirable articles of food, and since 
the bird was helpless on land, it was easily captured, whence it’ came 
to pass at an early date that the bird was exterminated at all localities 
easy of access. Another and more important factor in the extermi- 
nation of the Auk, especially in America, is to be found in the gregarious 
habits of the bird and its predilection for certain breeding-places. This 
habit of the Garefowl is shown by other birds which are restricted in 
their breeding habitat without any apparent reason, although there may 
be some unknown cause in the nature of food-supply that might account 
for it. A good example of this is found in the Gannet, which, although 
a bird of powerful flight, breeds at only three localities on the eastern 
coast of America, and in Europe crosses the North Sea to nest in Scot- 


~ ¢ : 2 : | 


640 REPORT OF NATJONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


land, when localities seemin gly quite as favorable exist along the shores: 
of Norway. There were apparently plenty of suitable breeding- grounds} 
for the Great Auk in Maine and Labrador, but had the bird bred in small 
colonies at localities scattered along this wide expanse of territory, it) 
would have been in existence to-day. 

The most important European breeding place of the Garetowl was) 
an islet 25 miles off Reykjanes, Iceland, where, for many years, it led 
a somewhat precarious existence, several times seeming to have been 
so reduced in numbers that expeditions in search of birds and eggs 
were not worth the risk. Still the bird would have existed in this_ 
locality many years longer than it did, but for voleanic disturbances in- 
March, 1830, during which the Geirfuglasker sank beneath the sea 
compelling the existing Garefowl to seek new-breeding places. Most 
of them appear to have moved to an islet by the name of Eldey, 
and this being near the coast and more accessible, the few remaining 
Great Auks were in the course of fourteen years all killed, the last pair 
being taken about the 3d of June, 1844, this being the last authentic 
record of the Great Auk in Europe. It was from this locality that 
most of the skins now extant were obtained, only one mounted speci- 
men being recorded from American localities, although nearly all 
skeletons have come from Newfoundland. The history of the Great 
Auk in America may be said to date from 1534, when, on May 21, two 
boat’s crews from Cartier’s vessels landed on Funk Island, and, as we 
are told, ‘‘In lesse than halfe an hour we filled two boats full of them, 
as if they had bene stones. So that besides them which we did eat 
fresh, every ship did powder and salt five or sixe barrels of them.” The 
Great Auk having thus been apprized of the advent of civiization in 
the regular manner, continued to be utilized by all subsequent visitors. 
The French fishermen depended very largely on the Great Auks to 
supply them with provisions; passing ships touched at Funk Island 
for supplies; the early colonists barreled them up for winter use, and the 
great abundance of the birds was set forth among other inducements te 
encourage emigration to Newfoundland. The immense numbers of the 
Auks may be inferred from the fact that they withstood these drams for 
more than two centuries, although laying but a single egg, and conse- 
quently increasing but slowly under the most favorable circumstances. 
Finally some one conceived the idea of killing the Garefowl for their 
feathers, and this sealed its fate. When and where the scheme origin- 
ated, and how long the slaughter lasted, we know not, for the matter 
is rather one of general report than of recorded fact, although in this 
instance circumstantial evidence bears witness to the truth of Cart- 
wright’s statement thatit was customary for several crews of men to 
pass the summer on Funk Island solely to slay the Great Auks for 
their feathers. That the birds were slain by millions; that their bodies 
were left to molder where they were killed; that stone pens were erected; 
and that for some purpose frequent and long continued fires were built 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 641 


on Funk Island, is indisputable. This locality has been but thrice 
visited by naturalists, the last time in the summer of 1887, by a party 
from the U. 8S. National Museum, who, by the aid of the U.S. Fish 
Commission, were enabled to obtain much information in regard to this 
interesting spot, and to make very extensive collections of remains of 
the Great Auk. Just when the Great Auk ceased to exist in America 
is unknown, for there were few naturalists on this side of the water 
when the Garefowl was being done to the death; but the extinction took 
place not far from 1840, almost coincidently with the extermination of 
the bird in Europe. Few birds have received more attention than has 
the Great Auk since it became extinet, and it has been the subject of 
humerous papers, both popular and scientific, while its remains bring 
extravagant prices whenever chance brings them into the market. The 
lastskeleton sold brought $600, the last skin $650, while an egg brought 
$1,250, and then was resold for the round sum of $1,500, 
AUTHORITIES. 
The Garefowl and its Historians. Alfred Newton. Natural History Review, 1865; 
pp. 467-488. 
Relics of the Great Auk. John Milne. London Field, March 27; April 3 and 10, 1875. 
The Great Auk or Garefowl. Symington Grieve. Edinburgh, 1885, 
The Expedition to Funk Island, with Observations upon the History and Anatomy 
of the Auk. Frederic A. Lucas. Report U. 8. Nat’l Mus. ; 1887’-88 ; pp. 493-529. 


PALLAS’ CORMORANT. 
(Phalacrocorax perspicillatus.) 
Pallas’ Cormorant was the largest of its family, and with rich plumage 


and crests, presented a striking appearance. Above and below it was 
of a deep, Justrous green with blue gloss on the neck, and rich purplish 


~IBERING | 
aN 


Ss 
COPPER’ ATTY 


S 
2 


Map 5.—The distribution of Pallas’ Cormorant. 


on the scapulars. Long, slender, straw-colored feathers were inter- 

spersed through the plumage of the neck, and the shafts of the tail 
eathers were white. 

H. Miss. 224, pt. 2——41 


642 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The specific name of perspicillatus, spectacled, was bestowed upon the 
bird of Pallas on account of the broad ring of bare, white skin surround 
ing the eyes. So far as is known, the bird was found only on Bering 
Island, where it was discovered by Steller in 1741, at the time of Ber: 
ing’s unfortunate shipwreck, when the bird was largely used for fooc 
by the survivors. 

The known history of Pallas’ Cormorant is extremely brief, and has 
been so well recorded by Dr. Stejneger in the Proceedings of the U. 8: 
National Museum for 1888, that one can not possibly do better than tc 
quote his account. Omitting the tecbnical portion, it is as follows : 


—J 


It seems as if the very causes which terminated the existance of the Great Auk 
worked the same result in Pallas’ Cormorant, and it is even probable that if the latte 
at some early period, also inhabited the other Aleutian Islands, as is most likely, vol 
canic eruptions may have played a réle in this drama as well as in that of the Great 
Auk. True, the latter was entirely deprived of its power of flight, but it is evident 
both from the measurements of the skins as well as of those of the bones, given below, 
that the wings of the cormorant were disproportionately small. Steller speaks of its 
great bulk of body and its weight, which varied between 12 and 14 pounds, so that 
one single bird was sufficient for three starving men of the shipwrecked crew. 

With this bulk it combined an unusual “ stoliditas,” but it is pretty clear that this 
stupidity, which made them such aneasy prey, was due more to their slowness of 
locomotion on land and in the air than to any special temperament or dullness of in- 
tellect. The natives of Bering Island inform me that the meat of this species was 
particularly palatable compared with that of its congeners, and that, consequently, 
during the long winter, when other fresh meat than that of the cormorants was ob- 
tainable, it was used as food in preference to any other. In brief, all the circumstances 
combined to make short work at exterminating this bird at its last refuge, for there 
is no evidence that it has ever been found during historical times in any other locality: 
than Bering Island. The result was that Pallas’ cormorant, which was found by 
Steller and his shipwrecked comrades on that desolate island in 1741, and which at 
that time—that is, before man ever visited its rocky shores—occurred there in great 
numbers, ‘‘ frequentissimi,” as Steller says, became extinct in about one hundred years: 
from its discovery. The history of this bird forms an interesting parallel to that of 
the great northern sea-cow (Kytina gigas). 

Up to 1837 or 1839 Steller seems to have been the only naturalist who had seen this 
bird, for, although naming it in his Zoographia, all Pallas knew of the species was: 
derived from Steller’s observations, whose description he merely quotes. It is, then, 
safe to conclude that it was not among the many water birds collected by Billing’s. 
expedition, which brought such rich spoils home from the Kuriles and the Aleutian 
Island, but which did not touch at Bering Island. In the above mentioned year 
Captain Belcher, with the Sulphur, visited Sitka, and was there presented by Kupria- 
noff, the Russian governor, with one of the specimens of this bird in his possession. 
This specimen is evidently the one now in the British Museum, while the others went 
to the St. Petersburg Academy, from which one was again secured by the Leyden 
Museum. Although obtained from the governor in Sitka, there is nothing to indicate: 
whence came the specimens; but inasmuch as Bering Island at that time belonged 
to the administrative district of Sitka, at which port all the furs were received from 
that island before being shipped to Europe; all vessels from Bering Island conse- 
quently first stopping at Sitka, there is every probability that the specimens in ques- 
tion were collected on that island. 

During my cireumnavigation of Bering Island I landed on September 1, 1852, at 
Pestshanij Mys near the northwestern extremity of the island. Ascending the steep 


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Report of National Museum, 1889.—Lucas. PLATE CIV. 


GALAPAGOS TORTOISE. 


Testudo nigrita. 


(Dunean Island.? From living specimenin the National Zoological Park. Collected bythe U S 
Fish Commission steamer Albatross, in 1888.) 


GALAPAGOS TORTOISE. 
Testudo elephantopus. 


(Albemarle Island. From living specimen in the National Zoological Park. Collected by the U.S. 
Fish Commission steamer Albatross, in 1888 ) 


ees 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 643 


coast escarpment which is here about 35 feet high, I found near the edge of the ter- 
rasse a rather extensive deposit of bones of various mammals and birds arranged in 
thin layers of sand and sod alternating. The average thickness of the deposit was 
about 2 feet, and the present area covered in the neighborhood of 600 square feet, 
though it was evident that it was formerly of much greater extent, the ocean having 
encroached upon the land and carried away great portions of the terrasse. The bones 
were in fairly good condition, some of the smaller and delicate ones even excellently 
well preserved, and none of them showed signs of violence. There were bones of the 
Arctic Fox, the Sea Otter, the Sea Lion, and other species of seals, as well as various 
kinds of water birds. Among the latter a particularly large pelvis of a Phalacro- 
corax at once attracted my attention, and as I had had Pallas’ Cormorant on my mind 
since I started from Washington, I was not slow in concluding that f had to do with 
the bones of this bird. Had I had time to dig out the whole deposit I should prob- 
ably have obtained more bones, but with the above suspicion I did as much digging 
and collected as many bird bones as the circumstances would allow. 

The bones thus obtained, twenty-three in number, are the only por- 
tions of the skeleton known to science, all that now exists of Pallas’ 
Cormorant being four mounted specimens and a handful of bones. 
There is a slight possibility that Pallas’ Cormorant may yet be found 
about some of the small, uninhabited islands towards the western end 
of the Aleutian chain, but this is merely a possibility and nothing 
more. 

AUTHORITIES. 


Standard Natural History, Vol. tv. Birds. Steganopodes, p. 191. L. Stejneger. 
Contribution to the History of Pallas’ Cormorant. Leonhard Stejneger and Frederic 
A. Lucas. Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. xu, pp. 83-94. 


THE GALAPAGOS AND MASCARENE TORTOISES. 


The Galapagos Archipelago, which comprises fifteen small islands, 
lying directly on the equator, was so christened by the Spaniards of the 
sixteenth century on account of the abundance of great, black tortoises 
(galapago) found there. (Plate CIV.) These turtles, of which there are 
several closely related species inhabiting various islands of the group, 
are typical land-tortoises of the genus Testudo, characterized by a high, 
arched carapace, and club feet. The nearest relatives of the Galapagos 
tortoises are found in the island of Aldabra, to the north and west of 
Madagascar, and in the Seychelles (see map 3), whither they were in- 
troduced from Aldabra. There were—the past tense is painful—closely 
allied species inhabiting the Mascarene Islands, but these were long 
since ‘‘eaten off the face of the-earth by gluttonous man” and the place 
thereof knoweth them no more. The same fate is impending over the 
Galapagos tortoises, and sooner or later they will live only.in the name 
of their former abiding place. 

The Galapagos tortoises and their allies present a doubly interesting 
instance of the peculiar geographical distribution of animals. Not only 
are they as a group confined to small islands remote from one another 
_ and from the continent, but, with one exception, each species of tortoise 
is restricted to a single island. 


644 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


In the case of the Masearene tortoises this is not so singular, as 
Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez are some distance apart; but the 
Galapagos tortoises inhabit islands most of which are in sight of one 
another, and some separated by only 8 or 10 miles of sea. 


Abingdon 


BindloesS Gomer 


Sve mes 
Narborough - Seo doh tegable 
le 


Barrington el 


Albemarle Chatham 


&S 
Charles Hf, a ee 


Map 6.—The distribution of Galapagos Tortoises. 


The exception noted above to the rule that a given island possesses 
but a single species of tortoise, is Albemarle Island, which has two, but 
in this instance the island is divided by lava streams whose broken ir- 
regular surfaces present impassible barriers to such creatures as tor- 
toises. It is unfortunate, in view of the interest attached to the subject, 
that the exact locality of many of the tortoises brought from the Gala- 
pagos Islands should be unknown, the more that unless the problem 
of their distribution is soon settled it never can be. Dr. Gunther 
enumerates six species, the first two of which are certainly known to 
have come from the islands assigned to them, two are in a measure 
conjectural, and two are unknown. Three, probably four, species are 
in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, but in this case a little 
uncertainty hangs over the exact locality they came from, owing to the 
fact that several were obtained at Chatham Island, whither they were 
brought from other islands of the archipelago. One very large indi-_ 
vidual, however, was obtained at Abingdon Island, where the tortoises 
are probably extinct, the weathered skeleton having fortunately been 
preserved in a tolerably complete condition. The Galapagos tortoises 
are vegetable feeders, living largely on succulent cactus, which serves 
the double purpose of food and drink. They are very fond of water, 
and although seeming to thrive on the smaller islands which are with- 
out springs, make long pilgrimages to reach the wells on the upper 
portions of the large islands. Although the tortoises travel day and 
night while on these journeys, owing to their proverbially slow rate of 
speed (three or four miles an hour) it requires two or three days to 
make the trip. Regular roads, similar to those that would be made by 
a low-bodied cart, branch out from the springs in every direction, lead-— 
ing from them to the coast, and it was by following up these well-trav- 
eled paths that the Spaniards first discovered the watering places. 
These tortoises are currently reported to be totally deaf, and Porter 


O ‘ ¥, 
4 
y ' 


a ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 645 


records that they took no notice even of the report of a gun, while Dar- 
win states that they seemed quite unaware of any approach from the 
rear, but would draw in their extremities with aloud hiss as soon as they 
saw him. Dampier, who visited the Galapagos group in 1680, was per- 
haps the first to publish an account of the tortoises that supplied him 
with fresh provisions, as they did many a mariner after him, these 
creatures being indeed ideal live stock tor sailors’ purposes, requiring 
little care and no food, yet existing on this diet for three or four months. 
Dampier does not tell us from what islands he obtained his tortoises, but 
in his time they must have been abundant throughout the entire Archi- 
pelago. Occasional mention is made of the Galapagos tortoises by ves- 
sels which stopped there for provisions and water, and many more 
touched there without putting their visits on record. In 1813 Porter, 
of the celebrated Hssex, who visited the islands for the purpose of way- 
laying British whaling vessels, obtained tortoises abundantly on Hoods, 
Marlborough, James, Charles, and Indefatigable Islands, but although 
only shells and bones were seen on Chatham Island, the tortoises must 
still have been numerous there, since they still exist in that locality. 
Porter was the first to note the fact that differences existed between 
the tortoises from the various islands. In 1835, during the now famous 
voyage of the Beagle, Darwin found the tortoises still numerous on 
Chatham, Charles, and James Islands, although he notes that the 
numbers had been much reduced, owing to quantities taken by the 
whalers and by parties from the mainland, who visited the islands for 
the purpose of salting tortoise meat and making oil from the fat. H. 
M.S. Herald in 1846 reported the tortoises extinct on Charles Island, 
and in 1875 Captain Cookson says that only a few individuals were left 
on Chatham Island, and that they were much lessened in numbers on 
Hood, James, and Indefatigable Islands, although plentiful in Albe- 
marle and Abingdon. Small wonder that the ranks of these slow-grow- 
ing, slower-paced reptiles should be getting thinned out, when we read 
that vessels have taken away as many as seven hundred at one time, 
and that the crew of a frigate captured two hundred in a single day. 
Of course these figures are exceptional, yet prior to 1870 as many as 
forty or fifty whalers annually visited the islands, stopping there some 
time and carrying away a hundred or so of tortoises when they de- 
parted, the number thus taken from Charles Island alone being esti- 
mated at 6,000, the total number from all the islands reaching several 
millions, | 

In 1829 the Government of Heuador established a penal colony on 
Charles Island, whose members relied principally upon the tortoises to 
keep them in fresh meat and the orchilla* gatherers, who visit the 


*The Spanish name for the orchilla weed (Roccella tinctoria), a widely distributed 
species of lichen, from which a purple dye is obtained. 

The lichen formed a portion of the food of the tortoises, and it is rather interesting 
that, having first aided in their increase, it should later on prove an unportant factor 
in their destruction, 


646 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


islands annually, count upon these animals to furnish them with a large 
proportion of their supplies. 

The manufacture of tortoise oil must be credited with having caused 
the destruction of large numbers of tortoises, and as late as 1875 Cap- 
tain Cookson found a party of seven engaged in its preparation on Al- 
bemarle Island. In twelve months they had made 3,000 gallons, a 
quantity that probably represented an equal number of tortoises, for 
though 5 or 6 gallons have been obtained from unusually large and fat 
animals, the average yield is about 1 gallon. Dogs, too, introduced by 
the colonists, have played their customary role in the extirpating pro- 
cess, chiefly by destroying the young tortoises, which they watch for and 
devour as soon as hatched, but also by killing animals of considerable 
size. With so many enemies, no means of defense, and no power of 
escape by flight, it is surprising that any tortoises should to-day exist, 
and the fact that they are not yet exterminated shows how wonderfully 
abundant they must have been when the islands were discovered. 

In 1888 the U. 8S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross succeeded in 
obtaining a iimited number of tortoises, but they were comparatively 
small, mostly mere infants of 10 or 20 pounds weight, although one 
specimen weighing about 40 pounds was secured. This is a sad falling 
off from former days, for in Darwin’s time individuals weighing 200 
pounds were not uncommon, while the governor of the penal colony 
told Darwin that he had seen tortoises so large that it required six or 
eight men to lift one from the ground, a statement not at all incredible, 
since a tortoise from Aldabra turned the scales at 870 pounds. The 
decline in weight is due to the fact that the tortoises are killed while 
they are still young and before they have had time to attain any con- 
siderable size. Turtles live to a great age (the specimen from Aldabra 
was known to be over eighty) and like other reptiles continue to grow 
throughout life, so that great size is an indication of corresponding age. 
A tortoise obtained by Captain Cookson, estimated by an old tortoise 
hunter to be four years old, weighed only 9 ounces, so that the rate of 
growth would seem to be more rapid in old rather than in young indi- 
viduals. 

Probably no more large tortoises will come from the Galapagos group, 
and though the race may linger for some time longer, it will ultimately 
become extinct. The story of the Mascarene tortoises is soon told. 
Van Neck, the discoverer of the Dodo, found them abundant in Mauri- 
tius at the time of his visit in 1598, and he tells us that some were of 
such immense size that six men could be seated in one shell. In 1618 
Bontekoe, on a trip to Bourbon, took twenty-four tortoises beneath a 
single tree, a statement which shows how numerous they then were. 
Rodriguez must, however, have been the headquarters of these ani- 
mals, for Leguat says: ‘There are such plenty of land turtles in this 
isle that sometimes you see two or three thousand of them in a drove, 
so that you may go above a hundred paces on their backs.” 


or rae aie 


ee oe aee =A 


‘Aqiry urwyduy kq “ssuyy ‘puwy s,unpy ON Jo 48a Aq ynos saytur og paj0a][09 “wnasn]y [BUOEN “S “() G68GS ‘ON WO.y “‘ppoL, "TH 4q Buimvig 2 
Cogg ‘d) ‘uveg @ apoon ‘sdaoru0sy;~ueYys sni1ze]oydo77 


HSIA-ATIL AHL 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 647 


In 1761 vessels were employed in transplanting tortoises from Rodri- 
guez to the Dutch colony at Mauritius, where they were used in the 
hospital and in exchange for various commodities with the Dutch East 
Indiamen who frequently touched there. In the early part of the pres- 
ent century the race seems to have become extinct, and save the few 
bones rescued from the marshes of Mauritius and the caves of Rodri- 
guez, nothing is left to show that these large and formerly abundant 
tortoises ever existed. 

AUTHORITIES. 


Natural History and Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle. Charles Darwin, London, 
1876 (second edition). 

Description of the Living and Extin:t Races of Gigantic Land Tortoises. Albert 
Gunther. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1875, pp. 
251-284. 

Remarks on the Tortoises of the Galapagos. Commander W. E. Cookson. Proc. 
Zool. Soc. London, 1876, pp. 520-526. 

Article: Tortoise. Encyclopedia Britannica. 9thed. Vol. xxi. pp. 455-459. 

The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Islands. G. Baur. Am. Nat., Dec., 
1889 ; pp. 1039-1057. 


THE TILE FISH. 


(Lopholatilus chameleonticeps.) 


The tile fish is the largest member of a small family of fishes (the 
Latilide), most of which are inhabitants of tropical or subtropical 
waters, although the tile fish itself ranged northwards to the latitude 
of Philadelphia. The tile fish was rather brilliantly colored, being 
pale-violet above and whitish below, with numerous markings of pale 
yellow. (Plate CV.) In size it varied from five to forty pounds, and 
it was an inhabitant of moderately deep water, being found at a depth 
of from ninety to one hundred and twenty-five fathoms. Up to 1879 
the tile fish was unknown, and its discovery may be said to have been 
accidental. In May, 1879, Captain Kirby, of the schooner Wm. J. 
Hutchings, while trawling * for cod to the southward of Nantucket, took 
5,000 pounds of a fish not only new to him but new to science. The 
greater part of the fish taken on the first haul of the trawls were thrown 
away, but as the samples that had been kept proved, on being cooked, 
to be most excellent eating, those subsequently taken were salted down, 
and when taken to Gloucester a portion was smoked. In July, 1879, 
more tile fish were taken—this time on hand lines—by Captain Dempsey, 
of the schooner Clara F. Friend, while trying for cod, but as there were 
no indications of the latter being present, Captain Dempsey, who natur- 
ally preferred to deal with fish with which he was acquainted, proceeded 
to other grounds. In 1880 and 1881, while engaged in exploring the 


*Among American fishermen a trawl is a line from half a mile to three miles long, 
having hooks at intervals of a few feet. In England a trawl is a net dragged along 
the bottom, the mouth being kept extended by a long beam. 


648 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


sea-bottom of the southern coast of New England, the United States 
Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk took tile fish on several occasions 
at depths of from 70 to 134 fathoms. The indications of the apparent 
abundance of a new and edible fish of large size made Professor Baird 
desirous of obtaining fuller knowledge of its habits and habitat, in the 
hope that it might readily be taken in large numbers and prove an im- 
portant addition to the list of food fishes. Unfortunately the fish com- 
mission had not yet built the schooner Grampus, so, having no vessel 
especially adapted for fishery research and prepared to encounter all 
weather, it was necessary to charter a fishing-smack for the work. 
Unfortunately, too, bad or threatening weather seemed to have been 
chartered with the smack, and only a brief and unsatisfactory trial 
could be made on the tile fish-ground, so that research was of necessity 
postponed until 1882. In the months of Mareh and April, 1882, ves- 
sels arriving at Philadelphia, New York, and Boston reported having 
passed large numbers of dead or dying fish scattered over an area of 
many miles, and from descriptions and the occasional specimens brought 
in, it was evident that the great majority of these were tile fish. Nat- 
urally these fish were not evenly distributed over all the area in which 
they were seen, Some observers reporting them as scattering, and others 
as at times so numerous that there would be as many as fifty on the 


oximatle area 
oating fish 


Map 7.—Showing destruction of tile fish. From a map prepared by Capt. J. W. Collins. 


space of a rod square. As one account after another came in it became 
apparent that a vast destruction of fish had taken place, for vessels re- 
ported having sailed for 40, 50, and 60 miles through floating fish; and 
in one case the schooner Navarino plowed for no less than 150 miles 
through waters dotted as far as the eye could reach with dying fishes. 
From careful computations made by Capt. J. W. Collins, it seems that 
an area of from 5,000 to 7,500 square statute miles were so thickly cov- 
ered with dead or dying fish that their numbers must have exceeded the 
enormous number of one billion. As there were no signs of any dis- 
ease, and no parasites found on the fish brought in for examination, 
their death could not have been brought about by either of these causes ; 


ANIMALS RECENTLY EXTINCT. 649 


and many conjectures were made as to the reason of this wholesale 
destruction of deep-water fishes, such as would ordinarily be unaffected 
by conditions prevailing at the surface, submarine volcanoes, heat, 
cold, and poisonous gases being variously brought forward to account for 
the loss of life. 

Professor Verrill has noted the occurrence of a strip of water, having 
a temperature of 48° to 50° Far., lying on the border of the Gulf-Stream 
slope, sandwiched in between the Arctic current on the one hand and 
the cold depths of the sea on the other. During 1880 and 1881 Pro- 
fessor Verrill dredged along the Gulf-Stream slope, obtaining in this 
warm belt, as he terms it, many species of invertebrates characteristic 
of more southern localities. In 1882 the same species were scarce or 
totally absent from places where they had previously been abundant, 
and this taken in connection with the occurrence of heavy northerly 
gales and the presence of much inshore ice at the north, leaves little 
doubt that some unusual lowering of temperature in the warm belt 
brought immediate death to many of its inhabitants. This is the more 
probable, as it is a well-known fact that sudden increase of cold will 
bring many fish to the surface in a benumbed or dying condition, and 
there are no indications of any shock or earthquake having occurred at 
the time the dead fish were first noticed. Whether the entire race of 
tile fish has become extinct, or whether they will later on be discov- 
ered on grounds to the southward of the localities where they were 
formerly found, it is impossible to say. Certain it is that none have 
been taken since the spring of 1882, although in the autumn of that 
year Captain Collins made careful trials in their former habitat with 
a view of ascertaining if any remained there. It is no less singular 
that so large and plentiful a fish should have remained so long un- 
known than that it should disappear almost as soon asit was discovered. 
Shounid the tile fish appear no more, it will be one of the few animals 
exterminated in modern times, for whose extinction man is in no ways 
accountable. 


AUTHORITY. 


History of the tile fish. J. W. Collins. Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fish- 
eries for 1882, pp. 237-292, Washington, 1484. 


THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK, AS ILLUS- 
TRATED BY THE COLLECTION IN THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


By J. ELFRETH WATKINS, 
Curator of the Department of Transportation and Engineering. 


In the brief report upon the section of steam transportation for the 
year 18387, a statement was made to the effect that considerable in- 
formation had been secured which it was hoped to use ‘in preparing a 
series of models to illustrate the beginnings and development of the 
English and American systems of track. 

‘“While illustrated histories of the steamboat and locomotive are 
numerous, I am not aware that any systematic attempt has been made 
to preserve the history of the development of the systems of permanent 
way which, after many years of experiment, are now being reduced to 
a series of standards depending on the traffic.” (Report of U.S. 
National Museum, 1887, p. 79.) - 

These expectations were reaiized to a sufficient extent to warrant 
the preparation of the series of original rail sections, models, and 
drawings to illustrate the origin and development of American perma- 
nent way for the Exposition at Cincinnati in 1888. 

The interest manifested in that collection led me to present a paper 
entitled “The Development of the American Rail and Track” at the 
annual convention of the American Society of Civil Engineers, at Sea 
Bright, New Jersey, June 21, 1889. This will appear in the transac- 
tions of that society during the coming year.* 

At the conclusion of that paper I took oceasion to state that in its 
preparation ‘‘I preferred to confine myself to a description of such rails 
as are represented by original sections, models, or drawings in the 
section of transportation and engineering in the U. 8S. National 
Museum.” 

‘‘T am fully conscious that I have been compelled to overlook many 
things which are of great historical interest, owing to the fact that our 
collection is small—only a nucleus in reality.” 


* See Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, April, 1890, p. 209- 
232, 
651 


652 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Although some additions to the collection have since been made, a 
large portion of the facts here stated, together with many of the illus. 
trations, also appear in the original paper. 3 


GOOD TRACK AS IMPORTANT AS THE LOCOMOTIVE. 


As the improved wagon roads in the past made it practicable to 
transfer the burden from the pack mule to the wheel vehicle, and the 
traveler from the saddle horse to the light, comfortable, and rapidly 
moving Carriage, so the development of the iron railway of the nine- 
teenth century has made it possible for us to enjoy the safety, speed, 
and comfort of the express train of to-day, drawn by the fleet, and 
powerful locomotive. 

In considering the improvement in methods of transportation, I am 
led to think that there is a tendency to overestimate the benefits aris- 
ing from the invention and improvement of the locomotive, and to 
overlook what has been done by those who devoted time and thought 
to the development of the various systems of permanent way. 

The improvement made in track construction in England during the 
first quarter of the century made the introduction of the locomotive 
there possible. 

Trevithick’s locomotive of 1804, crude as it was, would have been 
much more successful, and might have brought him much greater fame 
as one of the first inventors of the locomotive, had the track upon 
which it ran been constructed according to modern methods. 

Long before the locomotive was a practical machine the advantages 
of the cast-iron tramroad were fully appreciated. 

By careful calculation a distinguished London engineer, in 1802, 
found that while it cost 3s. 4d. per ton per mile to transport bulky 
freight over turnpikes, the cost on iron horse tramroads was only one- 
tenth, 4d. 

George Stephenson, while president of the ‘British Carrying Com- 
panies,” stated “that by the introduction of the horse tramroad the 
monthly expense of that company for coal carriage alone had been re- 
duced from £1200 to £300. 

An edition of “ Woods ‘Preatise of Railroads,” published in 1830, 
which was one of the earliest and most reliable standard works on 
railroad subjects, calls attention to the economical operation of the 
coal railroad, 9 miles long, near Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, then 
operated by horse power, and states that by this method “it has re- 
paid its whole cost since 1827.” 

On a large proportion of the American railways projected before 
1830, it was intended that horse power should be used. 

In Austria the advantages of a horse tramway were also understood. 

In 1828 thirty-nine miles of the horse railway from Budweis to Lintz— 
constructed across the mountains which separate the Moidan and the 
Danube—was opened to traftie. This road was extended 41 miles 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 6538 


farther in 1832, and for many years paid a dividend of 5 per cent. upon 
a capitalization of $10,000 a mile, being subsequently increased to a 
length of 130 miles in 1839. 

The modern horse railways in our cities and their suburbs earn hand- 
some dividends by carrying passengers at a lower fare per mile than 
the steam railway companies find profitable. 


THE IRON COAL ROAD. 


The circumstances connected with the origin of the iron railroad, 
and particularly the relations which existed between coal, iron and the 
railway in the beginning, are of the greatest interest. Man’s physical 
nevessities exert a powerful influence upon the inventive faculties, and 
the trite proverb arising therefrom is nowhere better exemplified than 
in the history of the conception, birth, and growth of the railroad. 

The demand for a new fuel to replace the faggot and the log was 
the necessity that became more and more urgent as the forest disap- 
peared to satisfy the demands of a dense population. This condition 
of affairs directed thought toward devising improved methods for 
transporting pit coal from the collieries of Great Britain to the adja- 
cent navigable streams or near seaports. 

Although coal had been mined in England as early as the middle of 
the ninth century, it was not until 1259 that Henry III granted the 
privilege of digging coal to certain persons in Neweastle. By the be- 
ginning of the fourteenth century it had become an important article 
of export, and was called “sea cole,” owing to the fact that it was 
shipped by vessels to various ports. 


EARLY USE OF IRON. 


Several methods of iron making were understood and practiced by 
the ancients. 

The Bible bears evidence in many texts to the high esteem in which 
the iron worker was held. Tubal Cain is described in Genesis Iv as 
‘‘an instructor of every artifice in brass and iron.” In alluding to the 
Israelites in Deuteronomy Iv is the statement: “For the Lord hath 
taken you and brought you forth out of the iron furnace, even out of 
Egypt.” 

Processes of making iron were known to the Babylonians and Assyr- 
ians. The stones in the celebrated bridge said to have been built by 
Nitocris were held together by bands of iron kept in place by molten 
lead. “Among the ruins of Sargon’s palace objects of iron and bronze, 
such as hooks and rings, chains, pickaxes, hammers, plouglshares, 
weapons, fragments of chariots, and tools of all sorts were picked up.” 

The Pheenicians, Persians, and even the Chinese were acquainted 
with processes of forging iron centuries before the Christian era; and 
in India, in the temple of Kuttub at Delhi, there stands a pillar of solid 


654 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


forged iron over 16 inches in diameter and nearly 60 feet high, supposed 
to have been erected in the third century. 

But these methods must be included among the lost arts—arts lost in 
the great abyss of the middle ages, which swallowed up so many of the 
results of the skill and ingenuity of the ancient world. 

But among the Greeks and the ancient nations of the Orient, as we 
learn from Homer, the early historians, and the latest inscriptions and 
archeological discoveries, iron was once regarded as a precious metal. 
Homer’s elaborate description of the shield of Achilles, forged by Vul- 
ran, undoubtedly shows that the art of working iron was fully under- 
stood in that semifabulous epoch.* 

Iron first came into use in the arts and manufactures when Spain 
flourished under the Visigoths, who are said to have derived it from 
their ancestors, the Scythians, of whose history so little is definitely 
known. Spanish iron brought high prices for many years. 


THE IRON INDUSTRY IN ENGLAND. 


Karly in the fifteenth century many blast furnaces were in existeace 
in France, and soon afterward they were introduced in Sussex, Kent, 
and Surrey, in England, and this gave impetus to the iron industry of 
England. As the processes of extracting iron from various ores be- 
came more fully understood, the demand increased, and in order to 
keep up the supply great inroads were made each year upon the forests 
for fuel. 

During the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603) the iron industry 
increased so rapidly that the consumption of wood became a most seri- 
ous matter, as iron was then smelted exclusively by charcoal. 

The destruction of the forests was so rapid that Parliament passed 
acts in 1558, 1581, and 1584 restricting the cutting of wood for char- 
coal, and thus the iron industry languished for over a century. 

In the mean time thought had been directed to the processes of smelt- 
ing iron with pit coal. Sturdevant’s method, altiiough patented in 1611, 
was not practicable; and Dudley, who eight years after solved the prob- 
lem with some success, was so much abused by the charcoal smelters, 
that fearing bodily injury he too abandoned the business. Nothing 
further seems to have been done toward using coal for smelting iron ore 
in England during the seventeenth century. 


THE IRON INDUSTRY IN AMERICA. 


As early as 1621 a considerable quantity of iron was produced in Vir- 
ginia, and that colony led the industry until 1628, when Massachusetts 
forged ahead. 

As wood fuel was plenty in America the industry grew so rapidly 
that Parliament passed an act in 1660 prohibiting the exportaen of 


eManual of Oriental Antiquities, manent Babson p- 195. 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 655 


iron from the colonies except in English ships; and in 1679 a duty of 
10s. was imposed by the British Government upon each ton of pig iron 
exported. 

In 1750, about 3,500 tons of pig iron having been imported into Eng- 
land from America, a law was passed by Parliament removing this 
duty, but prohibiting all persons in the colonies, under penalty of £200, 
from erecting a forge or working a tilt hammer or a rolling mill. This 
was one of the “ grievances” that instigated the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

The historian Bancroft, commenting on this fact, says: 

America abounded in iron ore; its unwrpught iron was excluded from the English 
market, and its people were rapidly gaining skill at the furnace and forge. In Feb- 
rnary, 1750, the subject engaged the attention of the [louse of Commons. After a 
few days’ deliberation a bill was brought in which permitted American iron in its 
rudest forms to be imported duty free; but now that the nailers in the colonies could 
afford spikes and large nails cheaper than the English, it forbade the smiths of Amer- 
ica to erect any mills for slitting or rolling iron, or any plating forge to work with a 
tilt.* 

In 1761 less than 17,000 tons of iron had been made in all Great Brit- 
ain and over 4,500 tons had been imported from America. 


COAL-MINE TRAMROADS. 


The earliest railways were laid in the coal mines and from the mines 
to the adjacent water courses. These ways consisted of squared timber 
rails laid in the ground, held to gauge by cross timbers, to which they 
were fastened by wooden pins. 

Roger North in 1672, in his biography of his brother Francis, the 
Lord Chancellor, describes a wooden railway which he had seen at 
Newcastle during the reign of Charles II, as follows: ‘The manner 
of the carriage is by laying rails of timber from the colliery down to 
the river exactly straight and parallel, and bulky carts are made with 
rowlets fitting these rails, whereby the carriage is so easy that one 
horse will draw 4 or 5 chaldrons of coals.” The Neweastle chaldron 
weighed 5,936 pounds, so that one horse hauled 8 or 9 tons. 


EARLY AMERICAN COAL MINES. 


Coal was mined in America as early as 1770 on the James River in 
Virginia, and was used at the Westham fcundry to manufacture shot 
and shell during the Revolutionary War. 

*The exact wording of the act as finally passed was as follows: ‘‘ And that pig 
and bar iron in his Majesty’s colonies in America may be further manufactured in 
this kingdom, be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that from and after 
the 24th day of June, 1750, no mill or other engine for slitting or rolling of iron, or 
any plating forge to work with a tilt hammer, or any furnace for making steel, 
shall be erected, or after such erection continued in His Majesty’s colonies in America ; 
and if any person or persons shall erect or cause to be erected, or after such erection 
continue, or cause to be continued, in any of the said colonies, any such mill, engine, 
forge or furnace, every person or persons so offending shall, for every such mill, 
engine, forge or furnace, forfeit the sum of 200 pounds lawful money of Great 
Britain.” 


656 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Ashbel Welch, in the Presidential address at the annual convention 
of the American Society of Civil Engineers at Washington in 1882 
states that, ‘ About the year 1817 Josiah White and Erskine Hazard 
commenced the improvement of the Lehigh River, and made other 
preparations to inaugurate the anthracite coal trade. In 1820 they sent 
to market 365 tons, which was the beginning of the regular anthracite 
coal trade of America.” 

Before 1825 coal mining commenced to be an industry in the Schuyl- 
kill and Lehigh regions. In this country, as in England, the earliest 
railroads were built in and from the coal mines at Mauch Chunk, 
Honesdale, and Pottsville in Pennsylvania and Chesterfield in Vir- 
ginia to the nearest navigable streams. ~ 

The first locomotive that ever turned a driving wheel on a railroad 
on the Western Continent was imported from Kngland in 1829,* for use 
on the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company’s coal road at Honesdale, 
Pennsylvania. 

As the supply of coal was increased by improved methods of mining 
and cheaper means of transportation, it gradually superseded charcoal 
in the manufacture of iron. The cost of pig iron was reduced from £16 
10s. in 1660 to £3 in 1760, aud the price did not vary much from this 
until the American Revolution cut off the supply of iron that England 
had been receiving from the colonies. This was several years before 
the introduction of good steam pumping engines, which between 1775 
and 1790—through the improvements and inventions made by Watt in 
the engines of Savery and Newcomen—reached such a degree of per- 
fection that good steam pumps were put in every prominent colliery, 
and the amount of coal mined reached enormous proportions as the cost 
of mining it was lessened. 


TRON FURNACES IN ENGLAND. 


The following statement shows the growth of the iron industry in 
England during eighty-five years prior to the introduction of the loco- 
motive, in 1825: 


| 
Year. | Tron. Numer ce Production. 
— ee = es —— — 
Tons. 
17)» |) Te COE ites C5 Spocub 00 qooood sao aeU DOU oo sod OeaDONS Ses bOoSsodse ne 59 17, 350 
1788 pene oe Be BOR OOO EOE T Ae GeCC TOG BOBO Src ep achahe céncaae: | 2 13, 100. 
Pit CODIE(COKE) evroima oc ccmsjeinia aie ws clalaie Siero ata alas ee ben Re pae erpeee isagdabeacs ssc 53 48 800 
rags EON Oe e see otis sian cetiaceus test Abe cals oe eee eee eee 121 124, 879 
hiG@lancoplense ree tena N eee can scot ie So actcee Se ee eee Coe eae eres | None. 
BOR: MBiticoal (coke) ieee cert ee: 2st nc So SHE een | 168 170, 000 
DSUGy setae ett ames metals fl a. WES. 1 Sse 7. EE i eae 297 250, 000 
QO tsa Layee etek ana eeN TUS OS. Ly o/h aN ae 205 600, 000 


* The locomotive ‘‘ Stourbridge Lion,” a full-sized model of which is in the Seetion 
of Transportation and Eugineering in the U. 8. National Museum, 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 657 


Thus, even before the successful introduction of the locomotive, coal, 
iron, and the railroad had become three equally important factors in 
the creation of the great systems of transportation, which have made 
our prosperity and the higher civilization of to day possible. 


CAST IRON FIRST USED FOR RAILS IN ENGLAND. 


The price of iron was materially reduced as coal became cheap and 
abundant, and at length if became possible to use it in the construction 
of rails. The earliest iron used in track construction was cast in plates 
3 or 4 feet long, 2 or 3 inches wide, and one-half or three-fourths of an 
inch thick. These plates were spiked on top of the wooden stringer 
rail where the wear was the greatest. 

As timber was dear in England at the close of the last century, many 
attempts were made to devise a cast-iron rail that should suit the traftic 
of the English tramroads. - 

We have in the collections several models of the cast-iron rails that 
were used from 1789 to 1816. . A fair impression can be obtained of the 
crude ideas that the early English tramway contractors had in regard 
to rails from an examination of the drawings. 

Fig. 23, cast-iron edge rail, 1789. Patented in England by Williain 
Jessop, mine engineer, and laid on a road in Loughborough. The rail 
was fish-bellied, and at first was not supported by a chair, the wood or 


Ly 


Zi 
EWO SEC / SEGATAA, 
ti, 


Fig. 23. 
JESSOP’s PATENT EDGE Rati. (1789.) 
(From model in the U. S. National Museum ) 


stone block being hewn to fit the end of the rail. Near the ends the rail 
had a flat projecting base, in which there were holes for the bolts which 
fastened them to the wooden block or sleeper. 

Fig. 24, cast edge rails, 1797, with joints supported by chairs. These 
were the first chairs adopted, and were cast the reverse of the ends of 


Fig, 24, 
EDGE RAILs, LAWSON COLLIERY, NEW CASTLE-ON-TYNF. (1797.) 
(Frem model in the U.S, National Museum. ) 


the rail, having two bolts through the stem of the rail at each joint. 
They were laid on the Lawson Main Colliery Road, New-Castle-on-Tyne, 
England, by Mr. Barnes, and were at first supported by timber but 
finally by stone blocks. 

1 H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——42 


658 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Fig. 20, cast edge rails, 1802; 4 feet 6 inches long. Invented by Mr.. 
Wyatt, and used on the railway at the slate quarry at Lord Penrhyn’s; 
estate, near Bangor, North Wales. The general shape of the cross-sec-- 


END SEC 


cere 
WYATT’S HEXAGONAL eee NortTH WALES. (1802.) 
(From model in the U. S. National Museum. ) 

tion of this rail was a hexagon. At each end of the rail a dove-tail 
block, 2 inches long, was cast at the bottom. This was slipped into a 
chair, which had previously been attached by a bolt to the wooden or 
stone support. 

Fig, 26, cast tram rail, 1803, ‘‘ with flange higher in the middle and a) 
nib under the tread to add strength.” Used on the Surrey Railway,, 


A - ears 
oO BELG ee 
Zijzn en sh Z EA IE. 
= ———a 
ZB Be a — qe —§$————_ ay 
A y OT) -<) 
= i] 
=A Mi . Jonas 
SEC ATAA 
Fig. 26. 
TRAM RAIL, SURREY RAILWAY. (1803.) 
(From modelin the U. S. National Museum. ) 


England. These rails had a rectangular noteh, half square, in the ends, , 
the joints being completed by one square-headed iron spike, which was 
counter-sunk, 

Fig. 27, cast rail with concave top, 1803. To be used also by road 
wagons and to be imbedded in common roads. ‘This rail, patented by 


PERSPECTIVE VIEW 


GOTT OM VWiEW 


Fig. 27. 
WoopHoust’s PATENT CONCAVt RAIL FOR WAGONS. 
From model inthe U. S. National Museum. ) 


Josiah Woodhouse, was fastened to transverse cross ties by bolts slipped | 
into slits through the base. 

Among the most interesting relics in the collection are two of the 
cast tram rails, 3 feet long, from the track from Penydarren Works to 
Glamorgan, near Aberdare Junction, Wales. These rails were a por- | 
tion of the original track upon which Trevithick’s first locomotive, to 
help man, ran in 1804, and was a gift of J. W. Widdowson, Esq., Lon- | 
don and Northwestern Railway of England, to the U. S. National 

~~ 


\ 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 659 


Museum. A drawing of these rails with the stone supports, one of 
which is also in the collection, is shown in Fig. 28. 


Fig. 28. 
TRAM RAIL, PENYDARREN WORKS TO GLAMORGAN CANAL, WALES. (1804.) 
Original in the U.S. National Museum: ) 


Fig. 29 is drawn from a model of a cast tram rail, designed to be laid 
without bolts or spikes. Charles Le Cann, of Llannelly, Wales, in 1808, 


70 ViEw. SLCTION. LTHRD 
SPIKE 


Fig. 29. 
TRAM RAIL, DesiGNEp BY CHARLES LE CANN, LLANSELLY, WALES. (1801.) 


From model in the U. S. National Museum. 


received a premium of 20 guineas from the Society of Arts for the inven- 
tion of this rail, which was ingenious in construction. Projecting pins, 


‘ 


660 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


pyramidal in shape, were cast on the bottom of the tram rail at the 
points where the stone supports came under the rail, the joints being 
dovetailed into each other; the need of any other form of joint fixture 
was thus dispensed with. These rails were about 5 inches wide, and 
weighed 42 pounds per yard. 

Fig. 30 is from a model of a cast rail patented by Losh and George 
Stephenson, of Killingsworth, England, in 1816. A half-lap joint was 
used, through which a horizontal pin was passed transversely and 


Fig. 30. 
EvcE Ratt, PATENTED BY LOSH AND SPEPHENSON, LAID ON STOCKYTON AND DARLINGTON RAILROAD, 
1825. (1816.) 


(From model in the U.S, National Museum. ) 


joined the rails together, at the same time fastening them to the cast- 
iron chair. A large portion of the Stockton and Darlington Railroad 
was laid with this rail in 1825. 


ROLLED IRON RAILS INTRODUCED. 


Early in this century inventive genius increased the power of the 
stationary engine and the efficiency of the steam blast and of the ma- 
chinery for working and handling iron. 

The puddling furnace, first used in 1784, was radically improved by 
Henry Cort about the beginning of the century. He also invented and 
introduced the rolling mill about the same time, so that it became pos- 


Fig. 31. 
Lorp CARLISLE’S WrouGHT-IRON RAIL. (1811.) 
(From model in the U. S. National Museum. ) 

sible to roll iron rails cheaply. These were at first rolled in lengths of 
about 12 feet. Drawings from the models of the early English rolled 
rails are shown. 

Vig. 31 is a bar rail laid in Lord Carlisle’s quarries, 1811. 

Fig. 52, wrought iron rail, patented 1820, by John Birkenshaw, of 
the Bedlington Iron Works, England. <A clause in the patent specifi- 


ee TN Ae 


Fig. 32. 
WROUGHT-IRON RAIL, PATENTED BY JOHN BIRKENSHAW. (1820.) 


(From model in the U. S. National Museum. ) 
cations reads: ‘*The upper surface to be slightly convex to reduce 
friction. The upper part to rest on supporting blocks, chairs, and 


‘ 
> 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 661 


sleepers. The wedge form is used because the strength of a rail is 
always proportioned to the square of its breadth and depth. Hence 
this (wedge) form of rail possesses all the strength of a cube equal to 
its square. The joints are made with a pin.” Birkenshaw showed 
great ingenuity in designing the rolls by which these rails were fairly 
rolled in lengths of 18 feet. Cast bars were soon after dispensed with. 
The model is made from drawings and specifications; English patent 
No. 4503, to John Birkenshaw, sealed October 23, 1820. 

Fig. 53, wrought-iron edge rail with fish-bellied web. These rails 
were aed by Stephenson in 1529 in laying the Liverpool and Man- 


SEC THRO CHAIR. 
Fig. 33. 
Fish-bELLY RAIL, DESIGNED BY GEORGE STEPHENSON AND LAID ON THE MANCHESTER AND LIVER- 
POOL RAILWAY. (1829.) 
(From model in the U. S. National Museum. ) 

chester Railway. Chairs used at joints; rails 15 feet long; supports 3 
feet apart; weighed 35 pounds per yard. 

Fic. 34 shows a cross section of the original rail laid on the old Port- 

Peo) 

age Railroad over the Allegheny Mountains in Pennsylvania. These 


Fig. 34. 


ENGLISH ROLLED RAIL, CLARUNCE PATTERN, LAID ON THE OLD 
PosTaGek RAILWAY OF PENNSYLVANIA, 1833. 
(From original in the U. S. National Museum. ) 
rails were imported from England in 1832 and laid in 1833. A seetion 
of this rail is in the collection. A portion of the New Jersey Railroad 
(from Jersey City to New Brunswick) was also laid with T rails of the 
fish-belly pattern, similar to Fig. 33. 


662 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


In Fig. 35 the dotted line indicates the depth of the rail between the 
ties. ‘The plate is from an original rail in the collection which was laid 


Vie. 35. 
ENGLISH FISH-BELLY RAIL, LAID ON THE NEW JERSEY RAILROAD NEAR NEWARK, 1832. 
(From original in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


near Newark, New Jersey, in 1831. It was the original design to lay 
the whole Portage Railroad with stone blocks and ‘T rails. 


THE ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 


In 1825~27 a few isolated coal tramroads existed in the mining re- 
gions in Pennsylvania and Virginia and in the stone quarries in Massa- 
chusetts. These roads were laid with wooden rails, capped with thin 
merchant bar iron. About this time the Pennsylvania Society for the 
Promotion of Internal Improvement sent an engineer abroad to exam- 
ine the English railways. The fully illastrated report made by Wil- 
liam Strickland, published during the year 1826, shows that rapid ad- 
vances in track construction had been made in Great Britain during 
the preceding decade, notwithstanding the fact that comparatively few 
locomotives were at work and only one railway for general traffic had 
been opened. 

This report, without doubt, contained the most trustworthy informa- 
tion obtainable at that time by American railway projectors. 

But America presented a very different problem from England to the 
pioneer railway builders. England was an old country, rich in com- 
merce and foremost in manufactures, of comparatively small area and 
very densely settled, having a population of nearly two hundred to the 
square mile of territory, while the population of the whole United States 
was less than four to the square mile. In the seven States, Connecti- 
cut, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
and Maryland, where most of the early railways were projected, the 
average population was a little over thirty-five to the square mile. 


| 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 663 


ENGLISH AND AMERICAN ENGINEERS, 


The British railway projectors had the advantage of being able to 
eall into their service a trained force of civil engineers. Many of these 
engineers were connected with well-organized scientific societies, or 
were generally experienced in the construction of public works, and 
were familiar with what had been done for years on the coal tramroads; 
men on whose judgment the wealthy capitalist was willing to supply the 
money for the proposed improvement. England also had numerous 
machine-shops fairly well equipped with tools and stationary engines, 
and many coal mines and iron foundries in operation, which made it 
possible to obtain without difficulty the material for laying the tracks 
with heavy rails firmly attached by strong chairs to the sleepers that 
were imbedded in stone ballast. 

With the exception of making the rail heavier, and using steel instead 
of iron, and substituting an iron for the wooden cross-tie, and strengthen- 
ing the splice chair, there has been no great change in the English 
system of track laying in the last fifty years. 

Many of the civil engineers who were first called into the service of 
the American railroads were connected with the Army Engineer Corps, 
having obtained their training at West Point, the only institution in 
the United States where engineering was taught during the first quar- 
ter of the century. In many cases these officers were detailed for a term 
of years to the “ Board of Engineers for Internal Improvements”* to 
make surveys for various projected roads and canals. The preliminary 
surveys for the Camden and Amboy, the Pennsylvania, and the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroads were made with the assistance of officers of 
this Corps. 

In some cases, however, these surveys were made by canal or road 
engineers who had obtained experience in canal and turnpike construe- 
tion. On the railroads then built the curves and gradients were fre- 
quently sharp and steep, as few cuts or fills were made, and these cheap 
roads were quickly extended, through a rapidly growing country, with 
a view to connect the navigable water courses, and to unite witb the 
steam-boat companies in forming “ through lines.” By the aid of these 
roads the Western and Southern States rapidly increased in population 
and commercial prosperity. In 1832 the South Carolina Railroad from 
Charleston to Hamburg, 135 miles long, which was then the longest 
railroad in the world, was a continuous trestle work, with rails of 
squared timber, capped with strap iron, framed to the top of posts, 
where grading would have been necessary. 


directly from the President of the United States, 1824-32. 


664 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


AMERICA WITHOUT ROLLING MILLS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE) 
RAILROAD ERA. 


When the corner-stone of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was laid 
in 1828, there was not a rolling mill in all the United State where rails | 
of the character laid on the Stockton and Darlington Railroad could be | 
rolled ; in fact, the only rails rolled in America for several years after 
was the strap rail of merchantable bar iron 24 inches wide and five- 
eighths of an inch thick, the holes for the spikes often being drilled by 


hand, 


= SS Bee = 
EEO OEE IES 

SUT KAAIEKY 
Besaereneces: eee 


SFG 4 2 
Yi, LOT ENGL LG 
- eee 
7 ee 
Y J LAG tj 
ZY SY GEC y Yj, 
i Villdddléijtj0 


° Fig. 36. 
WOODEN STRINGER AND STRAP RAIL, ALBANY AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD, 1837. 
(From adrawing in the U S. National Museum. ) 


On the Albany and Schenectady road strap rail was laid on longi- 
tudinal sleepers of wood, supported on trenches filied with broken stone. 


(See Fig. 36.) . 
sd ms 
thy 


Ce ioc pr Se BO NS. 
INA IR Coe 
To OO 


STONE STRINGER AND STRAP RAIL, BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, 1833. 
(From original rail and stone block in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


On the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and the Columbia road in Penn- 
Sylvania, the strap rail was attached to the edges of stone blocks, which 
were laid on trenches filled with broken stones; the corners of the stone 


stringers were chamfered. (See Fig. 37.) 


oe 
DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 665 


A thick rectangular rail laid on the Baltimore and Port Deposit Rail- 
road in 1838 is illustrated in Fig. 58, from a drawing in the collection. 


Stringer 616" with | 


po 67-=-="4 


i 
WW Woeden Stri nger, 66" Love 


Fig. 38. 
THICK RECTANGULAR RAIL, LAID ON THE BALTIMORE AND PorT DEPOSIT RAILROAD, 1838. 
(From drawing in the U. S. National Museum. 


Roads, such as the Camden and Amboy in New Jersey, Boston and 
Providence, Philadelphia aud Germantown, and the Pennsylvania (then 
under State control), which did not adopt this construction, were com- 
pelled to obtain their edge rails and rail fastenings from England. 

The following memorial presented to the Twentieth Congress (H. R. 
Doc. No. 206) by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company, and re- 
ferred to the Committee on Roads and Canals March 17, 1828, is of the 
greatest inferest in this connection. ‘ 


To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States in Congress assembled : 
2 } U g 


The memorial of the president and directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
Company respectfully sheweth: That your memorialists have it in contemplation, 
and are at this time taking measures, to construct a railroad, with at least two sets 
of tracks, from the city of Baltimore to the Ohio River, which will, it is estimated, 
unavoidably require not less than fifteen thousand tons of malleable iron. 

Your memorialists, taking into consideration the actual quantity of this indispen- 
sable article now annually manufactured in our own country, and further consider- 
ing the numerous lines of railroads already projected in different parts of the United 
States, are confirmed in the opinion that it will be difficult, if not impossible, to pro- 
cure amongst ourselves a sufficient quantity for these numerous undertakings, and, 
consequently, that an enormous enhancement of the present price inust be the inev- 
itable consequence unless supplies to a considerable extent be drawn from abroad ; 
which enhancement of an article so necessary both in the manufacturing and agri- 
cultural operations of the country would manifestly be injurious to both these im- 
portant interests. 

Your memorialists are persuaded that so enlightened a body as the Representa- 
tives of the peaple of the United States are fully aware of the vast importance of the 
undertaking in which this company have embarked. It 1s indeed an enterprise in 


666 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


which every section of our country-has a deep and vital interest. Its direct effect 
upon the prosperity of the nation, if successfully accomplished, and its beneficial 
influence in perpetuating the happy union of these States, is perceived and appre- 
ciated by all; at the same time it should not be overlooked that this great work, of 
such deep national concernment, and pregnant with such important consequences, 
has been undertaken, and so far conducted, by individual enterprise, and is still 
almost exclusively dependent upon private resources for its accomplishment. 

Under these considerations your memorialists take leave respectfully to ask of the 
National Legislature for the passage of an act authorizing the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad Company to import from abroad, if it should be found needful, such sup- 
plies of iron and iron machinery as may be requisite for the construction of the pro- 
posed road, free of duty. 

In presenting these views of au object essentially national to the representatives 
of their country, your memorialists rely on the wisdom and patriotism of Congress to 
afford such relief as may be deemed proper, either by an exemption from duty or by 
a drawback upon the material actually used in the construction of the road; at the 
same time they confidently believe that in granting the indulgence now asked for 
the best interests of the nation will be substantially promoted, whilst no injury what- 
ever will accrue either to the manufacturing, agricultural, or other important inter- 
ests of the country. 

Signed on behalf of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. 

P. E. THOMAS, 
President. 


The half century from 1825 to 1875 may be called the experimental 
era of the American railroad, since the experience obtained during that 
time has finally led to the adoption throughout the whole country cf 
an almost uniform standard of track construction, depending upon the 
traffic. To trace the changes in form and the development of the 
modern American rail during this period is of the greatest interest. 


THE FIRST RAIL ROLLED WITH A BASE. 


From an examination of the minutes of the board of directors of the 
Camden and Amboy Railroad, September, 1850, I find that in the in- 
structions given to Robert L. Stevens, president and chief engineer of 
that company, who had been ordered to visit England to inspect and 
report upon railroad matters there, he was directed to purchase “all 
iron rail,” which the management of that company preferred to the 
wooden rail plated with strap iron. 

Mr. Stevens sailed a few days later, and it was-during this voyage 
that he designed the first rail ever rolled with a base, whittling several 
model sections out of wood, which he obtained from the ship’s carpenter. 

He was familiar with the Birkenshaw rail, with which the best En- 
glish roads were then being laid, but he saw that, as it required an 
expensive chair to hold it in place, it was not adapted to our country, 
where metal workers were scarce and iron was dear. He added the 
base to the T-rail, dispensing with the chair. Healso designed the 
‘hook headed” spike, which is substantially the railroad spike of to- 
day, and the ‘iron tongue,” which has been developed into the fish- 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 667 


bar, and the rivets, which have been replaced by the bolt and nut, to 
complete the joint. 

A fae-simile of the letter which he addressed to the English iron mas- 
ters a short time after his arrival in London was published in the Re- 
port on the Section of Transportation, 1887 (page 79). It contains a 
cross-section, side elevation, and ground plan of the rail for which he 
requested bids. The letter reads: 


LIVERPOOL, November 26, 1830. 


GENTLEMEN: At what rate will you contract to deliver at Liverpool, say from 500 
to 600 tons of railway, of the best quality iron rolled to the above pattern in 12 or 16 
feet lengths, to lap as shown in the drawing, with one hole at each end, and the pro- 
jections on the lower flange at every 2 feet, cash on delivery ? 

How soon could you make the first delivery, and at what rate per month until the 
whole is complete? Should the terms suit and the work give satisfaction a more ex- 
tended order is likely to follow, as this is but about one-sixth part of the quantity 
required. Please to address your answer (as soon as convenient) to the care of 
Francis B. Ogden, consul of the United States at Liverpool. 

J am, your obedient servant, 
RoBeRT L. STEVENS, 
President and Engineer of the Camden and South Amboy 
Railroad and Transportation Company. 


The base of the rail which he first proposed was to be wider where it 
was to be attached to supports than in the intervening spaces. This 
was afterwards modified, so that the base was made one width, 3 inches, 
throughout. Mr. Stevens received no favorable answer to his propo- 
sals, but being acquainted with Mr. Guest (afterwards Sir John Guest), 
then a member of Parliament and proprietor of large iron works in 
Dowlais, Wales, he prevailed upon him to have the rails rolled at his 
works. Mr. Guest became interested in the scheme and accompanied 
Mr. Stevens to Wales, where the latter gave his personal supervision 
to the construction of the rolls. After the rolls were completed the 
Messrs Guest hesitated to have them used, through fear of damage to 
the mill machinery, upon hearing which Mr. Stevens deposited a hand- 
some Sum guaranteeing the expense of repairing the mill in case it was 
damaged. The receipt for this deposit was preserved for many years 
among the archives of the Camden and Amboy company. Asamatter 
of fact, the rolling apparatus did break down several times. ‘At first,” 
as Mr. Stevens in a letter to his father, which I have seen, described it, 
“the rails came from the rolls twisted and as crooked as snakes,” and 
he was greatly discouraged. At last the mill men acquired the art of 
straightening the rail while it cooled. The first shipment, consisting 
of 550 bars, 18 feet long, 36 pounds to the yard, arrived in Philadelphia 
on the ship Charlemagne May 16, 1831. The weight of the next ship- 
ment, several months afterwards, was increased to 42 pounds per yard, 


668 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 


the rail being 34 inches high. Over 30 miles of this rail was immedi. 
ately laid down. For sections of rail as designed and rolled see Fig. 
39. 


—— we 3% in, dd eer ath 


Fig. 39. 

STEVENS RaIL ROLLED WITH CONVEX TOP AND BASE, DESIGNED BY ROBERT 
L. STEVENS, 1830, GENERALLY USED ON AMERICAN RAILROADS SINCE 1836. 
Shaded section shows rail as originally designed, 1830. Section not shaded 
shows rail as rolled, 1831. 


(From original i the U. S. National Museum. ) 


This rail was fastened to stone blocks with hook-headed spikes; at 
the joints were iron tongues fastened to the stem of the rail by rivets 
put on hot. This was the standard rail of the Camden and Amboy 
Railroad, 1831-40. 

From a letter written by Francis B. Stevens to James M. Swank, esq., 
special agent of statistics, dated Hoboken, New Jersey, March, 1882, 
the following extracts are taken : 


T have always believed that Robert L. Stevens was the inventor of what is called 
the T-rail, and also of the method of fastening it by spikes, and I have never known 
his right to the invention questioned. 

Mr. Stevens’s invention consisted in adding the broad flange on the bottom, with 
base sufficient to carry the load, and shaped so that it could be secured to the wood 
below it by spikes with hooked heads, thus dispensing with the cast-iron chair, and 
making the rail and its fastening such as if now is in common use. 

In the year 1836, and frequently afterwards, he spoke to me about his invention of 
this rail. The Camden and Amboy road laid with this rail was opened October 9, 
1832, two years after the opening of the Manchester and Liverpool Railroad. Of this 
I was a witness. This rail, long known as the old Camden and Amboy rail, differed 
but little, either in shape or”proportions, from the T-rail now in common use, but 
weighed only 36 pounds to the yard. For the next six or eight years after the open- 
ing of the Camden and Amboy Railroad it was little used here or abroad, nearly all 
the roads built in the United States using the flat iron bar, about 24 by % inches, 
nailed to wooden rails, the English continuing to use the chair and wedges. 

My uncle always regretted that he had not patented his invention. He mentioned 
to me upward of forty years ago that when advised by his friend, Mr. F. B. Ogden, 
the American consul at Liverpool, who was familiar with the circumstances of his 
invention, to patent it, he found that it was too late, and that his invention had 
become public property. 


=z 


* 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 669 


A few years after,* on much of the Stevens rail laid on the Camden 
and Amboy lLailroad, the rivets at the joints were discarded and the 
bolt with the screw thread and nut, similar to that now used, was 
adopted as the standard. (See Fig. 40.) 


ee 


STANDARD TRACK OF THE CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAILROAD, 1837. 


(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum made from an engraving in “* Engineering in North America” 


by G. Stevenson, London, 1837.) 


Fig. 4l shows how this rail was used on a superstructure on the 
piling through meadows and marshy ground. 


ee IG — = = 


Fig. 41. 
TRACK OF THE CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAILROAD. RAILS LAID ON PILING 
THROUGH MARSHES, 1837. 
(From a drawing in the U, S. National Museurn. ) 


"See Stevenson’s Engineering in America, 1837, 


670 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The Stevens rail did not come into general use for several years, the 
next road to adopt it being the Boston and Providence, about 1840. 

On the Boston and Lowell Railroad, Massachusetts, the fish-bellied! 
rail was laid in chairs on stone blocks. As late as 1847 the Hudson) 
River road used the Stevens rail, supported by chairs, but these were: 
soon afterwards discarded. 


THE FIRST AMERICAN TRACK. 


Mr. Francis B. Stevens also informs me that in 1835 he was employed 
by the Camden and Amboy company to make a profile of the road bed 
from South Amboy to Bordentown. At that time there were many 
places (the longest being a piece 2 miles long, from the wharf at Amboy 
to Deep Cut) where the Stevens rail was spiked to the cross-tie accord- 
ing to the present practice. ‘This method was at first resorted to as a 
temporary expedient, on account of the delay in getting stone blocks 
from Sing Sing. In the meantime it was found that the wood ties were 
more satisfactory, and in a year or two all the stoue blocks were re- 
placed by wood ties. Without doubt the Camden and Amboy was the 
first railroad in the world to be laid according to the present American 
practice. 

On other roads the wooden tie was afterwards laid on account of the 
high price of stone blocks and stone stringers, the use of which was 
originally contemplated. 

Speaking of the engineering pravtice in this era, the late Ashbel 
Welch said in his presidential address to the American Society of Civil 
Engineers: 


American engineers have often shown that poverty is the mother of invention. 
For example, they used wooden cross-ties as a temporary substitute, being too poor 
to buy stone blocks, and so made good roads because they were not rich enough to 
make bad ones. 


CAST-IRON RAILS MADE 1N AMERICA. 


In Johnson’s ‘‘ Notes on the Use of Anthracite,” he described tests of 
cast-iron rails made during 1841 at Lyman’s foundry, near Pottsville, 
Pennsylvania. These rails were designed for colliery railways. They 
were only 6 feet long. For 3 or 4 inches at each end the rail had a see- 
tion similar to the Stevens rail; for the remaining 54 feet the rail was 
somewhat similar to the English bull-headed rail. 

Previous to the year 1842, when Congress passed the celebrated high 
tariff law, all imported iron rails were admitted to the country almost 
free of duty. The tariff on manufactured iron, agreed upon by that 
Congress, increased the cost of English rails so much that the railways 
were forced to seriously advocate the erection of American rolling mills 
for the special purpose of making rails. 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 671 
RAILS FIRST ROLLED IN AMERICA. 


The first rail mill erected in this country was located at Mount Sav- 
age, Allegheny County, Maryland. The first rail was rolled in the 
summer of 1844. In honor of that event the Franklin Institute of 
Philadelphia awarded a medal to the proprietors in October, 1844. 

The rail was of the 1) form, similar to the Evans (British) patent, 
and the first few hundred tons manufactured were laid on the Balti- 
timore and Ohio Railroad, between Mount Savage and Cumberland. 


ta 


LD | £A/D ON B30 


PR.NEAR 


Yj Mr SAVAGE J yj, 


—FIRST RAILROLLEO IN AMERICA— 
Fig. 42. 
First RAIL ROLLED IN AMERICA, BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, 1844. 
(From a Section of the original rail inthe U. S. National Museum. ) 


A section of this rail, which weighs 42 pounds to the yard, was pre- 
sented to the National Museum by the late Colonel James Randolph, 
for many years consulting engineer of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road Company, Fig, 42 is drawn from the original, and is actual size. 


672 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
THE STEVENS RAIL IN AMERICA. 


Fig. 43 shows the Stevens rail as used on tlie Philadelphia and Read- 
ing Railroad in 1837 


D))), Gi Wy Us Wi 
Fig. 43. 


THE STEVENS RAIL SUPPORTED BY CAST-IRON CHAIR. PHILADELPHIA 
AND READING RAILROAD, 1837. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


The rail was supported by chairs. This method was believed at the 
time to be a considerable advance upon previous practice, but was soon 
abandoned on account of the increase in expense which it entailed. 

The Stevens rail was laid on the Vicksburg and Jackson Railroad in 
1840 (sce Fig. 44). In the Southern States the longitudinal planks, 


o 


Wz 


Cf Ourand. 1 


Fig. 44. 
THE STEVENS RAIL AS LAID ON THE VICKSBURG AND JACKSON RAILROAD, IN MIssissirvi, 1841. 
(From a drawing in the U, S, National Museum. ) 


which were placed under the ends of the cross-ties on many of the rail- 
roads, were called ‘ mud-sills,” and this name became historic during 
the civil war, 1861-’65. 

The Stevens rail had come into general use in America before 1845, 
although several railway companies which had imported T-rails from 
England continued their use on their tracks until the rails were worn 


; 
7 
{ 
y 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 673 


out. For this reason the T-rail without base was in use on the Boston 
and Worcester in 1850 (see Fig. 45), and on the Hempstead Branch of 
the Long Island Railroad as late as 1855 (see Fig. 46). 


a (as 


AeueSTEKO eR 


% 


Yee, 


Boston 


Fig. 45. Fig. 46. 


T-Rait, Boston AND WorcCESTER RAILROAD. T-RaliL, HEMPSTEAD Brancu, LONG ISLAND 
From a drawing in the U, S. National Museum.) RAILROAD, 1855. 
From modelin the U. S, National Museum. 


Every American road, however, without exception, replaced the 
T-rail and strap rail, by rail of the Stevens pattern, as rapidly as their 
financial condition permitted, continuing to import all rails from Eng- 
land until 1545. 

THE STEVENS RAIL FIRST ROLLED IN AMERICA, 1845. 

In the History of Iron of all Ages Swank states (p. 344) : 

The Montour Rolling Mill, at Danville, Pennsylvania, was built in 1845 expressly 
to roll rails, and here were rolled in October of that year the first T-rails* made in 
the United States, and that the first T-rail rolls in this country were made for the 
Montour Iron Company by Haywood & Snyder, proprietors of the Colliery Iron 
Works at Pottsville, the work being done at their branch establishment at Dan- 
ville, Pennsylvania, 1846. 

Among other early rail mills were the following, with the date when 

*As the form of the English T-rail was dispensed with in America, rails of the Ste- 


vens pattern (called H-rail in 1832) have been known as T-rails for many years. 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——43 


674 - REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


they began torollrails: Boston Iron Works, May 6, 1846; Trenton Iron 


Works, Cooper & Hewitt, proprietors, June, 1846; New England Iron ~ 


- Company, Providence, Rhode Island, September 1, 1846; Phoenix Tron 
Company, Pheenixville, Pennsylvania, November, 1846. 

The rapidity with which American capital was diverted in this di- 
rection, has for the last forty years been one of the great arguments 
used by the advocates of a high tariff for the protection of American 
industries. 

During the year 1848 a very interesting experiment was tried by the 
Camden and Amboy Railroad. Arrangements were made with Cooper 
& Hewitt, at the Trenton [ron Works, to roll a 92-pound rail, 7 inches 
high, with a base 42 inches wide; 15 miles of the Camden and Amboy 
road were laid with this rail the following year. The engineer of that 
company believed that he had at last solved the problem of track con- 
struction, inasmuch as this rail gave an admirable opportunity for a 
strong joint. By experience it was found that this rail was too rigid, 
and produced so much concussion by the train that the ends soon ham- 
mered out, and where the ballasting was imperfect great damage was 
caused to the rolling stock; consequently the rail was soon after taken 
up. Much of this old rail found its way to the cities, where it was 
bought by architects and contractors for building purposes.* 

The fact that this rail was rolled successfully resulted in the intro- 
duction of the “I” beam for architectural purposes, Cooper & Hewitt 
having done a large business at the New Jersey Iron Works, at Tren- 
ton, in this line ever since that time. Fig. 47 is drawn from a section 


Fig, 47. 
92-POUND RAIL, 7 INCHES HIGH, CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAILROAD, 1848, 
From original section inthe U. S. National Museum. ) 


of this rail in the collection. It was laid between Bordentown and 
Burlington in 1849. 


*Among other places, many of these rails were used for ieanies in the United States 
Mint at Philadelphia, 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 675 


PEAR-SHAPED RAILS. 


The early American T-rails were made of inferior iron, and this was 
one of the causes that led to the adoption of the section with a pear- 
shaped head, with which many roads were laid during the next fifteen 
or twenty years. 

Sections of four of the pear-shaped rails described in the report of the 
railroad commission of the State of New York for 1845 are in the col- 
lection. 

Cross-sections of these rails are shown. 

Fig. 48 is a pear-shaped rail. New York and Erie Railroad. TF ifty- 
six pounds to the yard. In use in 1855. 

Fig. 49 is a pear-shaped rail. New York Central Railroad. Fifty-six 
pounds to the yard. In use in 1855. 

Fig. 50 is a pear-shaped rail. Buffalo, Corning and New York Rail- 
road. Sixty-two pounds to the yard. In use in 1855, 

Fig. 51 is a pear-shaped rail. Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad. 
Sixty-five pounds to the yard. In use in 1855. 


Y 
Wi YORK R.A. eg 
YA, SA 
Figs. 48, 49, 50, 51. 
PEAR-HEADED RAILS, 1855. 


(From models, full size, in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


RATOGA & SCHENECTADY R.R. 


The obtuse angle between the lower side of the head and the stem of 
the rail made it difficult to apply a splice bar of any kind to advantage, 
and this fact ied to the introduction of the ring joint (see Fig. 120) (one 
iron ring passing through two slots, one in each stem of adjacent rails 
and passing around under the base of the rail and held in position by 
a wedge driven between the ring and the rail stem). Chairs and other 
joint fixtures attached entirely to the base of the rail were also experi- 


676 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 | 


menied with, but generally without satisfaction, judging from the fact 
that none have survived. 

The difficulty in making good joints with the pear-headed rail was 
overcome, by some of the engineers, by planing away a portion of the 
head of the rail for a foot or 18 inches from each end. In Fig. 52 is 


Fig. 52. 
ERIE RAIL WITH ENDS STAMPED FOR ADAMS’ CAST-IRON BRACKET SPLICE, 1857. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


shown a section of the pear-headed rail, fitted for splice bar, used on 
the Erie Railroad. On this rail a cast-iron angle splice, containing four 
bolts and measuring 9 inches in length, was used as early as 1857. 

On the Pennsylvania Railroad and on the Belvidere-Delaware Rail- 
road, as will be seen in Fig, 53, the rails in some cases were planed with 


Fig. 53. 
73-POUND RAIL, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, MOUNTAIN Division. UNDER HEAD 
PLANED FOR SPLICE, 1857. 


(From a drawingin the U.S. National Museum. ) 


special reference to the use of a splice bar almost square at the rail 
head and base, as early as 1857. 

In 1853 an interesting experiment was tried on the Boston and Low- 
ell Railroad. After running for some time on the head (pear-shaped) 


4 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 677 


of the rail if was inverted. Fig. 54 shows the effect of running on the 
base for three years. The dotted line indicates the original section. 


ak tee Sag 


(| = be i becom) 


upwards, 62 lbs. 
i 
Wig. 54. 


62-POUND PEAR-HEADED RAIL, BOSTON AND LOWELL RAILROAD. SHOWING 
WEAR AFTER TWO YEARS SERVICE, BOYTOM UPWARD. 


(From a drawing inthe U.S. National Museum. } 


COMPOUND RAILS. 


The difficulty in obtaining satisfactory joint fixtures on the Amer- 
ican pear-shaped section led to the introduction of the compound rail. 


Leite 
’ ee 
Cross The 33x16 and 7 Feet Long 


* COMPOUND RAIL, Woon anv TRON. DrsiGNep By B. H. LATROBE, 1841, FOR BALTIMORE 
AND OHIO. RAILROAD. 


(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum, ) 


Fig. 55 is from a drawing of a compound rail of wood and iron de- 
signed by Benjamin H. Latrobe, in 1841, Yor the Baltimore and Ohio 


678 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Railroad. The Z-iron was 5 inches high and weighed 45 pounds to 
the yard. The track consisted of longitudinal under sills, which sup- 
ported the cross-ties, 35 by 6 inches and 7 feet long. The wooden por- 
tion of rail was made to fit closely against the stem and under the head 
of the Z-iron, to which it was joined by five-eighths inch bolts with screw 
nuts. The iron and wood stringer was laid to * break joints,” so that no 
splice bars except a base plate was needed at the joits. 

A section of an ingeniously devised all-iron compound rail laid on the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 1848 is shown in Fig. 56 A section of 
the original rail is in the collection. 


COMPOUND RAIL, BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD, 1848. 


From original section in the U. S. National Museum. } 


Several of the railway companies in New York State laid a large 
mileage of compound rails of various-patterns. 

Fig. 57 is a drawing of a compound rail weighing 75 pounds to the 
yard, on the New York Central Railroad in 1855, 


Fig. 57. 
COMPOUND Ratt, NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD, 1855. 


From original section ithe U. §. National Museum. ) 


Four sections of compound rails in use in New York in 1855 are shown. 

Fig. 58. Compound rail. New York Central Railroad. Sixty pounds 
to the yard. 

Fig. 59. Compound rail. New York Central Railroad. Seventy-five 
pounds to the yard. 

Fig. 60. Compound rail. Troy Union Railroad. Sixty-five pounds 
to the yard. 

Fig. 61. Wide compound rail.- Troy Union Railroad. Sixty-five 
pounds to the yard. 


; 
: 
4 


a a ol ie 


3 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 679 


Full-size models of these rails are in the colleetion. 

When the track composed of this type of compound rails was new, it 
is described by those who rode upon it as being the finest track of 
the period. No satisfactory nut-lock was in use at that time, and as 
the screw-threads or rivets wore and traffic became heavier, the differ- 
ent parts of the rails could only be kept together by constant attention, 
in screwing up the nuts or putting in new rivets. As the rails laid 
were of iron, the wear of the inner surface was considerable, so that in 
a little while the track was badly damaged and the old solid rail was 
substituted. 


Figs. 58, 59, 60, 61. 
COMPOUND RAILs, NEW YorkK CENTRAL AND TROY UNION RAILROADS, 1855. 


(From mode!s in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


It is still an unsolved question whether or not, with some improve- 
ment in the section, and made of steel and held together with the im- 
proved bolt and nut-lock, the compound rail may be the rail of the 
future. 

POOR RAILS LAID DURING WAR TIMES. 


During the next ten years little seems to have been done by American 
railroad contractors to improve the shape of the rail or joint fixtures ; 
in fact, during the civil war, iron was so dear that very little rail was 
rolled. Few new railroads were built and repairs to tracks were only 
made under the gravest necessity. Almost all the forms of rails which 
were made during these few years were designed by the proprietors of 
rail mills, who naturally adopted such shapes as were easy for them to 
make, and the railroads, when further delay was dangerous, went into 


the market and purchased such as were offered at the lowest price, 


without regard to the shape of the rail, the quality of the iron, or 
whether it was designed for light or heavy traffic. 


680 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. _ 


THE ASHBEL WELCH RAIL. 


After the close of the war in 1865, it became necessary to relay a — 
large percentage of the mileage of almost every railroad. Upon many 
of the roads some rails were in use with which the roads were originally — 
laid. The late Ashbel Welch, in “A Memoir on Rails,” read before the 
American Society of Civil Engineers, June 10, 1874, states that ‘during 
the year 1865 the task presented itself to me of devising or selecting 
suitable forms of rails for the system of railroads occupying the central 
part of the State of New Jersey between Philadelphia and New York, 
of which I was the executive officer as well as engineer. 

The 62-pound Ashbel Welch rail, which was rolled by the Bethlehem 
Iron Company during the following year, was 44 inches high, the base 
being 4 inches and the stem one-half an inch thick; the angle of incli- 
nation of bearing surfaces both on the top of the base and bottom of the 
head being 14 degrees. 

Figs. 62 and 63 are from original sections of the Welch 50-pound and 
62-pound rail in the collection. Substantially this form of rail was 


Figs. 62, 63. 
ASHBEL WELCH Ralts, Fic. 62, 50 Les. per YARD; FIG. 63, 62 Les. PER YARD, 1866. 
(From original sections in the U. 8. National Museum.) 
adopted by the railroads in the Eastern and Middle States previous to 
the year 1873, although when the rails were first laid the cross-section 
was strongly objected to. 

Mr. Welch’s labors in this direction led to his being considered one 
of the foremost rail designers in America, and in 1873 he was appointed 
chairman of a committee by the American Society of Civil Engineers 
to report on the “form, weight, manufacture, and life of rails,” the 
other members being M. N. Forney, O. Chanute, and I. M. St. John. 
The report of that committee, presented at the annual convention, 
June, 1874, was the most exhaustive treatise on the subject of rails 
published up to that time. 

In Mr. Welch’s memoir attached to that report, in alluding to his 
pattern of 1865, he states: “I made one decided mistake in this pattern 
by not having the outer bottom corners of the head sharp enough, or 
rather I yielded too much to the feeling against such an unsightly 


~ 
oe 
° 
“ 


‘ 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 681 


thing as an angle head.” The rail proposed by Mr. Chanute in the 
same report is not dissimilar to the section of standard 66-pound rail 
now in use on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and several other 
railroads, Fig. 64 is from a drawing in the collection. 


Rat PROPOSED BY O. CHANUTE, 1874. 
(From a drawing in the U.S. National Museum. ) 

English engineers had, in the mean tine, given considerable attention 
to the ©) rail (or ‘box rail,” as it is sometimes called) both in England 
and in Canada. 

Imported (1 rails were laid as early as September, 1835, on the 
Wilmington and Susquehanna Railroad. In 1845 a modification of the 
> rail was laid on the Drogheda Railway in Ireland—the rail being 
compressed inwardly at the bottom until the inside corners were made 
to touch. In America a small quantity of a similar rail was manufac- 
tured at the Mount Savage rolling mill, called “hollow rail.” This 
was done by heating the rail after it had been rolled to size and passing 
it through a set of rods designed for the purpose.* 

A cross-section of this form of rail in use on the Great Western Rail- 
way of England is shown in Fig. 65, while in Fig. 66 a cross-section 


YH WESTERN 
R.R. CANADA WEST. 


Fig. 65. Fig. 66. 
“Box RAIL,’’ GREAT W8STERN RAILWAY OF GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY OF CANADA, 
ENGLAND, 1858. 1855. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum.) (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


of the |. rail with a metal shoe running the full length of the rail to 
which it was bolted (thus adding to its strength), as used on the Great 


“If any of the rail was laid, I fail to find the fact recorded. 


Z A: be =e) Re Ara ag oer Ie pee 
thom we 7. > 
2s Saas, 


2 co. ‘ 


682 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Western Railway of Canada, is shown. Both of these figures are from 
drawings in the collection. 

The (1 rail was in use in several of our Southern States during the 
war of 1861~’65. 

It was found that the © rail was almost certain to fail when laid 
on cross-ties, and for this reason roads, notably the Nashville and Chat- 
tanooga, that used it always favored the superstructure with the rail 
bearing on a longitudinal stringer instead of a cross-tie. 


beer Sx 
ati B 


rr) 


Fig. 67. 
BariLow’s “Sappie-Back”’ Ratu, 1856. Laip Wirnovr Sureorts. 
(From a drawing in the U. 8. National Museum. ) 


Fig. 67 is from a drawing of Barlow’s “saddle-back rail” in the col- 
lection. This rail has an extreme width of 13 inches and were designed to 
dispense with the use of wooden ties or stringers in track construction. 

The rail was laid in broken stone with tie bars 10 feet apart. Nine 
hundred miles of this type of rail were laid in England prior to 1858, a 
mile or two also were laid on the Reading Railroad in the United States. 
“Between 5 and 6 miles of this rail; closely riveted together, were laid 
in England in 1856 and were in use for several years without experi- 
encing any difficulty from expansion.”* 

Ys 
jal Wa 


De. 
\ 


Fig. 68. 
TRIANGULAR WOODEN STRINGER CAPPED WITH IRON, GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY OF ENGLAND, 1857. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


A triangular wood stringer capped with iron was used on the Great 
Western Railway when that road was relaid in 1857. The rail was 
held in place by bolts as shown in Fig. 68, made from a drawing in the — 


*Colburn & Holly, p. 92. 


a on 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 683 


collection. As no splice bars save a thin plate to protect the wood at 
the end of the rail were used, this rail was expected to become popular, 
but its use was abandoned a few years afterwards. 

Previous to 1850 English rails were usually rolled in lengths of 15, 16, 
and 18 feet; by 1855 the latter length became the universal standard. 

As improved methods were adopted in iron manufacture, the length 
was increased in order to reduce the number of joints.* By 1857 rails 
were made at progressive mills 21 to 24 and 27 feet long and by 1860-65 
the 30-foot limit was reached. 

Although longer lengths have been manufactured at a few mills, the 
30-foot rail has been considered the standard for over a quarter of a 
century. 

STEEL RAILS. 


The first steel rails in Europe are said to have been rolled at the 
Ebbw Vale Works, in Wales, about 1855. The steel was produced by 
the Uchaturis process. Zerah Colburn states that ‘‘the quality of the 
steel is said to be equal to that used for razors.” 

The difficulty in obtaining good iron on this side of the water led the 
more prosperous American companies to continue to import steel and 
iron rails from abroad for some years. 

Fig. 69 is a cross-section of the steel rails rolled at Dowlais, Wales, 
for the New Orleans, Memphis and Chattanooga Railroad in 1869, from 
a drawing in the collection. 


Fig. 69. 
RAIL ror NEW ORLEANS, MEMPHIS, AND CHATTANOOGA RAILROAD, 
ROLLED AY DOWLAIS, WALES, 1869. 


(From a drawing in the U. S, National Museum. ) 


STEEL RAILS ROLLED IN AMERICA. 


The introduction of Bessemer steel in America and the conflicts in 
the United States Patent Office, which finally resulted in a compromise 
and consolidation of the various interests involved, form a very inter- 
esting chapter in the history of American manufacture. 

In Swank’s “ History of Iron in all Ages” I find that ‘the first steel 
rails ever made in this country were rolled at the North Chicago Roll- 
ing Mills in May, 1865.” These were experimental rails, only a few 


“In 1840 it was not uncommon to find eight hundred joints in a inile of single 
track. Now, 1890, the number is reduced to about three hnndred and fifty. 


684 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889.’ 


being rolled in the presence of a committee of the American Iron and 
Steel Association. 

The first steel rails ever rolled in the United States upon order in the 
way of regular business were rolled by the Cambria Iron Company, at 
Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in August, 1867. In no one year during the 
next five years were more than 40,000 tons of Bessemer steel rails man- 
ufactured in the United States. 

About 1870~73 attempts were made by several rail manufactures to 
roll rails that should have a steel head and iron web and flange—“ steel 
top rail,” it was called, <A considerable quantity of this rail was rolled 
by the Trenton Iron Company for the New Jersey division of the Penn- 
sylvania Railroad Company. While this experiment was reasonably 
successful the lessened cost of making steel, soon afterwards made it 
practicable to make the whole rail of steel. 

The production of steel rails, which aggregated 90,000 tons in 1872, 
increased from year to year, so that in 1882, ten years later, the output 
reached nearly 1,500,000 tons, the price falling from $140 to $35, or 
one-quarter the cost of ten years before. 

During the last ten or twelve years no radical change has been made 
in the shape of the section of rails laid by first-class railroads. It is 
true that the constantly increasing weight of the locomotive and of the 
lading of the freight cars has made it necessary to use heavier rails— 
the increased metal being put in the head, where the traffic is heavy, 
or in the base (the base of some standard sections being made as wide 
as 5 or 5$ inches), where the cross-ties upon which the rail is laid are 
of soft wood. The general shape of the rail has, however, been but 
slightly changed. 

Sections of the standard rails laid by the Pennsylvania Railroad 
Company are shown in Figs. 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, and by the Chicago, 
Burlington and Quincey Railroad Company® in Figs. 76,77 78 79. 


Y LE, 


TANDA 
YU, 56 = 
Ly Yy) 


Y 


Y 
Yi 
Y 


Yj 


Y 


yj Y 


YS (ARO OF GWE 


FIG. 70. 


PENNSYLVANAIA RAILROAD STANDARD RaAILs, 1870. 


(From drawings in U, S, National Museum. ) 


* For eae of Miter con Me. F, A. Delanoe, second vice-president Chicago, 
Burlington and Quincy Railroad, giving interesting historical data regarding rails 
used on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, see below. 


AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 685 


iy Wy 
Yyyygecrs 4 

Yy Us Les UY 
ZY, 


UY) 


Yl Z Ys 
YLIUDILLPLLEETHIEL. 


Uj, YYy y Yj kp 
Yi iy 
Yypranoany 
Yy Lis MEG, 


Yelle e LD 
VM dd) 


7, 
Figs. 72-75. 
PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD STANDARD RaAILs, 1875, 1880, 1887, 1890. 


(From drawings inthe U. S. National Museum. ) 


“66 LBs 
PER YARD? Yy 
4 4, 


Figs. 76-79. 
STANDARD CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND QuINCY RAILROAD CoMPANY’s SLANDARD RAILS, 
1868, 1880, 1885, 1890. 


(From chart furnished by Chicago, Burlington and Quiney Railroac 


1.) 


~ 


686 


Figs. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, and 86 show sections of the rails manu- 
factured during various years at the works of the Bethlehem Iron Com- 


Asnser WeccH 
62 LBs 
PeR YARD. 


caV.w 

STANDARO 
50 Les 

Per YARD. 


STANDARD OF 1866. 


STANDARD oF i870. 


Fig. 80. 

Ralit ROLLED BY THE BETH- 
LEHEM [TRON COMPANY. ASH- 
BEL WELCH PATTERN, 62 
POUNDS, 1866. 


(From chart furnished by the Bethle- 
hem Iron Company. ) 


Fig. 81. 
RAIL ROLLED BY 
LEHEM [RON COMPANY, C.V. 
AND W. RAILROAD PATTERN, 
50 POUNDS, 1870. 


{Irom chart furnished by the Bethle- 
hem Iron Company 


Soe 


StL&S.F. 
STANDARD 
62 Las. 
PER YARD. 


STANDARD OF 1879. 


Fig. 83. 


Rait ROLLED BY THE BETHLEHEM IRON 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


THE Brevi. 


LV. 
STANDARD 
40 L8s. 
PER YARD. 


STANDARD OF 1875. 


Fig. 82. 


RAIL ROLLED BY THE BETH- 
LEHEM IRON COMPANY, LE- 
HIGH VALLEY RAILROAD 
PATTERN, 40 POUNDS, 1875. 

(From chart furnished by the Bethle- 

hem Iron Company ) 


Mo.P. 
STANDARO 
S2 Les 
PER YARO. 


STANDARD oF I88l. 
Fig. 84. 


RAIL ROLLED BY THE BETHLEHEM IRON 


Company, ST. LOUISANDSANTA FE RAIL- 
) 


ROAD PATTERN, 52 VOUNDS, 1879. 
: 


(From chart furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Company, ) 


P&R 
STANDARD 
90 Les 
PER YARD. 


oe 


C as STANDARD OF 1886. has 


Fig. 85. 
Rai ROLLED BY THE BETHLEHEM 


PATTERN, 90 POUNDS, 1886. 


(From chart furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Company. 


pany. 
the officials of this company. 


TRON RAIL ROLLED BY THE 


COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA AND READING 


The plates are made from 


CoMPANY, MIssouURI PACIFIC RAILROAD 
PATTERN, 52 POUNDS, 1881. 


From chart furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Company. ) 


Fig. 86. 


BETHLEHEM IRON 
COMPANY, ‘‘ MPatT-YARD PATTERN,” 1884, 


Fromm chart furnished by the Bethlehem Iron Company, ) 


drawings courteously furnished by 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 687 


Sections of rail rolled by the Phoenix Iron Works during the years 
1855, 1856, and 1857 are illustrated under the paragraph devoted to 
_Splices. (See Figs. 115, 116, 117.) 


THE STEVENS RAIL IN EUROPE. 


About 1837 a rail with a base similar to the Stevens rail was designed 
by Charles Blacker Vignoles, an English railway engineer, and the 
names ‘* Vignoles’s rail” and ‘contractor’s rail” have been applied to 
the various modifications of the Stevens rail, both in England and on 
the continent, since that time. 

A section of the Stevens rail, 44 inches high, with a base 6 inches 
wide, in use on the Great Western Railway of England in i858, is 
shown in Fig. 87, which is made from a drawing in the collection. This 


MU) Y YL 
eat Western of England.// 
‘or Longitudinal System 
/) J, 


STEVENS RAIL LAID ON GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY, OF ENGLAND (LONGITUDINAL SYSTEM), 1858. 


(From a drawing in the U, S. National Museums ) 


rail was made with a wide base in order that it should have sufficient 
bearing on the stringer, to which if was attached by serew bolts. The 
Great Western was a broad-gauge railroad, the gauge being 7 feet. 


Western Railway cF France, 


Royac Swepisn Rairway, Swiss ,Cordova,and Seville. 
Fig. 88. Fig. 89. 
STEVENS RAIL ADOPTED BY THE ROYAL STEVENS RAIL IN USE ON THE WESTERN 
tAILWAY OF SWEDEN, 1854. RAILWAY OF FRANCE, 1855. 
(From drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) {From drawing in the U. S. National Museum. } 


The types of Stevens rail adopted by the Royal Swedish Railway in 
1854 and by the Western Railway of France in 1855 are shown in 
Figs. 88 and 89, made from drawings in the collection. 


688 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


A cross-section of the “rail Vignole,” about 5,5 inches high, with a 
base 5} inches wide, in use on the Chemin de fer Du Nord, France, in 
1888, is shown in Fig. 90, which is made from a drawing in the collee- 
tion. 


Fig. 90. 
STEVENS RaIL, CHEMIN DE FER DU Norb, FRANCE, 1888. (CALLED THE VIGNOLE 
RAIL IN EUROPE). 
From a drawing in the U, S. National Museum. 


A cross-section of the standard rail adopted by the Belgian authori- 
ties for the government railroads, 1889, is shown in Fig. 91. This mod- 
ification of the Stevens rail was designed by Mr. C. P. Sandberg, with 


Fig. 91. 
STANDARD RATL OF BELGIAN GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS, 1889. SANDBERG SECTION. 


From a drawing in the U, S. National Museum. ) 


Special reference to joint fixtures, cost and speed, and the lading of the 
trains which are to run over it. The rail is 53 inches high, with base 
54 inches wide, and weighs about 100 pounds per yard. 


THE ‘*BULL-HEADED” RAIL. 


The bull-headed rail was originally designed with a view to use first 
the top and, after the top had become worn, the bottom as a running 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 689 


surface, and in some cases as shown in the rail laid on the Strasbourg 
Railway in 1858, the top and bottom were rolled exactly alike. (See 
Fig. 92, made from the drawing in the collection.) But as it was found 


( e> 


a 
(eee \ 


Fig. 92. g. 
BuLL-HEADED RAIL—STRASBOURG BULL-HEADED RAIL—AVIGNON AND 
RAILWAY, 1858. MARSEILLES RAILWAY, 1858. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum, ) 


that the wear of the rail in the chairs made the lower surface rough, 
this practice was abandoned, and a larger portion of the metal has since 
generally been put into the head to give increased wearing surface. A 
section of the rail designed with this end in view, and in use on the 
Avignon and Marseilles Railway in 1858, from a drawing in the collee- 
tion, is Shown in Fig. 93. 

English railway managers continue to lay the *‘ bull-headed ” rail in 
chairs ina very similar manner to what was done fifty or sixty years 


\\\) 
\ iy 
Wy \ ONDON 
AON NORTH-WESTERN, 
WN S&S SS 


Fig. 94. Fig. 95. 
BULL-HEADED RAIL—BaTH BRANCH GREAT BULL-HEADED RAIL—LONDON AND NortTH- 
WESTERN OF ENGLAND, 1858. WESTERN RAILWAY, 1889. 
(From « drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) (From original in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


Cross-sections of the rail laid on the Great Western Railway in 
1858 is shown in Fig. 94 (from a drawing in the collection), and a cross- 
section of the rail of the London and Northwestern Railway in 1889 
is Shown in Fig. 95 (from an original rail in the collection). ; 

H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 44, 


690 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
STRINGERS AND TIES OF WOOD. 


The high price of iron led the engineers of many early roads, built 
upon a small capitalization to design a superstructure composed mainly 
of wood, as little iron as possible being used. The wooden rail, capped. 
with strap-iron, previously alluded to, was attached to longitudinal 
- stringers, and these were kept ‘in line” by cross timbers 4, 5, and some- 
times 6 feet apart. , 

On roads laid with English T-rails in chairs, or with the Stevens rail 
spiked to the support, the necessity for a longitudinal support for the 
rail did not exist, and the stringer being dispensed with, it became nec- 
essary to put the cross-ties closer together. 

Ties have been used from time to time of various widths, lengths, 
and thicknesses, split, sawed, and hewn, as illustrated in Figs. 96, 97, 
and 98. 


va) 


HI\\Wv% 
‘ bi 
Y) )) i 


———— 


SS 
SS N 
. 
RAN 
tage <\"h 
PROSOT E \)) 
saaeesee = 


N py 
\ri 
Wea 
. Fig. 97. 
CROSS-TIE—SPLIT QUARTER Loc. CROSS-TIE—SPLIT HALF LOG. 


The specifications for cross-ties now require that they be hewn on 
both sides, as shown in Fig. 98, and that they be cut to exact lengths, 
96 or 102 inches. 


ee ee 


) ee 


CrOss-TIE— WHOLE LOG HEWN BOTH SIDES. 


METAL TIES. 


The extensive use of metal ties in foreign countries has led a few — 
American managers to put down a limited number of experimental iron 
ties on their roads. About two thousand iron ties of the standard 
adopted by the London and Northwestern Railway of England, were 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 691 


placed in the tracks of the Pennsyivania Railroad Company about a 
year ago. Fig. 99 illustrates a steel cross-tie* with rail fastenings, in 


Fig. 99. 
STEEL TIE AND PERMANENT WAY, LONDON AND NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY, 1885, 
(From original inthe U.S. National Museum, ) 


the coilection. It is the opinion of the chief engineer of the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad that the iron tie will not be extensively used in America 
as long as white-oak standard cross-ties can be purchased for $1 or less. 

An exhaustive report upon the iron cross-ties used by European rail- 
ways, compiled by Russel E. E. Tratman, of the Engineering News, will 
be found in the report of B. E. Fernow, chief of the Division of For- 
estry, in Bulletin No. 3 of the U.S. Agricultural parca 


* pradented to the U.S. ational Museum = Mr. an W. Webb, Pea hacemos 
superintendent London and Northwestern Railway, Crewe, England. Compare Plate 
III (opposite page 124). Report of the U. 8. National Museum for 1886. 

t Seventy cents is the price paid for a white oak eross-tie 7 by 7 inches, 84 feet long, 
by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1890. 


692 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


METAL TRACK IN ENGLAND AND HER COLONIES. 
Fig. 100 illustrates the steel cross-tie, riveted chair and wedge in use 
on the London and Northwestern Railway in 1889. Steel wedges as 
well as wedges of wood are used to keep the “ bull-headed” rail in place. 


Fig. 100. 
METAL TRACK, LONDON AND NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY OF ENGLAND, 1889. 
{‘Froma drawing in the U, S. National Museum. ) 


The iron eross-tie on the Midland Railway is somewhat similar tothat — 
used on the London and Northwestern (see Fig.101). The chair, however, 


Fig. 101. 
METAL TRACK, MIDLAND RAILWAY OF ENGLAND, 1889. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


is attached to the cross-tie by bolts and nuts, instead of by rivets as 
in the former system. The ends of the ties on the outer sides of the 
double tracks are generally depressed as shown. Between the tracks 
the ends are left open, so that the ballast may be properly tamped. 


—=——- mis uae g aes 
SS Stet Cee 
Fig. 102. 
METAL TRACK, NORMANTON LINE, QUEENSLAND, 1889. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


Tron cross-ties are also used on the Nermanton line, Queensland, see 
Fig. 102, the rail being held in position by an adjustable clip, on the in- 
side of the base, with nut and screw arranged so that slight corrections 
in the gauge can be made when necessary. 


a 


Fig. 103. 
Mera ‘‘Pot” Tie SysTEM, MIDLAND RAILWAY OF INDIA, 1889. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum.) 


On the Indian Midland Railway the east ‘“‘pot” tie has been used with 
favorable results. See Fig. 103. The gauge is maintained by iron rods 


es 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 693 


extending across the track and held in position by wedges driven into 
a slot in the end of each tie bar. 


HOLLAND, GERMANY AND BELGIUM. 


The “ Post” tie, see Fig. 104, has been used extensively on the conti- 
nent of Europe. The section varies in depth and width at the center, 


Fig. 104. 
METAL TRACK, HOLLAND ‘ Post” TIE, 1889. 


(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


quarter, and ends; being the deepest in the center, an admirable op- 
portunity is given for ballasting. The rail is held to the tie by an adjust- 
able clip fastened by bolt and nut. 


Fig. 105. 
METAL TRACK, GREAT CENTRAL RAILWAY OF BELGIUM, 1889. 


(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


Theiron ties used on the Great Central Railway of Belgium (see Fig. 
105), are also made narrow in the middle, and the rail on this tie is fas- 
tened with a screw bolt, the head of which has a direct hold on the base 


‘of the rail. 


= oe ade NM 

> CH. Qurarein 

Fig. 106. 

BERGH AND MARCHE METAL TRACK SYSTEM, ELBERFELD RAILWAY, GERMANY, 1889, 
(From a drawing in the U.S. National Museum. ) 


The Bergh and Marche system is used on the Elberfeld Railway, of 


Germany. The fingered fastening slides over the base of the rail, hold- 
ing it to the tie. See Fig. 106. 


694 ' . REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


On the Right-Bank-of-the-Rhine Railway, the Haarman longitudinal 
system is now in use (See Fig. 107). Tron eross-ties are firstimbedded 


a ee, 
—— Gf Ouranes 


Fig. 107. 
HAARMAN LONGITUDINAL METAL TRACK, RIGHT-BANK-OF-THE-RHINE RAILWAY, 1889. 


(From a drawing in the U. S. National Musenm. ) 


in the ground, and to these the longitudinal iron sleepers are fastened. 
The base of the rail is held in place by a very complicated system of 
fastening. 
FRANCE, EGYPT, SPAIN, ETC. 
The Vautherin tie, which is used on several French railways, is very 


similar in shape to that used on the Midland Kailway, of England, the 
chair being attached to the tie by bolt and nut. See Fig. 108. 


Fig. 108. 
METAL TRACK, VAUTHERIN SYSTEM, FRANCE, 1889. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


On the Egyptian Agricultural railroads the Stevens rail is laid on a 
series of short pieces of stamped iron which are held in place by tie- 


eee oe c 
Fig. 109. 
METAL TRACK, EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL RAILWAY, 1889. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


rods. This system is in use through portions of Egypt where the traf. 
fic and character of the soil make it possible to use this system, which 
is similar to the “pot” tie system in India. See Fig. 109. 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 695 


On the Bilbao and Las Arenas Railway, of Spain, a system (see Fig. 
110) is in use similar to the ‘“‘ Post” system as far as the fastenings are 


2 4 = md = 
SS po 

Fig. 110. 
METAL TRACK, BILBAO AND LAs ARENAS, SPAIN, 1889. 


(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum 


concerned. The cross section of the tie does not vary, however, either 
in depth or width. 

The bull-head rail is laid on ‘ pot” ties on portions of the Central 
Railway of the Argentine Republic. This system requires the use of 


Fig. 111. 
METAL TRACK, CENTRAL RAILWAY, ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, 1889. 


(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


the chair with wedge fastening, (see Fig. 111). The rails are held to 
gauge by iron tie-rods. 
JOINT FIXTURES. 


Failure of the rail at the joint has from the beginning of railway con- 
struction directed thought towards the invention of the ideal fixture 
“as strong at the joint as at any part of the rail,” an ideal which, after 
sixty years of experiment, has not yet been attained. 


i 


ig 


i 
| 


HETTON RAIL, 


1824. 
=! 
Fig. 112. 
HALF-LAp JOINT, HETTON Ratr, 1824. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


The miter or “half lap joint” was used on the Hetton Colliery road 
in England in 1824. Fig. 112 is from a drawing in the collection. 


696 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1883. 


The wooden pin shown secured the chair to a short wooden pile driven 
into the ground. The rails were 4 feet long. The joint fixtures in the — 
tracks laid with varions types of T-rails* were chairs slightly longer 
than those in the quarters and middle of the rail, and the ends of the 
rail were held in place by wedges, as shown in Figs. 113 and 1134. The 


1 cms : - Meg) ry 
<i ee FF ..  -  . 


aes 
Figs. 113, 113a. : 
JOINT CHAIR AND WEDGE, OLD PORTAGE RAILROAD, 1832. 


(From original in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


drawing is made from one of the original stone blocks from the old Port- 
age Railroad in Pennsylvania, 1832, with rail and chair complete, which 
is in the collection. The rails, chairs, and joint fixtures for that rail- 
road were manufactured in England in 1830. 


THE BEGINNINGS OF THE SPLICE BAR. 


The splice-bar or fish-plate was of necessity an American invention, 
since the Camden and Amboy Railroad, which was the first iron railway 
laid without chairs, found it necessary touseit. In Robert L. Stevens’s 
original specifications, each rail was to have a projection on the stem at 
one end, which was intended to be riveted to the stem of the adjoining 
rail. Owing to impracticability of manufacture this plan was never 


STONE BLocK, RAIL, AND JOINT TONGUE LAID ON CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAILROAD IN 1831. 
(From original specimen in the U. S. National Museum. ) 
carried out, and joint tongues (an illustration of which is to be found 
in the Report U. S. National Museum for 1886, Figs. 1 and 2, Plate IT, 
opposite page 122) were used. These iron tongues were attached to the 
stems of the rail with hot rivets. Fig. 114 is from a drawing made from 


*T-rails were first rolled in lengths of 8, 12, and 16 feet. 
o 


—_———; 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 697 


an original stone block, rails, and joint fixtures, which were laid on the 
Camden and Amboy Railroad in 1830 and taken out of the track when 
the road was relaid with cross-ties a few years later.* 

As will be seen by reference to Fig. 40 + the Camden and Amboy Rail- 
road Company used the fish plate with screw-bolt and nut previous to 
1837. This practice does not appear to have been pursued in England 
until ten years later. It is stated that “the fish joint (with bolts 
through the stem of the rail) was designed by W. Bridges Adams, 
1847, and has been applied throughout the London and Northwestern 
Railway.Ӣ 

Rolled fish-plates 18 inches in length came into general use about 
185055. In 1858 those on the North London Railway of England were 
27 inches long. Figs. 115, 116, and 117 are from drawings of the rails 


Fig. 116. Fig. 117. 

SINGLE Splice BAR For RaIL, DouBLe SpLicE Bar FoR Ratt, Dousie SpLice BAR FOR RAIL, 
ROLLED BY THE PAHGNIX [RON ROLLED BY THE PHGNIX IRON ROLLED BY THE PH@NIX IRON 
CoMPANY, 1855. COMPANY, 1856. COMPANY, 1857. 

(From chart furnished by the Phenix (From chart furnished by the Phenix (From chart furnished by the Phenix 
Iron Company. ) lron Company. ) Iron Company. ) 


and splice-bars manufactured by the Phoenix Iron Company, of Phe- 
nixville, Pa., previous to 1857. The figures are made from a chart§ 
which the company had prepared in that year to show the many 
shapes of iron they were prepared to roll. 


*On some roads the ends of the rails were simply spiked to the stone block or 
wooden stringer, and no attempt was made to fasten the rails to each other. 

t From Stevenson’s Engineering in North America, 1837. 

{ The Permanent Way of Enropean Railways, Colburn & Holley, N. Y., 1853. 

§ This chart, the only one in existence, was forwarded by the Phoenix Iron Com- 
pany to Washington forinspection. For this courtesy the curator is indebted. 


698 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Fig. 118 shows the standard splice bar adopted by the Pennsylvania 
Railroad in 1870, 


Fig. 118. 
PLAIN SPLICE BAR, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, 1870. 


(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum.) ~ 


WOODEN BLOCK JOINTS. 


The cost of the iron joint fixtures led to experiments with wood 
blocks as early as 1840. Many roads that had used nothing but spikes 
and iron tie plates at the joints, added materially to the strength of 
these joints by drilling the stem of the rail,and bolting a block of 
wood of the proper shape to the outer side of the rail. About 1860, 
some of the Eastern roads adopted a standard joint fixture composed 
of a wooden block 48 inches long for the outside of the rail and a short 
iron splice bar to fit closely against the stem on the inside. Fig. 119 is 


as 


La wenn 


Fig. 119. 
WOODEN JOINT BLOCK, NEW JERSEY RAILROAD, ABOUT 1860. 
(From original in the U. S. National Museum.) 


drawn from a set of the original joint fixtures that had been in the 
tracks of the present New York Division of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road for many years.* Many of these blocks were used with steel rails 
and made excellent track, when kept in proper repair. 


SLOT RAIL AND RING JOINT. 


About 1850, on some parts of the Camden and Amboy and West Jer- 
sey Railroads, the ring joint was used. A slot about 2 inches long was 
cut in the stem of each rail at both ends; into these slots a ring was 


*Presented to the National Museum by Mr. James R. Smith, supervisor New York 
Division Pennsylvania Railroad, Newark, N. J. 


i DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 699 


slipped which encircled the base, to which if was secured by a wedge 
driven oneach side of the stem between the ring and the base of the 
rail. 

Fig. 120 is drawn from a ring joint and wedges which were in the track 
of the West Jersey Railroad for many years.* 


Porcr ys! 

UAE. i 

a Wa 

Vth a iC ; 
WK il Hh Myr, nh Vas 


i} 
Ny | 
i 


i 
VN) 
iy) it : 


1h 


yy, 
Ni 


With 
\s MN, wns 


RING, JOINT, AND WEDGE USED ON THE WEST JERSEY RAILROAD. 


(From original in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


About 1850, G. Samuels patented the méthod of scarfing the rail- 
heads and bending the ends of the rail so that the stems could be 
riveted together in the same way that boiler plates are put together, 
but this invention was not put into practice. 


THE ANGLE SPLICEK BAR. 


As early as 1857 the angle splice bar (or cast-iron bracket joint, as it 
was then called) was tried on the Erie Railroad. The form of this splice- 
bar has been already illustrated in Fig. 52. It was abandoned after 
a short trial. 

The wrought-iron angle splice-bar, somewhat similar in section to the 
Adams cast bracket joint, seems to have come se use about 1868. 


Pp rccanted to the earn by Mr. W. Ro ameteen master enane of the pomeee 
vania Railroad, at Camden, N. J. 


790 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Figs. 121, 122, 123, and 124* show the variations in form of the angl 
bar on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 1875, 1880, and 1890. 


Fig. 121. 
ANGLE SPLICE Bar, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD, 1875, 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


Fig. 122, 
ANGLE SPLICE BAR, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD—50-LpB. RAIL, 1880, 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


PRR. 
Stanparo 
65 Les 


Per YARO. 


STAN DARD oF 1887. 


Fig. 193. Fig. 124. z 


ANGLE SPLICE BAR, PENNSYLVANIA RAIL- ANGLE SPLICE BAR, PENNSYLVANIA RAIL- 
ROAD, STANDARD FOR 70-LB. RAIL, 1890. ROAD, STANDARD for 85-LB. RAIL, 1890. 
(From a drawing in the U. S, National Museum. ) (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


* These plates are from drawings in the collection deposited by Mr. Joseph T. Rich- 
ards, assistant chief engineer of the Pennsylvania Railroad. 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. TOL 


~ Figs. 125, 126, 127, and 128* show the various standards of angle 
splice-bars adopted by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 
1868, 1879, 1885, and 1890. 


Fig. 125. : Fig. 126. 


ANGLE SPLICE BAR, CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND ANGLE SPLICE BAR, CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND 
QuvuINCY RATLROAD, 60-LB. RAIL, 1868. QUINCY RAILROAD, 66-LB. RAIL, 1879. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


oN 


XN 
TANDA 


N 


Fig. 127. Fig. 128. 
ANGLE SPLICE BAR, CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND ANGLE SPLICE BAR, CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND 
Quincy RAILROAD, 66-LB. RAIL, 1885. QuINXcY RAILROAD, 66-LB. RAIL, 1890. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) (From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


Mr. F. A. Delano, second vice-president of the Chicago, Burlington 
and Quincy Railroad, in charge of the bureau of rail and joint inspec- 
tion of that company, has compiled the following data concerning the 
rails and joint fixtures on that road during various years, and has com- 
municated the same to the curator by letter, from which the following 
abstracts have been taken: 


CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND QUINCY RAILROAD COMPANY, 
SECOND VICE PRESIDENT’S OFFICE, 
BUREAU OF RAIL AND JOINT RAIL INSPECTION, TESTS, AND RECORDS, 
Chicago, June 19, 1890. 

Dear Sir: Regarding your request for standard rails in use on the Chicago, Bur- 
lington and Quincy in 1870, 1880, and 1890, I take the liberty of going further back 
than the dates you mention, in order to illustrate more fully the development of track, 
and show, if possible, what the tendency has been. 

When the Chicago, Burlington and Quiney Railroad was first organized in 1854, 


*These plates are from drawings in the collection deposited by Mr. F. A. Delano, 
second vice-president of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad. 


702 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


with 58 miles of railroad, the track was laid with compound or continuous iron rail. 
riveted together. I have not a drawing of this rail, but you are doubtless familiar with 4 


the design. The rail was rudely similar to the present F rail divided in half vertically _ 


through the web, and these two halves riveted together broken jointed, so that the 
end of one half rail did not come at the end of another half rail. This made an 
excellent track for the time being, as the reports show, and indeed it was avery ex- 
pensive track, for the rail weighed some 72 pounds per yard and cost some $70 to $75 
per ton. This compound rail, however, soon began to show its defects, which I need 
hardly explain here, and some two years later, when the Chicago, Burlington and 
Quincy by consolidation with the Central Military Tract Railroad became an im- 
portant road with 138 miles of track, the T rail was adopted as standard and laid 
with cast-iron chairs at the joints. Wrought-iron chairs I find were also used to a 
limited extent at this time. 


e . . . | 
In 1862 the construction of the road from Aurora to Chicago, a distance of 35 miles, 


was begun, and for this purpose 3,500 tons of ‘‘the best quality iron rail were pur- 
chased of the Cambria Iron Company, of Pennsylvania, at a price of $65 per ton 
delivered at Chicago.” 

The chief engineer, in his report for that year, says that the compound rail was 
being removed from track as rapidly as possible, and being replaced with new and 
rerolled iron T rails of the ordinary pattern. These T rails had a maximum length 
of 21 feet. 

In 1864 the general use of fish-plates, a flat piece of iron fitting close to the web of 
the rail between the head and the base, wag adopted. ‘The chief engineer in his 
report for that year says ‘‘the fish-joint splices make a smoother track, less liable 
to get out of repair, and cost less than the ordinary rubber chair.” This allusion to 
the “rubber chair” rather puzzles me. I do not understand whether a piece of rubber 
was introduced into the bottom of the ordinary cast-iron chair to obviate the trouble 
from noise and stop the rattling, or not; but I presume that this was the case. At 
this time quite a large proportion of the rail laid in each year was rerolled iron rail, 
and I find that the cost of rerolling amounted to over $35 per ton at Chicago, and a 
good deal more than that in 1865 and 1866, on account of the high prices for labor 
and material following the war period. 

In the summer of 1867, 3 miles of experimental steel rails were laid in different 
places in Illinois where they would receive very severe service. I can not learn the 
exact section or weight per vard of this rail; but, from what I can learn, I imagine 
that the rail weighed between 56 and 60 pounds per yard, and was very similar in 
design to the old 60-pound rail, shown in print No. 1, which Isend you. This rail 
was laid with fish- plates similar to the then recent practice with iron raiis, and as 
in the case of iron rails, it was laid with ‘‘supported” or ‘‘on-tie” joints, the ends 
of the rails being notched to admit of spiking at that point and prevent the rail from 
creeping. The first experience with this rail was not altogether favorable. Of3 
wiles of track laid, seven rails broke in the first year; in each case, however, the 
chief engineer tells us, where the holes in the splice bars had been punched instead 
of drilled. In the next two years, however, there were no breakages and in 1870 it 
was decided to adopt steel as standard for main track renewals or new construction. 
During the year 72 miles of steel rails were laid, which with the 6 miles already in 
track made 78 miles of steel rail out of 302 miles then in operation. The road then 
consisted of a line from Chicago to East Burlington and from Galesburg to Quincy. 
The steel rail then used was substantially the rail shown in blue print No. 1, which 
I send you, with a plain fish-plate and not the angle-bar, which was adopted in later 
years. 

In 1875 or 1876 an angle-bar was adopted for this rail, and this was slightly modi- 
fied in 1879. This provided fora ‘‘supported ” or ‘‘ on-tie” joint. The only difficulty 
with it was that the slot near the center of the angle bar was frequent cause for 
breakage at that point. In 1879, therefore, the 66-pound rail for a suspended joint 
was designed and made the standard. 


| 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 703 


In 1880 the length of the road in operation was 2,653 miles in Illinois, lowa, and 
Nebraska. Of this mileage, 1,100 miles were steel rails. 

When the 60-ponnd rail was discarded as a standard in 1879, two sections of steel 
rail were adopted of a substantially similar design and weighing 56 and 66 pounds 
per yard, respectively, for lines of light and heavy traffic. The joint used on the 66- 
pound rail is already mentioned, and the joint on the 56-pound rail provides for a 
‘‘ supported ” or ‘‘on-tie” joint, the idea being that with a stronger or heavier rail 
a suspended joint could be used, where it would not be a good thing for a weaker 
rail. Both these rails continued to be used almost up to the present date, During 
this period considerable dissatisfaction was found with the angle bar for the 56-pound 
rail, which, on account of its slot in the center, frequently broke. To obviate this 
difficulty, without seriously adding to the cost of the rail, I lengthened the angle bar 
at one end for this rail and the old 60-pound rail 54 inches, thus allowing the slot at 
the joint to be omitted, and yet preserving the on-tie or supportel joint. This was 
adopted as standard early in 1889. During this period also considerable dissatisfac- 
tion was found with the suspended joint on the 66-pound rail, and in the latter part 
of 1889 the angle bar was lengthened 6 inches, so as to allow a three-tie supported 
joint, the same cross-section of angle bar, however, being used. 

Quite recently, in the year of 1890, the old 66-pound section of rail has been super- 
seded by a new standard, namely, the Northern Pacific 66-pound rail, with the angle 


bar. The notable difference between this rail and the other 66-pound rail lies in the 


fact that the distribution of metal in the different parts of the rail is more equal. 
The rail itself is stiffer and higher, and the angle bar very much stiffer. These differ- 


- ences have been made chiefly by putting considerai:le less metal in the head of the 


rail, because we have found in practice that a very small portion of the head wears 
away, and that the rail is usually removed from track for other causes. 

You will note particularly what an advance has been made in perfecting the joint. 
After trying the suspended joint, we returned again to the supported joint, at thesame 
time making the angle bar much stiffer, bringing the bolt-holes closer to the end, and 
using seven-eighths instead of three-fourths bolts. 

In the mean time the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad is experimenting 
with a view of adopting for lines of the heaviest traffic a heavier rail. In 1888 two 
sections of 85-pound rail were designed, and 74 miles of each section were rolled and 
laid in track side by side in 1889. In 1890 asimilar amount of each section has again 
been rolled and laid in track. It is impossible at present to determine which rail is 
likely to give the best satisfaction, but we hope before spring to get some light on the 
subject. Besides the test in track which is being made of these two sections of &5- 
pound rail, quite elaborate tests of each section were made about a year ago at the 
United States Government Watertown Arsenal, the results of which I dare say you 
have seen. 

In the mean time, while we are debating what shall be the design and weight of 
our rail for the lines of the heaviest traffic, it is a settled fact that we shall not again 
buy for standard-gauge railroad any rail lighter than 66 pounds per yard. The 
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, owning and controlling as it does upwards of 7,000 
miles of railroad, always has large quantities of rail not sufficiently good for main track 
use, but which either with or without the sawing off of the ends is perfectly good 
for branch-line service, so that our lines with very light traffic will usually be laid 
either with the ligbt rail which was originally put there or with second-hand rail 
removed from main line. 

Hoping that I have given you the information you desired, I have the honor to re- 
main, yours, truly, 

FRED. A. DELANO. 

Mr. J. E. WATKINS, 

Curator, U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 


7104 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


RAILS ROLLED BY THE BETHLEHEM IRON COMPANY. 


Fig. 129 is from a drawing presented to the collection by the Bethle- 
hem Iron Company through the courtesy of Mr. i. M. Mellvain toshow 
the standard joint fixture of the Lehigh Valley Railroad, 1890. 


Fig. 129. 
DOUBLE ANGLE SAYRE-FritTz SPLICE BAR, LEHIGH VALLEY RAILROAD, 1890. 
From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


The rail is of the Sayre pattern, and the splices are of the Sayre-Fritz 
standard. 


LETTER FROM THE BETHLEHEM IRON COMPANY. 


SoutH BETHLEHEM, Pa., June 30, 1590. 

Sir: The first rails rolled by us were iron rails, and owing to our early record books 
having become mislaid, we are at a loss as to what to send you to be of any use. We 
inclose, however, under separate cover, a number of blue prints, that we trust you 
inay be able to use to advantage. 

You will note that a great many of the sections om the blue prints are marked un- 
known. Records relating to these sections have been Jost or mislaid. Where we 
were able to do so, the year the rail was rolled the section and name of the road using 
the rail has been noted on the blue prints. 

We also send you a blue print of a compound rail, which, however, we never at- 
tempted to make, the scheme not having originated with us. You will also find 
inclosed several sections designed by Mr. Robt. H. Sayre, with Sayre-Fritz splice 
plates. 

Respectfully, 
THE BETHLEHEM IRON CONPANY, 
E. M. McItvain, 
Assistant to Vice-President. 
J. K. WATKINS, : 
U.S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 705 


% Several types of joint fixtures designed to support the base of the 

_ rail have been designed from time to time. Fig. 130 shows a joint of 
this type which was in use on a western railroad in 1869. Fig. 131 
illustrates the Fisher and Norris joint as improved by Mr. Clark Fisher 
in 1888, in which the base of the rail is made to take much of the strain 
at the joint. 


Fig. 130. 
JOINT FIXTURE USED ON WESTERN RAILROADS, 1869. 
(From original in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


A: 


NEMA 
\ WAN ANS 


FISHER & NORRIS JOINT FIXTURE AS IMPROVED BY CLARK FISHER, 1888. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


PRIMITIVE FROGS. 


Mr. Isaac Dripps, who in 1831 erected the locomotive John Bull at 
Bordentown, New Jersey (all of the parts of the engine having been 
made by Stephenson & Co., New Castle-on-Tyne, England), has furnished 
the information for Fig. 132, which illustrates the manner in which a 
large (1 shaped staple was made to take the place of a frog at the 
point where the “ turn in” track branched off from the main line at the 
engine-house at Bordentown. 

H. Mis; 224, pt. 2——45 


706 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


When it was necessary to take the engine out of the house the J _~ 
was straddled across the rail the two arms dropping into holes bored 
into the sleeper. 


Fig. 132. 
OL Srapie IRON USED AS A MAKESHIFT FOR A FROG, CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAILROAD, 1831. 
(From a drawing m the U.S, National Museum. ) 

The iron of which the (™ was made was thick enough to raise the 
flange of the locomotive wheel above the top of the rail. After the 
engine was safely put on the main track the 1) was taken out, and 
both rails were right for the main line. 


Fig. 133. 
FROGS, COLLIPRY RAILROADS OF ENGLAND, 1825, 
(From drawings in the U. S. National Museum. ) 
Frogs of various shapes were used on the colliery roads of England 
previous to the introduction of the locomotive. Fig. 133 is from a draw- 
ing in the collection, which was made from the report made by William 


] 
Ml if 


UY, 


if 


Fig. 134. 
FROG, OLD PORTAGE RAILROAD, ABOUT 1835. 
(From original in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


Strickland in 1826 to the Pennsylvania Society for Internal Improve- 
ment, in which two types of frogs, which he examined while in England 
in 1825, are illustrated and described. Fig. 134 is drawn from an old — 


j 


<4 


DEVELOPMENT OF THE AMERICAN RAIL AND TRACK. 707 


frog (deposited in the collection) which was laid on the old Portage 
Railroad about 1835. It will be noticed that the casting at the end of 
the frog is designed to fit the Clarence T-rail previously described. 

As the speed of trains increased, the cast-iron frog was found to be 
unsafe, and various forms of rail frogs were constructed. Fig. 135 is 


"It 
s—,! 


Opened lar Righthand Track. & 
Sas 


Fic, 135. 
RAIL FROG, INVENTED BY JOSEPiL Woop, NEW JERSEY, 1859. 
(From model in the U. S. National Museum.) 


made from a model of an old raii (shifting) frog in the collection. This 
type of frog was invented by Mr. Joseph Wood, of Red Bank, New 
Jersey, in 1859, and formed the basis of the invention of many types of 
spring-rail frogs now in use. 


Fig. 136. 
SWITCHES IN COLLIERY RAILROADS, ENGLAND, 1825. 
(From drawings in the U.S. National Museum, ) 
SWITCHES. 


Two types of switches in use in England in 1825 are shown in Fig. 
136. The drawings in the collection from which these are made are 


ere eee. >) 


708 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. — 


taken from Strickland’s report, previously alluded to. Among the early 
forms of switches used in America was the lever switch, with the heavy ~ 
iron counter-weight (see Fig. 137) to keep it in position. Sometimes 


Fig. 137. 
SwircH WITH ‘‘ BALL’? COUNTER- WEIGHT. 
(From a drawing in the U. S. National Museum. ) 


the *‘ ball” was omitted, and the lever was secured by a padlock fast- 
ened to a staple driven into a cross-tie. 

It is to be hoped that an opportunity may be given to extend the col- 
lection of frogs and switches in the near future, so that the history of 
the development of these two very important track-appliances may be 
preserved. 


PLATE CVI. 


Lucas 


Report of National Museum, 1889 


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EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR IN. 1887, 
MADE IN CONNECTION WITH THE CRUISE OF THE 
U.S. FISH COMMISSION SCHOONER GRAMPUS* 


By FrepDERIC A. LUCAS, 
‘Assistant Curator of the Department of Comparative Anatomy. 


In the spring of 1887 the writer was detailed by Professor Baird to 
accompany the U.S. Fish Commission schooner Grampus ou a cruise 
to northeastern Newfoundland and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, primarily 
to obtain, if possible, bones of the Great Auk; secondarily to collect 
such other specimens as might be obtainable. Two years earlier Pro- 
fessor Baird had approved a proposed plan of visiting Funk Island, 
off Cape Freels, Newfoundland, a former breeding place of the Great 
Auk, in the hope of finding remains of that extinct bird, but the many 
difficulties in the way preeluded carrying this plan into effect until the 
building of the Grampus and her projected trip made it feasible. From 
a scientific standpoint it was extremely desirable to secure bones of the 
Great Auk, since up to 1887 there were but nine skeletons of that species 
preserved in museums, only one being in the United States, while the 
U. S. National Museum possessed but a single bone. Even viewed 
commercially, a collection of Auk bones would be of considerable value, 
since the small number of existing specimens had caused them to bring 
a high price whenever brought into the market.t 

It was eminently fitting that a search for remains of the Great Auk 
should be undertaken in connection with fishery researches, since this 
bird once formed an important factor in the prosecution of the early 


* This report is supplementary to the paper by Mr. Lucas, entitled ‘‘ The Expedi- 
tion to Funk Island, with Observations upon the History and Anatomy of the Great 
Auk,” in the Report of the National Museum for 1888. It was at first intended for 
publication in the Report of the U.S. Fish Commission. Certain statements con- 
cerning the Great Auk in Mr. Lucas’s previous paper are repeated in this report, but 
it is believed that they are essential in this connection for the proper understanding 
of the narrative. For fuller details concerning the Great Auk and its extinction, 
the reader is referred to the Report of the National Museum for 1888, and for detailed 
notes on the birds collected see report of William Palmer, in Proceedings U.S. National 
Museum, vol. X111, pp. 249-265. 

t In this connection it may be of interest to state that one of the skeletons col- 
lected by the Grampus expedition and exchanged for natural history specimens with 
a London dealer, was sold by him to the Museum of Science and Arts, Edinburgh, 
for £120, or about $600. 

709 


710 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Newfoundland fisheries. The very earliest reference to the Great Auk 
in America occurs in the account of Cartier’s first voyage, in 1534, 
wherein the chronicler records a visit to Funk Island for the purpose 
of procuring birds for fresh provisions, and, under the name of Great 
Apponatz, tells of the capture of a boat-load of this flightless fowl. 
From. that time onward, so long as the species existed, fishermen and 
colonists availed themselves of the prodigious store of Great Auks 
which, after the manner of mankind, they assumed that Providence 
had provided for their special benefit. The extent to which the Great 
Auk was used is shown by Anthonie Parkhurst’s statement, written in 
1578, that ‘the Frenchmen who fish neere the grand baie doe bring small 
store of flesh with them, but victuall themseives with these birds” (the 
Great Auks). Granting that this exaggerates the facts in the case, it 
seems evident that the birds were very largely employed for provisions, 
and since, in 1578, there were about one hundred and fifty French ves- 
sels, aggregating about 7,000 tons, employed in the cod fishery, the de- 
struction of Great Auks must have been immense. 

Captain Richard Whitbourne, who was sent in 1615 to establish order 
in Newfoundland, on his return wrote a book, which was freely distrib- 
uted in order to encourage emigration to that country, and in this we 
find the abundance of Great: Auks held forth among other inducements. 
Says the narrator: “These Penguins* are as bigge as geese and flye 
not, for they have but a little short wing, and they multiply so infi- 
nitely upon a certain flat iland that men drive them from thence upon 
a board into their boats by hundreds at a time, as if God had made the 
innocency of so poore a creature to become such an admirable instru- 
ment for the sustentation of man.” 

In more recent times we are told that the merchants of Bonavista 
and oth«r localities used to sell salted Auks by the hundred weight for 
provisions, and Audubon says that the young were used for bait. ¢ 

Undoubtedly the drain made upon the numbers of the Great Auk 
for the purposes just mentioned would have ultimately caused its ex- 
termination, but the direct cause for its rapid extinction was the killing 
of the birds for the sake of the feathers. This destruction was ren- 
dered all the more rapid and profitable from the fact that the breeding 
grounds of the Great Auk, like those of the Gannet, were extremely 
restricted, so that during the breeding season the entire race was to be 
found assembled at two or three localities. Whatever may have been 
the case in prehistoric times, there are no allusions to the Great Auk in 
the accounts of early navigators that even hint at its occurrence in 


*The name Penguin was originally applied to the Great Auk, and not to the 
southern. bird now bearing the appellation, and was the name by which the Great 
Auk was commonly known in America, 

t These two statements are taken from works on the Great Auk, and the authority 
for the first is not given. Still, there seems no room to doubt the truth of either. 
On the other hand, no reference occurs anywhere to the use of the eggs of the Auk, 
although they must have been taken by the boat load. 


ae 


EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. T11 


half a dozen places, while it yet remains to be shown that in the last 
century of its existence the bird bred at any other locality than Funk 
Island. The feather-hunters probably went to Funk Island in the 
spring and resided there until the sea-birds had finished breeding, 
systematically killing all the Great Auks they could; and this was kept 
up until, like the Rytina, the Great Auk had been slaughtered out of 
existence. The extermination took place about 1840, and at that date 
American ornithology was in its infancy, so that not a single specimen 
of the Great Auk was preserved out of all the millions that were slain, 
and there are in existence only two stuffed specimens of the Great Auk 
from America. Fortunately, the conditions under which the Auks were 
killed were such as to preserve their skeletons, and the greater part of 
the bones now preserved in museums are from Funk Island, a source 
from which others may doubtless be procured. 

At the time the Grampus expedition was planned, little could be 
ascertained in regard to the exact conditions under which bones of the 
Great Auk had been found at Funk Island, neither could anything be 
learned respecting the character of the island, beyond the fact that it 
was a mere isolated rock. The voyage, as planned, was from Gloucester 
to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and thence to the east coast of Newfound- 
land, stopping en route at St. John’s and Funk Island. From Funk 
Island the Grampus was to proceed northwards along the coast of New- 
foundland, and through the Strait of Belle Isle to Mingan, stopping at 
those localities where it might seem desirable to gather information, 
collect specimens, or which stress of weather made it necessary to visit. 
From Mingan we were to return to Canso and thence home. It was 
expected that there would be no opportunity for collecting until we 
reached the vicinity of the Bird Rocks, but on account of bad weather 
the Grampus lay by for a day at the Magdalen Islands, and a small 
collection was made of its somewhat scanty avifauna, for although birds 
are quite abundant there, the number of species is small.* 

Only a single mammal was seen, viz., a Small Harbor Seal (Phoca vitu- 
lina), scarcely suggesting the fact that these islands were once the seat 
of a flourishing Walrus fishery, and that thousands of these huge beasts 
were formerly taken annually, as well as large numbers of Harp Seals. 

The first reference to walruses in this locality occars in the account 
of Cartier’s first voyage, in 1534, where, in speaking of Brion’s Island, 
he says that ‘About the said island are very great beastes, as great as 
oxen, which have two great teeth in their mouths like unto elephant’s 
teeth, and live also in the sea.” 

The writer has been unable to positively identify the Brion’s Island 
of Cartier, part of his description applying very well to Bryon Island 
of to-day and part applying equally well to Grindstone Island, the 


* Dr. Louis B. Bishop, whom we met at the Magdalenes, has published in the ‘‘Auk” 
for July, 1889, a list of sixty-six species observed by him, and notes that he did not 
find several species noticed by Mr. Cory in 1878. 


2 REPORY OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
’ 


northernmost of the Magdalenes. In spite of the distances, courses, and 
descriptions so carefully recorded in the log-books of the early naviga- 
tors, it is quite impossible to recognize the small places at which they 
stopped, and very difficult to definitely locate any. It is also a little 
puzzling, at first, to see why Cartier and his immediate followers should 
have’ gone around Newfoundland to enter the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
but bearing in mind that at that time Newfoundland was supposed to be 
a portion of the American continent, if is easy to see the reason for 
the course pursued. Vessels made Cape Bonavista for a land-fall, and 
thence ran north to Carpunt (some place on the Labrador coast), at the 
entrance of the Strait of Belle Isle. 

Proceeding down the strait, Chateau Bay and Blane Sablon were 
often visited, two places that still bear the appellations originally be- 
stowed upon them, and from there the course was to the southwards 
until the Islands of Birds, Brion’s Island, and Ramea were successively 
reached. Ramea is another stuimbling-block, and from the manner in 
which it is described may have been either the Magdalenes or Prince Kd- 
ward’s Island, Charles Leigh’s account seeming to point to Amherst 
Island, the southernmost of the Magdalenes, this supposition being the 
more probable from the fact that the Isle of Ramea was a famous place 
for walruses. 

It is now many years since a walrus has been taken in the gulf at 
all, much longer since one was killed on the Magdalenes, and since the 
disappearance of the walrus, the sources of prosperity so much dwelt 
upon by the early voyagers have one by one dwindled away.* 

The goodly fir-trees have become scrubby spruce, the great cods have 
become few and far between, the herring industry is comparatively 
unimportant, and afew short years have sufficed to seriously reduce 
the lobster fishery. All this means want and distress for the popula- 
tien of these islands, which, never tco well off at best, has several times 
been saved from starvation by government aid, and once during the 
last twenty-five years forced to eat their very dogs. 

While lying at Grindstone Island we first made the acquaintance of 
the Gannets, whose headquarters are the Bird Rocks, and had a good 
opportunity to watch them fishing. The birds are usually associated in 
small, straggling flocks, and with outstretched necks and eyes ever on 
the lookout for fish, they fly at a height of from 75 to 100 feet above the 
water, or occasionally somewhat more. The height at which the Gan- 


*The following glowing description by Charles Leigh occurs in Hakluyt, edition of 
1600, p. 201: 

‘Concerning the nature and fruitfulnesse of Brion’s Island, Isle Blanche, and of 
Ramea, they do by nature yield exceeding plenty of wood, great store of wild corne 
like barley, strawberries, gooseberries, mulberries, white roses, and store of wilde 
peason. Also, about the sayd islands the sea yieldeth great abundance of fish of 
divers sorts. And the sayd islands also seeme to proffer, through the labour of man, 
plenty of all kinde of our graine, of roots, of hempe, and other necessary commodi- 
ties.” 


- rm 
ae > 
S 


EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. 713 


net flies above the water is proportioned to the depth at which the fish 
are swimming beneath, and Captain Collins tells me that when fish are 
swimming near the surface the Gannet flies very low and darts obliquely 
instead of vertically upop his prey. Should any finny game be seen 
within range, down goes the Gannet headlong, the nearly closed wings 
being used to guide the living arrow iu its downward flight. Just 
above the surface the wings are firmly closed, and a small splash ofspray 
shows where the winged fisher cleaves the water to transfix his prey. 
Disappearing for a few seconds the bird reappears, rests for a mo- 
ment on the water, long enough to swallow his cateh, and then rises in 
pursuit of other game. The appetite of the Gannet is limited only by 
the capacity of its stomach, and a successful fisher may frequently be 
seen resting on the water, too heavily laden to rise without disgorging 
a part of its cargo, which it sometimes must do to escape from the 
pathway of an approaching vessel. 

The Guillemot (Cepphus columba) breeds in the caves of Entry Island, 
and a few old birds were seen off Grindstone Island. 

On the 9th of July the Grampus ran over to the Bird Rocks, and 
extensive collections were made of the various birds from whose 
abundance these little rocky islets took their name. They are de- 
scribed in the account of Cartier’s first voyage, and from the occasional 
references that occur in Haklayt seem to have been visited now and 
then for supplies of birds and eggs, a practice still followed by the fish- 
ermen of to-day. Many birds andeggs are taken annually, and although 
egging is prohibited by law after a certain date, game laws are easier 
enacted than enforced, and many eggs are gathered out of season and 
many breeding birds killed. The principal species of birds inhabiting 
the Bird Rocks are the Gannet (Sula bassana); Razorbill (Alea torda); 
Common Murre (Uria troile); Brunnich’s Murre (Uria lomvia); and 
Puffin (Fratercula arctica). Besides these a few Kittiwake Gulls (Rissa 
tridactyla) are found there, and Leach’s Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorrhoa) 
breeds in rat-like burrows on the summit of the Great Kock. The Gan- 
net has bred here from time immemorial, and the abundance of these 
great white birds, “ which bite even as dogs,” led Cartier to christen 
these rocks the ‘‘ Isles des Margaulx,” or Islands of Gannets. 

Cartier’s account is as follows: 

* * * We came to these islands, two of which are as steepe and upright as any 
wall, so that it was not possible to climbe them, and betweene them there is a little 
rocke. These islands were as full of birds as any field or medow is of grasse, which 
there do make their nestes, and in the greatest of them there was a great and infinite 
number of those that wee call Margaulx, which are white and bigger than any 
geese, which were seuered in one part. In the other were onely Godetz, but toward 
the shoare there were of those Godetz, and Great Apponatz, like to those of that 
island that we above have mentioned. We went downe to the lowest part of the 
least island, where we killed above a thousand of those Godetz and Apponatz. We 
put into our boates so many of them as we pleased, for in lesse than one houre we’ 
might have filled thirtie such boats of them. 


714 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


In 1597 Charles Leigh wrote that ‘the three Islands of Birds are 
sandy red, but with the multitude of birds upon them they looke white,” 
and even as late as the time of Audubon, the Gannets were so numer- 


ous that the tops of the rocks seemed covered with snow. At that — 


time they were largely used for bait by the fishermen of Bryon Island, 
some forty boats being supplied from this source, and some idea of 
their abundance may be gathered from the fact that Audubon’s cap- 
tain told him that on one occasion his boat’s crew, in less than one 
hour, killed six hundred and forty birds with no better weapons than 
sticks. Up to 1560, however, the Gannets were sufficiently numerous 
not only to cover the summits of the rocks, but many of the ledges 
along the sides, and Dr. Bryant estimates that 50,000 pairs were then 
breeding on the top of the Great Rock alone, although these figures 
require to be discounted a little. In 1870 a writ of ejeetmant was served 
on the bird tenantry occupying the summit of the Great Rock, by the 
erection of a lighthouse, and by 1872 the Gannets breeding there were 
reduced to 5,000. In 1881 Mr. Brewster found the birds on the Great 
- Rock confined to the ledges along the sides, although the Little Rock 
was still densely populated, and the total number of Gannets was esti- 
mated at 50,000. In 1887 not a Gannet was raised on the Little Rock, 
although a few were breeding on the little pillar of rock adjacent to it, 
and M. Turbid placed the number of Gannets at 10,000, considering 
this an increase over previous years. The Murres, Razorbills, and Puf- 
fins have probably suffered somewhat less than their more conspicuous 
comrades, although even among them the decrease must have been 
very great. Still, their smaller size and consequent ability to breed in 
crevices of the rock and on ledges too narrow to accommodate a buiky 
Gannet has been of great service to them, while the Razorbill also 
seems to be learning by experience the desirability of putting an egg 
out of sight whenever practicable. The Puffins find safety in their 
burrowing habits, and breed quite extensively in the decomposed sand- 
stone at the northeastern portion of the Great Rock, as well as under 
the overhanging, inaccessible ledges of the northern side of the Little 
Rock. The little rocky pillar mentioned above is well occupied by 
birds of various species, while owing to the difficulty of scaling this 
islet, the little colony is fairly secure. From its size, the precipitous 
nature of the sides, and the fact that only one landing lies contiguous 
to the breeding birds, the Great Bird Rock must ever remain the 
stronghold of this interesting colony of sea-fowl. The Little Rock, 
although formerly said to be difficult, or even impossible to scale, is 
now easily climbed, owing to the falling of portions of rock, and as there 
are two places where landing is comparatively easy, the spot is much 
resorted to by fishermen, and the birds in consequence lead a very pre- 
carious existence. 

There is no regular division of the feathered inhabitants of the Bird 
Rocks into large colonies according to species, the separation being 


EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. (als: 


rather by size, Gannets occupying the highest and broadest ledges, 
and Murres and Razorbills taking what is left. There is, of course, 
something of a tendency for little groups of the same species to nest 
together, but Brunnichs and the Common Murre may be seen occupy- 
ing the same ledge. While the erection of the light-house on the Great 
Rock did not directly affect the Murres and Razorbills as it did the 
Gannets, it nevertheless led to the decrease of the smaller birds in a 
very curious manner. In foggy weather a cannon is fired every half 
hour to warn passing vessels of the hidden danger, and this gun, being 
placed near the northern cliff, is in proximity to the favorite breeding- 
places of the Murres and Razorbills. The <ffect produced upon the 
birds is well described by Mr. Brewster, who says: 

At each discharge the frightened Murres fly from the rock in clouds, nearly every 
sitting bird taking its egg into the air between its thighs, and dropping it after 
flying a few yards, This was repeatedly observed during our visit, and more than 
once a perfect shower of eggs fell into the water around our boat. So seriously had 
the Murres suffered from this cause that many of the ledges on the side of the rock 
where the gun was fired, had been swept almost clear of eggs. 

This was in 1881, but now M. Turbid says that the birds have be. 
come somewhat accustomed to the Sound, so that the destruetion from 
this cause is comparatively small, and we noticed that very few birds 
would fly at the report of a shot-gun, although fired close by them. 

At the time of our visit young birds of the various species breeding 
at the Bird Rocks were common, with the exception of Gannets and 
Leach’s Petrels. The Gannets are the last of the young birds to make 
their appearance, the three that we obtained from the pillar near the 
Little Rock being the first of the season. The difficulty of securing 
Leach’s Petrels renders any exact statement regarding them impossi- 
ble, and it can only be said that all of the five eggs obtained contained 
embryos. 

The following table, kindly furnished by M. Turbid, shows the date 
of arrival of the various species, the time of their becoming common, 
and the date at which the first young were noticed. 


| First 


l 
eae | Common, Monte 
— ———— -—- ao ——,| 
jekattiwalkkce) seo =. 268 Mar. 11} Apr. 9 | June 21 
Murresos5ioccesdea ts Mar. 12 | Apr. 10 | June 24 
Gamnetia ons seen | Apr. 5] Apr. 27} July 7 
AZOL DM ie ae ee veer Apr. 18 | Apr. 25| July 5 
AUG setae ac oe ee ayn) May 8) July 1 
Leach’s Petrel........ | May 10 | May 13) © (?) 
| } 


From this table it appears that the Puffins and Petrels arrive in a 
body, while the other birds straggle along over a period of three or 
four weeks. 

It was the intention, wind anid weather permitting, to have touched 
at Penguin Islands, off Cape la Hune, as the name indicated the possi- 


716 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1389. 


ble former presence of the Great Auk. Weather, however, is a very | 
uneertain quantity in or about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and owing to | 
fresh breezes and heavy sea this part of the programme was unavoid- — 
ably omitted. These Penguin Islands seem to agree in location with — 
the island of Penguin mentioned by M. Hore, who says that ‘ they 
came to part of the West Indies about Cape Briton, shaping their course 
thence northeastwards until they came to the island of Penguin, which 

is very full of rocks and stones.” At the same time ‘“ »bout Cape Bri- 
ton” is extremely vague, and the location of the island is a mere matter 
of conjecture, the case not being helped by a marginal note to the effect 
that the island is in latitude 30 degrees. 

Only two Shearwaters (Puflinus major) were collected between the 
Magdalens and St. John’s, Newfoundland, although large flocks of 
these birds were seen near Cape Race in company with the Sooty 
Shearwater (Puffinus obscurus). From the intimate association of the 
two birds it seemed quite possible that they were merely two phases 
of plumage of the same species, but although every effort was made to 
obtain a series, both by chasing with dories and sailing upon them with 
the schooner, the birds were so extremely wild that only two were ob- 
tained, both Puffinus major. . 

A three days’ stop was made in St. John’s, during which time we 
endeavored to obtain as much information as possible concerning Funk 
Island. Unfortunately the few who had visited the place were bent on 
other errands than collecting Auk bones, and almost the sole fact we 
gathered was that the best landing was on the northerly side. 

On July 21 the Grampus left for Funk Island, steering northward 
past Cape Bonavista, as Jacques Cartier had done three centuries and 
a half before. Funk Island lies 314 miles north by east from Cape 
Freels, and 25 miles east-southeast froin Offer Wadham Island, the lo- 
cality being seldom resorted to except by sealers in early spring and 
occasional fishing boats during the summer. At a distance of 600 and 
1,200 yards to the north of the island, respectively, are two low rocks, 
while within a radius of two miles are numerous shoal-patches, so that 
Funk Island and its vicinity have small attractions for the navigator. 
To add to the dangers of approach, there is no lighthouse, a thing much 
needed. The morning of the 22d found us with alight breeze and smooth 
sea about eight miles distant from Funk Island, but so moderate was the 
weather that it was a little after noon before we were abreast of the east- 
ern end, where, at the distance of about a mile, it was proposed to anchor. 
Everything had long been in readiness for a start shoreward, and a short 
time before coming to anchor, a dory containing Mr. Palmer and myself, 
provided with a simple camping outfit and provisions for several days, 
was sent to effect a landing. Owing to the fickleness of the weather 
and frequent occurrence of fogs in this vicinity, our plans had been so 
laid that should occasion require, we might remain on the island and 
prosecute the work of searching for remains of the Great Auk while 


WS pee) 1 - < nal = - 
ase a r 
a 
ry . = 


- 


EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. ia re 


the Grampus sought a more pleasant berth than the immediate vicinity 
of Funk Island. The locality is bad, not only from the presence of 
numerous rocks and shoals and from the fact that owing to the irregu- 
larities of the bottom, the sea in rough weather breaks badly when the 
depth of water is considerable, but also on account of icebergs, which 
are unpleasant neighbors in a fog. The uncertainty in the way of col- 
lecting at Funk Island is well shown by the fact that while the islet has 
been a regular resort of fishermen from the time of its discovery, the 
only two collectors who visited the spot, Stuvitz, in 1841, and Milne, in 
1873, were obliged to leave hastily on account of threatening weather, 
while another party also, desiring to visit the island in 1887, was unable 
to effect a landing. The light breeze blowing at the time of our visit 
was from the southward, the most favorable direction, since it brought 
the best landing place to leeward. This landing is on the northerly side, 
a few hundred yards to the westward of the eastern point, and consists 
of a step of stone about four feet wide, sloping gently upward from the 
water’s edge. Above and below, this step runs out to nothing, although 
at the upper end it terminates in a fissure large enough to accommo- 
date one’s foot, the rough rock affording good hold for the foot or hand. 
The rock is here almost perpendicular, so that one may stand on 
the “ bench,” as this landing is termed, and toss a lead into 20 fathoms 
of water, this depth and steepness of rock offering no resistance to the 
swell which, when this side is to leeward, rises and falls along the rock 
without breaking. Although, as stated, the wind was light at the time 
of our visit, the boat rose and fell along the rock 4 or 5 feet at every 
heave of the sea, while on the south side of the island, where at a dis- 
tance it had seemed quite possible to beach a boat safely, the swell 
proved to be rolling in so heavily that a landing would have been quite 
out of the question, and the same was the case on the northwestern 
end. On the southwestern side of Funk Island, near Gannet Point, is 
another landing place, but this is resorted to only when a northerly 
wind makes landing at the “ bench” impracticable. 

Professor Milne, who visited Funk Island July 20, 1873, found a 
great abundance of birds, especially Terns and Murres, but although the 
Arctic Terns were abundant in 1887, eggs and young lying scattered 
over the ground, the Murres were extremely scarce, and the same may 
be said of the Razorbill, these birds having been practically extermi- 
nated by the eggers, who several years ago used to obtain many loads 
of eggs here. The eggs of the Arctic Tern being small and those of 
the Puftin extremely difficult to secure, egging as an occupation is no 
longer profitable, but the number of birds is now so small that the 
visits of the Fogo fisherman will probably prevent any increase of the 
edible species. 

Cartier mentions the Gannet as being found here, and the most likely 
breeding spot for this bird bears the name of Gannet Head, but no 
trace of this species was to be seen, nor is it mentioned by Milne. 


718 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


The Arctic Terns were a veritable nuisance, hovering in a cloud over 
our heads, screaming harshly, and swooping down almost on our heads, 
demonstrations largely due to the presence of their nests. It was curi- 
ous to witness the behavior of the young Terns, who, at our approach, 
would either squat close to the ground or else creep up to some tuft of 
grass or cranny of the rock, into which they would thrust their heads 
and apparently seem to consider themselves as out of sight. 

Puffins are very numerous; their burrows honeycomb the northern 
slope, where the soil is deepest, and their quaint proprietors, perched 
upon blocks of stone, gravely inspected all our movements. Not until 
toward sunset, however, was the real abundance of Puffins manifest, 
but at that time they came flocking home from distant fishing-grounds, 
gathering along the precipitous eastern part of the island in great 
numbers. 

The height of Funk Island is given as 46 feet, but it certainly seems 
much higher, whether viewed from the sea or from the highest part of 
the islet. It is about half a mile long, possibiy a little more, and about 
a quarter of a mile wide, the greatest length being from east-southeast 
to west-northwest. The eastern and southwestern portions are precipi- 
tous, but on the north and northwest the rock slopes into the sea, and 
here the Great Auks must have landed, choosing their side according 
to the wind, but having a rough time of it at best. The rock itself 
is a coarse-grained feldspathic granite, traversed by two faults, which 
divide the island into three portions of unequal extent. The north- 
eastern is bare rock, the central portion has a little vegetation here and 
there, while a great part of the southwestern swell, which comprises 
the larger parc of the island, is covered with vegetation and plentifully 
strewn with blocks of granite weathered off from the bed-rock. The 
process of weathering can be seen very well on parts of the middle 
division of the island and at the eastern end, where the rock in places 
forms curious thin ledges that in time will break into slabs. Along the 
line of the southernmost fault is a considerable depression, into which 
considerable water drains, forming pools of brackish water and little 
patches of marsh. The western portion alone was inhabited by the 
Great Auk, this only being accessible to the flightless fowl, which was 
prevented by the character of the rock from either landing on the east- 
ern end or reaching it after having landed elsewhere. 

The former breeding-grounds of Alcaimpennis are pretty well mapped 
out by vegetation which has sprung up since the extermination of the 
Great Auk, and the density of which bears a direct relation to the abun- 
dance of buried remains. (Plate CVI.) 

The soil has been formed partly during the occupancy of the Auk 
and partly since its extinction, the older portion consisting very largely 
of fragments of egg-Shells mixed with granite pebbles. This stratum is 
from two inches to nearly a foot in thickness, and is overlaid by a stratum 
of decomposed Auks and decayed vegetation, above which is a thin 
turf of matted roots. 


. 


' 
4 
{ 


EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. 719 


Bones are found at all depths, but are most abundant, although poor- 
est in preservation, near the surface. The final cause for the extermi- 
nation of the Great Auk, as previously stated, is said to have been the 
trade in feathers, and the birds are said to have been scalded, plucked, 
and thrown aside, their bodies being so fat that they could be used as 
fuel. Whether this last statement is or is not correct may be uncertain, 
but the others are borne out by the condition of the remains. These are 
most numerous along the crest of the island, where the upturned sod 
reveals vast numbers of bones, interspersed here and there with patches 
of charcoal, showing where the kettles swung in which the birds were 
scalded. The parboiling was done along this ridge for the reason that 
it was away from the sea, and thus would not alarm the birds when 
landing, while at the same time the drainage pools near at hand would 
supply water for the kettles. From this point to the westward the 
bones decrease in numbers, few being found on the southerly slope of 
the island, although even here a deep stroke of the hoe never failed to 
bring to light a bone or two. 

Remains of the stone inclosures, “compounds” they were called, into 
which the Auks were driven like so many sheep, and where they were 
kept until wanted, are still to be seen, the most complete lying near 
the western point. These inclosures were readily made by standing 
on edge some of the numerous granite slabs, which seem to have been 
placed by nature just where they were most needed by the bird-hunters. 
Almost in the center of the island are the ruins of three small huts, 
two nearly leveled to the ground, the third, with its walls several feet 
high, forming a conspicuous land-mark on the crest of the island. Tra- 
dition is silent concerning the two older structures, but the third and 
best preserved is variously stated to have been built for the accom- 
modation of a sealing crew, placed here to winter some years ago, and 
to have been erected by a party of guano-seekers in 1863. It is now 
diffienlt to say which is the correct statement, but as for the others, it 
seems quite probable that they were put up years ago by the extermi- 
nators of the Auk. 

That the feather-hunters must have plied their trade with great vigor 
is shown by the millions of bones scattered over an area of many acres, 
and there is no doubt in the writer’s mind but that parties passed the 
entire season here in order to prosecute their work to the best advan- 
tage. The sea would supply them with fresh fish, the island with eggs 
and birds, occasional visits from the mainland would furnish such other 
provisions as might be needed, such as water and wood, so that the 
work of destruction sped merrily on to its end. 

Professor Milne doubted if all the bones he saw were those of the 
Great Auk, but his doubts were without foundation, for it requires care- 
ful searching to obtain remains of any other bird. Besides a large num- 
ber of carefully-selected bones, a barrel full of indiscriminately chosen 
remains was brought away, and yet in all this mass of material there 


720 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


was less than a handful belonging to any other species than the Great 
Auk. In one spot, indeed, we did come upon a small number of bones 
of the Murre mixed with a few of the Great Auk, the inference being, 
from the thinness of the deposits and fresh iook of the bones, that they 
represented a comparatively recent date, when the Auks were becom- 
ing scarce and other birds were being killed to supply the deficiency. 

An occasional fragment of egg-lining was met with, and one nearly 
perfect, but we came upon no trace of any complete body of an Auk, 
two or three of which were secured by the guano-seekers in 1863. The 
large extent of ground covered by the remains prevented as careful an 
examination as would have. been possible in a more restricted area, 
although the first desire of our party was to obtain as good a series of 
bones as was practicable. The most useful digging-implements with 
which we were provided were clam-hoes, and by peeling off the sod 
here and there with one of these, an idea was obtained as to the general 
disposition of remains in various parts of the island. 

On the northerly slope the Puffins had pretty well apie the 
ground, and around their numerous burrows lay little collections of 
bones, among them an occasional bone in a most excellent state of pres- 
ervation, although the larger part were badly weathered. These scat- 
tered bones were a most welcome sight to us as we passed from the bare 
rock to the turf-clad portion of the island, for the many unmistakable 
humeri of the Great Auk were an assurance that our search was not 
likely to prove a failure. 

On the evening of the 22d we returned to the Grampus, as the weather 
promised to be fair on the morrow, and early on the morning of the 23d 
again landed and proceeded with the work of collecting, snatching a 
little time from our labor to make a hurried circuit of the island. Had 
the enterprise been a commercial one, we might have remained much 
longer, but as the main zodlogical object of the voyage had been se- 
cured in the shape of a fine collection of Auk bones, and as much 
remained to be done in connection with fishery researches, we left late 
on the afternoon of July 25 for Seldom-Come-By, Fogo Island. 

About 16 miles to the westward of Cape Freels the chart shows two 
small dots bearing the legend ‘* Penguin Islands,” and although the 
main object of the voyage, so far as remains of the Great Auk were 
eoncerned, had been successfully accomplished, it was none the less 
desirable to add if possible to the existing store of information in re- 
gard to that extinct bird. These islands are nct far from Seldom-Come- 
By, and as the wind was fair, the Grampus accordingly ran over to them 
on the morning of July 24. The appearance of the islets was not en- 
couraging, as they were low, flat, thickly covered with grass, and by no 
means suggestive of suitable breeding places for the Great Auk, which 
seems to have preferred, or rather been restricted to, bare, isolated 
rocks at some distance from any habitable spot. The turf proved to 
be extremely thick and tough, indicating long-continued growth of veg- 


> 


EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. 721 


etation, and although holes were dug in many places quite to bed-rock, 
no bones were thus discovered, nor were any seen at any point of the 
island. The Great Auk, it is true, may once have bred here, but from 
the character of the islands this is extremely doubtful, while the prox- 
imity of the mainland would have made them at all times easy of access 
and rendered the extermination of the bird an easy matter. To-day 
the principal inhabitants of Penguin Islands are Field Mice (Arvicola 
riparia), whose burrows are to be seen on every hand, while paths run- 
ning from one hole to another cover the ground in places with a perfect 
network. A little exploration of the more populous districts showed 
that beneath the surface was a veritable labyrinth of intercommunieat- 
ing burrows, some old and some new. In some instances Petrels (Oce- 
anodroma leucorrhoa) were found to have taken possession of deserted 
habitations of the Field Mice, much as the Burrowing Owl occupies the 
dwellings of the Prairie Dog, and from the great abundance of burrows 
it is probable that a considerable number of these little birds breed here. 
The eggs found were perfectly fresh, and as those collected at the 
Bird Rocks on July 9, contained well-advanced embryos, it would seem 
probable that this Petrel raises two broods a year. Although the 
Petrels were breeding here, none were seen about the islands, nor were 
any seen around the Bird Rocks, where they were breeding on the 
summit, so that if the males assist in the work of incubation, they must 
keep well away from the land until after dark. A few nests of the 
Arctic Tern were scattered over one end of the island, the eggs being 
in an advanced stage of incubation; one or two Puffins were seen, and 
a Sandpiper or two, but on the whole the results obtained were of a 
negative character. 

On July 29 we arrived at Canada Bay, where there is a small fishing- 
hamlet, and where we were led to hope that seals might be found, a hope 
that was, however, doomed to disappointment, for very few seals were 
seen at Canada Bay, and these were the ever present Harbor Seal. 
Cetaceans were quite abundant, the Dolphin (Delphinus delphis), Por- 
poise (Tursiops tursio), and Puffing Pig (Phocena communis) being fre- 
quently seen, Tursiops running up the Bras d’Or branch of the bay for 
a mile or so; but, in spite of their abundance, all these species were 
extremely shy, and it was found impossible to approach within striking 
or shooting distance of any of them. Small Finback Whales were also 
seen occasionally, one of which was accustomed to visit the harbor 
toward sunset, making his appearance with great regularity. Both 
land and sea birds were almost entirely lacking, although Mr. Palmer 
succeeded in obtaining a pair of the rare Welch’s Ptarmigan (Lagopus 
welchi) during an excursion to the Cloud Hills, which lie on the western 
side of the bay. On this trip comparatively recent signs of Caribou 
were also noticed. Two small trout-streams empty into the western 
side of Canada Bay, the course of each being interrupted by vertical 
falls, above which no trout were to be obtained. Trout caught in the 

H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 46 


2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


lower part of the larger brook showed very clearly the effect of salt 
water, being slightly silvery, although, owing to the very small size of 
the brook, no * sea-trout” were taken. In the Greenland lakes trout 
are said to feed largely on larve of the mosquito, and from the abun- 
dance of this insect, as well as the black fly, at Canada Bay, it was very 
likely to be the case there also. An occasional salmon was seen leap- 
ing in the inner harbor, but fish of all kinds were scarce, and cod almost 
totally absent, so great being the dearth of food that dried caplin was 
a common article of diet. 

After lying fog-bound for four days the Grampus left Ganada Bay on 
August 3, and on the morning of the 4th was off Cape Bauld, a locality 
where, according to reports gathered at Toulinguet, the Penguin (Great 
Auk) was still occasionally seen. While no reliance was placed on these 
rumors, as a matter of duty inquiries were made of the crews of severa] 
fishing-boats, the result being, as was anticipated, that nothing was 
known of the bird in that vicinity. 

rounding the northern point of Newfoundland, we entered the Strait 
of Belle Isle, and on August 4, owing to stress of weather, the Grampus 
put in to Black Bay, on the Labrador coast. Little or no collecting 
was done here, owing to the fact that there was nothing to be collected, 
animals of all kinds being very scarce, although the usual Harbor Seal 
was present and a few Ravens were seen, but these were too wary to 
be taken. The Black River, which empties into Black Bay, is a salmon- 
stream of some importance, the fishing privilege being rented by Mr. 
William Ellworthy. Sea-trout are said to be abundant in the pool at 
the mouth of Black River, but owing to the overcast sky and low tem- 
perature at the time of our visit, they remained in deep water, and 
only one or two young salmon were taken here. Very small brook- 
trout abound in a tributary of Black River, and in one pool a number 
of large trout were taken, the most noteworthy fact in regard to them 
being that, while all were living under similar conditions, two were 
brilliantly colored, while the remainder were extremely dull, like the 
trout taken later on at Mingan. 

August 11 found the Grampus at Mingan, where it was hoped we 
might be able to secure specimens of the great Gray Seal (Halicherus 
gryphus), or, as it is locally known, the Horse-head. This, the largest of 
the North Atlantic seals, is by no means common in museums, and ap- 
pears not to be very abundant at any locality, playing but a small part 
in the seal fisheries. According to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, to whom we 
are indebted for information as to the whereabouts of the Gray Seal, 
the Mingan group is the only locality in the Gulf of St. Lawrence where 
this animal is found, with the possible exception of Anticosti. The 
Gray Seal occurs on the south side of Harbor Island, on Mingan Island, 
and at the Perroquets, these last being the most frequented. Like 
other members of the seal family, it is fond of crawling out upon the 
rocks, especially on sunny days, when it will lie basking in the sun- 


EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. 123 


shine for hours at a time. The seals do not come on shore at any 
convenient spot, but at a limited number of chosen localities, and these 
vary according to the force and direction of the wind. Except in very 
light breezes the lee-side of the island is selected, not entirely on ac- 
count of the difficulty of effecting a landing on the windward side, but 
also because the seal relies very largely upon its acute senses of smell 
and hearing to warn it of approaching danger from the land. The 
chosen landing-places are where a shelf of rock, raised but little above 
the level of the sea, descends vertically for several feet beneath, thus 
enabling the seal to plunge head first into the water and disappear at 
once from sight. Before landing, the animal will swim back and forth 
several times with head raised and eye, ear, and nose on the alert to 
detect any sign of danger, the wary nature of the creature being well 
shown by the fact that almost immediately after emerging from the 
water, the animal turns completely around so as to lie with the head sea- 
ward and in readiness for an instant dive. The fairer the day and the 
lighter the breeze, the more readily the seals come ashore, while dur- 
ing rough weather they not only do not land so often but are more 
watchful when they do come out. The time for hauling out varies with 
the state of the tide, and as nearly all the places where the right con- 
ditions, as noted above, obtain, are covered at high water, it is between 
the middle of the ebb and middle of the flood that the seals come 
ashore. 

The hearing of this seal is extremely acute, as we had a most excel- 
lent opportunity of ascertaining during the first of our attempts to 
secure a Specimen. A party had been landed on Mingan Island, and 
while Mr. Palmer was engaged in searching for birds and botanical 
specimens, Captain Collins and myself were looking for seals. The 
wind at the time was blowing rather freshly from seaward, and a num- 
ber of Gray Seals were discovered hauled out on the lee-side at a spot 
so situated that there was unfortunately no cover nearer than 150 yards, 
and even this was accessible only by crossing a patch of shingle some 
50 yards wide and in full sight of the seals. Lying flat upon our 
stomachs we began slowly and painfully wriggling across this open 
space, the seals apparently taking no notice of our actions. About 
half the distance had been traversed when the distant report of the 
small collecting-gun, sounding no louder than a faint crack of a whip, 
caused the entire group of seals to plunge into the water as promptly 
as if they had been waiting for some preconcerted signal. Upon com- 
ing to the surface at a safe distance from shore the seals swam back 
and forth looking for the cause of the disturbance and diving whenever 
the pop of the collecting-gun reached their ears. No enemy being 
visible and everything becoming quiet, they once more returned to 
shore, clambering out with more ease than one might suppose such 
creatures would exhibit. No use is made of the hind flippers when on 
land, progression being effected by the front limbs and the abdominal 


T24 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


muscles, the hinder portion of the body being bent slightly upward, 
the hind-legs sticking out stiffly in the rear. 

These seals are occasionally taken by the Indians for the oil and skin, 
the animals being either shot while lying on the rocks, or while swim- 
ming in water sufficiently shallow for the body to be recovered by means 
of along gaff. As arule one Indian is provided with a seal-skin suit, 
cap included, and his part of the game is to crawl about the rocks im- 
itating the motions aud ery of a seal, while Indian number two is con- 
cealed near at hand with a birch-bark canoe in readiness. No shot 
is fired unless there is almost a certainty of either killing or mortally 
wounding a seal where it can be secured, a wounded animal being 
gaffed and towed ashore. 

The Harp Seal ( Phoca grenlandica) also occurs at Mingan, and ani- 
mais were seen that probably belonged to this species, although, as none 
could be taken, it is impossible to speak positively in regard to the 
matter. The Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina) is common about all the 
islands and in the channel between Harbor Island and the mainland. 
A small Pike Whale (Balenoptera rostrata) was accustomed to cruise 
through the channel with tolerable regularity, but no other cetaceans 
were seen in the vicinity, although fish were said to be abundant, and 
Caplin were seen in small schools. An effort was made to kill this 
whale with a bomb lance while it was busily engaged in pursuing a 
school of lant, but although the animal at first seemed to pay no at- 
tention to the boat, yet upon being fired at, although missed, the whale 
immediately left, showing his senses of sight and hearing to be very 
acute. The course of the whale could be quite readily traced, the point 
at which he was about to make his appearance being indicated by a 
circle of wildly leaping little fish, the nose of their pursuer emerging a 
second or two later. Several times the animal rose almost vertically, 
about a third of his length appearing above the water, and on these 
oceasions the conspicuous white bars across the flippers served to iden- 
tify the species. 

The birds were moving southwards, and although young Kider Ducks 
(Somateria Dresseri) in the down were taken, the Black Duek (Anas 
obscura) and white-winged Coot (Melanetta velvetina) were seen flying 
southwards in considerable numbers. The Hider is said to breed here- 
abouts in the bushes near the shore, but the only young specimens seen 
were taken, as just stated, at Mingan Island, and had probably been 
raised there. Large flocks of Bonaparte’s Sandpiper (Actodromas fuset- 
collis) were gathered around the tide-pools on the northern end of Min- 
gan Islands and a few Curlew were observed, these being extremely shy. 
Gulls (Larus argentatus smithsonianus) were abundant, and are said to 
breed on Mingan, although the only young birds taken were obtained 
from nests under*the evergreens of Harbor Island. The Gannet for- 
merly bred in small numbers at the Perroquets, but the continual taking 
of their eggs by the Indians residing near by, has nearly extirpated 


EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. G25 


them, and but few were seen, none being breeding birds. Putftins ( Fra- 
tercula arctica), with well- advanced young, and Murres (Uria troile, 
were found at the Perroquets, and Guillemots (Cepphus grylle), in spotted 
plumage, near Mingan. The Canada Grouse (Dendragapus canadensis) 
was occasionally seen at Mingan. These birds were extremely tame, 
and when flushed from the ground frequently alighted in low spruces, 
where they would allow themselves to be approached as near as twenty 
or fifteen feet. 

The Mingan River is a noted salmon stream, while its tributary, the 
Manitou, abounds in trout, salmon being prevented by a fall from as- 
cending this stream for more than 3 miles. The so-called Sea Trout is 
usually plentiful at the mouth of the Mingan from half flood to half ebb, 
and many large ones, averaging about two pounds each, are taken in 
gill-nets by the few Indians residing here. Owing to rough weather 
and heavy rains few fish were taken during our stay, those at the 
mouth of the river being the silvery sea-trout, and those up the stream 
the dull-colored variety. 

The unfavorable weather prevented our obtaining any of the desired 
seals, and on August 20th the Grampus proceeded to Percé, reaching 
that place next morning. Pereé is a place of considerable interest to 
the naturalist from the fact that Pereé Rock is the abode of a large 
rookery of Cormorants (Phalacrocorax dilophus), while the precipitous 
seaward side of Bonaventure Island is occupied by Gannets, this being 
the third of their breeding-places on the Atlantic coast, and, next to 
the Bird Rocks, the most extensive. Dr. Bryant in 1860 estimated the 
number of Gannets breeding at Bonaventure to be 250,000, but this 
must be considered as entirely too high. Whatever the number may 
once have been, at the date of our visit it would not apparently ex- 
ceed 3,000, although this is merely a guess, time being insufficient to 
make a careful estimate by counting various sections of the colony. 
Although the cliffs on the seaward side of Bonaventure Island are 
250 feet in-height and nearly vertical, it is said that a considerable num- 
ber of eggs are obtained from the uppermost ledges, some of which may 
be reached directly from the summit and others by the aid of ropes. 
The conservatism of the Gannet is well shown by the fact that al- 
though Pereé Island is only a mile away, and its summit perfectly inac- 
cessible, not a Gannet breeds there. Favored by a light inshore wind, 
we were able to approach sufficiently near the base of the cliff to secure” 
four young Gannets, by shooting them where the character of the eee 
was such that a bird when killed would fal! into the sea 

On the 9th of July we had obtained at the Bird Rocka Gannets from 
one to four days old, very small and almost naked. Here, forty-three 
days later, the young were very far from being able to fly, and although 
they had attained a weight of five pounds were still covered with 
long, soft down, the wings being so feebly developed that if would 
evidently be some time before they could leave the nest. The instinet 


L260 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18h 


to keep still must be strong in the little Gannets, for often but a few 
inches lie between them and destruction, some of the rocky shelves 
being so narrow as to cause one to wonder how eggs and young escape 
being swept off by wind and rain. 

Perce or Arch Rock, is a vertical mass of rock, 288 feet high, and ap- 
parently inaccessible, although some years ago an enterprising fisher- 
man succeeded in reaching the summit,* then as now occupied by birds. 
The greater part of these are Cormorants (Phalacrocorax dilophus), but 
a few Gulls (Larus argentatus) mingle with them, and two Blue Herons 
(Ardea herodias) were also seen. The Cormorants are said to feed 
largely on the refuse of the fish dressed for drying by the Percé fisher- 
men, but numbers may be seen in the morning starting outfor more dis- 
tant fishing grounds. It wasto interceptsome of these birds, and to 
collect any others that were to be obtained, that early in the morning 
we started for Arch Island, where long before daybreak the gulls had 
begun their clamor. The gull is ever complaining about something, 
and at almost any hour of the night the querulous cry of some wakeful 
bird may be heard. At the Mingan Islands the gulls and terns had 
been a decided nuisance, following us everywhere in a clamorous crowd, 
by ery and action pointing out our whereabouts to the ever suspicious 
seals. Now we found them circling around the island, along whose 
lofty suramit the cormorants were arrayed in straggling groups of three 
or four, craning their long necks over the edge of the cliff. Some were 
already returning from fishing trips, while others were starting out 
for their morning work, winging their way with out-stretched necks and 
heavy wing-beats, their black forms sharply outlined against the morn- 
ing sky. Fishing-boats were putting off from shore, their black hulls, 
and red, tanned sails adding to the picturesqueness of the scene, while 
the bold, red summit of Pereé Mountain shone brilliantly over all. In 
the role of collector, however, the birds had prior claims to our atten- 
tion, and before breakfast several cormorants and guillemots (Cepphus 
grylle) were secured, these last being the first adults of the species taken 
since leaving the Magdalens. The little guillemots are wonderfully ex- 
pert swimmers and divers, and in rough water their small size frequently 
enables them to elude pursuit, even when they do not take wing. On 
this occasion, however, the water was smooth, the birds could be read- 
ily discerned whenever they rose to the surface, and pursuers and pur- 
sued were more on an equality than is usually the case. 

Although a few petrels and phalaropes (Phalaropus fulicarius) were 
taken on the homeward voyage, the work of collecting practically ended 
with our morning excursion at Pereé. Naturally the most valuable por- 
tion of the collection consisted of the remains of the Great Auk, which, 
as indicated by the humeri, represented over seven hundred individ- 
uals. The humerus, however, is by far the most abundant bone, some 


* See ‘‘ St. Nicholas” for — 1889, p. — 


EXPLORATIONS IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR. 727 


portions of the skeleton, like thebreast-bone and pelvis, very rarely be- 
ing found in a good state of preservation. Still if may be said that 
the collection made by the Grampus party equals, or exceeds, the com- 
bined sum of all other Great Auk remains preserved in museums, for 
besides the large number of individual bones, about ten complete, or 
nearly complete, skeletons have been made up, one of which has been 
presented to the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy at Cambridge, Massa- 
chusetts, and one to the American Museum of Natural History in New 
York City. 

Next in importance to the bones of the Great Auk were the pair of 
Welch’s ptarmigans, secured by Mr. Palmer, these being the second 
pair ever taken, and the only birds in summer plumage. The rest of 
the material needs no special mention, although the numerous eggs, 
embryos, nestlings, skins, and skeletons form a very valuable addition 
to the collection of the U.S. National Museum, and their importance is 
enhanced by the fact that all the specimens were carefully prepared. 

It is very evident, upon comparing our own observations with the 
accounts of previous observers, that the sea-birds have greatly decreased 
in numbers, even during the last decade. The gannets have suffered 
the most; the murres and razorbills next; while the puffins, on the con- 
trary, may even have increased in numbers, owing to the fact that their 
burrowing habit makes the task of obtaining their eggs too difficult to 
be profitable. While regret at the diminishing number of the sea birds 
is partly a matter of sentiment, and the naturalist in particular can 
but deplore their loss, there is, however, a practical side to the question, 
although the relations between fish, birds, and men are so complicated 
that little can be stated positively in regard to the loss or gain due to 
the birds. Naturally the sea-fowl do not have the same economie im- 
portance as in the early days of the Newfoundland fisheries, although 
they are still used for bait and food, many being killed by the fishermen 
for this latter purpose, and large quantities of eggs are gathered an- 
nually. In this manner the birds are of direct value to fishermen, while 
indirectly they are of much service in pointing out the presence of fish. 

On the English coast the actions of gannets often show the position 
of schools of herring, while on our own shores they frequently indicate 
the appearance of schools of mackerel. Gulls and terns, shearwaters 
and auks feed largely upon capelin and lant; and as these small fishes 
are preved upon by schools of cod, their presence is frequently an indi- 
cation that larger fish are not far off; and if the feathered fishermen are 
compelled to seek their prey at a distance, the chances are that their hu- 
man competitors will be obliged to do so also. In this connection it 
may be worth while to note that when at Fank Island the puffins were 
apparently doing their fishing at some distance from the island, and 
that two fishing-boats from Fogo tried for cod in the vicinity without 
success. Thequestion of tie quantity of fish eaten by sea-birds is one, 
which must also be taken into consideration ; and while at first sight it 


728 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


might seem that the destruction of fish-eating birds could be only favor- 
able to the fish, it may be said that until much more is known regard-— 
ing the food of the birds, the exact relations existing between birds and 
fish can not be determined. The gannet is charged with devouring 
large quantities of fish, and while the charge is undoubtedly true, it 
would seem better for the present to protect the bird than to run any 
risk of exterminating a species which on both sides of the water has de- 
creased from 20 to 50 per cent. during the last twenty years. So nicely 
are the economies of nature often adjusted, that interference with them 
often leads to wholly unexpected results; and it may well be that in de- 
stroying fishes that feed upon the spawn of larger species, the sea-birds 
far more than offset the harm they may do by devouring the young of 
food-fishes. 

Although the many favors received during the voyage have been 
duly credited in the report of Captain Collins, I would yet like to add 
my own acknowledgments for the many favors received during the 
voyage, especially to the Rev. M. Harvey, and to Commander Wake- 
ham. 

In conclusion, I desire to thank Captain Collins, not only for his in- 
dorsement of the plan at the outset, and for his personal aid and inter- 
est in every detail of the varied work of collecting, but for the many 
courtesies received at his hands during the two months’ cruise of the 
Grampus. 


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EXPEANATION OF PEATE GV. 


BRONZE BUDDHA, 
(TOKUGAWA PERIOD). 


Dimensions, including base and wooden goko—halo, 70 inches. Figure— 
base to crown, 3834 inches; width of base, 321% inches; length of head, 
13% inches; width of face, 101% inches. Cast in Ise, Japan, A. D. 1648. 


Japan, 1888. 129,965. 
Collected by EpwarpD GREEY. 


The drawing imperfectly conveys the majesty and repose of the original, the 
modeling of which, with the exception of the hands, resembles that of the Kama- 
kura figure. Its back is covered with the following engraved inscription. 


iz oe >] nae 
= ‘ *k 
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RR ‘ 1 
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oS 4 e 6 Uy = Bi 
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AG = £ o 5 } *F 
< 5 mT 7 
a ya 


These contain many doctrinal and metaphysical words and phrases, of San- 
scrit or Pali origin, which may be briefly translated, as follows: the form of 
the record, names, etc., being transposed in order to render it intelligible to 


Western readers : 


‘¢ This bronze image of ‘The Buddha of Five Wisdoms,’ was made by Saburo- 
biyoye Katsutane, son of the great caster, Yoshitane Tsuji of the Fujiwara clan, 
whose title was Tajima no Kami, Anson, who lived at the Port of Yasuno in the 
Province of Seishiu (Ise). 

‘*He respectfully cast it for Shichirouyemon Tadanori Takamine, who lives in the 
town of Matsuzaka in the district of Jidaka, Seishiu (Ise), whose religious name and 
the religious name of his wife are given, and ‘who desire the blessings of future life 
for (the souls of) their Fathers, Mothers, and of six unnamed relatives, and for 
themselves.’ 

‘It was respectfully offered by them to the temple of Joshozan Soan in Yamada, 
Seishiu (Ise), on the 15th day 9th month of the 1st (rat) year of the Period of Keian— 
October 30th, 1648, when it was reverently consecrated by Shouz (Rev'd) Kwansei- 
kudatsu, of the Society of Benren (Distinguished pure Lotus), twenty-first Priest of 
the temple of Sanyenzan Zojo, in the district of Shiba, Yedo, Province of Bushiu 


(Musa =:i).” . 


PLATE CVII. 


BRONZE BUDDHA. 


(TokuGawa PERIOD.) 


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ON A BRONZE BUDDHA IN THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM.* 


By CHARLES DE Kay. 


The fine arts of Japan have been known in the West for many cen- 
turies and like the cognate arts of China have received the sincerest 
form of flattery, imitation. Yet a true knowledge is still to come. Be- 
tween a barbarian contempt for eastern art and the claim of a recent 
Japanese art-commission returning from a voyage around the world, 
that the only living art to-day is that of Nippon, there must be a mid- 
dle term. We are only beginning to assume toward the oriental mind 
that attitude of sympathy which is necessary to the understanding of 
its products. Moreover, we are only on the threshold of the historical 
and legendary view of the development of the fine arts of the extreme 
Orient, which forms the second and almost equally important basis for 
appreciation. So it comes that, notwithstanding the wealth of exam- 
ples of many branches of the fine arts belonging to the Middle Flowery 
Kingdom and to Nippon, such matters as porcelain and bronze are 
still regions largely unexplored. In porcelains the beautiful book of 
Stanislas Julien is invaluable ; with regard to bronzes from Japan the 
old writer Kaempfer and the comparatively modern F. von Siebold 
did excellently for their time and generation, yet have left the field 
open for separate and exhaustive treatises. 

One branch of art throws light on another. Thus the French work 
by M. Gonse and the still more nseful volumes lately published in Lon- 
don by Dr. Anderson, dealing as they do very largely with the paint- 
ings or water colors of the Japanese, will be of inestimable service to 
the man who has the leisure and talents to devote a book to bronzes 
from Japan. The present sketch, which revolves round the bronze 
Buddha lately bought for the National Museum, does not presume to 
speak of more than a few pieces belonging to the two chief religions 
of Japan, namely, to Buddhism, the popular faith introduced from the 
main-land about twelve hundred years ago by Koreans and Chinese, 
who brought with them a transformed species of the great religion 
born in but ejected from India; and to Shintoism, the former state re- 
ligion of Japan. The latter appears to have been formed from Chinese 


* Reprinted by permission of the author from ‘‘ The Chautauquan,” October, 1888. 
729 


730 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Confucianism, to have absorbed the original spirit and hero-worship of- 
the Japanese, and to have borrowed something from Buddhism itself, , 

Bronze work resembles other Sinico-Japanese art in its apparent: 
lack of distinctiveness, its seeming unity of impression on those who) 
have not studied it well. As the individuals of an Asiatic or African 
people seem to be all alike until familiarity with them develops as great _ 
differences, man from man, as we find in Europe, so a close examina- 
tion of Japanese bronzes brings one to the point where the work of the. 
different epochs betrays different characteristics, and individual work- 
men in metal emerge from the common herd of designers and casters 
into artists of renown. In the east great respect is paid to tradition 
inart. Families of artisans have inherited certain waysof work. Re- 
higion has been powerful enough to counteract the impulse to be orig- 
inal by deviating from the models of the past. Difficult as the ques- 
tion must be until some one resident in Japan, having access to the 
temples and museums under government control, and yet acquainted 
with the contents of public and private collections in Europe, shall 
found a system of the history of Japanese bronzes, it is possible to dis- 
tinguish three grand epochs. 

The first is represented by the meager yields of grave-mounds. An 
early wave of conquest appears to have come from the south, favored 
by the prevailing winds and currents, and brought the men of bronze 
weapons and implements, before whom the native race, perhaps the 
hairy people called Ainus, perhaps a mixture of this people with set- 
tlers from Korea who had iron weapons, gradually receded toward the 
north. The second is the great religious epoch, started with a wave of 
Buddhism from Korea about the time that Europe was settling down 
after the conquests of the heathen, when missionaries were sallying 
out from Rome on the one side, and Ireland on the other, and things 
were shaping themselves for Charlemagne to found his empire. To 
this epoch belong the gigantic Buddhas at Nara and Kamakura. The 
third period is associated with the political supremacy of the Tokog- 
awa clan, and runs from about 1600 nearly to our day, say 1868. ‘The 
Japanese are now in the fourth period, where they are profoundly in- 
fluenced by the western world in their arts as well as in their polity, 
and, as many native and foreign observers think, very unfortunately 
influenced. 

From considering Japanese bronzes to have a marked family like- 
ness, one soon learns to note the greatest distinctions among them. In 
general, one may say that intricate design and bold combinations of 
high and low relief, technical knowledge in founding, and fantastic 
subjects, belong to the third or flourishing epoch lately ended. Not 
that very beautiful, simple, big work is lacking to the present century, 
but it does not represent the rule. 

But however we may distinguish, however we may, according to tem- 
perament or training, prefer on the one hand the big sober work of 


ON A BRONZE BUDDHA. (31 


earlier centuries, or, on the other, the enormously clever design, the 
bewildering luxuriance of form aud suggestion, shown during the 
period of two centuries and a half lately elapsed, we can not withhold 
wonder and admiration from the Japanese for their work in bronze in 
all epochs. It has the stamp of individuality as most Huropean work 
has not. Bronzes with us are too apt to look like things turned out of 
a hopper, like buttons from a mill. The prefusion of ornament which 
alarms and irritates fastidious people who have formed their taste on 
masterpieces surviving from the great Greek and Italian epochs, be- 
comes interesting so soon as the meaning of the various decorative 
motifs dawns on them. Thus the crane is associated with a certain 
sage, hero, or saint who is a sort of patron god of knowledge and long- 
evity. The tortoise is a symbol wishing one long life; the peach blos- 
som means that the giver desires the recipient to be beloved and to 
become the parent of lovely children. 

There is a mighty cosmogony, there is a vast and bewildering hagi- 
ology, there is a labyrinth of legend, in which Buddhist ascetics, local 
Buddhas, old heroes of the people, animals endowed with magical pow- 
ers, and even inanimate things which take on life, are fit subjects for 
the potter and the founder in bronze. The result is that oneis tempted 
to say that no country has ever shown bronzes which contain so much 
human interest by way of subject, so much point with respect to useful- 
ness in temple and house, so much elegance of finish, beauty of shape, 


and originality of design as the Japanese. 


By far the greater part of the bronzes in Japan have to do with the 
service of atemple. There are many other uses for the metal, of course, 
such aS coinage, weapons, ornaments for the person, utensils for the 
house, decorative pieces, boxes, trays, flower-holders, and what not. 
But the houses of nobles in Japan are far from luxurious, and as a rule 
the costliest things are appointments of or gifts to a temple. Shin- 
toism in its purer form had no idols and few altar-ornaments in its tem- 
ples, but Buddhism in the form which it has taken far from its seat in 
India, encouraged these luxuries. Japanese writers who belong to the 
comparatively free-thinking sects which may be allied to Confucianism 
have always reproached the native Buddhists with using the fine arts 
to captivate the multitude, deceiving the eye with pictures and statu- 
ettes and the understanding with monkish tricks. They have taken 
much the same attitude toward Buddhism that the Reformation took 
toward Roman Catholicism. 

On the other hand the same thing was cynically defended on the 
ground that Buddhist monks were useful in keeping the common peo- 
ple ignorant and steeped in superstition. Or, the argument was, that 
it suited a certain phase of mind. ‘ People may go so far as to destroy 
those who hold to names and pictures,” wrote a Japanese apologist in 
1690 in his preface to the Buts-zo-dsu-i, translated by Dr. J. Hoffman 
into German; ‘yea, to give to the flames the wooden statues of Buddha. 
But will the silly layman for that understand any better the glorious 


<2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


purpose of upward endeavor? The Most Illuminated whom mankind 
worships, and who in his great merey did good to all creatures and 
brought them to salvation, verily he willed that also the silly common 
man should strive gradually, step by step, to Perfection.” ‘The book is) 
a description of native and foreign saints; the writer, apparently by no- 
means a vigorous or ardent believer in Buddhism, makes a shrewd ap-_ 
peal to that class of minds in all parts of the world which sees in reli- 
gious forms a wholesome regimen for the ignorant. ) 

But since 1874 Buddhism has lost the support of the Shoguns and | 
feudal upper class, owing to the practical abolishment of their power. 
They were patrons of Buddhism from policy, if not from conviction, 
and the bronze gifts to temples have fallen off. Moreover, they were — 
patrons of bronze work not religious in purpose, and now they, or such 
as can be said to represent them, dress like Europeans, aspire to Euro- | 
pean habits, and use foreign furniture. Last, but-not least of all, the 
full establishment of commerce with the West, before the country was — 
prepared for it, appears to have had for its first effects a singularly 
rapid and universal lowering of the artistic quality of all objects of art, 
because cheap and quickly fabricated articles in enormous quantities © 
had to be supplied to America and Europe. From these causes of dis- 
couragement the production of good bronzes, that is to say, bronzes of | 
a high artistic, not merely a fine technical quality, has undoubtedly 
fallen away. 

Some connoisseurs prefer the most important castings in bronze made 
by the early Buddhists of Japan, owing to their grandeur, simpuiicity, 
and noble massiveness. Such are the colossal Yakushi in the temple 
at Nara and the famous Daibuts, or seated figure of Buddha, cast by 
Kimimaro in A. D.749. In pottery and faience the same taste is likely 
to prefer the comparatively small and undecorated pieces which the 
native collectors treasure in silken bags and fondle with the amiable 
folly of him who is ridden by his hobby. Professor Morse describes 
these amateurs as aghast at the overdecorated vases which modern 
Japanese potters fabricate for us, and which the dealers sell us for 
pieces of the great epochs. 

Besides the colossi mentioned there are other images in bronze of a 
larger size, but they have rarely left the country. A seated Buddha of 
this sort, which was exported to the United States before the Japanese 
became attentive to the need of preserving the monuments of Japan, 
had a romantic career of neglect and discovery in New York; it is now 
in the National Museum at Washington, thanks to the knowledge of 
Mr. Edward Greey, the author of various translations from the Japa- 
nese (Plate CVII). ' 

It has a bronze halo, and differs from the beautiful and impressive 
seated Buddha at Kamakura in size and in the position of the fore- 
fingers. These do not touch each other along the two upper joints, but 
lie one within the other. <A slight trait of this kind is of the greatest 


importance to a Buddhist. It marks the difference between figures 
_ 


‘ ON A BRONZE BUDDHA. 733 


L 
of the greatest of all Buddhas at various moments of his ecstacy or ab- 
sorption into Nirvana, or it distinguishes the Buddha from foreign or 
local saints who have presumably reached the Buddhahood by merito- 
rious pondering. He has the famous knob on his forehead, about 
which many legends revolve; also the short round curls over his head, 
supposed to be the snails which guarded him from sunstroke, and he 
carries the mark on the top of his head. He has the large ears with 
their lobes pierced and distended, but no earrings. The figure repre- 
sents Buddha, after having taught his doctrine, merging himself into 
Nirvana. To an adept, the position of his thumbs and forefingers ex- 
presses a world of hidden meanings. 

The figure is luckily provided with a copious inscription which is 
couched in phrases anything but easy of translation, owing to the 
curious phraseology of monkish scribes. A Japanese does not use 
idioms like ours in ordinary matters, but when it comes to writing he 
is further influenced by the enigmatical style of a literature profoundly 
influenced by that of China, To this we must add the peculiarity of 
expressions that were meant originally to translate Sanscrit or Hindoo 
modes of religious speech which have been further filtered through an 
obsolete form of Chinese by persons devoid of an exact knowledge of 
tongues. The sense of the lettering, according to Mr. Greey, is that 
this, ‘The Buddha of the Five Wisdoms,” was cast by Saburo Biyoyé 
Katsutaré in the province of Isé, and was dedicated to a temple in 
Yamada, province of Isé, in the year 1648. Then follow the religious 
names (for the Japanese laymen took religious names as freely as Catho- 
lics who enter monasteries do to-day) of the person who paid for the 
statue. Then come the religious names of friends and those of the dead 
whose souls the giver wished to benefit thereby. Then the priest who 
dedicated the pieces is mentioned and he slily slips in the names of his 
own ancestors. Finally appears the name of the scribe whom the priest 
employed to carve the words. The motto of ‘The Buddha of the Five 
Wisdoms” is as follows: All the world can share the blessings of Buda- 
hism. It may be noted that in Japan the number five has especial sane- 
tity. Thus there are five elements, five yearly festivals, five chief 
colors, five great laws, live tones in music. The temple where this 
Buddha was dedicated was that of Joshagan Soanin Yamada. One 
would like to know if it has survived the wreck of time, the fall of puppet 
emperors and guardian nobles, of the old worship and the iconoclasm 
preached by Christians. Shall we suppose that the priest of the temple 
at Yamada was like that Yekeo Hoshi who is said to have recited, seated 
mournful in his neglected fane, these verses, paraphrased by Dickens: 

My mountain dwelling’s roof of thatch 
Is with Yahemtigura moss o’ergrown ; 
Of passers-by no glimpse I catch, 
I dwell uncheeréd and alone; 


? Tis autumn time 
And mankind dread the rig’rous clime. 


734 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. * 


Without doubt there was a celebration of kai-cho, or opening of the 
eyes, when this figure was dedicated in some such temple as that of Ye- 
keo Hoshi, deserted by the fickle populace for more attractive fanes. 
The ceremonies were as elaborate and solemn as that in Catholic coun- 
tries on the dedication of achapel. Pieces of colored paper were pasted 
over his eyes, and at a given moment torn off, so that the image might 
gaze on his worshipers. Not far off stood such a great incense-burner 
as the hall of a shrine always shows. Mounting on steps, attendant 
priests constantly replenished it with incense, the offerings of the de- 
vout, bought at extortionate prices on the temple grounds. On either 
side of the alcove where the Buddha sat enthroned, and well outside, 
rose, we may be sure, two temple lanterns exquisitely cast in bronze. 
The roof or lid, of the lantern has in high relief the dragon of the rain- 
clouds holding the magic jewel in his claws. About the pagoda-shaped 
lantern itself, four fishes spring outward like gargoyles; they are mod- 
eled in the round and are very lively looking animals out of their own 
element. Below the lantern is a bamboo grove with ascetics in half 
relief. Then comes a frieze of animals representing the hours and the 
houses of the zodiac. The dragon appears on the stem, answering with 
that above to the *‘ waters above and the waters below,” while the basis 
of the cosmogony shows in the foot of the lantern with tortoises and 
conventional waves to represent the ocean. 

The whole piece symbolizes the world—water, earth, air, fire, and 
ether—while the Buddhist saints occupy a significant position high up 
above the reach of time (the hours and zodiac), close to the palace of 
heaven (the pagoda), and the realms of ether (the upper dragon). 

Let us examine the incense-burners. They are large, but not of the 
size that the great popular temples show. Elephant heads form the 
two arms, and the survival in Japan of Hindoo ideas in religion is fur- 
ther seen in the frieze, which consist of Rakans or magical saints some- 
what like the Rishis of India. The bowl into which the incense is 
thrown is poised upon the heads of three naked wrestlers, who squat 
under the burden, but are so gross of form, so mighty of muscle, that 
they bear the round jar with little suggestion of discomfort. No dra- 
gon motif is used here, for in China and Japan that fabulous beast 
appears to have largely lost his connection with fire and the sun, in 
order to undertake the care of rain, cloud, and moisture everywhere. 

With some plausibility the dragon is thought to be one remnant of 
the original native religion taken up by Buddhism in China and Japan. 
Compared with the monster as depicted in stone and colors by artists: 
of our Middle Ages, it is a graceful creature. Dragons a foot or two 
long, made of an incredible number of pieces held together, are among 
the marvels of Japanese workers in iron and bronze; great prices are 
paid when the foundry-man or iron-smith is a famous artist. They 
sometimes have a character of their own which justifies one in placing 
them among serious works of art. When taken in the hand their flex- 


Ls 


ON A BRONZE BUDDHA. 735 


ibility and coldness make them seem alive, while their singular motions 
and threatening look express capitally the fierceness and wayward na- 
ture attributed to a symbol of the least stable of elements. To us and 
to skeptical natives it is a curious, ingenious plaything, but to the Jap- 
anese of the old religions or to the Buddhist, if means a good deal more: 
it is a talisman to exorcise the dangers that lurk in sky and sea. 

Here, then, are such specimens of Japanese bronze-work as Ameri- 
cans can examine in their own country, either in museums, in the shops 
of dealers, or in the private galleries of the country. Perhaps too much 
has been made of the degeneracy of Japanese workmen in these days. 
It is true that they seem no longer to have a fixed and definite aim for 
their energies, but that could hardly be when in political matters all is 
floating, allis changing. Yet they still show wonderful skill, patience, 
and fertility of resource; they seem able to imitate almostanything from 
the past, if not to originate great designs. In metal work especially 
are they wonderfully strong; it is not too much to say that they lead 
the world for variety of design, beauty of finish, boldness of relief, and 
readiness to follow new leads. Despite the croaking of critics native 
and critics foreign, who shall say that when the genius of these workers 
in metals shall have adapted itself to the new state of things. it will not 
take another flight into the realms of high art? 


SiC Prom Ty. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


FOR THE 


FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. 


H. Mis. 224, pt 247 737 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM 


FOR THE 


FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. 


I.—PUBLICATIONS OF THE MUSEUM. 
PROCEEDINGS FOR 1887. 


Department of the Interior: | United States National Museum. 
| ——| Proceedings | of the | United States National Museum. 
| Vol. X. | 1887. | ——]| Published under the direction of the 
Smithsonian Institution. |——| Washington: | Government 
Printing Office. | 1888. 

8vo., pp. VII, 771; 39 plates, 8 text figures. 


The following is a list of the signatures of the Proceedings of the 
U.S. National Museum, published between July 1, 1888 and June 30, 
1889, and forming parts of Volumes X and x1: 


Date of publication. eens Pages. || Date of publication. ae Pages. 
| |} oe ae ak Boo te jes aa 
VOLUME X. | VOLUME xI—Continued. 
1888. | 

a rs hil ytd Le, 24 32 | 497-512 | ee . 
eee SUG TTS eh PRN A tee eer 3 | 33-48 
_ a rae eerie 34 | 529-544 | ee Wor cacascevs-stnenma7=e> ibe 
oC ee eee 35 | 545-560 | st ee : ae 80 
ee ee eee Opie DOLD TO || Ses WERa oie ge hee . oT paun 
ono eae ape 37 | 577-592 MONG cassasscostescsose Sande: i 91-112 
By og ee hear eaeiea |Pvce @ io bae soca Roe 8 | 113-198 
SEyp Rutt): osenctecoosservescetose 39 | 609-624 || 1889. 
CAT MIRA A osaae eee eas cee score AOS 62h-640) diane Grs-aencescces soccer ecce. 9 129-144 
TCHS Bisa yee diy CSB 2e5G,| Patho -asieee bet A ees 10 | 145-160 
ep tel Oise = se sche eseanese oe AD eGh=GTaLalane Dascsssacs - of oce cate te 11 | 161-176 
ES ae EPC re ere 43 Gia=688: Wears Pe ose te. cet a. eos e-e 12 177-192 
BC ioe er ators ine eas oe Nitto 44 G89=FOF | Mia 1 Btsss asec ccks «jai. ose 13 193-208 
O (0 tf DAE Boece Sane eee SOD eore 45 FOd— (20 Marl 2s wc wce malo <ceh a difean- 14 209-224 
BME CR oc 2 oe Gi Vir ie aGe |) Near De. Seed oc aac as 5 15 | 295-940 
GR ees ee ee eee 47 Tah —toaal | OMT eee Oe wanes aisles lesen ea ole 16 241-256 
MeO eas Sal Aneawan nwo sen 48 fica (Osi | LE Sot ae ota oe.dcneaceeao8 t- - 17 | 257-272 
DM, Ser ages 12226225 ho <2 HOt VOTED EPSP AE OBES Feo. oi8 2 ie ed anes le, A8p|: amg 

VOLUME XI. Matte een cance scsrinie = 19 289-304 
Became aqme ==~'c 2:5 oe Lith See ene an | a7 | “580 
LG pede vee SUG be eee 2 17-32 


749 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


BULLETINS (Current Numbers). 


Departmentof the Interior: | U.S. National Museum. | —Serial Number 
44.— | Bulletin | of the | United States National Museum -| No. 
33. | | Published under the direction of the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution. | ——- | Washington: | Government Printing Office. | 1889. 

8 vo., pp. 198. 

Smithsonian Institution. | United States National Museum. | [Serial 
Number 45] | Bulletin | of the | United States National Museum. | 
No. 34. | The Batrachia of North America. | By | E. D. Cope. 

| | Washington: | Government Printing Office. | 1889. 
8 yo., pp. 515; 86 plates, 119 text figures. 

Smithsonian Institution. | United States National Museum. | | Bul- 
letin | of the | United States National Museum. | No. 35. | Biblio- 
graphical Catalogue of the Described Transformations | of North 
American Lepidoptera. | By | Henry Edwards. | ——Washington; 
| Government Printing Office. | 1889. 

8 vo., pp. 147. 

Smithsonian Institution. | United States National Museum. | —— | Bul- 
letin | of the | United States National Museum. | No. 36. | Contribu- 
tions to the Natural History of the Cetaceans, | A Review of the 
Family Delphinide. | By | Frederick W. True | | Washing- 
ton: | Government Printing Office. | 1589. 

8 vo., pp. 191; 47 plates, 1 text figure. 

Smithsonian Institution. | United States National Museum. | —-- | Bul- 
letin | of the | United States National Museum. | No. 37. | A Pre- 
liminary Catalogue of the Shell-bearing Marine | Mollusks and 
Brachiopods of the Southeastern | Coast of the United States, with 
illustrations of many of the Species. | By | William Healy Dall, 
A. M., | Honorary Curator, Department of Mollusks, U. 8S. Na- 
tional Museum. | ! Washington: | Government Printing 
Office. | 1539. 


8 vo., pp. 221; 74 plates. 


CIRCULARS. 


Circulars No. 37, No. 38, No. 39, No. 40, No, 41 were published dur- 
ing this year. They bear the following titles: 
No. 37. Catalogue of the Contributions of the Section of Graphic Arts 
to the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition, Cincinnati, 1888. By 
S. R. Koehler. 
8 vo., pp. 31. 
No. 38. The Contribution of the Section of Oriental Antiquities to the 
Ohio Valley Centennial Exhibition. By Cyrus Adler, 


8 vO., pp. 7. 


No. 39. Description of Exhibit made by the Department of Prehis- 
toric Anthropology in the National Museum at the Ohio Valley 
and Central States Exposition in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1888. By Thomas 
Wilson. 

8 vo., pp. 33; 50 text figures. 

No. 40. Guide to the collection illustrating the Families of Mammals, 
exhibited in the Ohio Valley Centennial Exhibition in 1888 by the 
U.S. National Museum. By Frederick W. True. 

8 vo., pp. 26. 

No. 41. Contributions of the Department of Transportation and Engi- 
neering to the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition, 1888. By J. 
Elfreth Watkins. 

8 vo., pp. 18. - 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. T41 


II.—PAPERS BY OFFICERS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM AND OTHER IN- 
VESTIGATORS WHOSE WRITINGS ARE BASED DIRECTLY OR INDI- 
RECTLY ON MUSEUM MATERIAL. ; 


ALPHABETICAL LIST OF NAMES. 


Adler, Cyrus, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. 
Allen, J. A., American Museum of Natural History, New York. 
American Ornithologists’ Union. 
Atwater, W. O., Director of office of Experiment Stations, U. 8. Department of Agri- 
culture. 
Bartlett, Edward, Maidstone, Kent, England. 
Baur, G., Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut. 
Bean, Tarleton H., U.S. Fish Commission; Honorary Curator, Department of Fishes, 
U. S. National Museum. 
Beckham, Charles Wickliffe, Bardstown, Kentucky. 
Bendire, Charles E., U.S. Army, Honorary Curator, Department of Birds’ Eggs, U.S. 
National Museum. 
Berlepsch, Hans yon, Miinden, Germany. 
Bishop, Louis D., New Haven, Connecticut. 
Boaz, Franz, New York, New York. 
Bollman, Charles H., Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. ° 
Brewster, William, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
Butler, Amos W., Brookville, Indiana. 
Catlett, C., Staunton, Virginia. 
Chapman, Frank M., American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. 
Clark, A. Howard, U. 8. National Museum. 
Clarke, F. W., U. 8. Geological Survey ; Honorary Curator, Department of Minerals, 
U.S. National Museum. 
Cope, E. D., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 
Cory, Charles B., Boston, Massachusetts. 
Dall, William Healey, U. 8. Geological Survey; Honorary Curator, Department of 
Mollusks, U. 8. National Museum. 
Davison, J. L., Lockport, New York. 
Dewey, Fred. P., Curator, Department of Metallurgy and Economic Geology, U.S. 
National Museum. 
Dugés, A., Guanajuato, Mexico. 
Eggers, H., Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 
EKigenmann, Carl H., Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. 
Elliott, D. G., American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. 
Evermann, Barton W., Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. 


(A2 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Fernow, b. E., Chief of the Division of Forestry, U. 8. Department of Agriculture; | 
Honorary Curator, Department of Forestry, U. S. National Museum. 

Fewkes, J. Walter, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 

Galloway, B. T., Department of Agriculture. 

rill, Theodore, Washington, District of Columbia. 

Godman, F. D., London, England. 

Goode, G. Brown, Assistant Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, in charge U. S. Na- 
tional Museum. 

Goss, David K., Indiana State University, Bloomington, Indiana. 

Goss, Col. N. §., Topeka, Kansas. 

Hartlaub, G., Bremen, Germany. 

Hasbrouck, E. M., Toccoa, Georgia. 

Haupt, Paul, Johns Hopkins University; Honorary Curator, Section of Oriental An- 
tiquities, U. S. National Museum. 

Hitchcock, Romyn, Acting Curator, Sections of Textiles and Foods, U. S. National 
Museum. : 

Holmes, William H., Bureau of Ethnology; Honorary Curator, Department of Amer- 
ican Aboriginal Pottery, U. 8. National Museum. 

Hough, Walter, Department of Ethnology, U. 8. National Museum. 

Howard, L. O., Assistant Entomologist, Department of Agriculture. 

Hudson, W. H., Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic. 

‘“‘ Tbis,” Editors of the. 

Jenkins, Oliver P., De Pauw University, Greencastle, Indiana. 

Johnston, Jr., C., Baltimore, Maryland. 

Jordan, David Starr, President, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. 

Kay, Charles De, 103 Kast Fifteenth Street, New York, New York. 

Knowlton, Frank H., Assistant Curator, Department of Fossil Plants, U. S. Na- 
tional Museum. 

Koehler, S. 8., Curator, Section of Graphie Arts, U. S. National Museum. 

Langley, Samuel P., Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. 

Lawrence, George N., New York, New York. 

Leidy, Joseph, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Lesquereux, Leo, Columbus, Ohio. 

Linton, Edwin, Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pennsylvania. 

Lucas, Frederic A., Assistant Curator, Department of Comparative Anatomy, U. 8. 
National Museum. 

Mason, Otis T., Curator, Department of Ethnology, U. 8. National Museum. 

Merriam, C. Hart, Ornithologist, Department of Agriculture. 

Merrill, George Perkins, Curator, Department of Geology, U. 8. National Museum. 

Merrill, J. C., Assistant Suegeon, U. S. Army, Fort Reno, Indian Territory. 

Murdoch, John, Librarian, Smithsonian Institution. 

Niblack, Albert P., Ensign, U. 8. Navy. 

Pilsbry, Henry A., Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Price, W. W., Riverside, California. 

Rathbun, Richard, U. S. Fish Commission; Honorary Curator, Department of Ma- 
rine Invertebrates, U. 8. National Museum. 

Richmond, Charles W., U. S. Geological Survey, Washington, District of Columbia. 

Ridgway, Robert, Curator, Department of Birds, U. 8. National Museum. 

Riley, Charles Valentine, Entomologist, Department of Agriculture; Honorary Cura- 
tor, Department of Insects, U. S. National Museum. 

Robinson, Wirt, Lieutenant, U. S. Army, Fort Adams, Rhode Island. 

Salvin, Osbert, 10 Chandos Street, Cavendish Square, London, England. 

Selater, Philip Lutley, Secretary of the Zoological Society of London, London, 
England. 

Sennett, George B., New York, New York. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 143 


Shufeldt, R. W., Captain, Medical Corps, U. S. Army, Fort Wingate, New Mexico. 
Simpson, Charles Torrey, Ogallala, Nebraska. 


Smith, John B., Assistant Curator, Department of Insects, U. 8. National Museum. 
Stearns, R. E. C., Adjunct Curator, Department of enone U. S. National Mu- 
seum. 


Stejneger, Leonhard, Curator, Department of Reptiles, er S. National Museum. 

Stephen, Alexander M., Keam’s Canon, Arizona. 

Sterki, V., New Philadelphia, Ohio. 

True, Frederick W., Curator, Department of Mammals, U. S. National Museum. 

Vasey, George, Botanist, Department of Agriculture; Honorary Curator, Department 
of Botany, U. S. National Museum. 

Walcott, Charles D., U.S. Geological Survey; Honorary Curator, Department of In- 
vertebrate Fossils (Paleozoic), U. S. National Museum. 

Ward, Lester F., U. S. Geological Survey; Honorary Curator, Departments of Fos- 
sil and Recent Plants, U. S. National Museum. 

Warren, B. H., State Ornithologist, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. 

Watkins, J. Elfreth, Curator, Section of Transportation, U. S. National Museum. 

White, Charles A., U. S. Geological Survey; Honorary Curator, Department of In- 
vertebrate Fossils (Mesozoic), U. 8. National Museum. 

Whitfield, J. W., American Museum of Natural History, New York City. 

Wilson, Thomas, Curator, Department of Prehistoric Anthropology, U.S. National 
Museum. 


LIST OF PAPERS. 


Cyrus ADLER. The Views of the Babylonians concerning Life after Death. 

Andover Review, x, pp. 92-101. 

The Assyro-Babylonians believed in a future life. Reward and punishment were as a rule 
awarded in the flesh. <A region of the blessed was reserved for a select few. 

Cyrus ADLER. Assyrian weak verbs. 
Proc. Am. Orient. Soc., October, 1888, pp. xeviii-c. 
Showing that these classes of weak verbs, usually confounded, can be sharply differentiated. 
Cyrus ADLER. The U.S. National Museum exhibit of Oriental Antiquities at the 
recent Cincinnati Exposition. 

Proc. Am. Orient. Soc., October, 1888, pp. i-iii. 

Brief description of the exhibit. 

Cyrus ADLER. Note on the proposed edition of the life and writings of Edward 
Hincks. 

Proc. Am. Orient. Soc., October, 1888, pp. ci-civ. 

Record of progress of the work and additions to the bibliography. 

Cyrus ApLER. Report on the progress of Oriental Science in America during 1888. 

Proc. Am. Orient. Soc., May, 1889, p. exliv. 

Announcement of intention to prepare report and request for codperation. 

J. A. ALLEN. Descriptions of new subspecies of the Seaside Finch (Ammodramus 
maritimus ). 

The Auk, v, July, 1888, pp. 284-287. 

(1) Ammodramus peninsule, Scott's Seaside Sparrow, p. 284; habitat, ‘Southwestern Florida 
(Tarpon Springs and Cedar Keys) and Louisiana (Grand Isle).”’ (2) Ammodramus mariti- 
mus sennetti, Texan Seaside Sparrow, p. 286; habitat, ‘‘Gulf Coast of Texas (Corpus 
Christi).” 

J. A. ALLEN. Description of a new species of the Genus Tityra, from Ecuador. 

The Auk, v, July, 1888, pp. 287-288. 

Tityra nigriceps, p. 287; habitat, ‘‘ Head-waters of the Napo, Ecuador.” 

J. A. ALLEN. On Cychloris (lege Cyclorhis) viridis (Veill) and its near Allies, with 
remarks on other species of the Genus Cyclorhis. 

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Iist., 1, No. 3, June 17, 1889, pp. 123-135. 

An important systematic review of the genus, elucidating many mooted points of synonymy, 
relationship, and distribution, accompanied by an excellent ‘‘key to the species,” and 
illustrated by seven woodcut figures of heads. 

Cyclorhis flavipectus trinitatis, new subspecies from Trinidad. 


744 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


J. A. ALLEN. Descriptions of new species of South Americar Birds, with remarks on 
various other little-known species. 

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, No. 2, June 28, 1889, pp. 137-151. 

The new species described are as follows: (1) Thryothorus macrourus, p.137, Bogota; (2) 
Thryothorus longipes, p. 1388, Ambato, Ecuador; (3) Platyrhynchus bifasciatus, p. 141, Cha- 
pada, Matto Grosso, Brazil; (4) Platyrhynchus insularis, p. 143, Tobago; (5) EHuscarthmus 
ochropterus, p. 143, Chapada, Motto Grosso, Brazil; (6) Sublegatus virescens, p. 149, Cha- 
pada, Motto Grosso, Brazil; (7) Thamnophilus doliatus mexicanus, p. 151, Mexico (name a 
substitute for Thamophilus afinis, preoccupied). 

Other species treated are as follows: Porphyrospiza ceerulescens (Wied), p.140; Mecocerculus 
wropygialis, Lawr., p. 141: Euscarthmus pelzelm Sel., p.148; Habrura superciliaris (Wied), 
p.145; Habrura minima (Gould), p. 146; Phylilomyias incanescens (Wied), p. 147; Ornithion 
cinerascens (Wied), p. 148; Peristera mondetoura, Bon., p.151. In addition to these im- 
portant critical notes are others with special titles,as follows: (1) Note on Thryothorus 
‘‘mystacalis”’ of the Rusby Collection, p. 139 (considered to be either ‘‘a very large, very 
strongly colored example of 7. genibarbis or else an undescribed form”’); (2) Note on the 
type of the Genus Habrura Cab. and Heine, p. 147 (type decided to be Pachyrhamphus 
minimus Gouid) ; (3) Note on Formicivora griseigula Lawr., p. 151 (which ‘proves 
to be an immature Thryothorus coraya”’). 

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION. Supplement | to the | Code of Nomenclature 
and Check-List | of | North American Birds | adopted by the American Ornitholo- 
gists’ Union | Prepared by | a Committee of the Union | | New York | Ameri- 
can Ornithologists’ Union, 1889, 8vo., pp. 23. 

As explained in the preface, it consists ‘‘of the tenable species and subspecies, genera and 
subgenera, added since the publication of the Check-List, together with any necessary 
eliminations and valid changes in nomenclature made since the Check-List was issued.” 
The supplement here presented records the ruling of the Committee on about one hundred 
distinct questions, involving additions to the Check-List or changes in its nomenclature. 

The matter is classified under three heads: 1, Additions; 11, Eliminations; m1, Changes of 
Nomenclature. 

The additions number twenty-three species, and forty-three subspecies, one genus, and three 
subgenera. The eliminations are two species and one subspecies. The changes in nomen- 
clature are three affecting genera, two affecting subgenera, fifteen affecting species, and two 
affecting subspecies. 

The committee to whom the work was assigned by the Union consists of Messrs. Allen, 
Brewster, Coues, Merriam, and Ridgway. Mr. Ridgway acted as the committee’s secre- 
tary, to whom also fell the greater part of the work of preparing the manuscript for print- 
ing. (J. A. Allen, in The Auk, April, 1889, pp. 168, 169.) 

AMERICAN ORNITHOLOG{STS’ Unton. Check-List | of | North American Birds | ac- 
cording to the Canons of Nomenclature | of the | American Ornithologists’ Union 

| —— | Abridged Edition | Revised | —— | Published by the American Ornitholo- 
gists’ Union | 1839, 8vo., pp. 71. 

The Abridged Check-List ‘‘contains only the scientific names, English names, concordance 
and current numbers.’ The list of fossil birds contained in the original Check-List, how- 
ever, has been omitted, and a list of introduced or naturalized Species has been added. 
This addition of the Check-List is thus not only abridged, but revised todate. Itis printed 
on only one side of the paper, thus adapting it for use in labeling, or for the reception of 
notes or additions. The preparation of the manuscript for this edition was made by Dr. 
Merriam, at the request of the committee. He also supervised the printing and compiled 
the list of ‘‘ Naturalized Species,’’ which task bad been especially assigned to him by the 
committee. 

Collation of the abridged edition with the original Check-List and Supplement shows an 
almost faultless correspondence, the only discrepancies of any importance being in the 
numeration, where 420 c in the abridged edition should be 420 b, and 519 ¢ should be 519 b. 
The “ Hypothetical List,” however, has been renumbered, there having been here one 
elimination and two additions. (J.A. Allen, in The Auk, April, 1889, p. 169.) 

W.O. AtTwaTeR. First Annual Report of the Storrs School Agricultural Experiment 
Station, Storrs, Connecticut, 1888, p. 104. 


W. O. ATWATER. Report of the Director of the Office of Experiment Stations. 
Report of the U.S. Commissioner of Agriculture, 1888, pp. 537-558. 
W.O. ATWATER. Organization of the Agricultural Experiment Stations in the 
United States. ee 
Bull. Experiment Station, No.1, U.S. Department of Agriculture, February, 1889, p. 82. 


ae ee 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 745 


W. O. Atwater. The What and Why of Agricaltural Experiment Stations. 

Farmers’ Bulletin, No.1, U.S. Department of Agriculture, June, 1889, p. 16. 

W.O. ArwaTeR. Codperative Field Experiments with Fertilizers. 

Oircular No. 7, U. S. Department of Agriculture, March, 1889, p. 39. 

W. O. Atwater. Explanations and Directions for Soil Tests with Fertilizers. 

Circular No.8, U. S. Department of Agriculture, March, 1889, p. 11. 

W. 0. Atwater. Digest of the Annual Reports of the Agricultural Experiment 
Stations in the United States for 1888, part 1. 

Bull. Experiment Station, No. 2, U.S. Department of Agriculture, June, 1889, p. 258. 

Epwarp Bartiett. A Monograph | of the | Weaver-Birds, | Ploceidw, | Arboreal 
and Terrestrial | Finches, | Fringillide, | By | Edward Bartlett, | Curator of the 
Maidstone Museum (Kent, England.) | —— | Contents (Names of species treated 
in each separate part). Maidstone: Published by the author. 1888. Printed 
by J. Burgess-Brown, Week Street. 

Royal 8vo, illustrated by hand-colored lithographic plates. 

Part 1 contains text and colored plates of the following species: (1) Ohrysomitris atrata, the 
Black Siskin; (2) Textor dinemelli, the Great Whiteheaded Weaver; (3) Textor boehmi, 
Bohm’'s Weaver; (4) Py: rhulanipalensis, the Nepanlese Bullfinch; (5) Paroaria cucullata, 
the Crested Dominican Cardinal; (6) Munia oryzivora, the Java Sparrow (two plates). 

Part 11 contains the following: (1) Cardinalis virginianus, the Virginian Nightingale; (2) 
Chrysomitris uropygialis, the Yellow-rumped Siskin; (8) Passer domesticus, the House 
Sparrow; (4) Textor panicivorus, the Great Red-billed Weaver (two plates); (5) Textor 
albirostris, the Great Black Weaver. 

G. Baur. Osteologische Notizen iiber Reptilien (Fortsetzung 111). 

Zoologischer Anzeiger, XI, No. 285, August 6, 1888, pp. 417-424. 

Treats of Proganochelys quenstedtii Baur. Attempt at a classification of the typical Plewro- 
dira; osteological peculiarities of the living Pleurodira; and Colpochelys Garman. 

G. Baur. Osteologische Notizen iiber Reptilien (Fortsetzung Iv). 

Zoologischer Anzeiger, X1, No. 291, October 22, 1888, pp. 592-597. 

Besides additional notes on the osteological peculiarities of the living Plewrodira, and a short 
one on the occipital condyle of Pelomedusa subrufa La Cep., the present ‘‘ Fortsetzung”’ 
is devoted to a discussion of the ‘‘Systematic position of Dermatemys Gray,’ with the 
result that the genus is placed in a special family, Dermatemydide, and a similar article 
on Manouria, which is made a subfamily, Manowriine, under the. Testudinide. 

G. Baur. Osteologische Notizen iiber Reptilien (Fortsetzung v). 

Zoologischer Anzeiger, X1, No. 296, December 31, 1888, pp. 736-740. 

The various subheadings of this article indicate the nature of the notes as follows: Triony- 
choidea; the quadrato-jugale of Terrapene carolina L. Peculiarities in the skulls of Stau- 
rotypide, Oinosternide, and Dermatemydide; Pleurodira; the saddle-shaped articulations 
of the cervical vertebrae of Podocnemis. 

G. Baur.-~ Osteologische Notizen iiber Reptilien (Fortsetzung v1). 

Zoologischer Anzeiger, X11, No. 298, January 21, 1889, pp. 40-47. 

The present series contains notes, relating to Testudinata, on the epipterygoid of the Pinnata; 
on the number of pleuralia (costalia) in the Chelonians; on the peripheralia (marginalia) 
of the Pinnata; on the connection of carapace with plastron in the Pinnata; on the 
absence of foramen palatinum in the Oheloniide and the Dermochelydide ; on the nuchale 
of thePinnata ; and on the cervical vertebrie of the Pinnata. 

G. Baur. Notes on the American Trionychide. 

American Naturalist, XX1, 1888, pp. 1121, 1122. 

Recognizes two genera, Platypeltis, with one species, P. agassizii Baur (P. ferow Agass., nec 
Schn.), and Aspidonectes, with six species. 

G. Baur. The Systematic Position of Meiolania, Owen. 

Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6) 11, January, 1889, pp. 54-62. 

The resnlt of the author's researches is summed up as follows: ‘I am inclined to consider 
Meiolania as a highly specialized branch of the true land-tortoises.”’ 

G. Batr. On Aulacochelys, Lydekker, and the systematic position of Anosteira 
Leidy, and Pseudotrionyx, Dollo. 

Annals and Magazine of Natvral History, (6) 111, March, 1889, pp. 273-276. 

The author considers the genus Aulacochelys as not entitled to recognition, being based upon 
trivial characters. He also gives his reasons for referring Anosteira either to the Stawro- 
typidee or the Cinosternide, but concludes by provisionally following Boulenger in placing 
this genus with Pseudotrionyx in a separate family. 


746 


G. Baur. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Die Systematische Stellung von Dermochelys Blainv. 
Biologisches Oentralblatt, 1x, No. 5, May 1, 1889, pp. 149-153, and concluded ir No.6, May 13, 


1889, pp. 180-191. 
Author maintains his former standpoint that Dermochelys should not be removed from the 
‘‘ Pinnata,” and that the group ‘‘ Athece’’ is not weil founded. 


TARLETON H. BEAN. 


The Red-spotted Trout of New England. 


Shooting and Fishing, V, January 10, 1889, pp. 6, 7. 


TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H, BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
- TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TaRLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Strean, 
TARLETON H. BEAN. 
Forest and Stream, 
CHARLES WICKLIFFE 


Rubbish in the Thames. 

XXXI, January 17, 1889, p. 520. 

Lake and Brook Trout Hybrid. 

XXXI, January 17, 1889, p. 520. 

Landlocked and Atlantic Salmon. 

XXXI, January 17, 1889, p. 520. 

Some Recent Papers by Charles Girard, 

XXXI, January 17, 1889, p. 515. 

Notes on Salmon, Trout, and Eels. 

XXXII, January 24, 1889, p. 9. 

Lake Trout. 

XXXII, January 24, 1889, p. 9. 

Black Bass in Ponds. 

XXxil, January 24, 1889, p. 9. 

Introduction of a supposed Carp Sucker into New South Wales. 
XXXII, January 24, 1889, p.10. 
Notes on Fish Fungus. 
XXXII, January 24, 1889, p. 10. 
Saibling in Sterling Lake. 
XXXII, January 24, 1889, p. 10. 
Oyster killed by Starfish. 
XXXII, January 31, 1889, p. 29. 
Fish and Fishing in Alaska. 
XXXII, January 31, 1889, p. 27; also February 7, 1889, pp. 48, 49. 
Saibling in Sterling Lake. 

XXX, February 7, 1889, p. 50. 

Sawdust in Streams. 

XXXII, February 21, 1889, p. 91. 

The Hagfish. 

XXXII, February 14, 1889, p. 66. 

Explorations in Gulf of Mexico. 

XXX, March 28, 1889, p. 195. 

Rainbow Trout in France. 

XXxuI, April 4, 1889, p. 218. 

Salmon and Trout of North America. 

XXXu, April 4, 1889, pp. 219-222. 

Ozark Mountain Trout. 

XXXII, May 9, 1889, p. 320. 

Crossing of Salmon and Trout. 

XXXII, May 9, 1889, p. 321. 

Saibling and Brown Trout Hybrid. 

XXXII, June 6, 1889, p. 401. 

The Pike-Perch. 
XXXU, June 27, 1889, p. 470. 
BECKHAM. Observations on the Birds of Southwestern Texas. 


Proc. U. &. Nat. Mus., X, September 19, 1888, pp. 633-696. 
In this posthumous paper of over sixty pages the late Mr. Beckham has recorded his observa- 
tions on the birds observed by him during December, 1886, and January, February, and 


March, 1887, in Bexar, Bee, and Nueces Counties, Texas. 


The list includes 283 species, of 


which 226 were found in Bexar County. Ail are copiously annotated. In the first eleven 
pages he reviews the work of his predecessors in the same field, comparing their results 
with his own, and also describing the topographic and floral features of the region under 


consideration. 


He says: ‘‘ At first it was my purpose to record only the results of my own 


observations, but upon reflection it seemed better to embody the notes of the other observ- 


é 


’ 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MLSEUM. TAT 


ers who had collected in the same localities, and thus present a pretty fair picture of the 
avifauna along what I believe to be an important line of faunal inosculation, if such a term 
be permissible.” He thus quotes frequently from the observations of Dr. HE. B. Butcher, 
Messrs. H. E. Dresser, N. C. Brown, G. B. Sennett, Dr. J. C. Merrill, andJ. L. Hancock, whose 
papers are cited in the ‘‘ Bibliography,’ with which the paper closes. He has thus not 
only added much original matter, but condensed in convenient form the scattered records 
of previous observers. Under Oolinus virginianus texanus (p. 655) he gives at length his 
reasons for believing that 0. graysoni will be found to intergrade with this form as well as 
with 0. ridgwayi. At page 686 he notes his interesting experience with the rare Golden- 
cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia),and has many pleasant biographical notes on 
many of the lesser known species. This, it is sad to recall, was nearly Mr. Beckham’s last 
work in ornithology, his death occurring even before the publication of the present paper 
(See Awk, v, p. 445).—J. A. A..in The Auk, April, 1889, pp. 173, 174. 
CHARLES E. BenpIRE. Notes on the habits, nests, and eggs of the genus Sphyrapicus 
(Baird). 
The Auk, Vv, No. 3, July, 1888, pp. 225-240. 
An elaborate and interesting paper. 
CHARLES E. BENDIRE. Notes on the nest and eggs of Peucea estivalis bachmani 


(Aud) Bachman’s Sparrow. 
The Auk, v, No. 4, October, 1888, pp. 351-356. 
CHARLES E. BeNvIRE. Notes on the habits, nests,and eggs of the genus Glaucidium 
(Boie). 
The Auk, V, No. 4, October, 1888, pp. 366-372. 
CHARLES E. BENDIRE. Notes on the habits, nests, and eggs of Dendragapus obscurus 
fuliginosus, the Sooty Grouse, 
The Auk, vi, No.1, January, 1889, pp. 32-39. 
CHARLES E. BENDIRE. Notes on the general habits, nests, and eggs of the genus 
Passerella. 
The Auk, V1, No. 2, April, 1889, pp. 107-116. 
CHARLES E. BENDIRE. Description of the supposed nest and eggs of Zonotrichia 
querula, Harris Sparrow. 
The Auk, v1, No. 2, April, 1889, pp. 150-152. 
CHARLES E. BENDIRE. Notes on the Lost River Sucker, Chasmistes luxatus (Cope). 
Forest and Stream, Xxit, No. 22, June 20, 1889, pp. 444, 445, two figures. 
HANS VON BerLEpscH. Descriptions of new species and subspecies of Birds from 
the Neotropical Region. 
The Auk, v, October, 1888, Supplement, pp. 449-460. 
The new species and subspecies are as follows: (1) Campylorhynchus zonatus castaricensis, p. 
449, Costa Rica; (2) Oerthia mexicana albescens (C. familiaris montana Ridgw.), p. 450, 
Ciudad Durango, NW. Mexico; (3) Basilenterus godmani, p. 450, Veragua and Costa 
Rica; (4) Hucometis spodocephala pallida, p. 451, Yucatan; (5) Hucometis spodocephala 
stictothorax, p. 451, Veragua; (6) Hucometis cristata affinis, pp. 451-453, Venezuela (Porto 
Cabello); (7) Icterus gularis yucatanensis, p. 454, Yucatan; (8) Myiobius ridgwayi, p. 457, 
Southern Brazil (Province of Rio de Janeiro); (9) Sita coryt, p. 458, Venezuela (Mer- 
ida). 


Louis D. Bisnop. Notes on the Birds of the Magdalen Islands. 
The Auk, v1, April, 1889, pp. 144-150. 
An annotated list of 66 species. 
FRANZ Boas. The Houses of the Kwakiutl Indians, British Columbia. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Xt, 1888, pp. 197-2138, plates an ae XL, 2] figures. 
CHARLES H. BoLLMAN. Description of a New Species of Insect, Hontaria pulchella, 
from Strawberry Plains, Jefferson County, Tennessee. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xt, 1888, p. 316. 
CnHarRLes H. Bottman. Notes on a collection of Myriapoda from Mossy Creek, 
‘Tennessee, with a description of a new species. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 339-342. 
CHARLES H. BOLLMAN. Notes on some Myriapods belonging to the U. S. National 
Museum. 
Proc. U. S. Nat Mus., Xt, 1888, pp. 343-350. 
CHARLES H. BOLLMAN. Catalogue of the Myriapods of Indiana, 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 403-410. 


; 


(48 | REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


WitiraM Brewster. Descriptions of supposed New Birds from Western North 
America and Mexico. 
The Auk, vi, April, 1839, pp. 85-98. 
New species and subspecies described are the following: (1) Psittacula cyanopyga pallida, p. 
85, Alamos, Sonora; (2) Empidonax pulverius, p. 86, ‘Sierra Madre Mountains of Chihuahua 
(Pinos Altos), Mexico”; (3) Hmpidonax griseus, p. 87, ‘‘ Lower California, Arizona (?), and 
Southern Sonora’’; (4) Melospiza lincolni striata, p. 89, British Columbia; (5) Huphonia 
godmani, p. 90, ‘‘ Coast region of Western Mexico”’ (type in National Museum collection); 
(6) Prog ve subis hesperia, p. 92, Calforniaand Lower California; (7) Compsothlypis pulchra, 
p. 93, Hacienda de San Rafael, Chihuahua; (8) Dendroica nigrifrons, p. 94, Sierra Madre 
of Chihuahua; (9) Thryophilus sinaloa cinereus, p. 96, Alamos, Sonora; (10) Poliop- 
tila nigriceps restricta, p. 97, Southern Sonora. 
(See also under J.C. MERRILL.) E 
Amos W. Butter. On anew subspecies of Ammodramus sandwichensis from Mexico. 
The Auk, Vv, July, 1888, pp. 264-266. 
Ammodramus sandwichensis brunnescens, new subspecies, p. 265. ‘‘ Habitat, in winter the valley 
of Mexico,”’ 
C. CATLETT. 
(See under F. W. CLARKE.) 
FRANK M. Cuapman. A List of Birds observed at Gainesville, Florida. 
The Auk, V, July, 1888, pp. 267-277. 
An annotated list of 149 species, in the preparation of which National Museum specimens were 
examined. 
A. Howarp Criark. Review of the Fur-seal Fisheries of the World. 
‘Report of the Secretary of State in relation to the Seal Fisheriesin Bering Sea.’ Senate Ex. Doc. 
No. 106, Fiftieth Congress, second session, February 12, 1889, pp. 90-94. 
F. W. Crarke. The Constants of Nature, parti. A Table of specific gravity for 
solids and liquids. New edition, revised and enlarged. 
, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, No. 659, 1888. 
F. W. CLARKE. Expert testimony. 
Popular Science Monthly, September 1888. 
F. W. Crarke. Preface to Traphagen’s ‘‘ Index to the lit erature of columbium.” 
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 1888. 
F. W. CLarke. The waters of the Yellowstone Park. 
The Epoch, December 21, 1888. 
A review of U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 47. 
F. W. CLiarke. Administrative report as chief chemist of the U. S. Geological 
Survey. 
Seventh Annual Report U. S. Geological Survey. 
F. W. Cyiarke and C. Carierr. A platiniferous nickel ore from Canada. 
Am. Jour. Sci., May, 1889. 
F. W. CLarkE and G. P. MERRILL. On nephrite and jadeite. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, p. 115. 
E. D. Corr. Ona new species of Charina from California. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xt, 1888, p. 88. 
E. D. Corr. Ona new species of Bufo from Texas. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 317-318. 
E. D. Corr. On the Snakes of Florida. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 381-394, pl. xxxvi, figs. 3, 4. 
EK. D. Cope. Catalogue of Batrachia and Reptilia, brought by William Taylor from 
San Diego, Texas. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, 1888, pp. 395-398, pl. xxxvi, fig. 2. 
E. D. Cope. On the Eutenie of southeastern Indiana. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 399-401, pl. xxxvi, fig. 1. 
CHARLES B. Cory. Description of a new Myiarchus from the West Indies. 
The Auk, Vv, July, 1888, p. 266. 
Myiarchus herlepschii; habitat, Island of St. Kitts, West Indies. 
WILLIAM HEALEY Dati, Description of a new species of Hyalina. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, p. 214, figs. 1-3. 
Hyalina sterkii, the smallest species of Zonites yet known to the United States, is described 
and named for Dr. V. Sterki, of New Philadelphia, Ohio, who collected it at that point 
and presented the types to the Museum. 


fi BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 749 - 


WILLIAM HEALEY Dati. Documents relating to the Alaskan Boundary Question. 

In Senate Executive Document No. 146, Fiftieth Congress, second session. Washington, Gov- 
ernment Printing Office, 1889. 

These comprise: (1) Letter to Mr. Moore, Third Assistant Secretary of State (op. cit., pp. 
2-4); (2) Letter to Mr. Bayard, Secretary of State (op. cit., pp. 10-12); (3) Letter to Mr. 
Bayard, Secretary of State (op. cit., pp. 12-13); (4) Memorandum on the Alaskan Bound- 
ary (op. cit., 13-23); (5) Supplementary memorandum on the views of General Cameron, 
as submitted in the letter of Dr. George M. Dawson to Sir Charles Tupper in regard to 
the Alaskan Boundary (op. cit., pp. 23-28). 

These documents discuss the wording and true intent of the treaty in which the boundary of 
the Territory of Alaska is defined, and criticise a construction of it pwt forward on behalf 
of certain claims of the Dominion of Canada. 

WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. Ocean Currents. The Ocean. 

In Popular Cyclopedia, (The). Methodist Book Concern, New York, 1889. 

The above articles, written for the publication cited, were of a general character, and haye 
not been seen by the author in print. 

WittiAM HEALEY Dati. Notes on the soft parts of Trochus infundibulum Watson, 
with an account of a remarkable sexual modification of the epipodium, hitherto 


undescribed in Mollusea. 

The Nautilus, Philadelphia, 111, No. 1, May, 1889, pp. 2-4. 

This article describes the soft parts of this abyssal species, and shows that the right anterior 
epipodial lappet is rolled up and peculiarly modified to serve as a seminal conduit. 

WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. (Note on) Paludina scalaris Jay. 

The Nautilus, Philadelphia, 111, No. 1, May, 1889, p. 8. 

This points out that the whole group of Ameria is distinct from the Physid@, and a glance at 
the tentacles of the living animal should be sufiicient to determine whether it should be 
referred to the Limneide or the Planorbide. 

WILLIAM HEALEY DALL. Notes on Lophocardium, Fischer. 

The Nautilus, U1, No. 2, June, 1889, pp. 13, 14. ‘ 

This article determines for the first time the soft parts of this subgenus, points out that the 
hinge is destitute of lateral teeth, and describes a new species from Lower California, L- 
annette, dredged by the U.S. Fish Commission in 1888. 

WituiamM HEALEY DALL. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoélogy at Har- 
vard College, Vol. xvimt. Reports on the results of dredging under the super- 
vision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877—75), and in the Carib- 
bean Sea (1879-80) by the U. S. Coast Survey Steamer Blake, Lieut. Commander 
C. D. Sigsbee, U. S. Navy, and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U. S. Navy, command- 
ing. Xxrx. Report on Mollusca, by W. H. Dall, Part. Gastropoda and Sca- 
phopoda. Cambridge, the Museum, June, 1889. 492 pp., 8vo. Plates x-xl. 

In this paper about 470 species and varieties collected by the Blake are enumerated, discussed, 
and described, or compared with others obtained by the U.S. Fish Commission from the 
same region. Three hundred and eighty-five species and varieties and 30 genera, sub- 
genera, or sections are treated as new. A large amount of new information in regard to 
the anatomical characters of the Mollusks referred to is contained in the report, together 
with the revision of the synonymy of many of the species of the coasts of the United 
States. 

Perhaps the most interesting data are those relating to the anatomy of Plewrotomaria ; of the 
bivalves belonging to the families Poromyide, Dimyide, Verticordiide, and Cuspidariide, 
together with the description of recent genera like Conomitra. Dolophanes, Mesostoma, 
Diastoma, Mesorhytis, and Dolichotoma, hitherto known only as Tertiary fossils. The clu- 
cidation of the characters of the animal in Awrinia, Scutellina, Capulus, Turcicula, etc., 
and the determination of the presence of a verge in many Ihiphidoglossa is also an 
addition to knowledge of much interest. 

J. L. Davison. Breeding of the Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) in Niagara 
County, New York. 

The Auk, v, October, 1888, pp., 430, 431. 

FREDERIC P. Dewey. Pig Iron | of | Unusual Strength, | by | Fred. P. Dewey, | 
United States Nationai Museum, Washington, D.C. | A paper read before the 
American Institute of Mining Engineers, | Buffalo Meeting, October, 1888. | —— | 
Author’s Edition, | 1889. 


8vo., pp. 1-17. 
Giyes the result of the research into the operation of the Muirkirk furnace, 


-750 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


FrEDERIC P. DewrEyY. Note on the Nickel Ore of Russell Springs, Logan County, 
Kansas. 
Engineering and Mining Journal, XLVI, September 15, 1888, p. 213. : 

A preliminary note on the subject. } 

FREDERIC P. Drewry. The Nickel Ore of Russell Springs, Logan County, Kansas. 

Transactions, American Institute of Mining Engineers, XVI, p. 636. 

Gives the result of the examination of this nickel ore. 

FrreDERIC P. DEwry. Hampe’s Method of Determining Cu,0 in Metallic Copper. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 77-82. 

A. DuG&s. Description of Storeria dekayi, var. anomala. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 9-10; 4 figures. 
H. Eacers. A Study of the Boomerang. 

Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 363-367; 3 figures. 
CaRL H. EIGENMANN. 

(See under DAVID STARR JORDAN.) 
D. G. Evxuiorr, F.R.S.E. The Jacanide. 

The Auk, V, July, 1888, pp. 288-305. 

A systematic review, including bibliography, synonymy, diagnoses of the family, genera, and 
species, a ‘‘Key to the Genera and Species,” geographical distribution, etc. A valuable 
paper, embracing, besides useful matter under the above heading, important revisions of 
synonymy. 

BARTON W. EVERMANN and OLIVER P. JENKINS. Notes on Indiana Fishes. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 48-57. 

BarTON W. EVERMANN and OLIVER P. JENKINS. Description of 18 new species 
of Fishes from the Gulf of California. : 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 1387-158. 

B. E. Fernow. Need of a Forest Administration of the United States. 


Trans. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, 1888. 
Read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Cleveland, August, 


1888. 
B. E. Fernow. Methods employed in discussing Forest Influences on Rainfall. 
Annual Report of the Dept. of Agriculture, 1889. 
Read before the Philosophical Society of Washington, February, 1889. 
B. E. Fernow. The Mining Industry in its Relation to Forestry. 
Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers, 1888. 
Read before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, October, 1888. 
J. WALTER FEWKES. Report on the Medusw collected by the U.S. Fish Commission 
steamer Albatross in the region of the Gulf Stream in 1885 and 1886. 
Annual Report Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1886 (1889), pp. 513-536, plate 1. 
The following new genus and species are described: Pleurophysa, Fewkes; Pleurophysa 
insignis, Fewkes. 
B. T. GALLOWAY. 
(See under GEORGE VASEY.) 
THEODORE GILL. Eutheria and Prototheria. 
American Naturalist, xx11, March, 1888, pp. 258, 259. 
THEODORE GILL. The Primary Groups of Mail-cheeked Fishes, 
American Naturalist, xxii, April, 1888, pp. 356-358. 
THEODORE GILL. Some Extinct Scleroderms. 
American Naturalist, xxi, May, 1888, pp. 446-448. 
THEODORE GILL. Culture and Science. 
American Naturalist, xx, June, 1888, pp. 481-490. 
THEODORE GILL. The Characteristics of the Hlacatids. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 612-614, pl. 39. 
THEODORE GILL. Note on the Gramma loreto of Poey. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 615, 616. 
THEODORE GILL. The Extinct Scleroderms. 
: American Naturalist, XX1l, September, 1888, pp. 828-830. 
THEODORE GILL. Glyptocephalus not identical with Bucklandium. 
American Naturalist, Xx11, October, 1888, p. 925. 
THEODORE GiLt. On the proper name of the genus Labrax of Cuvier, 
Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., X1, p. 252. 2 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. (51 


THEODORE GILL. Note on the genus Dipterodon. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 67, 68. 

THEODORE GILL. Note on the genus Gobiomorus. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xt, 1888, pp. 69, 70. 

THEODORE GILL. On the proper generic name of the Tunny and Albicore. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 319, 320. 

THEODORE GILL. On the Psychrolutide of Gunther. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xt, 1888, pp. 321-327. 

F. Du Cart GOODMAN. 

(See under OSBERT SALVIN.) 

G. BRowN GoopE. Museum Iistory and Museums of | History, | A paper read be- 
fore the American Historical Association in | Washington, D. C., December 26-28, 
1888, | By G. Brown Goode, LL, D., | Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution in Charge | of the National Museum. | | [Reprinted from the papers of 
the Association], | | New York. | The Knickerbocker Press, | 1889. 

8vo., pp. 253 [497]-275 [519]. 

G. Brown GoopE. The depths of the Ocean. 

Atlantic Monthly, Lxiu, Fanuary, 1889, pp. 124-128. 

A review of Alexander Agassiz’s ‘‘ American ‘Thalassography,"’ with a historical sketch of the 
deep sea work of the A gassizs, father and son, in connection with the U.S. Coast Survey. 

G. Brown GoopE. An interesting dialogue, in 1676, between Bacon ‘the Rebel,” 
and John Goode of ‘‘ Whitby.” 

Magazine of American History, xvi, November, 1887, pp. 418-422. 

A letter written to Sir William Berkeley, by John Goode, a Virginia planter, giving in dialogue 
form ‘‘the full substance of adiscourse’’ between himself and Nathaniel Bacon, which 
seems to indicate that Bacon was from the beginning of his career in Virginia a seditious 
personage, and that his rebellion was not the result of Berkeley’s failure to support the 
colonists in their efforts to repel the incursions of the Indians, as Bacon’s admirers have 
sometimes argued, but was premeditated. Dialogue quoted in full from Colonial Entry 
Book (Public Record’s Office, London), vol. LX x1, pp. 252-240, 

G. Brown GoopE. Memories of Professor Baird. 

The Chautauquan, 1x, October, 1888, pp. 21-24. 

G. Brown Goope. (A brief biographical sketch of Professor Baird). 

Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1888, pp. 79-89. 

G. Brown GoopE. Virginia Cousins. A study of the Ancestry and posterity of 
John Goode of Whitby, a Virginia Colonist of the Seventeenth Century, with notes 
upon related families, a key to southern genealogy, (etc.). With a preface by R. 
A. Brock. 

Richmond, Virginia, J. W. Randolph & English, 1887. 

Small 4to. pp. xxxvi, 526. Illustrations. 

Reviewed.—Magaz ne of American History, XX1, pp. 174-5. New England Hist. Genealogical 
Registers; Southern Churchman, September 6, 1888; Central Presbyterian, Richmond, 
September 12, 1888 ; Gloucestershire (England), Notes and Queries, January, 1829, (By R. A. 
Brock). 

Davip K. Goss. 

(See under Davip STARR JORDAN). 

N. S. Goss. New and rare birds found breeding on the San Martir Isle (Gulf of 
California). 

The Auk, v, July 1888, pp. 240-244. 

New species described are Sula gossi Ridgw. (Blue-footed Booby), p. 241, and Sula brewsteri 
Goss (Brewster’s Booby), p. 242. The additional species mentioned is Phawthan wthereus 
Linn. (Red-billed Tropic Bird), p. 244. 

G. HARTLAUB. (Letter to editors of The Ibis, referring to a ‘‘ Review of the Genus 
Psittacula Brisson,” by Robert Rigdway, published in Proc, U.S, N. M., 1887, pp. 
529-548. ) 

The Ibis, 5th ser., V1, No. 24, October, 1888, pp. 493-494. 

E. M. Hassprouck. Restoration ot the Audubonian form of Geothylpis trichas to the 
American avifauna. 

The Auk, v1, April, 1889, pp. 167, 168. 

Geothylpis trichas roscoe (Aud.) ; habitat, ‘‘in summer Mississippi Valley, north of Wisconsin, 
Minnesota, ete. ; in winter Gulf States, including Florida.” 


752 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


PauL Haupt. Dimensions of the Babylonian Ark. 

Am. Jour. of Philology, 1X, pp. 419-424. Abstract Proc. Am. Orient. Soc., October, 1888, pp. 
Ixxxix-xe. 

Determination of the dimensions of the ark in the cuneiform account of the flood; 120 half- Fi 
cubits for both the depth and width, and 600 half-cubits for the length. : 

PauL Haupt. Some passages in the Cuneiform Account of the Deluge. 

Johns Hopkins University Circulars, vit, No. 69, February, 1889, pp. 17, 18. 

New translation of column 1 of the Babylonian account of the flood on the basis of recently 
found fragments. 

PauL Haupt. Semitic Studies in this country. 

Hebraica, V, p. 89. 

Progress of Semitic study in this country during the last decade. Suggests more codperation 
and centralization, and the publication of a series of Semitic dictionaries in the English tan- 
guage, especially a Hebrew-Engiish dictionary and a National Society Biblical Archeology. 

Paut Haupt. Contributions to the History of Assyriology with special reference to 
the Works of Sir Henry Rawlinson. 

Johns Hopkins University Circulars, vit, No. 72, April, 1889, pp. 57-62. 

On the importance of the study of the history of Assyriology. Biographical sketch of Sir 
Henry Rawlinson, by C. Johnston, jr. Tentative Bibliography of his works by W. M. Arnolt. 

Romyn Hitcucock. Victor Schumann and His Work. 

Anthony's Photographic Bulletin, Xx, 1889, pp. 616-620. 

RoMyN Hitcucock. The Action of Light on Silver Chloride. 

Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1889. 

Reprinted in Amer. Chem. Jour., XI, 1889, pp. 474-480. 

Romyn Hircucock. Notes on Eclipse Photography. 

Anthony's Photographic Bulletin, Xx, 1889, pp. 680-684. 

Romyn Hitcucock. EHikonogen and Pyrogallol, with remarks on the comparison 
of developers. 

Anthony's Photographic Bulletin, XxX, 1889, pp. 710-715. 

Read before the Chemical Society of Washington, November 14, 1889. 

Wituiam H. Houmes. The Use of Gold and other Metals by the Ancient Inhabi- 
tants of Chiriqui. 

Bulletin, Bureau of Ethnology, 27 pages. 

WituiaM H. Hotmes. Textile Fabries of Ancient Peru. 

Bulletin, Bureau of Ethnology, 17 pages. 

Witiiam H. Hotmes. Ancient Art of the Province of Chiriqui. 

Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (1888), pp. 13-187, 285 text figures. 

Wituiam H. Houmes. A Study of the Textile Art in its relation to the Development 
of Form and Ornament. 
Sixth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology (1888), pp. 189-252, 358 text figures. 
WaLTER HouGHu. The George Catlin Indian Gallery. 

The American, Philadelphia, xv, January 5, 1889, p. 185. 

A review of Mr. Thomas Donaldson’s monograph in the Smithsonian Report for 1885, part 11. 
WaLrerR HovueH. Samoa in the National Museum. 

The American (Philadelphia), Xvu, March 9, 1889, p. 329. 
WaLtTER Houeu. An interesting Collection from Thibet. 

The American (Philadelphia), XVI, p. 73. 

A notice of the W. W. Rockhill collection from Thibet in the Natioval Museum. 

Water HouGH. The Corrugation in African Sword Blades and other Weapons. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X\, 1888, p. 172. 

WALTER Houeu. An Eskimo Strike-a-Light from Cape Bathurst. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 181-184: 6 figures, 

L. O. Howarp. 
(See under CHARLES V. RILEY.) 
W. H. Hupson. 

(See under P. L. SCLATER.) 

Eprrors or ‘‘THE Ibis”. A Pteroptochian from Costa Rica. 

The Ibis, 6th ser., 1, No. 2, April, 1889, p. 262. 

Mention of ‘‘the discovery in the volcano of Poas, Costa Rica, of a remarkable new bird, 
which will apparently constitute a new genus of Pteroptochide.” (Zeledonia coronata, 
new genus and species, soon to be described in the ‘ Proceedings” of the U.S. National 
Museum.) 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 753 


OLIVER P. JENKINS. 
(See under Barron W. EVERMANN.) 
C. JOHNSTON, JR. The Chaldean Astronomy. 
Proc. Am. Orient. Soc., May, 1889, pp. exl-exli. 
The beginnings of Chaldean astronomy. Theories of the calendar method of reckening time. 
Observation and calculation of eclipses. 
DAVID STARR JORDAN. On the occurrence of the Great Lake Trout (Salvelinus 
namaycush) in the waters of British Columbia. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xt, 1888, p. 58. 
David Starr Jorpan. List of fishes collected by Alphonse Forrer about Mazat- 
lan, with descriptions of two new species—Heros beani and Pwacilia butleri. 
Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., Xt, 1888, pp. 329-334. 
DAVID STARR JORDAN. Descriptions of fourteen species of fresh-water fishes col- 
lected by the U. S. Fish Commission in the summer of 1888. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 351-362, 3 plates. 
DAVID Starr JORDAN. List of fishes now in the U. 8. National Museum, collected 
in Nicaragua by Dr. Louis F. H. Birt. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 411, 412. 
DAVID STARR JORDAN and Davip K. Goss. A review of the Flounders and Soles 
(Pleuronectide) of America and Europe. 
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1886 (1889), pp. 225-342. 
DAVID STARR JORDAN and CarRL H. EIGENMANN. A Review of the Sciwnida of 
America and Europe. 
Annual Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1886 (1889), pp. 343-451. 
CHaaLES DE Kay. Ona Bronze Buddha at Washington. 
The Chautauquan, 1x, No. 1, October, 1888, pp. 31-33. 
F. H. KNow ton. Is Protection a Benefit? A plea for the Negative. By Edward 
Taylor (Review). 
Public Opinion, v, No. 119, July 21, 1888. p. 342. 
F, H. KNowiton. The Aryan Race. Its Origin and Achievements. By Charles 
Morris (Review). 
Public Opinion, v, No. 121, August 4, 1888, p. 382. 
F. H. KNow.tron. Malformation of Cabbage Leaf. 
Garden and Forest, 1, No. 25, August 15, 1888, p. 296, fig. 48. 
F. H. KNowiton. The Origin of Floral Structures through Insect and other agen- 
cies. By George Henslow (Review). 
Public Opinion, October 27, 1888. x 
F,. H. KNOW LtTon. Animal Memoirs. By Samuel Lockwood (Review). 
Public Opinion, vi, October 27, 1888. 
F. H. KNowtton. Marine Painting. By Walter W. May (Notice). 
Public Opinion, v1, No. 4, November 3, 1888, p. 83. 
F. H. KNOWLTON. On the Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of Animals. By Sir 
John Lubbock. (Review.) 
Public Opinion, v1, No. 6, November 17, 1888, p. 125. 
F. H. KNowLton. The Kingdoms of Nature. By Ransom Dexter. (Review.) 
Public Opinion, v1, No. 5, November 10, 1888, p. 103. 
F. H. KNowtton. Francis Bacon: His Life and Philosophy. By John Nichol. 
(Review.) 
Public Opinion, v1, No.6, November 17, 1888, p. 126. 
F. H. KNowiton. Potomac Fossils. 
The Washington Post, November, 1888; The Washington Star, November, 1888; The Omaha Bee, 
November, 1888. 
F. H. KNowrtron. New Species of Fossil Wood (Araucariocylon arizonicum) from 
Arizona and New Mexico. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 1-4, pl. i. 
F, H. KNowrton. Description of two New Species of Fossil Coniferous Wood from 


Towa and Montana. 


Describes Cupressinoxylon Glasgowi and C. elongatum. 
, p g g 


A. Mis, 224, pt, 2——48 


. 154 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


F. H. KNowtTron. Description of two Species of Palmoxylon—one new—from Lou- 
islana. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 89-91, pl. xxx. 
F. H. KNow.tron. Astronomy with an Opera Glass. By Garrett P. Serviss. (Re- 
view.) 
Public Opinion, v1, December 8, 1888, p. 186. 
F. H. KNow ron. Sea Vistas in Many Climes. By Susie Barstow Skelding. (Re- 
view.) 
Public Opinion, V1, December 8, 1888, p. 186. 
F. H. KNowLtron. The Boy Travelers in Australasia. By Thomas W. Knox. (Re- 
view.) 
Public Opinion, v1, December 8, 1888, p. 186. 
F. H. KNowtron. American Weather. By Genl. A. W. Greely. (Review.) 
Public Opinion, v1, December 22, 1888. 
F. H. KNow.ron. Insects injurious to Fruits. By W. Saunders. (Review.) 
Public Opinion, v1, December 22, 1888. 
F, H. KNow.ton. Lorin Mooruck, and other Indian Stories. By George Truman 
Kercheval. (Review.) 
Public Opinion, v1, No. 14, June 12, 1889. 
F. H. KNowxtron. Microscopic Physiography of the Rock-making Minerals. (Ros- 
enburch) Iddings. (Review.) 
Publie Opinion, vi, No. 14, January 12, 1889, p. 293. 
F, H. KNowxTron. The Earth in past Ages. By Sophia 8S. Herrick. (Notice.) 
Public Opinion, v1, No. 14, January 12, 1889, p. 294. 
F. H. KNOwLTon. Mineral Resources of United States for 1887. By Dr. David T. 
Day. (Notice.) 
Public Opinion, vi, No. 14, January 12, 1889, p. 294. 
F. H. KNowtton. The Florida of To-day. By J. W. Davidson. (Review.) 
Public Opinion, V1, No. 15, January 19, 1889, p. 314. 
F. H. KNow.ron. A Text-book of General Astronomy. By Charles A. Young, 
(Review.) 
Public Opinion, vi, No. 16, January 26, 1889, p. 336. 
F. H. KNow.ron. The Fossil Wood and Lignites of the Potomac Formation. 
The American Geologist, 111, February, 1889, pp. 99-106. 
Abstract published in Cleveland Leader, August 17, 1888, and in Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 
XXXVU, pp. 206-208. 
A paper read before the 8.58.8. Science, Cleveland, August 16, 1888. 
F. H. Know ton. Description of a Problematic Organism from the Devonian of 
the Falls of the Ohio. 
American Jour. of Science, XXXvil, March, 1889, pp. 202-209, three text figures. 
Describes a curious Chara-like organism under the name of Oalcisphera Lemoni. 
F. H. KNow ron. Botany for Colleges and Academies. By A. Chambers-Ketchum. 
(Review. ) 
Public Opinion, Vi, February 2, 1889, p. 358. 
F. H. KNowiton. The Folk-Lore of Plants. By T.F.Thiselton-Dyer. (Review.) 
Public Opinion, v1, March 16, 1889, p. 519. 
F. H. KNowitron. Mental Evolution in Man. By George J. Romanes. (Review.) 
Public Opinion, V1, March 30, 1889, p. 561. 
F. H. KNowtton. Nature and Man. By Wm. B. Carpenter. (Review.) 
Public Opinion, vu, April 13, 1889, p. 20. 
F. H. KNOWLTON. Prompt Aid to the Injured. By Dr. Alvah H. Doty. (Review.) 
» Public Opinion, vil, April 13, 1889, p. 19. 
¥F. H. KNowiton. The History of Ancient Civilization. By Rev. S. Verschoyle. 
(Review. ) 
Public Opinion, vu, May 11, 1889, p. 112. 
F. H. KNOwLTon. College Botany. By E. S. Bastin. (Review.) 
Public Opinion, V1, May 25, 1889, p. 156. 
S. R. Kornter. Radiren und Gradiren. 
Ohronik fiir vervielfiltigende Kunst, Vienna, 1, No. 6, October, 1888. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ‘THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 155 


5S. R. KoenLer—Continued. 
Noch einmal ‘“‘ Radiren und Gradiren;"’ same journal, J, No.7, November, 1888. 
A collection of quotations from German literature, from the sixteenth century downwards, to 
fix the term used in German in past centuries to designate the art of etching. 
8S. R. KoEHLER. Eine neue Geschichte des Holzschnittes. 
Chronik fiir vervielfaltigende Kunst, Vienna, I, No. 6, October, 1888. 
S. R. Korner. Die Meister der Holzschneidekunst. 
Kunstchronik, Leipsig, xxtv, No. 1, October, 1888. 
. Preliminary announcements cf W.J. Linton’s forthcoming work, ‘‘The Masters of Wood En- 
graving.”’ ‘ 

S. R. Korsier. Exhibition of Albert Durer’s engravings, etchings, and dry-prints, 
and of most of the woodcuts executed from his designs. Selected from the col- 
lection of Mr. Henry F. Sewall, of New York, and from the Gray Collection be- 
longing to Harvard College: together with eight original drawings from the 
collection von Franck. November 15, 1888, to January 15, 1869. Boston: Printed 
for the Museum by Alfred Mudge & Son, 24 Franklin Street, 1888. 

12mo., pp. xxii, 81. 

Contains a catalogue, arranged chronologically, of all of Durer’s authenticated works on metal 
and of most of the woodcuts from his designs, together with some of the doubtful works. 
Also notes, with inferences to the leading writers on Durer, and an introduction. 

S. P. Lanctey. The New Astronomy | by | Samuel Pierpont Langley, PH. D., LL. 
p. | Director of the Allegheny Observatory, member of the National Academy | Fel- 
low Royal Astronomical Society, etc., etc, | illustrated | —— | Boston | 'Tichnor 
& Company | 211 Tremont street | 1888. 

8vo., pp. xii, 260; 93 figures. 

GEORGE N. LAWRENCE. Description of a new species of bird of the genus Catharus 

from Ecuador. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, August 6, 1888, p. 503. 
Catharus berlepschi, Lawr.; habitat western Ecuador (Cayandeled). 

GEORGE N. LawreENcE. An account of the Breeding Habits of Puffinus auduboni in 
the island of Grenada, West Indies, with a note on Zenaida rubripes. 

The Auk, VI, January, 1889, pp. 19-21. : 

GEORGE N. LAwrench. Remarks upon abnormal coloring of plumage observed in 
several species of birds. 

The Auk, Vi, June, 1889, pp. 46-50. 
GEORGE N. Lawrence. A new name for the species of Sporophila from Texas, 
generally known as S. morelleti. 
The Auk, V1, January, 1889, pp. 53, 54. 
Renamed Sporophila morelleti sharpet (p. 53). 
JosEpH Lreipy. Notice of some Fossil Human Bones. 
Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, i, 1889, pp. 9-12; 2 plates. 
Description of fossil human bones exhibited in the Museum vf the Academy of Natural Sci- 
ences, Philadelphia. 

Leo LESQUEREUX. Recent Determinations of Fussil Plants from Kentucky, Louis- 
iana, Oregon, California, Alaska, Greenland, ete., with descriptions of New 
Species. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xt, 1888, pp. 11-38, pls. iv-xvi. 
Lro LESQUEREUX. List of Fossil Plants collected by Mr. I. C. Russell at Black 
Creek, near Gadsden, Alabama, with descriptions of several New Species. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 83-87, pl. xxix. 
EDWIN Linton. Notes on Cestoid Entozoa of Marine Fishes. 
Amer. Jour. Sci., XXXvU, March, 1889, pp. 239, 240. 
Frepreric A. Lucas. Great Auk Notes. 
The Auk, July, 1888, pp. 278-283. 
Notes on some supposed breeding-grounds of the Great Auk. 
Freperic A. Lucas. Abnormalities in the Ribs of Birds, 
The Auk, July, 1888, pp. 329, 330. 
Noting instances in which birds were found to have more or less ribs than the normal number 
for the species. 


756 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


FREDERIC A. Lucas. The Home of the Great Auk. 

Pop. Sci. Monthly, August, 1888, pp. 456-464. Two figures in text. 

A description of the visit of the Grampus Expedition to Funk Island. 
FREDERIC A. Lucas. The Main Divisions of the Swifts. 

The Auk, January, 1889, pp. 8-13. Figures of skulls in text. 

A brief account of the osteological characters of the Swifts, by which they are divided into 
two families, Dendrochelidonide and Micropodide, the latter family being subdivided into 
Micropodine and Cheturine. The family Dendrochelidonide is established for the Tree 
Swifts of southern Asia and the Malay Archipelago. 

FrREpDERIC A. Lucas. Costal Variations in Birds. 

The Auk, April, 1889, p. 195. 

Noting the fact that the Great Auk frequently had an extra (ninth) pair of ribs. 

FrepERIC A, Lucas. Notes on the Osteology of the Thrushes, Mimine, and Wrens. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XI, 1888, pp. 173-180, pl. xxxvii, and text figures. 

Gives briefly the osteological characters of the three groups above noted, and concludes that 
the Mimine are not closely related to the Wrens. 

Orts T. Mason. The Savages’ Side-Arms. 

American Anthropologist, U, No 1, January, 1889, pp. 77, 78. 

Finds a use for the ‘*‘ leaf: shaped implements.” 
Otis T. Mason. How to Straighten a Spear Shaft. 

American Anthropologist, u, No. 2, April, 1889, p. 158. 

Describes the method employed by the Lencas, in Honduras. 
Otis T. Mason. The Ray Collection from Hupa Reservation. 

Reportof the Smithsonian Institution for 1886, Part 1, pp. 205-239, 118 figures. 

An ethnographic sketch of a small tribe of Indians of northern California, belonging to the 
Athapascan stock. 

Oris T. MAson. Woman's Share in Primitive Culture. 

The Amerwan Antiquarian, XI, No.1, 1889, pp. 3-13. 

Maintains that Spencer’s division of culture into two epochs, militancy and industrialism, is 
rather a sexual question and holds that woman originated most of our industrial occupations. 

Otis T. Mason. The Beginnings of the Carrying Industry. 

American Anthropologist, u, No.1, January, 1889, pp. 21-46, 8 text figures. 

Describes the first steps in the history of transportation and shows how important a factor 
man himself has been in this industry. 

Otis T. Mason. The Stone Age at Mount Vernon. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Xi, 1888, p. 402. 

C. Hart MERRIAM. Luetheia canora from Sombrero Key, Florida. <A bird new to the 


United States. 

The Auk, v, July, 1888, p. 322. : 

C. Hart Merriam. Description of the Breeding Plumage of Chadbourne’s Field 
Sparrow (Spizella arenacea) with evidence of its specific distinctness. 

The Auk, Vv, October, 1888, pp. 402, 403. 

Based on specimens from Dakota and Nebraska. 

GEORGE P. MERRILL and J. E. WHITFIELD. The Fayette County Meteorite. 

Am. Jour. Science, August, 1888, pp. 113-119, 3 text figures. 

This paper gives results of microscopic and chemical examinations of a meteorite from the 
locality mentioned, material for the same being donated by Mr. E. E. Howell, of Rochester, 
New York. 

GEORGE P. MERRILL. On the San Emigdio Meteorite. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XI, 1888, pp. 161-167, 1 plate, showing microstructures. 

This paper gives in detail descriptions of a stony meteorite found in the San Emigdio Moun- 
tains, California, and of which abrief description was given in the Am. Jour. Sci., for June 
of the same year. 

GEORGE P. MerRILL. On the Serpentine of Montville, New Jersey. 

Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 105-111, 2 plates (showing macro- and micro-structures). 

The paper describes in some detail the origin of the serpentine by a process of metasomatosis 
from a white non-aluminous monoclinic pyroxene. 

GEORGE P. Merritt. On the Ophiolite of Thurman, Warren County, New York. 
With notes on the Eozoon Canadense. 

Am. Jour. Sci., March, 1889, pp. 189-i91. 

Gives results of microscopic examinations showing that the serpentine of this rock, results as in 
the case of that from Montville, New Jersey, from the alteration of anonaluminous pyroxene, 
and calls attention to the similarity of the structures produced by this alteration to the 
eozoonal structures of Dawson. 


. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. C5 


GEORGE P. MERRILL and F. W. Ctarke. On Nephrite and Jadeite. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Xt, 1888, pp. 115-130, 1 plate (showing microstructures). 

Containing results of examinations of Nephrites, Jadeites, and allied substances from Alaska, 
Central America, New Zealand, and other sources, and compares the results with those 
obtained by other authorities. 

GeOoRGE P. MERRILL. Ona Peridotite from Little Deer Isle, in Penobscot Bay, on 
the coast of Maine. 

Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 191-195, 1 plate, 2 text figures (showing microstructures). 

Shows that an eruptive rock from this locality described by Jackson as a ‘‘ Greenstone trap 
mixed with serpentine,” is a peridotite of the variety picrite. 

GrorGE P. MERRILL. The Literature of Geyserite. 

Am. Geologist, December, 1888, p. 437. 

Calls attention to previous papers by the author on the beds of volcanic dust in Harlan and 
Furnas Counties, Nebraska, which had apparently been ignored by Dr. Hicks. is 

GEORGE P. MeRRILL. Among the Pennsylvania Slate Quarries, 

Sci. Am. Supplement, January, 1889, 3 columns. 

GEORGE P. MERRILL. Salt from Sea Water. 
Sci. Am. Supplement, April. 
GEORGE P. MERRILL. On the Selection of Building Stone. 

Stone (Indianapolis, Indiana), December, 1888, pp. 196, 197. 

GEORGE P. MERRILL. The Serpentines and Verdantique Marbles. 
Stone (Indianapolis, Indiana), January, 1889, pp. 220-222. 
GEORGE P. MERRILL. The Onyx Marbles. 

Stone (Indianapolis, Indiana), February, 1889, p. 224, 
GeorGeE P. MerrRILL. Our Red and Pink Granites. 

Stone (Indianapolis, Indiana), February, 1889, pp. 246, 247; 1 figure. 
GrorGce P. MERRILL. The Concord Granites. 

Stone (Indianapolis, Indiana), February, 1889, p. 269. 

GEORGE P. MERRILL. Poor Weathering Qualities of Marble. 
Stone (Indianapolis, Indiana), February, 1889, p. 276. 
GrEoRGE P. MERRILL. Oolitic Limestones. 

Stone (Indianapolis, Indiana), April, 1889, pp. 296, 297 ; 1 figure, showing microstructure. 
GeorGE P. Merriti. “The Porphyries. 

Stone (Indianapolis, Indiana), May, 1889, p. 7; 1 figure, showing porphyritic structure. 
GeorGE P. MERRILL. The Coloring Matter of Rocks. 

Stone (Indianapolis, Indiana), June, 1889, p. 20. 
GrorGe P. MerRILL. Glaciers and Stone Quarrying. 

Stone (Indianapolis, Indiana), June, 1889, p. 24. 

(See also under F. W. CLARKE.) 

J. C. MERRILL and WILLIAM Brewster. Notes on the Birds of Fort Klamath, 
Oregon, with remarks on certain species by William Brewster. 

The Auk, Vv, July and October, 1888, pp. 251-262, 357-366. 

The critical notes, by Mr. Brewster, are based in part on specimens borrowed from the Na- 
tional Museum. 

JOHN MurpbocH. A Remarkable Eskimo Harpoon from East Greenland. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888 (1889), pp. 169-171; 3 figures. 

ALBERT P. Nipiack. Ethnology of the Coast Indian tribes of Alaska. 

Proc. U. S. Nat: Mus., X1, 1888 (1889), p. 328. 

Henry A. Pitspry. New and little known American Mollusks. 

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1889, pp. 81-88, plate iii. 

Pecilozonites reinianus Pfeiffer var. Goodei Pilsbry is described from specimens collected by 
Mr. G. Brown Goode at Bermuda and lent for examination by the U.S. National Museum. 

W. W. Price. Nesting of the Red-faced Warbler (Cardellina rubrifrons) in the Hua- 
chuca Mountains, southern Arizona. 

The Auk, v, October, 1888, pp. 385, 386. 

W. W. Price. Xantu’s Becard (Platypsaris albiventris) in the Huachuca Mountains, 
southern Arizona. 

The Auk, Vv, October, 1888, p. 425. 


158 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1899. 


RicHaRD RATHRUN. Descriptions of new species of Parasitic Copepods, belonging 
to the genera Trebius, Perissopus, and*Lernanthropus. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 559-571, pls. xxix—xxxv. 

The following new species are described: Trebiius tenuifurcatus Rathbun, from sting ray, 
Vineyard Sound, U.S. Fish Commission. Perissopus communis Rathbun, from four spe- 
cies of fish, ranging from Massachusetts to Florida. Var. Stimpsont Rathbun, from Great 
Egg Harbor, New Jersey; Dr. William Stimpson; host unknown. Lernanthropus Bre- 
voortie Rathbun, on gills of menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus Latrobe), Vineyard Sound, 
U. S. Fish Commission; abundant. Lernanthropus Pomatomi Rathbun, from gills of 
bluefish (Pomatomus saltator), Vineyard Sound, U.S. Fish Commission. 

CHARLES W. RICHMOND. Another Saw-whet Owl (Nyctala acadica) in the District 
of Columbia. ; 

The Awk, v1, April, 1889, p. 189. 

A specimen shot at Capitol View Park, March 12, 1889. Three other specimens, taken at dif- 
ferent times in the District, are noted. 

RosBerRT RipDGway. Remarks on Catharus berlepschi Lawv. 

Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, August 6, 1888, p. 504. 

The species indorsed, its synonymy given, and habitat extended to Peru. 
RoBperT RIDGWAY... Description of a new Tityra from western Mexico. 

The Auk, v, July, 1888, p. 263. 

Tityra personata griseiceps, new subspecies. 

RoBerRT RipGway. Descriptions of some new species and subspecies of birds from 


Middle America. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, August 6, 1888, pp. 505-510. 

New birds described, are the following: (1) Catharus fumosus, p. 505, Costa Rica and Vera- 
gua; (2) Mimus gracilis leucopheus, p. 506, Sozumel; (3) Harporhynchus longirostris sen- 
netti, p.506, southern Texas; (4) Campylorhynchus castaneus, p. 507, Guatemala and Hon- 
duras; (5) Thryophilus rufalbus castanonotus, p. 508, Nicaragua to Columbia; (6) Micro- 
cerculus daulius, p. 508, Costa Rica; (7) Dendrornis lawrence, p. 509, Isthmus Panama; 
(8) Dendrornis lawrencei costaricensis, p. 510, Costa Rica. 

RoBerRT RIDGWAY. Note on the generic name Uropsila Sel. & Salv. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, August 6, 1888, p. 511. 

Uropsila being preoccupied, anew name, Hemiura, is proposed as a substitute. 

ROBERT RipGway. Description of new species and genera of birds from the Lower 
Amazon. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xx, August 6, 1888, pp. 516-528. 

These birds were collected by Mr. C. B. Riker, near Santarem, during June and July, 1887. 
They number three genera and fifteen species, besides one from Guiana, described in a 
foot note, as follows: Thryothorus herberti Riker, M. s., T. oyapocensis (from Guiana), 
Thryophilus teenioptera, Cyphorhinus griseolateralis, Colopteryx (gen. noy., Colopterus Cab., 
preoccupied) tnornatus, Ornithion napeewn, Tyrannulus reguloides, Attila viridescens, 
Thamnophilus inornatus, Heteroenemis (?) hypoleuca Dichrozona (gen. nov.) zononota, 
Phlogopsis bowmani Riker, M.s., Rheqgmatorhina (gen. nov.) qymnops, Dendrornis frater- 
culus, Dendrocolaptes obsoletus and Zenaida jessie Riker, M.s. These, with three other 
species, elsewhere described by Mr. Ridgway, formed indeed a rich harvest from a field by 
no means new. 

RoBERT RipGway. A review of the genus Psittacula Briss. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, August 6, 1888, pp. 529-548. 

This is an important monographic revision of the genus, giving full descriptions and bibli- 
ography of the species, eleven in number, of which three species (Psittacula insularis, 
Tres Marias Islands; P. exquisita, Cartagena, Colombia; P. deliciosa, Santarem) and one 
subspecies ( P. passerina vivida) are characterized as new. 

RosBeRT RipGway. Catalogue of a collection of birds made by Mr. Charles H. 
Townsend on islands in the Caribbean Sea and in Honduras. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, August.6, September 19, 1888, pp. 572-597. 

Thirteen species are recorded from Grand Cayman (including Columbigallina passerina insu- 
laris Towns, M.8., subsp. nov.); thirty from Swan Island (including Contopus vicinus and 
Butorides saturatus, sp. nov.); three from Ruatan Island; fifty-six from Truxillo, Hon- 
duras (Thamnophilus intermedius, Centurus santacruzi pauper, and Egyptila vinaceiventris 
are characterized as new), and ninety-three from Segovia River, Honduras, of which the 
following are regarded as new: Pitylus poliogaster scapularis, Sturnella magna inexpec- 
tata, Thalurania townsendi, Colinus nigrogularis segoviensis, Porzana exilis vagans, and 
Tigrisomea excellens. 

Also, Columba purpureotincta, described as a new species from Demarara, British Guiana. 


: 


- 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 759 


RoBpertT RipGway. Description of a new Psaltriparus from southern Arizona. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, September 19, 1888, p. 697. 

Psaltriparus santarite ; habitat, Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona. 

RoBErRT RIDGWAY. Supplementary remarks on the genus Psittacula Brisson. 

The Auk, Vv, October, 1888, supplement, pp. 460-462. 

Having reference to “A Review of the Genus Psittacula Brisson,” by the same author, in 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. x, 1887, pp. 529-548. 

Ropert RipGway. Description of anew Western subspecies of Accipiter velox ( Wils.), 
and subspecifie diagnosis of A. coopert mexicanus (Swains. ). 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, November 8, 1888, p. 92. 

Accipiter velox rufilatus, subsp. noy.; habitat, western North America, east to Rocky Moun- 
tains, north to Kodiak, south into Mexico. The habitat of Accipiter cooperi mexicanus is 
given, ‘‘ Western United States and south into Mexico.”’ 

RoperT RipGway. Note on strelata sandwichensis Ridgw. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, November 8, 1888, p. 104. 

Compared at writer’s request with type of #strelata pheopygia Sal., by Mr. Osbert Salvin, 
and found identical. 

Rosert RipGway. Description of a new pigeon from Guayaquil, Ecuador. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, November 8, 1888, p. 112. 

Columba guayaquilensis, sp. nov. 

Robert RipGway. Description of the adult male of Acanthidops bairdi. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, March 12, 1889, p. 196. 

An adult male from E! Alto, Volcan de Poas, Costa Rica (No. 114907), U.S. Nat. Mus., collected 
July 27, 1888, by Sr. Anastasio Alfaro), the first ever obtained. 

R. (OBERT) R.(1pDGWAyY). Charles Wickliffe Beckham. 

The Auk, v, October, 1888, pp. 445, 446. 

Obituary notice, and list of his ornithological publications. 

CHARLES V. Ritey. Personal Reminiscences of Dr. Asa Gray. Address before the 
Asa Gray Memorial Meeting, held under the auspices of the botanical section of 
the Biological Society of Washington. 

Bot. Gazette, x11, July, 1888, pp. 178-186. 

CHARLES V. RitEy. Salutatory. 

Insect Life, 1, pp. 3, 4. 

Need of a periodical bulletin for the speedy publication of intportant notes on entomology. 

CHARLES V. RILEY. The Willow-shoot Saw-fly ( Phyllacus integer Norton). 

Insect Life, 1, July, 1888, pp. 8-11, fig. 2. 

Natural history, ravages, and means against Phyllecus (Cephus) integer; deseription of egg, 
larva, cocoon, and imago, with figures of egg, larva, imago, and injured twigs. 

CuHarces V. Ritey. The Morelos Orange Fruit-worm (7rypeta ludens Loew). 

Insect Life, 1, August, 1888, pp. 45-47, fig. 9. 

Injuries to the fruit of the orange in Mexico by the larva of Trypeta ludens ; habits of the 
same; characters and figures of its larva, puparium, and imago; structural details of the 
larva and puparium are also figured ; liability of its introduction into the United States. 

CuHartes V. RitEy. On the Causes of Variation in Organic Forms. Address as 
Vice-President, section of biology, A. A. A. S., 1888. 

Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., XXXVII. 

Separate: Salem, September, 1888, p. 51. 

Reprint: Pop. Sci. Mo., 1889, Xxxiv, February, pp. 484-496 ; April, pp. 809-820. 

CuHarues VY. Ritey. Further Notes on the Hop Plant-louse (Phorodon humuli). 

Insect Life, 1, 1888, pp. 70-74. 

Paper before the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science; summary of recently 
ascertained facts concerning the life history of Phorodon humuli ; time of acquiring wings; 
prior appearance of # ¢; fewness of eggs which survive the winter. 

CHarRtes V. Ritty. A Destructive Cricket in Louisiana. 

Insect Life, 1, September, 1888, pp. 87, 88. 

Portion of letter from Michael Dempsey concerning injury by a @ryllus sp.to cotton, sweet 
and Irish potatoes, peas, and tobacco. In reply, the use of poisoned bait is recommended. 

CaarRLes VY. RitEY. The Parsnip Web-worm (Depressaria heracliana DeG.). 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, pp. 94-98, fig. 13. 

Synonymy, early accounts, importation, habits and natural history, deseriptions and figures 
of larva, pupa, and imago ot Depressaria heracliana ; distribution, food-plants enemies of, 
and means against, the same. 


760 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889.. 


CHARLES V. Ritfy. A Lady-bird Parasite. 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, pp. 101-104, figs. 14, 15. 

Habits of parasitized Megilla maculata, with figure of the same and of the cocoon and imago 
of Centistes americana 0. sp. 

CHARLES V. Ritey. Remarks on the Hessian Fly. 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, pp. 107, 108. 

Abstract of paper read before the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science; relates 
to errors in the published minutes of the early meetings of the American Philosophical 
Society, and argues for the introduction of the species from Europe. 

CHARLES V. Ritey. The Orchid /sosoma and a Remedy for its Injury. 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, p. 121. 

Notice of proposed means against Isosoma orchidearum. 

CHARLES VY. RILEY. Some Recent Entomological Matters of International Concern. 
Paper read before the Philosophical Society of Washington, March 31, 1888. 

Insect Life,1, November, 1888, pp. 126-137, figs. 24-34. 

Original habitat of Icerya purchasi ; distinct from I. sacchari; list of enemies and parasites 
discovered in California; benefits derived from the introduction of parasites ; summary of 
the life history of Cecidomyia destructor ; its presence ana destructiveness in America and 
England ; its introduction into England from Europe; prospective injuries in England ; 
summary of the life history of Phorodon humuli; figures various stages of Icerya and 
Phorodon. 

CHARLES V. Ritey. The Habits of Thalessa and Tremex. 

Insect Life, 1, December, 1888, pp. 168-179, figs. 36-39, pl. 1. 

Review of recorded observations on the larval habits of Thalessa ; habits of the larva and 
pupa of 7. lunator and Tremex columba ; description and figure of the method of oviposi- 
tion in 7. lunator and of Rhyssa persuasoria ; structure and figure of ovipositor, and descrip- 
tion and figure of the egg, of 7. lunator ; ardor of the males; account of supposed oviposi- 
tion of Thalessa in exposed lepidoptzrous larve; description of Heteropelma datane n. 
sp.; habits and transformations of Tremex columba ; figures larva with details, pupa, and 
imago of T. columba,and larva, pupa, ¢ and 9 of Thalessa lunator; structural details of 
larva and imago are also given. 

CHARLES Y. RILEy. Insecticide Appliances. Modifications of the Riley or Cyclone 
Nozzle. 

Insect Life, 1, February, 1889, pp. 243-249, figs. 54-57. 

The typical Riley nozzle; modifications of the eddy-chamber system of nozzles in the United 
States; the Universal Spray-tip; foreign modifications of the Riley nozzle—the Noel 
nozzle ; figures of the Riley nozzle; the Universal Spray-tip and the Noel nozzle. 

CHARLES VY. RiteEy. Notes on Pronuba and Yucea Fertilization. 

Proc. Ent. Soc. of Washington, 1, No. 3, March 30, 1889. 

Criticism at length of G. D. Hulst’s article in Entomologica Americana, vol. 11, pp. 236-238. Re- 
printed in Insect Life, vol. I, p. 387, June, 1889. 

CHARLES V. RILEY. Two brilliant and interesting Micro-lepidoptera new to our 
Fauna. 

Proc. Ent. Soc. of Washington, 1, No.3, March 30, 1889. 

Describes Setiostoma fernaldella n. sp., from California, Walsinghamia n. gen., and Walsinghamia 
diva n. sp., from Florida. 

CHARLES V. RILEY. Insecticide Appliances. 

Insect Life, 1, March, 1889, pp. 263-268, figs. 58-63. 

Foreign modifications of the Riley nozzle (continued); the Vermorel nozzle, the Albram 
modification, the Japy modification, the Marseilles modification. and the New Zealand 
Triplet modification ; figures of all the nozzles. 

CHARLES VY. RiLEy. Additional Note on the Megilla Parasite. 

Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, pp. 338, 339. 

Letter from Rey. T. A. Marshall, of England, in which this parasite (Centistes americana) is 
stated to belong inthe genus Perilitus ; description of same as P. americanan. sp.; Glover’s 
Lady-bird parasite. 

CHARLES V. RILEY. Notes on Pronuba and Yucea Pollination. 

Insect Life,1, June, 1889, pp. 367-372. 

Criticism at length of Mr. Hulst’s remarks in Entomologica Americana, vol. 11, pp. 236-238. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Corn-feeding Syrphus-fly. 

Insect Life, 1, July, 1888, pp. 5-8, fig. 1. 

Summary of larval habits of Syrphide ; food-habits; injuries and means against Mesograpta 
polita; description of all stages and figures of larva; puparium and adult of the same. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 761 


CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Extracts from Correspondence. 
. (Answers by editors. ) 
Insect Life, 1, pp. 13-17. 
The Garden Web-worm (Hurycreon rantalis) reappears. An enemy to the Date Palm in 
Florida. A Virginia Simulium called “Cholera Gnat.’’ Comparative Merits of the Arsen- 
ical Solutions. Probably a New Enemy to Pear from Oregon. An extraordinary twilight 
flight of Lachnosterna. 


CHartes VY. RitEy and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Privet Web-worm (Mar- 
garodes quadristigmalis Gn.). 

Insect Life, 1, July, 1888, pp. 22-26, fig. 4. 

Value of Ligustrum vulgare as a hedge plant; natural hiStory; description of all stages and 
means against Margarodes quadristigmalis ; figures larva, cocoon, and imago, and structural 
details of larva and pupa of the same. 

CHARLES VY. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Chinch Bug in California. 

Insect Life, 1, July, 1888, pp. 26, 27. 

Record of the occurrences of Blissus leucopterus on the Pacific coast. 


CuarR.es V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). German Phylloxera Laws. 
Insect Life, 1, July, 1888, p. 27. 
Rules for importing plants to Germany, with comments. 
CHARLES V. Ritey and L. O. Howarpb (editors). Kerosene Emulsion against the 
Cabbage-worms. 
Insect Life, 1, July, 1888, pp. 27, 2°. : 
Letter of F. E. Anderson on the effect of kerosene emulsion as a means against cabbage-worms, 
with comments. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Swarming of Hackberry Butter- 
flies. 
Insect Life, 1, July, 1888, pp. 28, 29. 
Note on the swarming of Apatura celtis in May, 1887. 
CHARLES VY. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Southward Spread of the Aspar- 
agus-beetle. 
Insect Life, 1, July, 1888, p. 29. 
Extent of the distribution southward of Crioceris asparagi. 


Cuarirs V. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Caterpillars Stopping a Train; 
a Newspaper Exaggeration. 

Insect Life, 1, uly, 1888, p. 30. 

Correspondence showing an exaggeration of the number of caterpillars on a railroad track in 
South Carolina. 

CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Injury by the Rocky Mountain 
Locust. 

Insect Life, 1, July, 1888, pp. 30, 31. 

Note concerning the injury done by Oaloptenus spretus in Minnesota. 

CHARLES VY. RiLtey and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Periodical Cicada in 1888. 

Insect Life, 1, July, 1888, p. 31. . 

List of localities in which Cicada (Tibicen) septendecim and its race tredecim are supposed to 
have occurred in 1888. 

Cuarrtes VY. Ritety and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Sweet-potato. Saw-fly 
(Schizocerus ebenus Norton). 

Insect Life, 1, August, 1888, pp. 43-45, figs. 7, 8. 

Record of injuries, mention of parasites, characters and figures of eggs, larvae, and imago of 
Schizocerus ebenus ; figure of Bubadizon schizoceri n. sp.; structural details of larva also 
figured. 

CHARLES V. Ritny and L. O. Howarp (editors), Extracts from Correspondence. 
(Answers by editors. ) 

Insect Life, 1, August, 1888, pp. 50-58. 

A new Tomato Enemy in Georgia. Precursors of Brood V of the Periodical Cicada, 1871-1888. 
Mites infesting an old Grain Elevator. The Streaked Cotton-wood Leaf-beetle in the East. 
Hibernation of Mosquitoes. Leaf Hoppers and the ‘‘Die-back ” of the Orange. The Bar- 
nacle Seale injuring Persimmon. Huryomia melancholica vs. Cotton Bolis. Hibernation 


of the Two-spotted Lady-bird. Work of the Bronzy Cut-worm in Missouri. The Bamboo 
Sinoxylon, An Enemy to Young Carp. 


762 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


CHARLES VY. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Twelve-spotted Diabrotica — 
injuring Fruit Trees. 
Insect Life, 1, August, 1888, pp. 58, 59. 
Occurrence of Diabrotica 12-punctata injuring plums, apricots, etc. 
CHARLES VY. RitEy and L. O. Howarp (editors). Economic Entomology in India. 
Insect Life, 1, August, 1888, p. 60. 
Notice of paper on economic entomology by E. C. Cotes; amount of injury and double-brooded- 
ness of Calandra oryze in India. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). New European natural Enemies 
of the Asparagus Beetle. 
Insect Life, 1, August, 1888, pp. 61, 62. 
Discovery of Oalocoris chenopodii and Myobia pumila as enemies of Crioceris asparagi in Eu- 
rope; absence of enemies of the same beetle in America. 
CHARLES Y. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Concerning the Uji Parasite of 
the Silk-worm. 
Insect Life, 1, August, 1888, p. 62. 
Notice of Bigot’s determination that Ujimyia is synonymous with Leskia ; need of additional 
observations on the habits of Leskia. 
CHARLES V. RiLeEy and L. O. Howarp (editors). Outlook for Locust or Grass- 
hopper Injury. 
Insect Life, 1, September, 1888, p. 63. 
Prediction as to locust injury: favorable outlook for the coming year; injuries by sedentary 
or non-migratory species. 
CHARLES V. RitEy and L. O. Howarp (editors). Injury done by Roaches to the 
Files in the Treasury at Washington. 
Insect Life, 1, September, 1888, pp. 67-70. 
Account of injury to books by Periplaneta americana and Ectobia germanica ; recommends 
California buhach as a means against the same. 
CHARLES VY. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Extracts from Correspondence. 
(Answers by editors.) 
Insect Life, 1, September, 1888, pp. 85-87. 
The Strawberry Weevil in Pennsylvania. Graptodera punctipennis injuring Nursery Stock. 
Lachnosterna hirticula injuring Poplars and Oaks. Insects confounded with the Hessian 
Fly prior to the Revolution. Injury from non-migratory Locusts in Michigan. 
CHARLES VY. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). A new Enemy to Honey Bees. 
Insect Life, 1, September, 1888, p. 88. ; 
Records Huthyrhynchus floridanus as feeding on Apis mellifica. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). An unpublished Habit of Allorhina 
nitida, 
Insect Life, 1, September, 1888, pp. 88, 89. 
Records Allorhina nitida eating Restilia aurantiaca. 
CuHarLes V. Ritey and L. O. Howard (editors). Recent Swarmings of Insects. 
Insect Life, 1, September, 1888, pp, 90, 91. 
Comments on records of large swarms of Tortrix (Cacecia) fractivittana and of Macro- 
dactylus subspinosus. 
CHARLES VY. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). An Inexpert Defense. 
Insect Life, 1, September, 1888, p. 91. 
Extracts from Manchester (England) Courier concerning charge of homicide for falsifying 
wine with arsenic, with comments. ; 
CHARLES V. Ritky and L. O. Howarp (editors). Inseet Damage to the Corks of 
Wine Bottles. 
Insect Life, 1, September, 1888, pp. 91, 92. 
Summary of paper by Preudhomme de Borre regarding insects which feed on corks. 
CHarLes VY. RitEy and L. O. Howarp (editors). Locusts in Algeria. 
Insect Life, 1. September, 1888, p. 92. 
Ravages, and means taken by the Government to suppress the locusts in Algeria, 
CHARLES VY. RitEy and L. O. Howarp (editors). Enemies of Icerya in New Zea- 
land. 
Insect Life, 1, September, 1888, p. 92. 
Value of birds as destroyers of Icerya purchasi. 


a ow 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 763 


~CuHaArRtEs Y. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Special Notes. 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, pp. 93, 94. 

Chinch Bug affected by epidemic diseases in Minnesota and Illinois. Enhanced value of wax 
owing to its use in the phonograph, graphophone, ete. Notice of proposed monograph of 
the Pyralidw, by C. H. Fernald. Criticism of paper by G. D. Hulst, giving descriptions 
of Epipaschie and Phycitide. 

Cuar tes VY. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Purslane Caterpillar (Larva 
of Copidryas gloveri Grote and Robinson). 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, pp. 104-106, figs. 16-20. 

Life, history, and figures in all stages of Copidryas gloveri. 

CuHaries V. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Extracts from Correspondence. 
(Answers by editors.) 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, pp. 109-112. 

A Stomoxys injuring stock in Oregon; the Colorado Potato-beetle in Nova Scotia; the Green- 
striped Maple-worm; Wheat Saw-flies; Was it an accident or a wily Milkman? Cranberry 
Gall-mites. 

CuHarRtes VY. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Synonymy of the Mealy Bug of 
the Orange. 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, p. 118. 

Dactylopius destructor and D. phyllococeus identical with D. citri. 

CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Entomology in Chili. 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, pp. 118, 119. 

Notice of recent works on the entomology of Chili; enumeration of the Coleoptera common 
to the United States and Chili. 

CHARLES Y. RitEy and L. O. Howarp (editors,. The Pear Diplosis in England. 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, pp. 120, 121. 

Identity of the pear-midge of England with Diplosis pyrivora Riley. 

CHARLES VY. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). False Report of Phylloxera in 
Australia. 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, pp. 121, 122. 

Fungus mistaken for Phylloxera. 

CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Insidious Flower-bug. 

Insect Life, 1, October, 1888, p. 122. 

Notice of injury to Chrysanthemums by Triphleps insidiosus. 

CHARLES V. RitEY and L. O. Howakp (editors). Special Notes. 

Insect Life, 1, November, 1888, pp. 123-126. 

Critical review of A. J.Cook’s report on insecticides and implements for their application; crit- 
ical review of C. P. Gillette’s report on ‘‘A few important Chinch-bug remedies” and the 
other ‘‘Arsenic experiments ;’’ scarcity of Shade-tree pests in Washington the past summer. 

CHARLES V. RivEy and L. O. Howarpb (editors). Extracts from Correspondence. 
(Answers by editors.) 

Insect Life, 1, November, 1888, pp. 142-144. 

Danger to human beings by use of Paris green. The Clover-seed Midge in Ohio. The acid 
secretion of Notodonta concinna. Out-of-door hibernation of Lecanium hemisphericum 
in Pennsylvania. P 

CHARLES Y. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Insects introduced into Chili. 

Insect Life, 1, November, 1888, pp. 153-155. 

Critical review of paper by R. A. Philippion the changes in the fauna of Chili caused by man. 

Cares V. Ritey and L. O. HowARp (editors). Remarkable abundance of the 
Cecropia Silk-worm. 

Insect Life, 1, November, 1888, p. 155. 

Ravages of Attacus cecropia in Nebraska. 

CHARLES VY. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Clover-root Borer. 

Insect Life, 1, November, 1888, p. 156. 

Notes increasing range of ITylesinus trifolii. 

CHarLes VY. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). A Point in Favor of the English 
Sparrow. 

Insect Life, 1, November, 1888, p. 156. 

Notes the destruction of Schizonewra lanigera by the English Sparrow. 

CHARLES Y. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Rear-horse domesticated. 

Insect Life, 1, November, 1888, p. 156. 

Mantis (Phasmomantis) carolina an enemy to Blattida. 


764 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Professor Forbes’s Investigation ] 


on the Food of Fresh-water Fishes. 
Insect Life, 1, November, 1888, pp. 158-161. 
Critical review of papers by S. A. Forbes on the food of fresh-water fishes, with extracts. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarkp (editors). The Hosts of a few larger Ich- 
neumonids. 
Insect Life, 1, November, 1888, p. 161. 
Records of hosts of several Ichneumonide. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and: L. O. Howarp (editors). Special Notes. 

Insect Life, 1, December, 1888, pp. 163-168. 

Notes on strictures made concerning Insect Life which is devoted to the promotion of ento- 
mology in allits branches. Recent California work against the Fluted Seale. Reply to 
inquiries concerning the right to patent gas-treatment against Coccide. Introduction of 
living parasites. Success of the mission to Australia. Credit to whom credit is due: 
statement of iacts regarding the discovery and introduction into California of Lestophonus 
icerye. Notice of a new entomological journal, Hntomologiske, Meddelelser, udgivne af En- 
tomologiske Forening ved Fr. Meinert, Copenhagen. Result of the Rural New Yorker 
potato contest: Ravages of Crepidodera cucumeris. Some insect enemies of tobacco men- 
tioned in report of K. Lindeman. 

CHARLES V. RiLtrY and L. O. Howarp (editors). A Sané@wich Island Sugar cane 
Borer (Sphenophorus obscurus Boisd.). 

Insect Life, 1, December, 1888, pp. 185-189, figs. 44, 45. 

Ravages, means against; descriptions and figures of larva, pupa, and imago of Sphénophorus 
obscurus ; figure showing work of the same. 

CuaRes VY. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Extracts from Correspondence. 
(Answers by editors. ) 

Insect Life, 1, December, 1888, pp. 190-192. 

The “‘ Red Bug” injuring vranges again. Further injury in the Treasury by roaches. Beetle 
supposed to have been passed by a patient. A Tineid on carpetsin Texas. Leaf-stripping 
Ants in Arizona. Stinging Caterpillar of Lagoa opercularis. 

CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Grain insects in Australia. 

Insect Life, 1, December, pp. 193, 194. 

Danger from the importation of grain insects into Australia; means for preventing the same. 

CuarRLEs VY. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Further concerning the Locust 
War in Algeria. 

Insect Life, 1, December, 1888, pp. 194, 195. 

Conclusions of d’Herculais concerning locusts and their invasion of Algeria. 

CHarLES VY. RiteEyY and L. O. Howarp (editors). An important contribution to 
Lepidopterology. 

Insect Life, 1, December, 1888, p. 195. 

Review of Walsingham’s revision of the genera Acrolophus and Anaphora ; arrangement of 
the American species. 

CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Poisonous Nature of the 
Meconium of Lepidoptera. 

Insect Life, 1, December, 1888, p. 196. 

Commencement on Goosens’s note concerning the poisonous nature of the Meconium of Lepi- 
doptera. 


CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The food-habits of North Amer- 
ican Calandride. 
Insect Life, 1, December, 1888, pp. 198, 199. 
Mention of the food-habits of the genera of North American Calandride. 
CHARLES VY. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). A remarkable insect enemy to 
live stock. 
Insect Life, 1, December, 1888, p. 199. 
Comments on account of the poison of Thelyphonus giganteus and Mantis (= Phasmomantis) 
carolina. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Further on the Importation of 
the Lestophonus. 
Insect Life, 1, December, 1888, pp. 199, 200. 


Announcement of the successful introduction from Australia of Lestophonus icerye and other 
insect enemies of Icerya purchasi. 


r 


_———”—sCO#BBIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 165 


CuHaRLES VY. RiteyY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Special Notes. 

Insect Life, 1, January, 1889, 201-204. 

F. M. Webster to assist in the collection of parasites of Icerya purchasi in Australia, and to 
report on the agricultural aspects of the Melbourne Exposition. Resignation of W. B. 
Alwood from, and appointment of C. L. Marlatt on, the Divisional foree. Increase of 
workers in economic entomology under the Hatch Experiment Station act; advantage of 
their forming a national organization. Kerosene emulsion ; an error corrected. On Dr. 
Holland's collection of butterflies. Recent entomological publications: Comstock’s ‘' In- 
troduction to Entomology,” Smith’s monograph of the ‘‘Sphingidw of America north of 
Mexico,” Lintner’s Fourth Report, Saunders’s Butterflies, and Packard’s Entomology for 
Beginners. 

CHARLES Y. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). A Contribution to the Literature 
of fatal Spider Bites. 

Insect Life, 1, January, 1889, pp. 204-211, fig. 46. 

Poisonous nature of the bites of Latrodectus mactans; similar character of the bites of its Euro- 
pean congener L. malmigniatus, with a general review of the literature of the subject; the 
“Katipo” of New Zealand a poisonous spider; figures of male and female of L. mactans 
and of the abdomen of different stages and varieties of the same. 

CHARLEs Y. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). On the emasculating Botfly (Cute- 
rebra emasculator Fitch). 

Insect Life, 1, January, 1889, pp. 214-216, fig. 48. 

Review of Dr. Fitch’s account of this insect. Letter from C. Hart Merriam on the occurrence 
of Cuterebre in the gray squirrel, red squirrel, and chipmunk; figures of larva with 
enlarged views of parts. 

CHARLES V. RiLey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Extracts from Correspondence. 
(Replies by editors.) 

Insect Life, 1, sanuary, 1889, pp. 217-222. 

Larva of Hyperchiria io on Saw Palmetto in Florida. <Acanthacara similis injuring Pineapple 
in Florida. Hylesinus trifoliti in Ohio. A Proposed Remedy for the Chinch Bug. Two 
Species of Anomala injurious to the Vine in the South. Beetle borings in an Opium Pipe 
from China. A Grape vine Flea-beetle in the Southwest. A Phylloxera on the Pecan. 
Anthrenus destroying Whalebone. 

CHARLES Y. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Geographical Range of the Chinch 
Bug. 

Insect Life, 1, January, 1889, p. 226. 

Recorded outside of the United States in Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, and Panama. 

Cuarves Y. RitEy and L. O. Howarp (editors). Damage to Fruit by the Adult of 
Allorhina. 

Insect Life, 1, January, 1889, pp. 226, 227. 

On the authority of the Pacific Rural Press on Allorhina attacks peaches, grapes, and even 
cornstalks; fig-eating habit of A. nitida, 

CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. HOWARD (editors). The Imbricated Snout-beetle. 

Insect Life, 1, January, 1889, p. 227. 

The potato a food-plant of this beetle; list of recorded food-plants. 

CHARLES VY. RILEY and L. O. HOWARD (editors). Chloridea rhexia injuring Tobacco. 

Insect Life, 1, January, 1889, pp. 228, 229. 

Tobacco a new food-plant ; means against. 

CHARLES Y. RiLtey and L. O. Howarp (editers). Special Notes. 

Insect Life, 1, February, 1889, pp. 231-234. 

Cereus viridiflorus a probable food-plant of Oactophagus validus. Reprint of ‘‘ Classification 
of Coleoptera of North America,” by LeConte and Horn. Revision of Chambers’s Index, 
by Lord Walsingham. The second shipment of Icerya parasites. A secondary /cerya para- 
site. Entomological work at Cornell. 

CHARLES VY. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Red Bug or Cotton Stainer 
(Dysdercus suturellus H. Schf.). 

Insect Life, 1, February, 1889, pp. 234-241, figs. 50-52. 

Geographical distribution, food-plants, habits and natural history ; remedies against; value as 
a dye; figures of all stages. 

CHARLES VY. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Extracts from Correspondence. 
(Replies by editors. ) 

Insect Life, 1, February, 1889, pp. 252-254. 

Late autumnal occurrence of Mitesin great numbers. Balaninus nasicus in granulated sugar. 
Sap-beetles in injured figs. 


766 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
CHARLES V. RiLey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Notes on the Cochineal Insect. — 
Insect Life, 1, February, 1889, pp. 258, 259. 
On some insect enemies of the Cochineal insect (Coccus cacti) in Texas—a predaceous caterpil- 
lar (Dakrwmacoccidivora) and a new parasitic fly (Leucopis bellula, n. sp.) which is described 
by 8S. W. Williston ; Cochineal insect in Florida. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. HOWARD (editors). Special Notes. 
Insect Life, 1, March, 1889, pp. 261, 262. . 
Poisonous bites.— Notices of letters bearing on bites of Spiders. Cranberry Fungus Gall. 
The Secondary Icerya parasite. National Organization of Entomologists. Unsigned arti- 
eles in Insect Life credited to Riley and Howard. Fred Tepper collection of Lepidoptera 
goes to the Michigan Agricultural College. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Extracts from Correspondence, 


(Answers by editors.) 
Insect Life, 1, March, 1889, pp. 280-286. 
The Red-legged Flea-beetle injuring peach orchards. The Spider bite question again. The 
Hay Worm in Kentucky. A Rose-bud Cecidomyia. Beetles infesting yeast cakes. 
Mites in flaxseed. Bees versus Fruit. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Winter appearance of the Cecro- 


pia Moth. 
Insect Life, 1, March, 1889, p. 292. 
Severe winter more favorable than mild winter to hibernation of insects. 


CHARLES VY. Rirey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Immunity of Southern Dakota 


from the Chinch Bug. 

Insect Life, 1, March, 18839, p. 294. 

Letter to W. W. Corbett giving reasons for the above. 

CHARLES V. RILHY and L. O. HowarD (editors). Burning the Stubble for Hessian 
Flies. 

Insect Life, 1, March, 1889, pp. 294, 295. 

Reference to the discussion between Mr. Enock and Miss Ormerod of the advisability of burn- 
ing stubble, with letter on the subject to Mr, Enock. 

CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Special Notes. 

Insect Life, 1, April, 1889, pp. 297-300. 

Mr. Koebele’s mission concluded: generalresults given. The periodical Cicada in 1889; range 
of Brood VIII of the seventeen-year race. Mr. W. G. Klee’s work on Economic Ento- 
mology in California. Kind words from a veteran entomologist. The Lepidoptera of Aus- 
tralia: Alex. W. Scott’s MSS. relating to life histories to be published. Resignation of J. 
B. Smith as Assistant in the Department of Insects at the National Museum and appoint- 
ment of M. L. Linell as aid in the Department. The Entomologist to go to Paris as one of 
the Assistant Commissioners to the Paris Exposition: Mr. Howard left in charge. 

CHARLES VY. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Extracts from Correspondence. 


(Auswer by editors. ) 
Insect Life, 1, April, 1889, pp. 313-320. 
Buffalo Gnats on the Red River. The new Flour Moth in England. Abundance of an Iulus 
in Dakota. The Bean Weevil in California. Grass Cut-worms. The Texas Heel-fly. 
A Boll-worm letter. 
CHARLES V. RitEy and L. O. Howarp (editors). Late important publications 


relative to the Hessian Fly. 
Insect Life, 1, April, 1889, pp. 322, 323. 
Notices of papers on the Hessian Fly by Miss Ormerod and Messrs. Lindeman, Forbes, and 
Enock. 
CHARLES V. RiLteEy and L. O. Howarp (editors). Fungicides as Insecticides. 
Insect Life, 1, April, 1889, p. 323. 
Lime and copper sulphate solutions efficacious against the Rose Bug, Locusts, and garden 
snails. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). New Food-plant for the Scurfy 
Bark-louse. 
Insect Life, 1, April, 1889, p. 324. 
Chionaspis furfurus Fitch attacks the ‘‘Cherry currant;”’ list of previously known food-plants. 
CHARLES V. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Obituary. 
Insect Life, 1, April, 1889, p. 324. 
Notice of the death of Samuel Lowell Elliott, 


2 (2a 


ve. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 767 


CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Precursors of Brood vur of the 
Periodical Cicada. 
Insect Life, 1, April, 1889, p, 324. 
Appearance of Cicada in greenhouse, February 23. 
CHARLES V. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). A Spider-egg Parasite. 
Insect Life, 1, April, 1889, p. 324. : 
Pimpla inquisitor bred from the cocoon of Argiope riparia. 
CHARLES VY. RILEY and L, O. Howarp (editors). Spraying Fruit Trees. 
insect Life, 1, April, 1889, pp. 324, 325. 
An unsuccessful example of spraying for the Codling Moth, 
CHARLES VY. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). A Bryobia in New Zealand. 
Insect Life, 1, April, 1889, p. 325. 
A Mite (Bryobia) damaging the leaves of the apple in New Zealand. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Box-Elder Bug. 
Insect Life, 1, April, 1889, p. 325. 
Notes on food-plants and abundance of Leptocaris trivittatus ; reference to article by Prof. E. 
A. Popenoe. 


CHARLES V. Riney and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Florida Wax-scale in Cali- 
fornia. 

Insect Life, 1, April, 1889, pp. 325, 326. 

The Wax-scale of Florida (Ceroplastes floridensis) received from W. E. Collins, of California; 
food-plants ; remedies. 

CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Special Notes. 

Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, pp.’327, 328. 

Australian enemies of Jcerya in California. Notice of the second edition of Saunders’s “ In- 
sects Injurious to Fruits.” Catalogue of Oriental insects. A new Government publica- 
tion. The Journal of the Board of Viticulture, Victoria, Australia. 

CHARLES V. R1LEy and L. O. Howarp (editors). Extracts from Correspondence. 


(Answers by editors. ) 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, pp. 340-346. 
Trumpet-creeper injured by Lygceus reclivatus. Thrips tritici injuring orange blossoms. 
White Ants in Australia. White Grub injury to strawberries. Larva of Cicada septen- 
decim. A Phytoptus on plum. A Lac Insect on the creosote bush. A Rhizococcus on 
grass in Dakota. Saw-fly on Polygonum dumetorum. Oscinis sp. on chrysantheum. 
Ants destroying young maples in Nebraska. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarb (editors). The Spider-bite question. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, pp. 347-349. 
Additional cases of bites by poisonous Spiders; letter relating thereto. 
CHARLES V. RiLEY and L. O. HOWARD (editors). Uropoda americana on Euphoria 
inda. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 18289, p. 349. 
The Mite (Uropoda americana) recorded as infesting Euphoria inda. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Blackbird and the Boll Worm. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, p. 351. 
Blackbirds extracting the Boll Worms from green corn (?). 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. HowarRpD (editors). Swarms of Gnats in Iowa. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, p. 351. 
The Gnat (Chironomus nigricans) swarming at Keokuk, Iowa. 
Cuarves V. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). New Remedy for Striped Bugs. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, p. 351. 
Calomel mixed with flour or ashes, recommended by Vick’s Magazine. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L, O. Howarp (editors). The European Ribbon-footed 
Corn-fly. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, pp. 353, 354. 
Chlorons teniopus damaging barley and rye in Sweden not a new pest. 
CHARLES V. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Hermetia mucens infesting Bee- 
hives. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, pp. 353, 354. 


Letter from Dr. W. B. Rohmer, describing the oviposition of the fly (Hermetia mucens) and 
habits of the larve. 


168 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


CuaARLES V. Rivey and L. O. Howakp (editors). The Chinch Bug this year. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, p. 354. 
Alarm caused by the Chinch Bug in Arkansas. 
CuHakLes VY. Ritey aud L. O. Howarp (editors). Codling Moth destruction in 
Tasmania. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, p. 354. 
Energetic Government work against the Codling Moth. 
CHARLES Y. RiLtey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Gas lime for the Onion Maggot. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, p. 354. 
Method of application as given by a correspondent of the Gardener's Chronicle. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Paris green for the Garden Web- 
worm. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, p. 354. 
Professor Cassidy’s experiments with Paris green against the Garden Web-worm (Hurycreon 
rantalis). 
CHARLES VY. RILEY and L. O. Howarpb (editors). The Phylloxera in Asia Minor. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, pp. 354, 355. 
Deliberate importation of the Phylloxera into Asia Minor. 


; 
: 


CHARLES VY. RiLey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Bark Lice on the Cocoa-nat. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, p. 355. 
The cocoa-nut palm in Jamaica infested by.Fiorinia pellucida and Mytilaspis buat. 


CHARLES Y. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Important publications on Eco- 
nomic Entomology. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, pp. 355, 356. 
Professor Targioni-Tozzetti’s second report on agricultural entomology, Florence, 1888; 
Miss E. A. Ormerod’s report on injurious insects for 1888, London, 1889; Mr. James 
Fletcher’s report as entomologist and botanist tothe Dominion of Canada, Ottawa, 1889. 
CHARLES VY. Riney and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Pyrethrum Industry. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, p. 356. 
Number of tons imported; California’s product. 


CHARLES Y. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). A new use for the Fluted Scale. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, p. 356. 
Introduction of Icerya purchasi into Florida proposed by a writer in the ‘‘ Florida Dispatch” as 
a remedy for overproduction of oranges. 


CHARLES Y. Ritey and L. O. Howarkp (editors). CoJling Moth Notes. 
Insect Life, 1, May, 1889, p. 356. 
Notice of D. B. Wier’s article on Orchard work in the ‘‘ Orchard and Farm,’ and of Prof. E. 
A. Popenoe’s experiments in spraying apple trees with arsenicals. 


CHARLES VY. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). (Obituary notice.) 
Insect Life, J, May, 1889, p. 357. 
Notice of the death of Count Eugene Keyserling; value and extent of his work on American 
spiders. 


CHARLES VY. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). (Special Notes.) 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, pp. 359, 360. 
Australian Entomology: Articles on, in ‘‘Garden and Field” (Adelaide). The proposed Ento- 
mologists’ Union. The Cave Fauna of North America, memoir on, by Dr. Packard. The 
Beetles (Tenebrioides maw itanica) which lived in an insecticide. Bulletin on Root Knot 
Disease in Florida. Chinch Bug kept in check by rains. 


CHARLES VY. RiLtey and L. O. Howarp (editors). (Extracts from Correspondence.) 
(Answers by editors.) 

Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, pp. 375-380. 

First injurious appearance of the Army Worm in Florida. The Camellia Seale. The Austra- 
lian Lady-b'rd. Valgus canaliculatus a Quinceenemy. Lasioderma serricorne injuring ciga- 
rettes. Dryocumpa imperialis on Elmand Linden. Larye of Tenebrio molitor in a woman’s 
stomach. Another note on theretarded development of Caloptenus spretus eggs at Man- 
hattan, Kansas. 


CHARLES VY. RiLteEy and L. O. Howarp (editors). Linen injured by Agrotis larve. 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, pp. 380, 381. 
Nature of the injury caused by the larvie of Agrotis exclamationis to linen in the north of Ire- 
land ; preventives, 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 769 


CHARLES V. RinEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). Impression of an Insect on 
Paper. 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, p. 381. 
Impression of 2 Lithobius on rice-paper of Indian manufacture. 
CHarues V. Rirry and L. O. Howarp (editors). The destructive Leaf-hopper 
injuring Timothy. 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, p. 381. 
Reference to Mr. J. G. Barlow's letters relating to the work of Cicadula exitiosa in Timothy 
meadows; previous writings on this insect; Timothy a new food-plant. 
CuHarR.es V. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors), Pieris rape and pretodice in 
Colorado. 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, p. 382. 
Remarkable omission of P. rape from list of Cabbage Butterflies in Colorado in report of 
Professor Cassidy; previous records of it in Colorado. 
CuarLes V. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). Phylloxera at the Cape of Good 


Hope. 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, p. 383. 
Localities where found; bisulphide of carbon used. 
CuHaARLEs VY. RiLey and L. O. Howarp (editors), A new Buttertly publication, 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, p. 383. 
Brief notice of Mr. A. Sidney Olliff’s ‘“‘Australian Butterflies.” 
CuarLes Y. Riney and L. O. Howarop (editors). The Bot-tfly of the Ox. 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, pp. 383, 384. e 
Notice of the investigation undertaken by the Farmers’ Review, of Chicago, of the Bot-fly of 
the Ox, or Ox Warble fly. 
Cuartes VY. Rirey and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Phylloxera in Colorado. 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, p. 385. 
Danger of its introduction; prompt action against by a Colorado vine grower. 
CHARLES V. RILEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The Rhizococeus on grass. 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, p. 385. 
Egg sacs of a Rhizococcus on grass from Nova Scotia, received from Mr. Fletcher; previously 
_ found on grass in Dakota; a dipterous parasite. 
CHARLES V. Riney and L. O. Howarp (editors), A new Grape Pest in the South- 


west. 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, pp. 385, 386. 
A Flea-beetle (Gastroidea formosa) reported by W. J. Howerton, of Florence, Arizona, as 
feeding on grape leaves; Canagre, food-plant of larva; measures against. 
Cuarves VY. Riney and L. O. Howarp (editors). An Alewrodes on Tobacco. 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, p. 386. 
Reported by Prof. P. Gennadius, of Athens, Greece, to feed on tobacco; habits of; nature and 
extent of damage. 
Cuarues VY. Ritey and L. O. Howarp (editors). A Corn-root Worm in South Car- 


olina. 


Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, p. 386. } 
Diabrotica 12-punctata reported by Dr. J. W. Thomas to seriously injure corn in South Caro- 


lina; nature of the attack; means against. 
CuarLes V. Rivey and L. O. Howarp (editors). A Deer Bot-fly. 
Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, pp. 386, 387. 
Larvie of a Deer Bot-ftly (Cephenomyia’?) received from Mrs. A. E. Bush, of San José, Califor- 
. nia; manner of attack. 
CHARLES V. RinEY and L. O. Howarp (editors). The shield method for Leaf- 
hoppers. 


Insect Life, 1, June, 1889, p. 387. 
Description of Mr. Eugene Weston’s method of destroying the Grapevine Leaf-hopper. 


Wirt Ropinson. Notes on some Albino Birds presented to the U, S. National Mu- 
seum, with some remarks on Albinism. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 413-416. 
OsBERT SALVIN and I. Du CANE GopMAN. Piologia Centrali (Americana Zoologia, 
Aves, vol. 11 (part 1, December, 1888; 2, February, 1889; and 3, March, 1889), 
pp. 1-104; pls. 36-40. 


Includes the families Oxyrhamphide and Tyrannide, part of this great work. 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——-49 


770 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. ° 


Puitip LuTLeY SCLATER. Catalogue | of the | Passeriformes, | or | Pershing Birds, | 
in the | Collection | of the | British Museum. | —— | Oligomyode, | or the Fam- 
ilies | Tyrannid, Pipride, Cotingidex, | Phytotomide, Philepittide, Pittida, | 
Xenicidx, and Eurylemide. | By | Philip Lutley Sclater, | London: | Printed by 
order of the Trustees. | 1888. 

8vo., pp. xx, 494; list of plates, and 26 colored plates. 

The numberof species treated in this work is 685, as follows: Tyrannide, 412 species, 78 genera; 
Oxyrhamphide, 3 species, 1 genus; Pipride, 70 species, 19 genera; Cotingide, 113 species, 
29 genera; Phytotomide, 4 species, 1 genus; Philepittide, 2 species, 1 genus; Pittide, 50 
species, 4 genera; Xenicid@,3 species, 2 genera; Lurylemide, il species, 8 genera; total, 
668 species, 133 genera. 

The following are described as new: Ochthornis (new genus, type Elainca littoralis Pelz.) 
p.31; Cenotriccus (new genus, type Muscicapa rujiceps Lafr.), p.86; Empidochanes salvini, 
p. 218 (Venezuela and British Guiana). ; 

PHitie LUTLEY SCLATER and W. H. Hupson. Argentine Ornithology. | A | De- 
scriptive Catalogue | of the | Birds of the Argentine Republic. | By P. L. Sclater, 
M, A., PH. D., F. R. S., ete., | with notes on their habits, | By | W. H. Hudson, c. 
M. Z. S., late of Buenos Ayres. | Wood-eut of Burmeister’s Cariama. | | Vol- 
ume Ir. |] ——]| London: | R. H. Porter, 18 Princess street, Cavendish Square, 
W. | 1889. 

S8vo, pp. xxiv, 251, 10 hand-colored lithographic plates, representing the following species, 
Plate xi, Chetocercus burmeisteri ; plate xiii, Coceyzus cinerus ; plate xiv, Conwrus mo- 
line; plate xv, Bolborhynchus aymara ; plate xvi, Buico swainsoni ; plate xvii, Ardetta 
involucris; plate xvili, Cygnus nigricollis ; plate xix, Rallus maculatus ; plate xx, No- 
thura darwint. 

This second and last volume includes the orders Macrochires, Pici, Coccyges, Psittaci, Striges, 
Accipitres, Steganopodes, Herodiones, Anseres, Columb, Galline, Geranomorphe, Limicole, 
Gavie, Pygopodes, Impennes, Crypturi, and Struthiones. The introduction (pp. xvii-xxiv) 
gives a general review of the subject of ge-graphical distribution of birds within the Neo- 
tropical region, defines the several subregions (six in number), and goes somewhat into 
detail in discussing the relationship of the Argentine bird-fauna, which, it is stated, 
‘‘comes within the limits of the Patagonian subregion.” The appendices are: ‘I. List 
of the Principal Authorities upon the Ornithology of the Argentine Republic referred to 
in the present work” (page 221), and “II. List of some of the principal localities where 
collections have been made, mentioned in this work” (p. 231). 

GEORGE B. SENNETT. <A New form of Clapper Rail. 

The Auk, v, July, 1888, pp. 305, 306. : 

Rallus longirostris scottii, Scott's Rail, p.305; habitat, west coast of Florida. 

GEORGE B. SENNETT. An addition to the List of North American Birds. 

The Auk, V, July, 1888, p. 319. 

Rallus longirostris caribeeus Ridgw. ; Galveston and Corpus Christi, Texas. 

GEORGE B. SENNETT. The Clapper Rails of the United States and West Indies com- 
pared with Rallus longirostris of South America. 

The Auk, vi, April, 1889, pp. 161-166. 

Revises the group, and recognizes the following species and subspecies: (1) Rallus crepitans 
Gmel,, Atlantic and Gulf coasts of United States; (2) Rallus longirostris caribceus 
Ridgw., West Indies and coast of Texas; (3) Rallus crepitans saturatus Hensh., Rigolets, 
near Lake Pontchartrain, Louisiana; (4) Rallus obsoletus Ridgw., Pacific coast of United 

; States;(5) Rallus scottii. Sennett, west coast of Florida, and (6) Rallus coryi Mayn, Bahamas, 

R. W. SHUFELDT. The Osteology of Habia melanocephala, with Comparative Notes 
upon the Skeletons of certain other Conirostral Birds and of Tangers, 

The Auk, V, No. 4, October, 1888, pp. 438-444, 2 text figures. 

R. W.SHUFELDT. On the Mesozoic Mammalia. 

The West American Scientist, V, No.3, November, 1888, pp. 20-22. ~ 

Review of Professor Osborn’s Monograph published by the Academy of Natural Sciences of 
Philadelphia (vol. 1x, No. 2, July, 1888). 

R. W.SHUFELDT. Notes on Brewster’s and the Blue-footed Gannet. 

The Auk, v1, January, 1889, p. 67. 

R. W.SHUFELDT. ‘The Navajo Tanner. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 59-66 ; plates xxiii-xxviii. 

R.W.SHUFELDT. Observations upon the Osteology of the North American Anseres. 

Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X1, 1889, pp. 215-251; 30 figures. 


ae 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. (71 


R.W.SHUFELDT. Observations upon the Osteology of the Order Tubinares and Ste- 
ganopodes. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xt, 1888, pp. 253-315 ; 43 figures. 

R. W.SHoFevLpr. On the | Position of Chamiea in the System. | By | R. W.Shu- 
feldt. | Reprinted from the Journal of Morphology, vol. 1, No. 3. | —— | Boston: 
Ginn and Company. | 1889. 

8vo, pp. 475-502, 8 text figures. 

A comparative study of the structure of Chamea, 

CHARLES ToRREY Simpson. Contributions to the Mollusca of Florida. 

Proc. Davenport Acad. of Sct., V, February-March, 1889, pp. 45-72, 63*-72*, 8vo. 

This is alist of shells collected in Florida by the author, many of which were identified at 
the National Museum for him, and of which a large number of the species were donated 
to the collection. It contains descriptions of Pleurotoma simpsoni (p.54), Tralia minus- 
eula (p. 69), and Pandora (Kennerlia) bushiana (p. 71), by W. H. Dall, and Natica (Luna- 
tia) semisuleata (p.72*), by Mr. Simpson. 

JOHN B. SmirH. New Species of Oncocnemis. 

Insect Life, 1, July, 1888, pp. 18-20. 

Describes as new O. fasciatus, California; O. tenuvifascia, Colorado; O. tricolor, Colorado; O. 
terminalis, Colorado; O. simplex, Utah. 

Joun B. Smiru. Jist of the Sphingidw of Temperate North America, 

Entomologica Americana, 1v, Augusf, 1888, pp. 89-94. 

A preliminary revised list of species based upon a monographic study of the family. 

Joun B. SmirH. Annual address of the President of the Entomological Club of the 
AROS AS: 

Entomologica Americana, tv, September and October, 1888, pp. 101-112, 125-134. 

Gives a review of the principal collections of the United States, and of the methods of pre- 
serving and arrangements adopted in the various public museums, giving a more detailed 
review of the collections in the U. 8S. National Museum. 


Joun B. Smitru. Cerathosia tricolor Smith. 

Entomologica Americana, 1v, September, 1888, pp. 122, 123. 

An enumeration of the characters of the genus and a discussion of its relationships. 
Joun B. SmirH. Monograph of the Sphingide of America north of Mexico. 


Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Xv, October, 1888, pp. 49-242 ; plates iv—xiii. 
Review of the literature of the family and a careful description of all the genera and species. 


Joun B. Smitrn. Notes on Lachnosterna fusca Auct. 
Insect Life, 1, December, 1888, pp. 180-185. 
Separates the species known as fusca into Lowe, describing as new ZL. arcuata, L. dubia, and 
L. grandis. Yigures of the genitalia of both sexes of each species are given. 
Joun B. Smitu. Arctiidw vs. Noctuidae. 
Canadian Entomologist, xx, December, 1888, pp. 286-238. 
Discusses thé relationship of Cerathosia tricolor, and sets out the characters separating the 
Arctiide and Noctwide. 
Joun B. SmirH. Note on the position of the Cerathosia. 
Entomologica Americana, Vv, January, 1889, p. 8. 
Quotes two letters from Mr. H. B. Moeschler, confirming the author's view of the family refer. 
ence of this genus. 
Joun B. Smiru. An Introduction to Entomology (Review). 
Entomologica Americana, lv, January, 1889, pp. 19, 20. 
A review of J. H. Comstock’s book on Entomology. 


Joun B. Situ. Notes on Cydosia and Cerathosia. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 185-190, 2 figs. 
Roperr E. C. STEARNS, On certain Parasites, Commensals, and Domeciliars in the 
pearl oysters, Meleagrinaw. 
Report of Smithsonian Institution, 1886 (1889), part 1, June, 1889, pp. 339-344 ; plates i-ili, 
Describes and figures certain fish and other parasites of the pearl oysters. 
LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Palmén’s contributions to the knowledge of the Bird Fauna 
of the Siberian Coasts of the Arctic See. 
The Auk, Vv, July, 1888, pp. 306-311. 
A review of Palmén’s ‘‘ Bidrag till Kinnedomen om Sibiriska Ishafskustens Fogelfauna.” 
LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Review of Japanese Birds. vu. The Creepers. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, September 19, 1888, pp. 606-611. 


(Ue REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Henry James Stovin Pryer (Obituary Notice.) 
The Auk, V, October, 1888, pp. 332, 333. 
Reprinted on a single sheet. 
LEONHARD STEJNEGER. (Obituary Notice of Prof. Modest Bogdanow.) 
The Auk, V, October, 1888, pp. 333, 334. : 
Reprinted on a single sheet. 
LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Notes on European Marsb-Tits with Description of a New 
Subspecies from Norway. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xt, November, 1888, pp. 71-76. 
Parus colletti, sp. nov., p. 74. 
LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Further Contributions to the Hawaiian Avifauna. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, November 8, 1888, pp. 93-103. 
Species treated of are Pufinus knudseni, sp. nov., p.93; Anous melanogexys Gray, p. 94; Fulica 
alai Peale, p.95; Arenaria interpres (Linn.), p.96; Himantopus knudsent Stejn., p. 96; Nu- 
menius femoralis Peale, p.97; Dajsila acuta (Linn.), p. 97; Spatula elypeata (Linn.), p. 98; 
Anas wyvilliana Sel., p. 98; Nyeticorax nevius (Bodd.), p. 102; Fregata aquila (Linn.), p. 
102. 
LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Notes on the European Crested Titmice. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, November 8, 1888, pp. 113, 114. 
Two forms recognized: Parus cristatus Linn. and Parus cristatus mitratus Brehm. 


LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Cucullaris propatagialis in Oscinine Birds. 
Science, X11, 1889, p. 16. 
LEONHARD STEJNEGER. The proper name for the genus Melanipitta (sic) of Schlegel. 
The Auk, vi, January, 1889, p. 79. 
Showing that the name Mellopitta had been proposed by himself in ‘Standard Natural History 
Ivy, Birds,” 1885, p. 466, thus antedating Dr. P. L. Sclater’s substitute Coracopitta (Cat. B. 
Brit. Mus. xiv, p 499). 
LEONHARD STEJNEGER. (Obituary Notice of Nicholas Michailovitch Prjevalsky.) 
The Auk, Vi, January, 1889, pp. 80, 81. 

LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Diagnosis of the Kamtschatkan Three-toed Woodpecker, 
( Picoides albidior). 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x1, January 5, 1889, p. 168. 

LEONHARD STEJNEGER. (Letter to the editor of The Jbis in regard to Mr. W. R. 
Ogilvie-Grant’s paper on the species of the genus Platalea in The Ibis for January, 
1889, pp. 32-58. ) 

The Ibis, sixth ser., 1, No. 2, April, 1889, pp. 258, 259. 

LEONHARD STEJNEGER. Review of Japanese Birds. vit. The Nutcracker (Nuci- 
fraga caryocatactes macrorhynchus). 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1889, pp. 425-432. 

ALEXANDER M. STEPHEN. The Navajo Shoemaker. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xt, 1888, pp. 131-136; 7 figures. 

V. SrerKi. A Study of the American Species of Vertigo contained in the U. S. 

National Museum, with the description of a new subgenus of Pupide. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 369-380; 1 plate, 6 figures. 

FREDERICK W. TRUE. Description of Geomys personatus and Dipodomys compactus, 

two new species of Rodents from Padre Island, Texas. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 159, 160. 

FREDERICK W. TRUE. Guide to a Collection illustrating the Families of Mammals, 
exhibited in the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition in 1888, by the U. S. National 
Museum, 

_ Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x1, Appendix No. 48, 1888, pp. 1-26. 

FREDERICK W. TRUE. Description of a new species of Deer (Cariacus clavatus, from 
Central America. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Xt, 1888, pp. 417-424. 

GrorcEe VASEY. List of Plants from Lower California sent to the Smithsonian In- 
stitution by Lieut. Charles F. Pond, U. 8. Navy. 

Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, p. 368. _ 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 173 


GrorGE VAseY. The Genus Panicum in the United States. 
Bull. No.8, Botanical Div, Dept. of Agriculture, 1889, pp. 20-39. 
This is a synopsis of the genus, consisting of a division into sections, and descriptions of our 
64 species (excluding those inciuded in Oplismenus). Ten of the species described have 
not been published before. 
GEORGE VASEY. Notes on some rare Grasses. 
Bull. Torrey Botanical Club, November, 1883. 
GEORGE VASEY. On two species of Gramine:e. 
Bull. Torrey Botanical Club, November, 1888. 


GrorGe Vasey and B. T. GaALtoway. U.S. Department of Agriculture. | Botani- 
cal Division. | Bulletin No. 8. | —— | A Record | of | Some of the Work of the 
Division, | including | Extracts from Correspondence | and | other Communica- 
tions. | Prepared by | Dr. Geo. Vasey | and | B. T. Galloway, | under the direc- 


tion of the Commissioner of Agriculture. | —— | Washington: | Government 
Printing Office. | 1889. 
8vo. pp. 1-67. 


CHARLES D. Watcotr. Cambrian Fossils from Mount Stephens, Northwest Terri- 
tory of Canada. 
Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXVI, September, 1888, pp. 161-166. 
Also published in pamphlet form. 
Cuar_tes D. WatcorT. The Stratigraphical succession of the Cambrian Faunas in 
North America. 
Nature, Xxxvul, No. 988, October 4, 1888, p. 551. 


CuHarRLEs D. WatcoTr. Stratigraphic position of the Olenellus Fauna in North 
America and Europe. 
Am. Jour. Sci.; 3d ser., XXXVII and XXXVIII, pp. 374-392 ; 29-42. 


CuaRLES D. Watcotr. Description of New Genera and species from the Middle 
Cambrian. 
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X1, 1888, pp. 441-446, 1 text figure. 
LesTeR F. Warp. What shall the Public Schools teach ? 
The Forum, New York, V, July, 1888, pp, 574-583. 
A defense of industrial education from the standpoint that it stimulates the constructive 
faculty and leads to the subjection of nature by man through invention, which is the proc- 
ess through which alone civilization takes place. ° 


Lester F. Warp. True and False Civil-Service Reform. 

The Historical American, 1, Cleveland, Ohio, July, 1888, pp. 25-30; Belford’s Magazine, Chicago, 
Illinois, 11 July, 1889, pp. 202-210. 

Opposes the prevailing practice of attacking the personal character of office-holders as caleu- 
lated to lower the moral tone of the service by deterring good men from accepting office ; 
defends this class against such attacks and the service against indiscriminate charges of 
corruption; argues for a system that shall remove all inducements to office-seeking and 
secure the special training of those who are to transact the business of the state in the 
methods of government operations and the business of a nation. 


Lester F. Warp. Dabney’s Sensualistic Philosophy. 
The Historical American, 1, Cleveland, Ohio, July, 1888, p. 78. 
A rather severe adverse criticism of the matter. the manner, and spirit of the work reviewed, 
namely, ‘‘ The Sensualistic Philosophy of the Nineteenth Century, considered by Robert 
L. Dabney, bv. D.,LL. D., etc. New and enlarged edition. New York: Anson D. F. Randolph 


& Co.” - 
Lestrr F. Warp. Evidence of the Fossil Plants as to the Age of the Potomac For- 
mation. 


American Journal of Science, third series, XXXVI, August, 1888, pp. 119-131. 

This paper was read by invitation before the National Academy of Sciences, at the U.S. 
National Museum, April 20, 1888. It deals chiefly with the results of Prof. William M. 
Fontaine's researches in this field, summarizing the data contained in his unpublished 
Monograph of the Flora of the Potomac Formation, and specially emphasizing the fact 
that the flora contains alarge proportion of Jurassic types, and that its dicotyledonous 
forms are very archaic in character, constituting, in all probability, their earliest recorded 
appearance. It is maintained that, owing to this peculiar character, they do not neces- 
sarily prove that the Potomac Formation is Cretaceous. 


Vv 


174 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Lester F. Warp. Asa Gray and Darwinism. 

The Historical American, 1, Cleveland, Ohio, August, 1888, pp. 85-92, with portrait as frontis- 
piece to magazine. 

This paper was read at the Gray memorial meeting of the botanical section of the Biological 
Society of Wahington, April 5, 1888. It gives an historical account ot Dr. Gray’s early 
and sustained relations with Charles Darwin, his instrumentality in furthering the spread 
of Lis views, the nature of his acceptance of those views, and the manner in which, as a 
botanist, Dr. Gray has been able to utilize Darwinian principles as a working basis in his 
department of science. 


Lester F. Warp. Our Better Halves. 

The Forum, New York, vi, November, 1888, pp. 266-275. 

It is maintained in this article that the female sex is primary and the male secondary in 
organic economy; that woman represents the principle of heredity, and that acquired 
qualities in woman are more regularly transmitted than in men. The alleged superiority 
of the males of animals is shown to be apparent only, and confined to some higher types, 
acquired chiefly through the operation of sexual selection. The conclusion is drawn that 
‘‘the elevation of woman is the only sure road to the evolution of man.” . 


LESTER F. Ward. Nya Anmerkningar om Williamsonia af A.G. Nathorst. (Notice.) 
Am. Journ. Sci., third series, XxxvI, November, 1888, p. 391. 
Brief notice of a paper with the above title in the Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps Akade- 
miens Férkandlingar for Juni, 1888, No. 6, announcing the discovery of Williamsonia 
angustifolia Nath., attached to Anomozanvites minor (Brongn.) Nath. 


LksTER F. WAkD. The Paleontologic History of the genus Platanus. 

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x1, Washington, 1888, pp. 39-42, plates xvii-xxi. 

An attempt to trace the history of the genus back through the several formations in the 
United States to the Dakota group, and to show that many of the forms that have been 
referred to Sassafras, Aralia, Liquidambar, and Aspidiophyllum, are probably ancestral 
types leading up to it. . 


LesTER F. Warp. American Weather. (Review.) 
The Epoch, \v, January 25, 1889, p. 463. 
Notice of General A. W. Greely’s book, so entitled. 


LESTER F. WarpD. The ‘“‘ King Devil.” 
Botanical Gazette, xiv, January, 1889, pp. 10-17. 
An account of the discovery of a hawkweed (Hieracium prealtum) in 1879 near Carthage and 
Evans Mills, Jefferson County, New York, then a recent immigrant from Europe, and of 
an investigation and of its subsequent spread, and injurious effects ; made in 1888 in the 
same locality. The plant had then become a scourge to the farmers and had acquired the 
name of King Devil. 
LesTER F. Warp. Remarks on an undescribed vegetable organism from the Fort 
Union group of Montana. 
Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cleveland meeting, 1888, XXXVI, Salem, 1889, pp. 199-201. 
Abstract of a paper read before the Geological Section of the American Association describ- 
ing a very singular organism collected by the author on the Lower Yellowstone River near 
Glendive, Montana, believed by him to be a comprehensive type of vascular cryptogram 
related to Uphioglossum, Isoetes, and Selaginella. Illustrated by lantern views. 


Lester F. Warp. The Paleontologic History of the genus Platanus, 
Proc. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Cleveland meeting, 1888, XXXVU, Salem, 1889, pp. 201, 202. 
Abstract of a paper of same title read before the Geological Section of the American Asso- 
ciation, illustrated by lantern views and published in full with 5 plates in Proc. U.S. 
Nat. Mus., XI, 1888, p. 89 (q. v. supra). 


LEsTER F. WARD. Some Social and Economie Paradoxes. - 
The American Anthropologist, u, April, 1889, pp. 119-132. 
The same paper revised and published in full which appeared in an abridged form in Science, 
vol. x1, April 138, 1888, pp. 172, 174-176. See brief abstract of contents under entry of that 
date. 


LesTER F. Warpd. (Administrative Report to the Director of the U. S. Geological 


Survey for the year ending June 30, 1886.) 
Seventh Annual Report of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1885-'86, June, 1889, pp. 123-126. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 775 


Lester F. Warp. (Carboniferous Glaciation. ) 

Public Opinion, vu, June 15, 1889, p. 221. 

A notice of an article by Mr. C. D. White entitled: Carboniferous Glaciation in the Souther 
and Eastern Hemispheres, with some notes on the Glossopteris flora. 

Attention is specially called to the importance of the view expressed in Mr. White's article 
that the Glossopteris flora, though Mesozoic in aspect, is probably Permian in age and is 
the true ancestor of the widespread Rhetic and Jurassic floras of the northern hemisphere, 
and was developed in reponse to the gradual lowering of the temperatute at the period, 
replacing the true Carboniferous types which could not survive the change, and subse: 
quently migrating northward on the return of the tropical climate to reappear at many 
points as a distinctive Mesozoic flora. 

B. H. WARREN. Report | on the | Birds of Pennsylvania. | With Special Reference 
to the Food-habits, based | on over Three Thousand Stomach | Examinations, | 
By B. H. Warren, M.D., | Ornithologist of the State Board of Agriculture; As- 
sociate Member of the American | Ornithologists’ Union; Secretary of the Chester 
County (Pa) | Academy of Arts and Sciences, etc. | Illustrated with fifty plates. 
| | Harrisburg : | Edwin K, Meyers, State Printer. | 1888, 

8vo, pp. XU, 260. 

The purpo-e of this book appears to be to enlighten the public, especially the farming commu: 
nities in Pennsylvania, in regard to the birds that are to be found in the State, to awaken 
a desire for their protection upon economic grounds, and to stir up an interest in natural 
history among the people. 

‘‘The Report was printed by direction of the legislature of Pennsylvania for gratuitous dis- 
tribution in the State, and the demand so far exceeded the supply that the edition of 6,000 
copies was auickly exhausted, and, we are very glad to learn. the publication of a second 
edition of 10,000 copies, revised and enlarged, has been ordered. When this book has 
found its way into schools and farmhouses throughout Pennsylvania the profit to the birds, 
to the farmers, and to Ornithology that ought to result is incalculable. If other States 
would follow such a good example, it would be an important step toward lifting the cloud 
of ignorance that han gs over the rural mind upon matters of natural history.” 

(J. A. Allen in The Auk, vi, 1889, pp. 170, 171.) 

J. ELFRETH WarTkINS. The Evolution of the Railway Passenger Car. 

Supplement to Harper's Weekly, August 25, 1888. 

Describing the construction of various types of passenger railway cars, with 26 illustrations, 
showing the successive steps that have led up to the most improved modern parlor and 
sleeping cars. 

J. ELFRETH WarTkKINS. Origin of the English and American Railway Systems. 


Causes of their Differences. ; 

Read before the Philosophical Society of Washington, February, 1889. Describing the condi- 
tions of trade, manufacture, and commerce, which ied te the invention of the stationary 
engine, the railway, and finally to the steam locomotive. 

J. ELFRETH WATKINS. Development of the American Rail and Track. 
tead before the Annual Convention of the American Society of Civil Engineers, at Seabright, 
New Jersey, June 21, 1889. Describing the various types of wooden, cast-iron, and rolled 
iron rails, together with a brief review of the history of the manufacture of iron and steel, 
and the beginning and development of the American rail. Extended and reprinted in this 
volume.* 
CHaRLES A. WHITE. On the Puget Group of Washington Territory. 

Am. Jour. Sci., XXXVI, 3d ser., pp. 143-150. 

Applies the name Puget Group to a formation occupying a large part of Puget Sound basin 
and the adjacent slope of the Cascade Mountains, which was probably deposited about the 
close of the Cretaceous period, and which, although an estuary deposit, is apparently syn- 
chrorous, at least in part, with the Laramie and Chico Groups. Mentions the occurrence 
of the genus Batissa. The first recognition of this genus, either fossil or living, in North 
America. 

CHarLEs A. Wuite. Remarks on the genus Aucetla, with especial reference to its 


occurrence in California. 

Monographs of the U. 8. Geoiogical Survey, vol. 13. Geology of the quicksilver deposits of the 
Pacific slope, pp. 226-232; plates fii and iy. 

Gives 2 plates and 21 figures of recognized species of the genus Aucella. Discusses strati- 

graphical relations and specific identity of different forms. Refers strata in which the 

genus occurs in North America to the opening epoch of the Cretaceous. 


*See section 111. 


776 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


CuarLes A. Waite. On Hindeastrea, a new generic form of Cretaceous Astrivide. 

Geol. Mag., London, December, 1, Vv, No. 8, pp. 362, 3€3; five text figures. 

Describes and figures a little Coral from Kaufman County, Texas, found in strata of the Rip- 
ley Group, under the new generic and specific name of Hindeastrwa discoided. 

Cuarves A. WuHirr. On the Permian Formation of Texas. 

Am. Naturalist, XXii1, pp. 109-128; 1 plate. 

Discusses the interdelimitation of the Paleozoic and Mesozoie, also the commingling of Paleo- 
zoic and Mesozoic types. Gives descriptive section of the Permian of Texas and lisc of 
invertebrate fossils found in those strata. Describes and figures three new species: Pty- 
chites cumminsi, Medlicottia copei, Popanoceras walcotti. 

CHARLES A. WuITE. On Invertebrate Fossils from the Pacific Coast. 

Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 51, parts 1-5, pp. 1-102; plates 1-14. 

Part 1. New Fossil Mollusca from the Chico-Tejon series of California, pp. 11-27. Describes 
new genus Vasculum and describes and figures the following new species: Ostrea (Alex- 
tryonia) dilleri, Zirphea plana, Acteeon inoinatus, Vasculum obliquum, Lysis oppansus, 
Trochus (Anadema) gemiferus, Stomatia obstricta, Gyrodes dowelli, Rimella macilenta, Me- 
salia obsuta, Faunus marcidulus, Ceratia nexilia, Trophon condoni, Cominella lecontei, Ful- 
gur hilgardi, Fulguraria gabbi, Cancellaria dilleri, Ammonites turneri. 

Part 2. The occurrence of equivalents of the Chico-Tejon series in Oregon and Washington 
Territory, pp. 28-82. Gives numerous localities. Attention is called to similarities and 
differences existing in Gabbs and Conrads’ descriptions of species. 

Part 3. Cretaceous Fossils from Vancouver Island region, pp. 33-48. ‘The fossils described are 
from three small islands at the southern end of the Gulfof Georgia, adjazent to Vancouver 
Island. They are known as Sucia, Waldron, and Sheep Jack. The following new species 
are described: Perna excavata, Vanikoropsis suciaensis, Ammonites maclurei. 

Part 4. The Molluscan Fauna of Puget Group, pp. 49-63. ‘The unique character of this brackish 
water fauna, together with other facts, shows that the body of water in which this deposit 
was formed was an estuary. Itis a rich coal-bearing formation, but in its origin it was 
separated from any other coal-bearing strata of the Pacific Coast region. The following 
new species are described and figured: Cardiuwm (Adaena ?) ?, Cyrena brevidens, Corbi- 
cula willisi, C. pugetensis, Batissa newberryt, B. dubia, Psammobia obscura, Sanguinolaria ? 
caudata, Teredo pugetensis, Neritina ——? Cerithiwm ——? 

Part 5. Mesozoic Mollusca from the southern coast of the Alaskan Peninsula, pp. 65-70. The 
fossils described in this article are from the shores of Kialagvic, or Wrangell Bay, on the 
southern side of the Alaskan Peninsula. They are certainly Mesozoic and seem to indicate 
that they come from a formation somewhat earlier than the Cretaceous. The following 
new species are described and figured: Cucullwa increbescens, Glycimeris ? dalli, Belem- 
nites ? Belemnites —~? Ammonites (Lillia) howelli, A. (Lillia) kialagvikensis, A. 
(Amaltheus) whiteavesii. 

J. iE. WHITFIELD. 

(See under GEORGE P. MERRILL.) 

THOMAS WILSON. Display of Prehistoric Anthropology by the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion. 

The Commercial Gazette, Cincinnati, August 19, 1888. 

Relates to exhibit of prehistoric objects at Cincinnati Exposition. 


SECTION V. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS TO THE U. 8S. NATIONAL MUSEUM DURING THE 
YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1889. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 


ABBOTT, CHARLES C. (Trenton, New Jersey). Alcoholic specimens of Tylosurus ma- 
rinus (?). 20991. 

Apsort, W. H. (Washington, District of Columbia). Campaign badges. 21621. 

ABERT, CHARLES (Homewood, Norbeck, Maryland). King Snake (Ophibolus getulus) 
from Maryland. 21962. 

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), (through H. A. Pils- 
bry). One specimen of Helix granum Strebel, from Panama, and two specimens 
of Helix ceca Guppy, from Trinidad. 22155. 

Apams, C. F. (Champaign, Illinois). Sixteen specimens of the land-shells of Borneo, 
collected by the donor (21509); a group of Rhinoceros Horn-bills from Borneo 
(purchased). (22098.) 

ApaMs, W. H. (Elmore, Illinois). Specimens of fossil shells from Peoria County, 
IWJinois. 21521. 

Apams, W. W. (See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

ADLER, Dr. Cyrus (Smithsonian Institution). A knife from Alaska, 22145, 

AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF: 

The Bureau of Animal Industry (through Dr. D. E. Salmon, chief of the bureau). 
A collection of parasites prepared by Dr. Cooper Curtice. 21071. 

The Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy (through Dr. C. Hart Merriam, 
ornithologist). A collection of mammal skins and skulls from Titusville, 
Florida (22002); from Canaveral, Florida (22003); from Cloverdale, Cali- 
fornia (22004); from Ukiah, California (22055); a collection of mammals 
from near Lake Worth, Florida (22078). 

The Division of Entomology (through Prof. C. V. Riley, entomologist). A collec- 
tion of insects, principally Coleoptera, from Michigan. 21391. 

(See under Barrows, Walter B., Bruner, T. K., and Fisher, Dr. A. K.) 

ALASKA COMMERCIAL COMPANY (San Francisco, California). A bidarka. 21119. 

ALLEN, Col. J. I. (Stillwater, Montana). Two photographs of Crow Indians (20979) ; 
two pairs of Indian moccasins (21455, 21549) ; an Indian dress, arrow, pipe, wal- 
let, and broken sword from Custer’s battlefield, 1876 (21588); various Indian 
relics (21748). 

ALLEN, IRA R. (Fair Haven, Vermont). Minerals from Amelia Court House, Virginia. 
21362. 

ALLEN, T. C. (Los Angeles, California), A photograph of old San Diego Mission 
founded about 1746, and photograph of old mission bills. 21587. 

AMEND, b. G. (New York City, New York), (through W. S. Yeates). Three speci- 
mens of rutile from Maguet Cove, Arkansas. 22033. 

AMERICAN MusreuM OF NATurRAL History (New York City, New York). A flint im- 
plement (lent for comparison and study) (21293); three Chicken Turtles (Chry- 
semys reticulata) from Louisiana (21987). 

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (New York City, New York). A badge of 
this society. 21607. 

AMMEN, Admiral DANIEL (Ammendale, Maryland). A two-horse carriage used by 
General U. 8. Grant in Washington prior to his election to the Presidency of the 
United States, and by him presented to the donor in the summer of 1870, 22087. 

779 


780 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


AMOROSA, ALPHONSE (Washington, District of Columbia). A Fish Hawk. 21105. 

ANCIENT AND HONORABLE ARTILLERY COMPANY (Boston, Massachusetts). A bronze © 
medal of the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Company. 21534. . 

ANDERSON, Rosert (Jeffersonville, Indiana). A portion ef a human skull found in — 
an Indian burial-place near Jeffersonville, Indiana. 22007. 

ANDREWs, E. H. (Treasury Department). Three vanilla beans from Costa Rica, Poly- 
nesia, and West Indies. 21991. 

ANDRUS, Rey. A. N. (Painesville, Ohio). A Koordish costume, worn by the tribe of 
Koords in Bohtan, a district of eastern Turkey; also gun-trappings used by 
Koords. (Purechased.) 21666. 

ANGELL, G. W. (New York City, New York). Dry Coleoptera collected at Caracas, 
Venezuela. 21748. 

ANIMAL INDUSTRY, BUREAU OF (See under Agriculture, Department of.) 

ARMY MEpiIcAL Museum (War Department). Pottery and stone implements from 
old graves in the mountains near Lima, Peru. 21995. 

ASHFORD, E. W. (U.S. National Museum). Four Chinese coins. 21740. 

AsKEw, H. G. (Tyler, Texas). A collection of Texas shells (22124); seven species 
of shells from Texas (21967). 

AUCKLAND MuseuM (Auckland, New Zealand), (through Prof. T. F. Cheeseman). 
Four birds’ skins, 15 birds’ skeletons, 170 shells, and 140 specimens of New Zea- 
land rocks, minerals, and ores. (Exchange.) 21169. 

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM (Sydney, Australia), (through 8. Sinclair, secretary). Skele- 
tons of birds and mammals. 21651. 

AVERY, ARTHUR (Washington, District of Columbia). A living squirrel. 21033. 

AVERY, Dr. WILLIAM C. (Greensborough, Alabama). A nest and set of four eggs of 
Bachman’s Sparrow (20851); two specimens of Bachman’s Sparrow (Peucwa esti- 
valis bachmani) (21460); nest and six eggs of Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovi- 
cianus) (21944); a Florida Grackle from Alabama (21985); nest and tive eggs of 
Browrheaded Nut-hatch, and nest and four eggs of Grasshopper Sparrow (22062) ; 
skin of Florida Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula aglaus) (22033). 

AVERY, 8. P. (New York City, New York). Dry points and soft-ground etchings by 
Miss Mary Cassatt (21009); lithograph landscape by Tudot (21265); a book, 
“Er, Sie, Es,” by C. M. Seippel (21447); four sale and exhibition catalogues 
(21925). 

AYERS, BENJAMIN D., Jr. (Chester, Pennsylvania). A campaign badge. 21760. 

BaiLry, W. W. (Providence, Rhode Island). Specimens of dried plants. 21715. 

BarrpD, Miss Lucy (Washington, District of Columbia). Eighty gold, silver, and 
copper coins, tokens, and medals of North and South America, France, England, 
and Sweden. 20949. 

BairpD, Mrs. S. F. (Washington, District of Columbia). <A silver medal presented to 
Prof. S. F. Baird by the Acclimatization Society, New South Wales. 20948. 

Baker, A. B. (Wa Keeney, Kansas). A Black-footed Ferret (Putorius nigripes). 
21851. 

BAKER, COLGATE (Kobe, Japan). Twenty samples of Japanese tea. 21675. 

BakER, DANIEL (Buckeystown, Maryland). Specimens of building-stones from Mary- 
land. 21671. 

BakER, JOHN (Gloucester, Massachusetts). A Snipe Eel caught on Grand Bank, 
Massachusetts. 22079. 

BALDWIN, CORNELIUS (Nelson, Ohio). A stone implement. 21896. 

BALDWIN, GLEASON & Co. (New York City, New York). Twenty specimens of print- 
ing on celluloid. 22064. 

BALDWIN LocomoTIvE Works (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Blue-prints and 
photographs of modern locomotives (21068) ; model of the locomotive ‘Old Iron- 
sides” (21597). 

BaLiaur, D. (Washington, District of Columbia). Model of locomotive for exhibit 
at Cincinnati Exposition. (Purchased.) 21090. 


q =. J 5 . 


7 LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 781 


Bancrort, Hester (Washington, District of Columbia). A specimen of pink satin 
_ spar from Colorado. 21473. 

Banas, C. (Wolverton, Minnesota). Copper implements found in Wilkin County, 
Minnesota. 21641. 

BanGs & Co. (See under National Museum, U. 58.) 

BANNARD, WILLIAM N. (Camden, New Jersey). A railroad-pass issued in 1864. 
21669, 

Baron, O. T. (Elk, California), Doubleday’s Humming-bird (ache doubledayi) from 
Guerrero, Mexico. 21397. — 

Barrows, WALTER B. (Department of Agriculture). Insects, reptiles, and land- 
shells from the Argentine Republic, South America. 21385. 

BARTLETT, WILLIAM (Caribou, Maine). A pair of Swedish shoes (wooden) from New 
Sweden, Maine. 21523. 

BASINSKI, JULIUS, AND BROTHERS (Miles City, Montana). A plant. 21128. 

Baur, Dr. G. (New Haven, Connecticut). A living Snapping Turtle. 21032. 

Baxter, R. IF. (Glens Falls, New York). <A large block of ‘‘Ophite” marble from 
Thurman, Warren County, New York. 20848. 

BayarkpD, Hon. THomas IF. (See under State Department. ) 

Bay Ley, W. S. (Waterville, Maine). Rocks from Minnesota. 21848. 

BEACHLER, CHARLES (Crawfordshire, Indiana). Fossil mammal teeth from Indiana. 
21130. 


Bean, B. A. (U. S. National Museum). A Herring from Savannah, Georgia. 21560. 

BEARD, Dan (New York City, New York). Insects and nest agglomerations of Ody- 
nerus birenimaculatus. 21878. 

BEARDSLEE, L. A. (Little Falls, New York.) A picture of a crustacean caught at 
Sitka. 22893. 

BEAUMONT, J. J. (Worcester, Massachusetts). Souvenir badge of the Massachu- 
setts delegates to the Twenty-second National Encampment, Grand Army of the 
Republic. (Deposited.) 21139. 

Beck, W. H.,and Lemon, Grorae LE. (Washington, District of Columbia). Fourteen 
specimens of descloizite from the Mayflower mine, Montana. 21532. 

BECKER, GEORGE F. (U.S. Geological Survey). A collection of rocks from the Wa- 
shoe District, Nevada. 21616. This collection, embracing over 2,000 specimens, 
was made by Mr. Becker for his own use and study, and upon it was based the 
article in Bulletin 17, U. 8. Geological Survey, by Arnold Hague and Joseph P. 
Iddings, entitled, ‘‘The Development of Crystallization in the Igneous Rocks of 
Washoe, Nevada.” (See under Interior Department, U. 8. Geological Survey. ) 


BeckwitH, Paut (U.S. National Museum). Military decorations and coins (21083) ; 
an illustration of various military and naval uniforms (21111); a photograph 
of the cathedral of the City of Mexico, showing the calendar-stone (22120); two 
campaign badges (21127) ; badges and devices (21163) ; a copy of the ‘‘Tri-weekly 
Mercury,” Charleston, South Carolina (21214); a military campaign medal of the 
Crimea (21259); a pocket candle-dish used in camping (21313); a badge of the 
Grand Army of the Republic (21321); three political badges (21322); bronze medal 
of Abraham Lincoln, in exchange (21413); two pieces of the provisional money of 
Peru (22173). Also a pack of playing cards and two badges of the Grand Army 
of the Republic (21245). Deposited. 

BEECHER, Prof. C. E. (New Haven, Connecticut), (through Mr. W.S. Yeates). A mass- 
ive garnet from Minerva, New York. 22031. : 

BELDING, L. (Stockton, California). Three birds’ skins from California, 21436. 

BELL, Carey (Utica, Ohio). A stone ax found in Washington township, Licking 
County, Ohio. 20914. 

BELL, JAMES (Gainesville, Florida). Living Snakes from Florida (21112, 21303, 
21339, 21811). 

BELL, WILLIAM (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Two photographic cameras. 20919. 


182 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


BEMENT, C. S. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). <A large specimen of azurite crystals 
from the Copper Queen mine, Bisbee, Arizona. (Purchased.) 21933. / 

BENDIRE, Capt. C. E. (U.S. National Museum). An Indian bow from Fort Custer, — 
Montana. 21682. 

BENTON, WILLIAM (Middleburgh, Virginia). A specimen of hematite. 21885, 

BERLIN, RoYAL Museum or. (See under Royal Museum of Berlin.) 

BERNADOU, Ensign J. B. (Navy Department). Three Corean books. 21599. 

(See under Navy Department. ) 

Berry, Dr. Ek. G. (Cincinnati, Ohio). <A fossil fish from Colorado (20931); three silver 
coins (20951). 

BIDWELL, Mrs. C. A. (Clip, Arizona.) Specimens of dumortierite from near Clip, 
Yuma County, Arizona. (Exchange.) (21453, 21625.) 

Biaeins, T. J. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living Fish Hawk. 21126. 

Bituincs, Dr. J. 8S. (U. S. Army Medical Museum). Three pieces of pottery from 
Ancon, Peru (21387); two pairs of gaffs for cock-fighting (21588). 

Birt, Dr. Louts F. H. (Greytown, Nicaragua), (throughJ. F. LeBaron). Alcoholic 
specimens of mammals, reptiles, fishes, birds, crayfish, crabs, ete., collected near 
Greytown, Nicaragua. 21483. 

Brisuop, Louris D. (New Haven, Connecticut). A Gray-cheeked Thrush (Turdus 
aliciv) from Magdalen Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence. 21431. 

BisstG, FRANK (Payson, Arizona). A specimen of ore. 21089. 

Biack, ALEXANDER W. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A campaign badge. 21759. 

Buiack, Dr. FE. C. (Wheatland, Indiana). Twenty small leaf-shaped implements 
from a deposit in Harrison Township, Knox County, Indiana. 21076. 

BLACKFORD, E. G. (New York City, New York). Fishes from Sterling Lake, New 
Jersey (21540); fishes from shores of Oyster Bay, New York (21611); specimens 
of the Ovate Pompano from the west coast of Florida (21721); and two Snappers 
(Lutjanus) (21784). 

Buair, A. A. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Two specimens of crystallized hema- 
tite from the Isle of Elba (22117); a specimen of crystallized hematite from 
Virginia mine, Rio Albano, Isle of Elba. (Exchange). (21624.) 

BOARDMAN, G. A. (Calais, Maine), A Tennessee Warbler, from Lake Charm, Florida. 
21860. 

Boas, Dr. FRANZ (New York City, New York). A pair of copper bracelets from a 
grave at Salmon River, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. 21890. 

BoBAan, Dr. E. (Paris, France). Nine vases. (Purchased). 21830. 

(See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

BOBBETT, WALTER (Brooklyn, New York). Twenty-three impressions showing the 
method of printing tints and colors from relief-blocks. 21548. 

BoEHMER, GEORGE H. (Smithsonian Institution). Arrow-heads and charred wood 
(20941); stone implements found in Delaware (20943); a bronze medal com- 
memorative of the centenary celebration of the Royal Batavian Society, Academy 
of Sciences (21121); postage and revenue blanks, postal cards and stamped 
wrappers used in Austro-Hungary (21692); also views and plans of cathedral 
at Milan, Italy (22128). 

Boara, F, F. (Washington, District of Columbia). The skeleton of a dog. 21605. 

BoLvDEN, J. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living American Widgeon (Mareca 
Americana). 213502. 

BoLiMAN, C. H. (Bloomington, Indiana). A collection of Myriapods. 21787. 

BonFILS AND COMPANY (Beirut, Syria). Twenty-four photographs of Egyptian 
temples. (Purchased). 21382. 

BoONNET?, PETER (chief of revenue and marine division, Treasury Department). 
Photographs of the natives and scenery of Northern Alaska. 20992. 

BoRNEMAN, J. G. (Eidenach, Germany). Lower Cambrian fossils, (Exchange). 
21869. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 783 


Boss, E. 8. (Petoskey, Michigan). <A fossil coral paper-weight. 21717. 

Boston BripGE Works (Boston, Massachusetts). Photographs of four railroad 

) bridges. 21279. 

BostoN PHOTOGRAVURE COMPANY (Boston, Massachusetts). Eighteen photographs 
made by the donors. 20883. 

Boston Sociery or Narurat History (Boston, Massachusetts). Rocks from 
Massachusetts, New York, Michigan, Iowa, and Ceylon. (Exchange.) 21545. 

Bourke, Captain JouN G. (War Department). A stick for fire-making, from Apache 
Indians. 22093. 

Boussop, VALADON & Co. (New York City, New York). Fifteen specimens of proe- 
ess work (photogravure photo-aquatint, chromo typograyvure, typograyure) 
made by the donors. 20999. 

Bowers, EK. 8. (Webster, North Carolina), An amethyst (21151); two sapphire co- 
rundums from Laurel Creek, Georgia; a brown star sapphire, and a corundum 
crystal doublet from Macon County, North Carolina (22030); amethysts from 
Macon County, North Carolina (22070). 

BOWERS, STEPHEN (Ventura, California), A small collection of stone relics from 
California. 20987. 

Bowlr, N. M. (Nottingham, Maryland). <A Fox Squirrel (Sciwrus niger ludovicianus). 
21544. 

Bowman, D. A. (Bakersville, North Carolina). Minerals. 20913. 

Boypb, W. H. (Reading, Pennsylvania). A buttenhole badge of the Union Veteran 
Legion (21323); a silyer badge of the Union Veteran Legion (21663). 

Brackett, FRED. (Washington, District of Columbia). Badges worn by committees, 
and set of printed forms used by executive committees at the inauguration cere- 
monies March 4, 1889. 21809. 

BraprorD, Harry B. (Washington, District of Columbia). Specimen of Lepus cam- 
pestris. 21514. 

BRADLEY, JOHN (Norfolk, Virginia). A campaign badge. 21757. 

Braun, BARON (Vienna, Austria). Three meteorites. (Exchange.) 21258. 

BREMEN, H. W. (Silver City, New Mexico). A root, a supposed antidote for snake- 
bites. 20962. 

BREZINA, Dr. ARISTIDES. (See under Vienna, Imperial Royal Natural History Museum 
of). 21257. 

BriaGs, 8. M. (Washington, District of Columbia). Ore and products from Pied- 
mont Reduction Works, Thomasville, North Carolina. 21250. 

Brit_, JOHN A. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Two postage-stamps of the last 
century. These stamps were preserved by the heirs of Hon. Welbore Ellis, com- 
missioner of internal revenue for Great Britain, A. D. 1769, and were given to 
E. J. Walker, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, who, in turn, presented them to Mr, John 
A. Brill. 22044, 


BrimMiry, H. H. anp C. S. (Raleigh, North Carolina). Thirteen mammal skins. 
(Purchased.) 21691. 

British Museum (Natural History Department, London, England), Three casts of 
Meiolania from Lord Howe Island, England. (Exchange.) 21522. 

BrITTON, Col. A. T. (Washington, District of Columbia). A programme and souvenir 
of the Harrison and Morton Inauguration Ball, March 4, 1889. 21807. 

BrRockET?T, Paut (U.S, National Museum). An insect (20954); a medal of Cin- 
cinnati Exposition (21159). 

Brooks, Tuomas H. (Montevideo, Uruguay). Skin and bonesof a Sea Lion from 
the coast of Maldonado, Uruguay. 21608. 

BROWN, CAMPBELL (Spring Hill, Tennessee ). Flint implements from Spring Hill, 
Tennessee. 21424. 

Brown, D. R. C., and BurLer, Etmer T. (Aspen, Colorado). A miniature model of 
Aspen mountain, Colorado, through D. W. Brunton, mining engineer, Lead- 
ville, Colorado, 21103. 


- ’ “fs 


784 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Brown, HERBERT (Tucson, Arizona.) A nest and three eggs of Harporhynchus 
bendirei (21907); nests and five eggs of Blue-gray Gnateatcher ( Polioptila plumbea) 
and fourteen eggs of Bendire’s Thrasher (Harporhynchus bendirei) from Tucson, 
Arizona (22060). | 

Brown, Maurice M. (Machodoe, Virginia). Four living herons. 22051. 

Brown, Miss H. Loursa (Boston, Massachusetts). An original lithograph by Alex- — 
andre Calame (21578) ; several drawings and etchings (21605). 7 

Brown, Miss MINNIE C. (Rochester, New York), A specimen of Niagara limestone. ) 
21720. 

Bruce, Davin (Brockport, New York). Insects from various localities (21389); a 
collection of Lepidoptera priucipally from Colorado (purchased). (21679.) 

Bruner, T. K. (Department of Agriculture). A specimen of rutile in quartz from 
Alexander County, North Carolina. 22027. 

BRUNTON, D. W. (See uuder Brown, D. R. C.) 

BUHRING, Frep (New York City, New York). A Buhring rubber-machine with 
specimens of work. 21938. 

BUTLER, ELMER T. (See under Brown, D. R. C.) 

Burcu, MILiarp (Ballston, Virginia). Six living Night Herons, 22096. 

BuREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. (See under Agriculture, Department of.) 

BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY (Maj. J. W. Powell, Director). Collections of pottery, stone 
implements, woven fabrics, shells, beans, etc., forming accession 21171, made by 
the following individuals: W. W. Adams, shell-beads from Union Springs, New 
York; E. Boban, pottery from Mexico; Arthur P. Davis, pottery from Pueblo 
Alto, New Mexico; Gerard Fowke, pottery from Yellow Lake, Wisconsin; Dr. L. 
W. Gill, stone objects from Chain Bridge, Virginia; William A. Hakes, pottcry 
fragments and stone objects from Susquehanna Valley, New York; H. P. Hamil- 
ton, pottery fragments from Two Rivers, Wisconsin; H. W. Henshaw, one medi- 
cine stone collected by L. L. Frost, Susanville, California ;.W. H. Holmes, pot- 
tery and stone objects from New Mexico; G. H. Hurlbut, woven fabrics from 
Ancon, Peru; Col. C. C. Jones, pottery fragments from Stallings Island, Georgia ; 
James D. Middleton, pottery fragments from Irvine, Pennsylvania; V. Min- 
deleft, pottery fragments from Oraibe, New Mexico; Maj. J. W. Powell, pottery 
and stone objects from near Abiquia, Mexico; James Stevenson, pottery from 
Moki, Arizona; 851 specimens of pottery, stone, and other objects from New 
Mexico; 68 specimens of stone implements from Moki, Arizona; one stone ball 
from Jemez Springs, New Mexico; 32 specimens of pottery, stone, and vegetable 
fiber objects from Flagstaff, Arizona; Dr. Taylor, pottery fragments from near 
Mobile, Alabama; Gen. G. P. Thruston, pottery fragments from suburb of 
Nashville, Tennessee; James P. Tilton, pottery fragments from Newburyport, 
Massachusetts; Charles L. R. Wheeler, one cast of stone knife from Westchester 
County, New York; Dr, H. C. Yarrow, one earthen bowl from Deep Creek Valley, 
California; through James Mooney,a collection of ethnological specimens from the 
East Cherokee Reservation, North Carolina (21450); fragments of pottery from 
New Mexico, collected by Maj. J. W. Powell (21815); pottery from Jemez Val- 
ley, New Mexico, collected by W. H. Holmes (21816); pottery from Irvine, War- 
tren County, Pennsylvania, collected by James D. Middleton (21817); fragment 
of pottery from Yellow Lake, Burnett County, Wisconsin, collected by Gerard 
Fowke (21818); pottery and modern Cherokee work from the East Cherokee Res- 
ervation, North Carolina, collected by James Mooney (21819); fragments of pot- 
tery, Pueblo Alto, New Mexico, collected by Arthur P. Davis (21820); pottery 
from Oraibi Moqui, Arizona, collected by Victor Mindeleff (21821), 

BurGER, PeTer (U.S. National Museum), A pair of old scales (20972) ; an English 
flint-lock pistol (21535). 


Burkk, JAMES (Washington, District of Columbia). Two living White Rats. 
21446. 


_ ie : 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS, 785 


Burns, FRANK (Greenville, Virginia). Fossil shells from Natural Bridge (21364), 
Also an old plantation hoe found near Middlebrook, Augusta County, and sup- 
posed to be over 150 years old, made in Maryland and earried to the valley of 
Virginia at the close of the Revolution. (21372.) ] 

Burt, GRINNELL (Warwick, New York), (through W. S. Yeates). Minerals from Des 
Moines, Iowa, and Ellenville, New York. 22014. 

Busu, Joun C. (Paterson, New Jersey). A badge of the Phelps Guards of Paterson, 
New Jersey. 21775. 

Bussry, Gen. Cyrus (Assistant Secretary of the Interior). A leaf from an account 
book 100 years old. 22142. 

Butter, ELMER T. (See under Brown, D. R. C.) 

BuTrikorEr, J. (Leiden, Holland). Skin and skeleton of Colobus ursinus; also skin 
and skull of Colobus ferrugineus. (Purchased). 22005. 

Button, WILLIAM P. (Troy, New York). A badge of ‘‘ Veteran Boys in Blue” Re- 
publican Club. 21776. 

CALL, Hon. WILKINSON (Washington, District of Columbia). A living Yellow Macaw 
from South America. 21694. 

CALLAWAY, J. E. (Ravanna, Missouri). A hair-ball from Mercer County, Missouri. 
These balls are formed in the fourth compartment of the stomachs of cattle from 
hairs licked from the surface of the body. 20920. 

CAMERON, General JOHN (Washington, District of Columbia). Two ribbon badges 
“Grand Army of the Republic,” Memorial Day, Washington, District of Columbia, 
1883 (20959) ; Grand Army of the Republic invitations, programmes, and medals 
(21226); a Grand Army badge (21414), 2 

CAMMERMEYER, ALBERT (Christiania, Norway). Model of a Viking ship. (Pur- 
chased). 20887. 

CANNON, B. F. (Russel Springs, Kansas). Nickel ore from Kansas. 21221. 

CANTERBURY Museum (Christchurch, New Zealand), An exceedingly valuable 
collection of woods from New Zealand. (Exchange). 21207. 

CaRraccio.Lo, H. (Trinidad, West Indies). Reptiles from the West Indies. 21659. 

CARLOS, Crr. (Cape Gracias, Nicaragua), (through Messrs Eggers and Heinlein). 
Reptiles and insects from Nicaragua, 21593. 

CARPENTER, CaptainG.S. (Fort Klamath, Oregon). Three Water Lizards. 20971. 

CARPENTER, Mrs. J. M. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living parrakeet. 
20908. 

Carr, SILAs (Providence, Rhode Island), A collection of minerals (exchange) 
(22075); eight stone hammers from Johnston, Rhode Island. (22114.) 

CARTER, GEORGE W. (Washington, District of Columbia). A slab of marble from 
the Virginia Marble Company, Loudoun County, Virginia, 21466. 

CassELL & Co. (New York City, New York). Twelve wood-cuts from designs by 
G. Doré. 21928. 

CASSELBERRY, Mrs. Dr. (Morgantown, West Virginia), (through Mr. Walter Hough). 
A coffee-biggin. 21132. 

CENTRAL PARK MENAGERIE (New York City, New York), (through W. A, Conklin, 
Director). A stork in the flesh (21222); three eggs of Black Swan (Cygnus 
atratus). (21405.) 

Century Company, THE (New York City, New York). Five proofs of wood-en- 
gravings (deposited). 21006. 

CHANDLER, W.H. (U.S. National Museum). <A basket from Niagara Falls. 21749. 
CHANDLER, Prof. C. F. (New York City, New York). One hundred and thirty-seven 
engrav ings, illustrating the various mechanical engraving processes. 20566. 
CHANG YEN HOoN (Chinese minister, Washington, District of Columbia). A bronze 

temple urn of the Shang dynasty, 1762 B. C., with carved stand exchange (21844) ; 
| an ancient jade audience-ring held in the hands of those who were favored with 
an audience before the Chinese Emperor (21964). 


| H, Mis, 224, pt. 2——50 


786 . REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Cuasz, Mrs. M. J. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A brown pearl from a mussel ob- . 
tained from New Jersey. 21922. 

CHATARD, Dr. F. E. (Baltimore, Maryland). Native silver from Chanareillo, Chili. 
(Purchased). 21153. (See under Interior Department, U. 8S. Geological — 
Survey.) | 

CuHazaro, M. M. (Tlacotalpan, Vera Cruz, Mexico). Seeds of Fruit of the Virgin, 
which grow in the mountains of Soyaltepec, District of Tuxtepec, State of © 
Oaxaca. 21735. 

CHEESEMAN, Prof. T. F. (See under Auckland Museum). 

CHENEY, Mrs. EDNAH D, (Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts). A book, ‘‘ Memoir of John 
Cheney, Engraver.” 21556. 

CHERRIE, GkorGE K. (American Museum of Natural History, Central Park, New 
York). Birds’ skins from New York. 21614. 

Cuerry, T. J. (Newark, Ohio). Four perforated tablets, one slate knife, a drilled 
ceremonial object and a stone tube. (Purchased). 21361. 

CueEster, A. (Washington, District of Columbia). Section of Sequoia bark from a 
California tree 96 feet in circumference. 20976. 

CHIDSEY, CHARLES E. (Scranton, Mississippi). Sixty-eight specimens of pottery 
from Alabama. 22170. 

Cuinps, L. J. (North Fairfield, Ohio). A living Raccoon (Procyon lotor). (21296.) 


CHISOLM, ALFRED (Savannah, Georgia). An Albino Red-wing Blackbird (Agelaius 
pheniceus). 21754. 


CuIsoLm, F. F. (Denver, Colorado). A specimen of borite. 21392. 

CHITTENDEN, F. H. (Brooklyn, New York). Specimens of Lalaninus quercus. 21795. 

CHRISTIANIA UNIVERSITY (Christiania, Norway). Dried plants from Norway, 
21687. 

CINCINNATI SocrEry OF NATURAL History (Cincinnati, Ohio), (through Horace P. 
Smith). A collection of bone, stone, and shell implements from graves at Madi- 
sonville, Ohio. 21206. 3 

CLARK, WALDO, Jr. (Mullan, Idaho). A specimen of plattnerite from near Mullan, 
Idaho, 22095. 

CuarK#, J. M. (Albany, New York), A box of fossil wood. 20985, 

CLARKE, Prof, F. W. (U. S, National Museum). Nine mineral specimens. (Pur- 
chased), 21155, . 

CLARKE, S. C. (Marietta, Georgia), Eight shells (Helix albolabris) from Marietta, 
Georgia, 21465, 

Cuay, Col. Ceci, (Washington, District of Columbia). Skin of moose (Alces mach- 
lis) (21610) ; skull and antlers of moose killed by donor in Canada; also nat- 
ural accessories (bushes, moss, etc.) (21747), 


CLEMENTS, Miss GABRIELLE D. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Fouretchings. (De- 
posited). 21022. 

CLEVELAND, Hon. GROVER (Washington, District of Columbia). Two embossed 
table covers, one silver watch-chain, one gold breast-pin, one ivory carving of a 
bird, one small basket, presented by the Queen of Madagascar. 21722. 

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. (See under Treasury Department.) 

CocKERELL, HENRY (Washington, District of Columbia). A Green Heron from Paint 
Branch. 21113. ? 

COCKERELL, T. D. A. (West Cliff, Colorado). Shells from Colorado. 21990. 

(See under Colorado Biological Association. ) 

Copy, Hon. W. F. (North Platte, Nebraska). Two living Elks (Cervus canadensis) 
from Wyoming. 21307. 

Corrin, Hon. C. E. (Muirkirk, Maryland). Specimens of white pig-iron. 20932. 

COLEMAN, SAMUEL (Newport, Rhode Island). Eight etchings. (Deposited), 21018. 

CoLsurn, A. E. (Washington, District of Columbia). A Red-headed Woodpecker. — 
21115. 


: 
i 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 787 


Co..eT, Prof. ROBERT (See under Zodlogical Museum, Christiania, Norway. ) 

CoLuin, Madame VeuvVE A. (Washington, District of Columbia). A bust of the late 
President Garfield, made by A. Collin, sculptor (deceased). 21172. 

Couns, Miss Eva A. (U.S. Fish Commission). A specimen of cardinal from Coz- 
umel. (Exchange.) 21746. 

CoLiins, FRANK S. (Malden, Massachusetts). A collection of one hundred species of 
marine alg, Most of the specimens are new to the Museum collection. 21441. 

Couns, W. H. (Detroit, Michigan). Thirty-eight specimens of birds’ skins. (Pur- 
chased.) 20832. 

Cotman, W. D. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living Prairie Dag. 21580. 

COLORADO BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (West Cliff, Colorado). Specimens of fungi from 
Colorado, (21576); land and fresh-water she]ls from Colorado (21877); also, 
through T. D. A. Cockerell, shells from Colorado. (21990.) 

CONKLIN, W. A. (See under Central Park Menagerie, New York City, New York.) 

Conrap, A, H. (Shenandoah, Iowa), A collection of Devonian fossils from Lowa. 
22046. 5 

Cooke, HENky D., Jr., (Georgetown, District of Columbia). A living Capuchin Mon- 
key from Central America. 21117. 

CooPER, WILLIAM (Ticonderoga, New York), (through W.S, Yeates). Minerals from 
Ticonderoga, New York, and also from Pennington County, South Dakota, 22015. 

Cope, Prof. E.D, (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A bird-skin (Audubon’s type of 
Helminthophaga bachmani) (exchange) (21508) ; cast of fossil (Phenacodus prime- 
vus, found in the Wind River Valley of Wyoming Territory (purchased) (21881). 

CopELIn, A. J. W. (Chicago, Illinois) Photographs of locomotives, (Purchased.) 
20898. 

COPENHAGEN, ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF (through Dr. Chr. Liitken). Sixty-seven 
species of fishes. 21065. ~ 

Corsy, E. C. (Curagao, Venezuela). A collection of beetles from Maracaibo, Vene- 
zuela. 22169. 

Cory, CHARLES B. (Boston, Massachusetts.) Birds’ skins from Grand Cayman, and 
Cayman Brac, West Indies. 21400. 

Cougs, Dr. ELi1o1T B. (Washington, District of Columbia.) ‘Three living Screech 
Owls (21430); ten eggs of Fish Crow (Cervus ossifragus) (exchange) (22063). 
Cox, Mrs. THomAs C. (Washington, District of Columbia), General George Washing- 
ton’s shaving-table. This table was presented to General Washington by the first 
French minister accredited to the United States. By Washington’s will it was 
bequeathed to Dr. David Stuart of Fairfax County, Virginia, and was left by Dr. 

Stuart to his heirs. 21367. 

Crossy, Prof. W. 0. (Boston, Massachusetts). Infusorial earth from Pope’s Creek, 
Maryland. 22148. 

(See under von Miiller, Baron Ferdinand. ) 

Cross & HILLEBRAND. (See under Interior Department, U.S. Geological Survey). 

Crosscup and West (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Six proofs of Ives’ process work 
by the donor. 21027. 

CUNNINGHAM, H.F. (Orlando, Florida). A spider. 21173. 

CurtTicE, Dr. CoorpeEr (U.S. Department of Agriculture). Animal parasites prepared 
by Dr. Curtice. (Deposited.) 20071. 

(See under Agriculture, Departinent of.) 

Curtis, C.J.(Croom Station, Maryland). An egg of Zenaidura macroura. 21906. 

CurtTIs, GrorGE H. (Cincinnati, Ohio). Mounted slides showing the Diatomacee of 
the Cincinnati group. 21897. 

Curtis, W. i. (Washington, District of Columbia). Five pieces of pottery from 
Ancon, Peru (purchased) (21825); a plaster-cast of a stone carving represent- 
ing the Llama (22107). 

Da.t, W. H. (Smithsonian Institution). A living bat, 22042, 


ps a ae { 
= : ¢ yf 
~< “4 = ‘ 7 


788 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. ‘4 

DALLAS, JOHN (Fairfield, Connecticut). Four insects from Cincinnati. 21871. . 

DAMANTE, ZELLA (Washington, District of Columbia). A Boa Constrictor. 21780, 

Dana, WILLIAM J. (Boston, Massachusetts). Ten proofs of wood-engravings by the} 
donor. 20867. 

DARTON, NELSON H. (See under Interior Department, U.S. Geological Survey). 

Davipson, Mrs. Clara B. (St. Louis, Missonri). A sabre presented to General J. W) 
Davidson, U. S. Army, for bravery and gallant conduct during the capture oj 
Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1863. 22123. 

Davis, ARTHUR P. (See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

Davis, B. F. (Pawtucket, Rhode Island). Souvenir badges of Grand Army of the 
Republic. 21162. 

Davison, J. L. (Lockport, New York). Three specimens of Cerulean Warbler 
(21047); a Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Zamelodia ludoviciana) in the flesh (21404); a 
nest and three eggs of Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cwrulea), one egg of the 
Cowbird (Molothrus ater) (21366). 

Dawson, Sir J. WiLt1AM (Montreal, Canada). Thirty-seven specimens of Cambrian 
and lower Silurian fossils, Quebec group, graptolites. (Exchange.) 21833. 
Day, BENJAMIN (New York City, New York). Apparatus for drawing with Day’s: 

rapid shading medium; also specimens of work. 21937. 

Day, Dr. Davip T. (U. S. Geological Survey). Coke made from natural gas, 
(20934); minerals from New Almaden, California, and a specimen of mineral from 
Easton, Pennsylvania (21733). 

Day, E. L. (Buckhannon, West Virginia). Stone implements and fragments of 
pottery from West Virginia. 21945. 

DEAN, Miss MARY OWEN (Washington, District of Columbia). Arrow-heads from 
Romney, Hampshire County, West Virginia. 21517. 

DECHENT, WILLIAM F.. (Brooklyn, New York). <A badge of the Saingerbund Sing- 
ing Society, of Brooklyn, New York. 20844. 

DERBY, Prof. ORVILLE A. (See under Museo Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). 

DespaRD, H. (New York City, New York). Six etchings by Mrs. Eliza Greatorex. 
(Deposited.) 20015. 

DIEHL, Mrs. ANNA RANDALL (New York City, New York). Twelve oriental seals. 
20964. | 

DiLLaGe, Miss BLANCHE (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Fouretchings. (Deposited). 
21017. 

Ditter, Prof. J. S. (U. S. Geological Survey). A White-footed Field Mouse (Hes- 
peromys leucopus) from Mt. Shasta, California. 21097. 

(See under Interior Department, U. S. Geological Survey). 

Ditton, M. A. (Washington, District of Columbia). Three pamphlets relating to 
the organization of the Union Veteran Union. 20967. 

Dissro, A. J. (Fredericksburg, Virginia). A Virginia Treasury note; one dollar, 
20982. 

Dopgr, J. HEATH (Bethesda, Maryland). A living Owl (Bubo virginianus). 22133. 

DopGer, Wit1aM C. (Washington, District of Columbia). One Harper’s Ferry flint- 
lock rifle; one military Remington rifle, and one Sharp’s carbine; for exhibition 
at the Cincinnati Exposition. 20841. 

Doe, C. A. (Glendive, Montana). A living wolf. 20995. 

DoNALDSON, THOMAS (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A guest’s ticket to the Chicago 
National Convention, June 19, 1888. 21049. 

Dost, 'THEODORE O. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Badge of the First Ward Cam- 
paign Club of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 21774. 

Dovetass, A. E. (New York City, New York). Flint implements from Boone, Saline, 
Chariton, and Howard Counties, Missouri. (Exchange.) 21573. 

Dovuatass, Mrs. ANNA E. (Cambridgeport, Massachusetts). Plaster busts of gov- 
ernors of all States, in office January 1, 1860, except of Oregon and California. 


21590. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 789 


OWLING, THOMAS (Washington, District of Columbia). Eleven mineral specimens 

- from Mexico and Michigan. (Purchased.) 21793. 

RAKE Company, Tuer (Sioux Falls, South Dakota). Four slabs and specimen of 

agatized wood from Chalcedony Park, Arizona. (21370, 21490.) 

Drenurr, W. D. (Knoxville, Tennessee). An Indian axe from Tennessee. 22057. 

RENEUF, M. Harpy bu (Rio de Janeiro). Bird-skin. (Purchased.) 20908. 

Drew, Frank L. AND CHARLES E, (Lisbon, Iowa). A living American Swan (Cygnus 
columbianus). 21889. 

Duin, Epwarp M. (Langley, Virginia). A living mink. 21064. 

DuRAND, J. (South Orange, New Jersey). A medieval lamp. 21696. 

Durney, J. I. (Baltimore, Maryland). Fourlamps. (Purchased.) 21960. 

Dury, CHARLES (Cincinnati, Ohio). A series of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. 21256. 

Durron, Capt. C. E. (U. 8S. Geological Survey). A specimen of erystallized azurite 
from the Copper Queen Mine, Bisbee, Arizona. 21623. 

Dwicut, W. B. (Poughkeepsie, New York). Six specimens of Middle Cambrian fos- 
sils. 21903. 

Dwyer, P: O. (Franklin, New Jersey), (through W. 8. Yeates). Twenty-two speci- 
mens of minerals from Franklin, New Jersey. 22018. 

Eakin, Dr. J. (Columbus, Ohio). Badge of the Sixty-eighth General Assembly of 

Ohio. 21767. 


Eakins, L. G. (See under Interior Department, U. 8. Geological Survey. ) 

EARLE, FRANK (Tombstone, Arizona). A specimen of desclozite with calcite from 
‘‘Lucky Cuss” Mine, Tom)stone, Arizona, 21833. 

EastTMan, Dry PLATE & FILM Co. (Rochester, New York). A valuable collection of 
photographic apparatus and prints. 21099. 

ECHAURREN, FRANCISCO (Paris, France). A bronze medal to commemorate the war 
of Chili with Peru and Bolivia. 21917. 

EpMONDS, GEORGE B. (Washington, District Columbia). An earth-worm from the 
District of Columbia. 22157. 

EDWARDS, VINAL N. (Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts). A Mink (Putorius vison) from 
Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts. 21237. 

EpWarpbs, WILLIAM J. (Pheenix, Arizona). Specimens of nickel ore from Arizona. 
Rinses 

Eaaers, H. (Milwaukee, Wisconsin). Two patent boomerangs. 20974. 

EGGers & HEINLEIN. (See under Carlos, Cte.) 

EIGEMANN, C. H. (San Diego, California). Two new species of fishes. 21752. 

EINSTEIN, SAMUEL (Washington, District of Columbia). A dog. (22035.) 

ELDER & Co. (Glasgow, Scotland). Photographs of steamships Ltruria and Um- 
bria. 21004. 

Eias, Joseru & SON (Baltimore, Maryland). A foot-stove. (Purchased.) 21958. 

ELLINGSON, KNuvTEe (Virginia City, Montana). Samples of ore from Montana. 
20960. 

Evuis, J. FRANK (U. S. Fish Commission), Four living alligators from ‘Tampa, 
Florida. 21493. 

EMERSON, WILLIAM OTTO (Haywards, California). Three nests and twenty-nine 
birds’ eggs. 21908. 

Emmons, Prof. 8. F. (See under Interior Department, U. 8. Geological Survey.) 

ENGLISH, GEORGE L. & Co. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A mineral specimen from 
Franklin, New Jersey (21342); nineteen mineral specimens from various localities 
(exchange) (21343); two minerals from Silverton, Colorado (21428); two ortho- 
clase crystals from Japan (21853); five crystals of beryllanite from near Stone- 
ham, Maine (purchased), (21831); a specimen of terminated crystals of hubnerite 
from Silverton, Colorado (22069); minerals from various localities (purchased), 
(22099, 22159). 


790 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Enattsu, I. D. (Spruce Pine, North Carolina), (through W. 8S. Yeates). Five speci- ; 


mens of miterals from North Carolina. 22042. 

ETTINGSHAUSEN, Prof. Dr. CONSTANTIN VON (University Gratz, Styria, Austro- 
Hungary). Four species of fossil plants. 21434. 

EVANS, JOHN A. (Coalport, Pennsylvania). A spear-head from Fairfax County, Vir- 
ginia. 21921. 

EvtirMann, Prof B. W. (Bloomington, Indiana). A collection of thirty species of 
fishes from Indiana, taken in the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, and in Deer 
Creek, Indiana. 20853. 

(See under Jenkins, Prof. O. P.) 

FarrcHILD, Col. ASEBEL (Morgantown, West Virginia). Flint-lock horse-pistol and 
lantern. (Deposited.) 21136. 

Fatconer, J. M. (Brooklyn, New York), An engraving ‘‘The Building of Brooklyn 
Bridge” (21062) ; one etching and one dry point by the donor. (20837.) 

FARQUHAR, Dr. G. 8. (Glenford, Ohio.) Stone implements from Perry County, Ohio. 
21377. 

FARRINGTON, O. C. (New Haven, Connecticut). Serpentine rock from Maltby Rock, 
Connecticut. 21185. 

FAucuHER, G. L. (West Winsted, Connecticut). Stone implements from Connecticut. 
21437. 

Fenton, HENSCHEL (New York City, New York). An old English double flageolet. 
(Purchased). 21866. 


Fie_p and GREENWOOD (Brownsville, Texas). A skin of Varied Bunting (Passerina 
versicolor) from ‘Texas (22161); a bird-skin (Couch’s Kingbird) and sternum of 
Albino Green-winged Teal from Texas (21401); a Derby Flycatcher from Texas 
(21595); a specimen of Merrill’s Parauque (Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli) from 
Brownsville, Texas(21870); and a Texas Seed-eater. (22082.) 


Fieip, G. W. (Brockton, Massachusetts), Three birds. 20939. 


First JAPANESE TRADING COMPANY (New York City, New York). A Japanese musi- 
cal instrument, and two Japanese masks (purchased) (21170); porcelain-ware, 
drum, and palanquin from Japan (purchased) (21178). 


FisH, CHARLES F. (Fall River, Massachusetts). Forty-nine photographs of Indians. 
22137. 

FisH ComMMIssIon, U.S. (Washington, District of Columbia). Twelve living ele- 
phant tortoises, seven living amblystomas, and three living Painted Terrapins 
(21369); (through Colonel M. McDonald) two living opossums, and six living 
turtles (21480); a collection of archeological, and geological specimens, coins, 
mammals, reptiles, batrachians, insects, arachnids, myriopods, birds’ eggs, skele- 
tons of birds, mammals, fossils, plants, seeds, lichens, mosses, fungi and fossil 
woods, made by the steamer Albatross during the voyage from Norfolk, Virginia, 
to San Francisco, California, in 1887 and 1888; a collection of birds, fishery im- 
plements and models, obtained by the steamer Albatross (21699); a large collec- 
tion of birds, mammals, plants, reptiles, stone implements, birds’ skeletons, eth- 
nological objects, and fossil woods made by the steamer Albatross in Alaska 
(21734) ; three specimens of Marbled Cat-fish collected by Mr. Rogan, Russellville, 
Tennessee (21835); skin and skeleton of Spotted Porpoise collected by the Fish 
Commission schooner Grampus (21874); a collection of fishes made by Prof. C. H. 
Gilbert and Dr. J. A. Henshall in the tributaries of the Ohio River (22094); and 
three specimens of Sting Ray (T7rygon centrura) from Chesapeake Bay (22146). 
(See under Latimer, C. E., and Lee, Prof. L. A., and Thomas Lee.) 


FisHer, Dr. A. K. (Department of Agriculture). A large collection of birds’ skins. 
(deposited) (21497) ; Fish Crows (Corvus ossifragus) from Washington, District 
of Columbia (21790). 

FIsTon, F. ALBERT (New York City, New York). A campaign badge. 21761. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 791 


_ FirzGEraLp, David (Washington, District of Columbia). Two Indian arrows. 


21110. 

FLEMING, R. B. L. (The Plains, Virginia). Two living foxes. 22132. 

FLINT, EARL (Rivas, Nicaragua). Specimens of lizards. 20966. 

Furnt, Dr. J. M. (See under Phelps, Rear Admiral T. S.) 

Foorr, A. E. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Collection of minerals from various 
localities. 21592. 

Forbes LITHOGRAPH MANUFACTURING COMPANY (Boston, Massachusetts). Seventy- 
four albertypes made by the donors. 20884. 

ForsBEs, R. B. (Boston, Massachusetts). A photographof the auxiliary steam-packet 
Massachusetts, built in 1845. 20905. 

FOWKE, GERARD. (See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

ForRER, R. (Strasburg, Germany). One old relief cut, ‘‘Prelum Ascensianum.”’ 
(Purchased). 22066. 

FRANCIS, Miss M. (Newport, Rhode Island). A typewriter invented by the late Dr. 
Samuel Ward Francis in 1857. 21102. 

FRANKLIN, Dr. (Chillicothe, Ohio). A stone pipe, and a fragment of a boat-shaped 
object from Chillicothe. 21360. 

FRAZER, GEORGE B. (West Medford, Massachusetts). <A collection of 724 specimens 
of stone implements from Massachusetts. 21781. 

FRELINGHUYSEN LANCERS’ ASSOCIATION (Newark, New Jersey). Two inauguration 
ribbon-badges. 21854. 

FRESHWATER, JOHN (Loudenville, Ohio). Two stone scrapers, 21505. 

Fritscu, E. (New York City, New York). Two specimens of Algerian marble. 
20862. 

FRITSCHE BROTHERS (New York City). Two ouuces of ‘oil of Eucalyptus quintessen- 
tial.” 21566. 

Frost, L. L. (Susanville, California). Indian implements (20977); archeological 
specimens from California (21588). 

FRYER, GEORGE G. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Four ethnological objects: 
21108. 

Funk, C. E. (Denver, Colorado). A campaign badge. 21750. 

GALBRAITH and LESLIE, Drs. (Chillicothe, Ohio). A fragment of a drilled ceremonial 
object from Chillicothe. 21358. 

GALE, DENIs (Gold Hill, Colorado). Birds in alcohol, from Colorado (21344); a fine 
collection of birds’ nests and eggs from Colorado (21396); five birds’ skins from 
Colorado (21554). 

GALLAHER, J. 8. (Washington, District of Columbia). Two portraits. 21485, 

GautT, J. A. (Columbia, Virginia). Stone relics. 21929. 

Gat, W. M. (Washington, District of Columbia.) A duplex watch made in London, 
England. 21575. 

GANNETT, HENRY (Washington, District of Columbia). A Sharp’s rifle, for exhibition 
at Cincinnati Exposition. 20840. 

GARDNER, F. C. (Washington, District of Columbia. Two metal medals of General 
U.S. Grant. (Deposited.) 21412. 

GARMAN,S. (See under Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, Cambridge, Massachusetts. ) 

GASKILL, Capt. J. L. (Atlantic City, New Jersey, keeper of the U. S. Life-saving 
Station at Absecon, New Jersey). A specimen of Sowerby’s Whale (Mesoplodon 
bidens) 21862. 

(See under Treasury Department, U. 8. Life-Saving Service. ) 

GASKILL, WILLIAM H. (Morehead City, North Carolina, keeper of the Life-Saving 
Station at Cape Lookout, South Carolina). A fresh specimen of Sun-fish (Mola 
rotunda), caught at the station. 21912. 

(See under Treasury Department, U. S. Life-Saving Service. ) 


(22 - - REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Gassett, C. W. (Worcester, Massachusetts). Original badge of the Grand Army of 
the Republic in gold and enamel, the first design used. (Deposited.) 21138. 
GaTEWOoD, Dr. W. EMMET (Stockport, Ohio). A living Tiger Salamander ( Ambly- 

stoma tigrinum) from Wolf Creek, Morgan County, Ohio. 2i683. 

GEBBIE & Co. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Ten impressions from photograyure 
plates. 21899 

GEOLOGICAL COMMISSION OF PORTUGAL (LISBON, PORTUGAL). ‘Twelve plaster casts 
of bilobites found in Portugal. 21855. 

GERRARD, EDWARD (London, England). A collection of skins of monkeys. (Pur- 
chased.) 22071. 

GERSTENBERG and REUTER (Washington, District of Columbia). A living porcu- 
pine. 21282. 

GETCHELL, Mrs. E. L. (Worcester, Massachusetts). Six etchings. (Deposited.) 
21021. 

Gipson, F. W. (Falling Springs, Pennsylvania). A cast of a supposed fossil human 
face, found in the Hamilton sand-rock, Pennsylvania. This cast may prove to be 
an interesting contribution to science, since, if the fossil is that of a human face, 
it would seem to indicate the existence of man in the Tertiary period. 21168, 


GIBSON, Ensign JOHN. (See under Gurley, W. C.) 

GIGLIOLI, Prof. HENRY H. (See under Zodlogical Museum, Florence, Italy.) 

GILBERT, Prof. C. H. (See under Fish Commission, U. 8.) 

Gitt, Dr. L. W. (See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

GitmaNn, Z. D. & Co. (Washington, District of Columbia). A stereoscopic camera. 
20890. , 

GLascort, Mrs. JOSEPHINE (Washington, District of Columbia). Two living Ring- 
doves. 21745. 

GLEAVES, ALBERT (Annapolis, Maryland). Photographs of projectile in flight, from 
a Hotchkiss magazine rifle. 20896. 
(See under Navy Department). 

GOODCHILD, J. G. (London, England). Specimens of fossils from England. 21657. 

Goopbg, Dr. G. BRowN (Washington, District of Columbia). Six campaign metallic 
badges (21106); four lithographs of army hospitals in existence from 1862 to 1869 
(21125) ; four campaign badges (21149); a set of admission tickets to the Ohio 
Valley Centennial Exposition at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1888 (21551); specimens of 
wood-engraving and process-work (21994) ; two silhouettes and eight engravings. 
(22090. ) 

Goopricu, C. F. (Newport, Rhode Island). Photographs of torpedo experimental 
work. 20990. 

GORDON, JOHN J. (Boonton, New Jersey). Diopside with secondary serpentine, from 
Montville. (Purchased.) 21187. 

Gorpon, S. J. (New York City, New York) A photograph of the late Captain Moses 
Rogers’ steamship Savannah, 1819. 21800. 

GORDON, WILLIAM A, (Washington, District of Columbia). A living Ground-hog. 
21080. 

Gossk, Dr. H. T. (See under Museé d’Ethnologie, Geneva, Switzerland.) 

GRAHAM, JOHN (warden District jail). A collection of knives, razors, tweezers, and 
a sandbag made by prisoners in the District jail. 21270. 

GRANGER, Lieut. SAMUEL (Paterson, New Jersey). Badge of the Phelps Guards, 
21768. 

GRANIER, EMIL (Atlantic, Wyoming). <A polished agate. (Exchange.) 21507. 

GRANT-BeEy, Dr. JAMES (Cairo, Egypt). Seven water-color sketches of ancient lamps 
(20975); two fragments of leather cover a fac-simile of the catafalque of Isi-Em- 
Kheh, a queen of the Twenty-first Dynasty 1,000 B.C., Egypt, (21417); and a frag- 
ment of mummy-cloth with characters of the ‘‘ Ritual of the Dead” (21730). 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. Edge 


GREEN, LorEN W. (Charlestown, New Hampshire). Several specimens of birds, nests, 
and eggs (20897); six dried skins of chipmunk (21036); a woodchuck (21044); 
sur mammal skins, two insects, and one turtle (21073); a wood rabbit, muskrat, 

and squirrel from New Hampshire. (21543). 

GREEN RIVER ZIRCON MINING COMPANY (Hendersonville, North Carolina), (through 
W.S. Yeates.) Fifty-one zircon crystals from Green River, Henderson County, 
North Carolina. 22032. 

GREEN, W. J. (Washington, District of Columbia). Seven marbles cut from amethyst, 
carnelian, bloodstone, and agate. 21341. 

GREENWOOD, E, C. (Brownsyille, Texas) A White Pelican from Corpus Christi. 
21852. 

GREEY, EDWARD (New York City, New York). One large bronze sitting figure of a Jap- 
anese Buddha; Japanese fire engine; and Japanese bow and arrow (purchased) 
(20852); Japanese bronzes, lamp made in Tokyo, 1850-75 (copy of larger lamps 
made from A. D. 1603); koro resting on three figures of Oni (imps) made in 
Osaka, date 1800-50; koro of curious archaic form, made in Yeddo, 1700-50; koro 
of globular form with three legs, made in Yeddo, 1800-50; vase of amphore shape 
on four slender feet, date 1875; copy of an old bronze; trumpet-shaped vase 
made in Osaka, about 1750-1800; koro of Tokyo bronze, 1860-70; bronze koro rep- 
resenting boy seated on adrum; figure of Samurai at prayer, resting on a bronze 
base, showing the old Kamishimo, or official overdress, made in Yeddo, 1700- 
1800; koro, figure of Shoki and two demons of sickness, made in Osaka, 1800-50; 
hibachi, with pierced lid and upper rim; body decorated with archaic designs 
of birds in relief; koro with lid, made in Kyoto, 1800-20; koro with ld, made 
by Tsuji Ki-ho, about 1850; old form (purchased) (21176). 

GreGoryY, J. R. (London, England). Three specimens of meteorites. (Exchange.) 
22040. 

GRETTON BROTHERS (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Photographs of Jones and Laugh- 
lin’s Steel Works, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (HExchange.) (21487, 21714.) 
GRINNELL, GEORGE BirD (New York City, New York). A living Mountain Sheep 

(purchased) (21383); skin of a Mountain Goat (purchased) (22162). 

GRINNELL, W. F. (See under State, Department of.) 

GUESDE, L. (Guadeloupe, West Indies). <A collection ofebirds’ skins from Guade- 
loupe. (Exchange.) 21210. 

GUNNING, Mary (Greeley, Colorado). Plants collected in Colorado. 21707. 

GURLEY, W. C. (Marietta, Ohio), (through Ensign John Gibson, U. S. N.) A photo- 
graph of a flash of lightning. 21476. 

GurTekunst, F. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Five proofs of photographs by the 
lender (21025); a collection of plates and prints illustrating the process of 
collographie printing. (21482.) 

Hackman, D. R. (Washington, District of Columbia). <A living Sparrow Hawk. 


21606. 
HaGan, J. T. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living alligator from Florida. 
21496. 


Haun, GeorGE R. (New York City, New York). Proof of a woodeut by Dr. Alex- 
ander Anderson. (Deposited.) 21010. 

HaiG, GeorGe W. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Specimens of stone implements 
from Cohocksink Creek, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 21100. 

Haicur & DupLry (Poughkeepsie, New York). Four pamphlets containing speci- 
mens of color-printing. 21895. 

HaAkeEs, WILLIAM A. (Binghamton, New York). Fragments of pottery from Broome 
County, New York. (Exchange.) 21826. 
(See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

HALE, Miss ELLEN D. (Boston, Massachusetts). Twoetchings. (Deposited.) 2100& 


794 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Hatt, Mrs. JOHN W. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living alligator from 
Jacksonville, Florida. 21241. 

HALLOCK, CHARLES (Plainfield, Massachusetts). Rock specimens from Massachu- 
setts. 21273. : 

HAMILTON, H. P. (Three Rivers, Wisconsin). Fragments of pottery from Wisconsin. 
(Exchange.) 21823. 

(See under Bureau of Ethnology, ) 

HAMILTON, M. (Savannah, Georgia). <A plant from Georgia (20573) ; a plant (Ascle- 
pias amplexicaulis) supposed to be an antidote for snake-bite, sent for experimental 
purposes. (21266.) 

HANKS, Prof. HENry G. (San Francisco, California). Four specimens of hanksite. 
21525. 

HARDEN, E. B. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Silver prints taken irom two nega- 
tives, showing the interior of an anthracite coal mine. 20879. 

HARDING, Miss ELLEN M. (Washington, District of Columbia). <A living domestic 
fowl. 20918. 

HARE, SIDNEY J. (Kansas City, Missouri). Six flint knives from a mound in Kansas 
City. 20993. 

HARKNESS, HENRY (U.S. National Museum). A campaign badge. 21147. 

HarMAN, R. Y. (London, England). Photographs of the races conquered by the 
Egyptians. (Purchased.) 20984. 

Harmon, H. C. (Mount Pleasant, District of Columbia). <A living Horned Owl (Bubo 
virginianus), from Loudoun County, Virginia, 21537, 

HarRPER BROTHERS (New York City, New York). Original drawings of illustrated 
article by J. E. Watkins, ‘‘The evolution of the passenger car” (21091), illustra- 
tions of the railway passenger car. (21150.) 

Harris, I. H. (Wagnerville, Ohio). Stone implements from Fort Ancient, Ohio, and 
a flint knife from Logan County, Ohio. 21609. 

Harris, WILLIAM C. (New York City, New York.) A fish from Lake Miltona, Michi- 
gan. 21312. 

Harton, E.S. (Attleborough, Massachusetts). Campaign badges. 21161. 

HARTSHORNE, CHARLES H. (Waynesville, North Carolina). A building-stone from 
McDowell County, North Carolina. 21942. 

HARVARD COLLEGE OBSERVATORY (Cambridge, Massachusetts). Nine silver-prints 
and ten lanterns. 20938. 

Hasprouck, E.M. (Brownwood, Texas). A living Civet cat from Texas. 21122. 

Haw ey, E. H. (U.S. National Museum). <A photographof the gunship New Orleans, 
built at Sackett’s Harbor, New York, in 1813, in twenty days, from standing 
timber. 21277. 


Haw Ley, F. S. (Broadalbin, New York). Glass lamp, a tinder-box, and a cartridge- 
box (21276); a foot-stove used in 1830-40 (21741). 


HawortTu, Erasmus (Oskaloosa, Iowa). Rocks from Maine. (Exchange). 21236. 

Hay, Rorert (Junction City, Kansas). Five specimens of halite from Kingman 
County, Kansas. 22103. 

HAYDEN, W. P. (Raymond, Maine). Three specimens of minerals from Raymond, 
Maine. (Purchased). 21156. 

HaywarbD, Howarp (Raleigh, North Carolina). A collection of stone implements 
found near Raleigh, North Carolina. 21512. 

HeicHway, A. E. (Cincinnati, Ohio). Two specimens of staurolite crystals from 
Fannin County, Georgia. 21482. 

HEILBRONNER, Raout (Paris, France). Mediwval scientific instruments. (Pur- 
chased). 21295. 

HELIOTYPE PRINTING COMPANY (Boston, Massachusetts). A collection of prints, 
photolithographs, heliotypes, and heliochromes (21479, 20882). 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 795 


HEMPHILL, HENRY (San Diego, California). Mollusks, crustaceans, and sponges from 
California. 21289. 

HENDRICKS, ERtIc (Washington, District of Columbia). A living opossum. 22116. 

Henry, Miss M. A. (Washington, District of Columbia). Two fog-horns used by 
the late Prof. Joseph Henry in experiments for the Light-House Board. 22059. 

HENSHALL, Prof. J. A. (See under Fish Commission, U. 8S.) 

HENSHAW, H. W. (U.8. Geological Survey). Birds’ skins from various localities, 196 
specimens (21040); three mounted birds and one bird-skin (20857); eleven birds 
from Oregon and California (21552) ; fifteen birds from California and the District 
of Columbia (21579); specimens of reptiles, insects, and mammals from the 
District of Columbia (presented) (21785) ; a charm-stone from San Luis Obispo 
County, California (21792), and five Killifishes from the Washington and Alex- 
andria Canal near Arlington, Virginia (exchange) (21993). 

(See under Interior Department, U. S. Geological Survey.) 
(See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 


HENSON, Harry VY. (Yokohama, Japan). <A bird from Japan. 21037. 

HESSEL, Dr. RUDOLPH (Washington, District of Columbia), A worm 32 inches long 
removed from the abdomen of a dog (20868); a Meadow Mouse (21104). 

HEWETT, G. C. (Washington, District of Columbia). A specimen of ‘‘ uintahite” 
from Uintah County, Utah. 21751. 

HIESTAND, J. G. (Denver, Colorado). A mineral from Colorado. 21060. 

HILLEBRAND, Dr. W. F. (U. 8. Geological Survey). Twenty-eight specimens of min- 
erals from the Tintic District, Utah, and 363 specimens of turquoise from Las Ce- 
rillas, New Mexico. (Purchased.) 21502. 

(See under Interior Department, U. 8S. Geological Survey). 

HirAYAMA, Faro (Osaka, Japan). Two specimens of square bamboo-stalks from 
Huga, Kitanaka Kori, Japan. 21645. 

Hitcucock, Prof. C. H. (Hanover, New Hampshire). Specimens of garnetiferous 
amphibolite (21570); rocks and minerals from New Hampshire, and Connecticut 
(exchange) (21217). 

Hitcncock, R. (U. 8. National Museum). Specimens of rocks from Kawachi, Japan 
(21613); invertebrates and shells from Japan (21631); specimens of native medi- 
cinal preparations from Japan (purchased) (21633); various Japanese costumes, 
prayer-books, straw-ropes, fans, etc., from Japan (21640); a specimen of grass- 
bamboo stalk in flower from Osaka, Japan (21646); puff-balls, shells, insects, 
reptiles, and mammals from Japan (21649) ; four specimens of stibnite from Saijo 
mine, Iyo Province, Japan (21667) ; a portion of betel-nut from Colombo, Ceylon 
(21689); specimens of pottery and clay coffins from burial-mounds in Japan 
(21963) ; and six photo-collotypes (22140). 

Hosss, CHARLES (Washington, District of Columbia). A living Rattlesnake from 
Deer Park, Maryland. 21288. 

Hopes, Col. E. B. (Plymouth, New Hampshire). Three specimens of trout from 
Sunapee Lake (21429) ; three specimens of fishes in alcohol (21635). 

Hom, Turopore (U, 8. National Museum). Several ethnological objects collected 
from ancient graves at Upernavik, Alaska (21418); a Tortoise (Cistudo carolinus) 
from the District of Columbia (22153). 

Homes, W. H. (See under Bureau of Ethnology). 

Horr, HENRY W. (Paint Post-office, Ohio). A small collection of stone implements. 
21603. 

Horan, Henry (U.S. National Museum). <A knife from Morocco (21146); a work- 
man’s card of entry to the New Orleans Exposition 1884-85 (21213); carpenter’s 
tools (21381); eight tickets of admission to the Cincinnati Exposition 1888 
(21467); medal of Sioux City Corn Palace; and a badge of eleventh Assembly 
District Campaign Club of New York City (21770). 


796 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


HoOrNaDAY, WILLIAM T. (Washington, District of Columbia). Two buffalo-skins 
(purchased ) (20838) ; a Japanese box used for carrying passengers (21326); White- 
headed Kagle (21974). 

Houanu, E. C. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living Screech Owl ( Megascops 
asio). 21564, 

Hove, Mrs. L. I. (Morgantown, West Virginia). A basket, formerly used in mak- 
ing bread. 21137. 

HouGuH, WALTER (U.S. National Museum). Waffle-iron and a wooden lock (21131); 
a rude implement of black chert found near Morgantown, West Virginia (21439) ; 
a lamp from Morgantown, West Virginia (21459); and several ethnological 
objects of curious design (21731). 

(See under Mrs. Dr. Casselberry and Miss Emma Protzman.) 

Howarkb, Ernest (U.S. Geological Survey). A specimen of steatite from Colvin 
Run, Fairfax County, Virginia. 21901. 

HoweELL, E. E. (Rochester, New York). Specimens of siliceous odlite (21788); and 
specimens of Lurypterus from the water-line near Buffalo, New York (21845). 
Howe LL, J. W. (Bisbee, Arizona). Minerals from Copper Queen Mine, Bisbee, 

Arizona. (Purchased.) 21501. 

Hoy, Dr. P. R. (Racine, Wisconsin), Two fishes from Biloxi, Mississippi (21702); 
two pieces of pine tree, showing injuries made by sap-sucker (21719); and a 
fresh-water sponge (22167). 

HUFFMAN, JOHN (Washington, District of Columbia). A living White-headed Eagle 
from Prince William County, Virginia. 21491. 

HUIDEKOPER, Master REGINALD (Washington, District of Columbia). A living Fly- 
ing Squirrel, 22086. 

HUuLstT, GEORGE D. (Brooklyn, New York). Larvie of insects. 21109. 

HUMPHREY, GEORGE M. (Pawnee City, Nebraska). A copper medal and badge. 
20265. c 

Hunt, C. E. (Washington, District of Columbia). A Fire-bellied Squirrel from Cen- 
tral America. (Purchased.) 21123. : 

HUNTER, ALEXANDER (Washington, District of Columbia). A Confederate army 
jacket. 21203. 

HunTeER, WILLIAM (Accotink, Virginia). A notched axe from Accotink, Fairfax 
County, Virginia (21920); 264 stone implements from Mount Vernon, Virginia 
(21943). 

HurRiBurt, E. (Utica, New York). Drillings from a deep well at Utica. 21738. 

Houreipbur, G. H. (See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

Huyck, TsHomas B. (Washington, District of Columbia). Two living alligators 
from Florida. 21601. 

Inuinois Stars Laporarory or Natura History (Champaign, Illinois). Six 
mounted specimens of Lepidoptera. 21803. 

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT (Geological Survey, U. S.). Several pieces of Indian pottery 
and a number of stone implements, found in Prentiss County, Mississippi (20876); 
fossil fish remains collected by H. W. Turner in California (21055) ; a specimen 
of native platinum from Washington Territory (21152); rocks from California 
collected by Prof. J. S. Diller (21182); a large collection of rocks (comprising 
about 2,000 specimens) of the Comstock lode and Washoe district, Nevada, 
gatheredby S, F. Emmons and G. F. Becker. This collection is fully described 
in Mr. Becker’s report upon the geology of this region (Monograph m1, U.S. 
Geological Survey) and also in Messrs. Hague and Iddings’ paper on the “ Devel- 
opment of Crystallization in Igneous Rocks” (Bulletin U. S. Geological Survey 
No. 17) (21198); a collection of minerals made by Dr. W. I. Hillebrand from 
various localities (21422); a mineral from Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 
collected by Walter H. Weed (21452) ; 1,371 minerals collected by S. L. Penfield 
in St. Lawrence, Lewis, and Jefferson Counties, New York, embracing fluorite, 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 197 


INTERIOR DEPARTMENT (Geological Survey, U. S.)—Continued. 
pink tremolite, blue calcite, graphite, tourmaline, tale, pyrite, etc. (21475); 
minerals from Bisbee, Arizona, collected by Dr. W. F. Hillebrand (21527); min- 
eral specimens (99) collected by Dr. W. F. Hillebrand in Arizona, Dakota, 
and New Mexico (21528) ; mineral specimens (87) from Las Cruces, New Mexico, 
collected by Dr. W. F. Hillebrand (21529); minerals from Utah and New Mexico 
(21530); minerals from Colorado (21531); specimens of Oriskany (drift) tossils 
from Potomac River, below Washington, District of Columbia (21629); rocks 
and soils from various localities (21789); a large collection of geological speci- 
mens from Arizona, Utah, and California, collected by Prof. J. 8. Diller (21753) ; 
(through Dr. W. F. Hillebrand) a specimen of guitermanite containing zunyite 
from Silverton, California (21836) ; specimens of the trachyte body near Rosita, 
in the Silver Cliff region of Colorado, collected by S. F. Emmons (21786) ; speci- 
mens (37) of wood opal from the Madison River, Montana, collected by Dr. A. C. 
Peale (21837) ; specimens (804) of lower Cambrian fossils from Conception Bay, 
Newfoundland, collected by C. D. Walcott (21861); specimens (3) of lower Cam- 
brian fossils from New York, Nevada, and Vermont, collected by C. D. Walcott 
(21876) ; minerals from Colorado, collected by L, G. Eakins (21879); specimens 
(3,240) of middle Cambrian fossils from Conception Bay, Newfoundland (21914) ; 
minerals from Montana, collected by Dr. A. C. Peale (21932); specimens (39) of 
trimmed rocks from the trias of the New Jersey region, collected by Nelson H. 
Darton (21966); mineral specimens (139) collected in Colorado by Messrs. Cross 
and Hillebrand (21988); miocene fossils from New Jersey marls (21989) ; speci- 
mens (24) of crystallized trona from Owens Lake, California, collected by Dr. 
T. M. Chatard (22068), and a specimen of infusorial earth from Patuxent River 
near Dunkirk, Maryland (22102). 

Ives, FRED E. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A collection of models, specimens of 
work illustrating the original ‘‘ Ives Process” (21484) ; a book, ‘‘A New Principle 
in Heliochromy ” (21713); twenty-five specimens illustrating the ‘“‘ Ives Process” 
(21940). 

JACKSON AND SHARP COMPANY (Wilmington, Delaware). Photographs of railway- 
cars (21158); blue-print drawings of railway-cars (21159). 

JACKSON, B, F. (Athelston, Arkansas). A clay pipe. (Purchased.) 21953. 

JACKSON, WILLIAM H. (Pigeon Cove, Massachusetts). Skull of Little Piked Whale. 
21046. 

JAPANESE FAN COMPANY (New York City, New York). Model of jinrikisha. (Pur- 
chased.) 21345. 

JELLISON, WILLIAM G. (Hamilton, Ohio). A badge of the Lone Star Lodge, No. 39. 

21772. 

JENKINS, Prof. O. P. and Prof. B. W. EVERMANN (Greencastle, Indiana). Eighteen 
new species of fishes from the Gulf of California. 20952. 

JENNINGS, ALLAN H. (Baltimore, Maryland). A Yellow-crowned Night Heron from 
the Bahama Islands (21435); a skin of Kirtland’s Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandi) 
from New Providence, Bahama Islands (21444). 

JEWETT, Dr. J. W. (New York City, New York). A miscellaneous collection of 
drugs. 21492. 

JOHN STEPHENSON COMPANY (New York City, New York). An album containing 
photographs of street-cars. 20968. 

JOHNSON, J, ORVILLE (Washington, District of Columbia). Frame containing twelve 
daguerreotypes. (Deposited.) 20998. 

JOHNSON STEEL STREET Rar~t Company (Johnstown, Pennsylvania). Three sec- 
tions of tracks showing joint-fixtures, and fourteen short sections of rails for 
street-railway. 21337. 


Jones, B. J. (Columbus, Ohio). Two living quails from Mexico, 21956, 


798 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


JONES, Col. C. C. (Augusta, Georgia). Fragments of pottery from Stallings Island 
near Augusta. 21527. 

(See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

Jones, T. G. (St. Clair, Pennsylvania). Fossil ferns, leaves, etc., from Pennsylva- 
nia. (Exhange.) 21503. 

JORDAN, Prof. Davin S. (Bloomington, Indiana). Nine new species of fishes from 
Virginia and North Carolina (21285); two fishes (Cryptolomus berryllinus and 
Sparisoma flavescens) from Key West, Florida (21628). 

Jouy, P.L. (U.S. National Museum). An interesting and valuable collection of Japan- 
ese birds containing 651 specimens, representing 172species. This collection is the 
result of several years’ collecting in an entirely unexplored country, ornitholog- 
ically considered. The collection contains many very rare species, which are rep- 
resented in only a few museums (purchased), (21035) ;* 547 specimens of Korean 
birds (purchased) (21039) ; two specimens of birds from China (21069); bow and 
five arrows from China, and a Buddhist rosary from Japan (21264); shells from 
Japan (21290); a phallic emblem trom phallic temple near Yokohama (21559) ; a 
pipe used by the aborigines of Formosa, Japan (21841); and a collection of Ko- 
rean prehistoric objects (21859). 

JUENGLING, F. (New York City, New York). Twenty-seven wood-engravings by the 
donor. 22135. 

Kemp, Prof. J. F. (Ithaca. New York). Specimens of rocks. (Exchange.) (21703.) 

KEPPEL, FREDERICK, & Co. (New York City, New York). Twenty-two color prints, 
etchings, and woodcuts. (Purchased.) 21709. 

KERN, CHARLES E. (Washington, District of Columbia). Twenty birds’ skins from 
Nicaragua. 21983. 

Krster, C. W. (Statesville, North Carolina). Specimens of actinolite from North 
Carolina (21215); 95 specimens of minerals from Alexander and Iredell Counties, 
North Carolina (exchange) (22021). 

KETTERLINUS PRINTING HOusE (New York City, New York). Nine specimens of rul- 
ing and engraying on stone (21996); a lithographic stone and several specimens 
of work (22122). 

KEUFFEL & EssER, (New York City, New York). An air-pump, made byG. F. Bran- 
der, of Augsburg, Germany, in 1879. 21626. 


Keys, C. R. (Burlington, Iowa). Landand fresh-water shells from Iowa. (Exchange. ) 
20961. 

Kickuorr, C., Jr. (New York City, New York). Samples of alloys from Germany. 
21050. 

KIMMEL & VoicT (New York City, New York). A collection of materials and tools 
used in printing intaglio plates. 21443. 

KinG, Maj. W. R. (U. S. Army, Willets Point, New York). Six photographs of the 
Hell Gate Explosion. 20958. 

(See under War Department. ) 

KINNES, ROBERT (Dundee, Scotland). A female Narwhal skull with two horns, caught 
by Capt. James Fairweather in Prince Regent’s Inlet, off Lancaster Sound, 
Baffin’s Bay. 21952. 

KLACKNER, C. (New York City, New York). Four etchings. (Deposited.) 21013. 

KNIPE, S. W. (Oceanic, New Jersey). Specimens of stone implements. 21562. 


KNOEDLER, M., & Co. (New York City, New York). Four photogravures. (Pur- 
chased.) 21712. 

KNOWLTON, F. H. (U. 8S. National Museum). A counterfeit silver dollar, 21541. 

KNUDSEN, VALDEMAR (Waiawa, Sandwich Islands). Two petrels. 21655. 


Knot, S. Prentiss (Washington, District of Columbia). Twenty-six small porce- 
lain figures and scarabei. 21919. 


* See report on the Department of Birds, section II. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 799 


_ Koeruter, S. R. (Roxbury, Massachusetts). A collection of 445 woodcuts, etchings, 
process-prints, etc. (deposited) (21030); 15 wood engravings and 6 etchings 
(21894): 47 specimens of photo-mechanical engravings (21947). 

KOENIG, GODFREY (Sassin, Washington). Five eggs of Short-eared Owl (Asio accipi- 
irinus) from Washington (22061) ; 11 birds’ eggs (22127). 

Koun, G. (New Orleans, Louisiana), A Cumberland Terrapin from Rayne, Louisiana 
(21798); 12 Chicken Turtles (Chrysemys reticulata) from Louisiana (21799) ; 12 Ter- 
rapins (Pseudemys troostit) from Louisiana (purchased) (21883); 6 specimens of 
Le Sueur’s Terrapins (22091). 

Kurtz, W, (New York City, New York). A frame of azaline pictures (20930); 15 
proofs of half-tone process, worked by the donor (21024); 5 collographic prints 
by Tessu de Mothay (21472); three pictures (21547), ‘ 

Lacroix, A. (Paris, France). Specimens of minerals from various localities. (Ex- 
change.) 22118. 

LAFLAMME, ABBE J.C. K. (Quebec, Canada). Graptolites from the Quebec group 
of Quebec Province, Canada. 21887. 

LAIRD, CHARLES H. (Washington, District of Columbia), A Whitney-Kennedy rifle 
and a Marline rifle, for exhibition at the Cincinnati Exposition, 20843. 

LAKES, ARTHUR (Golden City, Colorado). Fossil shells from Colorado. 22143. 

LAMBoRN, Dr. Rosert H. (New York City, New York), Two opals from Queretero, 
Mexico. 22072. 

LANGILLE, OLLIE (Knowles, Maryland). A living mink. 21000. 

LANGLEY, Prof. 8, P, (Secretary, Smithsonian Institution). Tweive Fire-Flies ( Pyro- 
phorus) en Cuba and Guadeloupe. 22109. 

LATIMER, C. E. (U.S. Fish Commission), A Fall- fish (Semotilus bullaris) from Patux- 
ent River, Sandy Spring, Maryland. 21802, 

(See under Fish Commission, U. S.) 

Laurig£, THomas (London, England). lJaurie’s anatomical model of the heart. 

. 21892. 

LAWRENCE, WALTER U. (New York City, New York). An original blank card of 
invitation to a dinner given by President and Mrs. Washington, 22008. 

LE Baron, J. F. (See under Birt, Dr. Louis, F, H.) 

LEE, J.C, (Washington, District of Columbia). A specimen of iridescent anthracite 
coal, 20924, 

Lrg, L. A., THomMas LEE, and CHARLES H. TOWNSEND (U. S. Fish Commission). 
One hundred and eighty-seven specimens of birds’ skins from Bahia, Brazil. (Pur- 
chased.) 21678. 

Ler, THomas (U, 8. Fish Commission). A horse-bola and a guanco-bola from Punta 
Arena, South America, 21468. 

LEE, WILLIAM (Colon, South America). A grasshopper and a moth from South 
America. 21469. 

LEon, Dr. NIcoLas (Moreila, Mexico). A specimen of Laelia autumnalis. 21567. 

LrEsH, Harry (Wichita, Kansas). A ribbon badge of the Wichita wheelmen. 
21179. 

Lewis, E. M. (Fort Wood, Bedloe’s Island, New York). Birds killed by flying 
against the statue ‘‘ Goddess of Liberty,” in New York Harbor. 21247. 

Lewis, GEORGE A. (Wickford, Rhode Island). Seven fishes from Wickford, Rhode 
Island (21053); a specimen of Cyclopterus lumpus (21910). 

Lewis, THoMAS (Moriah, New York), (through W. S. Yeates). A sunstone from 
Mineville, New York; also a supposed meteorite from New Hampshire. 22010. 

Lewis, W. H. (Jefferson County, West Virginia). A duck’s egg of peculiar color. 
20873. 

LIBRARY COMMITTEE, JOINT (U.S. Capitol). A marble statue, ‘“‘ I] Penseroso,” by 


Mozier; placed in the National Museum by the authority of the Joint Committee 
on the Library. 21433. 


800 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


LICHTENTHALER, G. W. (Bloomington, Illinois). A valuable collection of ferns con- 
taining 110 species from the Hawaiian Islands. (Exchange.) 21143. 


Linpstr6m, Dr. G. (Stockholm, Sweden). Collection of cambrian fossils from 
Sweden. (Purchased.) 21650. 

LINSLEY, JOEL (Benning’s, District of Columbia). A specimen of charcoal, 21200. 

Lirrie, Maj. F. E. (Laurel, Maryland). A living Mink ( Putorius vison). 21569. 

LONDON AND NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY (Crewe, Eugland). Nine photo- 
graphs, showing exterior and interior views of railway carriages. 21373. 

LouGHMAN, Henry S. (Brownsville, Ohio). Flint chips and implements, arrow- 
heads, ete., from Flint Ridge, Ohio. 21376. 

LonGLey, LuTHER (Raymond, Maine). A Jeaf-shaped implement of yellow jasper. 
21393. 

LONGLEY, W. E. (Chicago, Illinois). Two butterflies and two moths from Florida. 
22112: 

LorinG, Gen. CHARLES G. (Boston, Massachusetts). <A cast of a head in terra-cotta, 
from Sansonate, in the Republic of San Salvador. 22141. 

Lovett, Epwarp (Croydon, England). Ethnological objects, stone implements, pot- 
tery, bones, ete., from England (21292). A Maundy set of coins, jubilee pattern 
(22105).* 

Lowery, G. P. (New York City, New York). Aluminum and copper alloy. 21970. 

Lucas, F. A. (U. S. National Museum). A skeleton of Kangaroo Rat. (Exchange.) 
22076. 

Lucas, J. A. (Silver City, New Mexico). Seven mineral specimens from the ‘ Cop- 
per Glance” and ‘‘ Potosi” Copper Mines, Grant County, New Mexico (21900) 5 
121 specimens of copper pseudomorph after azurite (22160). 

Lucas, W. H. (Washington, District of Columbia). <A living Eagle (Halietus leuco- 
cephalus). 21727. 

Lucus, L. (Washington, District of Columbia). A chart of the History of Ireland, 
and ameerschaum pipe. 21891. 

Luxens, H. R. (Wissahickon, Pennsylvania). A badge of the Manufactures’ Club of 
Manayunk, Pennsylvania. 21763. 

Lyman, H. H. (Montreal, Canada). Aspecimen of Hepialus thule, a rave Lepidoptera. 
(Exchange.) 22165. 

Lyons, EVAN (Georgetown, District of Columbia). A specimen of Chasmodes, taken 
from an oyster shell. 21648. 

McCartTuy, GERALD (Raleigh, North Carolina). Specimens of dried plants. (Pur- 
chased.) 21724. 

McDevitt, DANIEL L. (Smithsonian Institution). A Bluebird (Sialia sialis) in the 
flesh. 21319. 

McDonaLp, Colonel MARSHALL (See under Fish Commission, U. S.) 

McGrorGe, H. W. (Washington, District of Columbia). <A living Opossum (Didelphys 
virginianus). 21888. 

McGinnis, WILLIAM H. (Youngstown, Ohio). Stone relics from Pennsylvania and 
Ohio (21212); stone implements and SENSE of flint from Youngstown, Ohio (ex- 
change) (21240). 

McGinty, HENry (Brooklyn, New York). Badge of the Joseph Benjamin Battery, 
21766. 

McGREGOR, ALEX. (Georgetown, New Mexico). Minerals from New Mexico. 21915. 

McGuire, J. D. and F. B. (Washington, District of Columbia). A collection of land, 
marine, and fresh-water shells, numbering about five thousand specimens. 21253 


McGurrE, F. B. (Washington, District of Columbia). Fourteen Colonial notes and 
one note of 1812. 21513. 


*On Maundy Thursday the rvling sovereign of England distributes the royal 
bounty, and with it a set of coins to a certain number of aged people. The coins are 
specially prepared for this purpose, and are not used as currency. 


j 


McLANeE, WILLIAM R. (Washington, District of Columbia). <A living opossum. 
22115: 

McLAuGHLIN, Miss M. LouIsE (Cincinnati, Ohio). Two dry points (deposited) 
(21007); also an impression from an experimental etched plate executed with a 
brush on a warm ground (21634). 

McMILian, RosBeErT F. (Washington, District of Columbia). Stone implements 
collected near Piny Branch and Rock Creek, District of Columbia (22048, 
21951). 

MacGiL1, T. W. (Franklin, Kentucky). A specimen of iron ore from Kentucky. 
21075. 

MACOMBER, LEPEG (Providence, Rhode Island). Forty-five army corps badges 
(21320) ; twenty-seven army badges (deposited) (21519). 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. SOL 


MaLong, Mrs. F. E. (Washington, District of Columbia). A piece of sandstone 
detached from an anchor supposed to have belonged to the British man-of-war 
Hussar, sunk near Hell Gate, New York, in 1778 ; also specimens of salt crystals 
from Syracuse, New York. 21227. 

Mapes, Henry (Monroe, New York), (through W. 8. Yeates). Three apatite crystais 
from Greenwood Furnace, New York. 22028. 


MaRRON, THOMAS (U. 8. National Museum). A Ground Dove (Columbigallina passe- 
rina) from Broad Creek, Maryland (21271); three eggs of Snake (Coluber) from 
Potomac River (21858). 

Marsh, Prof. O. C. (New Haven, Connecticut). A skeleton of a cormorant (21144) ; 
a collection of Assyrian and Babylonian seals (21948). 


MARSHALL, GEORGE (Laurel, Maryland). A young Catbird (21082); a specimen of 
Egret (20997); a Field Plover (21114). 

MARSHALL, HENRY (Laurel, Maryland). An Orchard Oriole (Jcterus spurius) (20928) ; 
an Albino Robin (Merula migratoria) from Laurel, Maryland (22:72). 

Martin, S. J. (Gloucester, Massachusetts). A main cross-tree hauled up in 50 fathoms 
of water on George’s hank by the schooner Triton. 20833. 

Marx, Dr. GEORGE (Department of Agriculture). A lizard and snakes from Pata- 
gonia. 21283. 

Mason, CARRINGTON (Memphis, Tennessee). Specimens of werms. 20942. 

Mason, C. 8. (Toledo, Ohio). Specimens of selenite crystals. 21239. 

Mason, Prof. O. T. (U.S. National Museum). A fraginent of stone implement found 
at Woodlawn, Fairfax County, Virginia, near Mount Vernon, on the surface of 
the ground. 21208. 

Masson, Miss R. (Lausanne, Switzerland). Specimens of dried plants from Switzer- 
land. 21688. 

Matuer, Frep (Cold Spring Harbor, New York). Four Mandarin Ducks (21201, 
21305, 21677); a living mink from Cold Spring Harbor, New York (21665); a 
Mink (Putorius vison) (21804); skeleton of a Mandarin Duck (22163). 

MaTHERSON, W. J., & Co. (New York City, New York). A snake from Campeachy, 
Mexico. 21555. 

MATTHEW, G. F. (St. John, New Brunswick). Collection of Middle Cambrian fossils 
from the St. John formation, New Brunswick. (Purchased.) 21639. 

MATTHEWS, Dr. WASHINGTON (Army Medical Museum). Ethnological objects. (Pur- 
chased.) 20888. 

MAYNARD, W. L. (Worcester, Massachusetts). A souvenir badge of Rhode Island 
delegates to the Twenty-second National Encampment, Grand Army of the Re- 
public. 21140. 

MEAD, CHARLES (Sayerville, New Jersey). ‘Three arrow-heads. 21092. 

MEARNS, Dr. EpGar A., U. 8. Ariny (Fort Snelling, Minnesota). A small collection 
of fishes, reptiles, and batrachians from Arizona. 20877. 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2-51 


802 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


MEDER, FERDINAND (New York City, New York). One mezzotint printed in colors 
(purchased) (21711); a color print, ‘‘Grafinn von Voss,” by Gubitz (purchased) 
(22074). 

MEEK, S. E. (Cedar Rapids, Iowa). Fishes from the Maumee River and Lost Creek, 
Ohio. 21660. 

MEINOLD, WILLIAM (Paola, Kansas). <A skull of a Flathead Indian. 21371. 

Merriam, Dr. C. Hart (Department of Agriculture). An important and valuable 
collection of well-preserved skins from the Old World, containing many varieties 
and species new to the Museum (exchange) (20911); two sparrows from Dakota 
and Nebraska (20970); skin of a Coyete from Ogden, Utah, and a Western Poreu- 
pine from Fort Bridger, Wyoming (21325); twenty-four birds’ skins from various 
localities (21668); two specimens of Bachmau’s Warbler from Sombrero Key, 
Florida (217256); three porpoise-skulls and one porpoise-skin, collected at Gad- 
bout, River St. Lawrence (exchange) (21872); two fox-skins from northern Mex- 
ico and Texas (21965); two birds’ skins from Gadbont, River St. Lawrence (21984); 
a Desert Horned Lark from Dakota (2199=) ; gastropods from Carson Valley, Ne- 
braska, and shells from Pheenix, Arizona (22077); a comb, snow-shovel, two arrow- 
points, all made of bone, from Upernavik and Disco, Greenland, collected by 
Dr. F. H. Hoadley (21589). 

Merrick, Hon. W. M. (Washington, District of Columbia). -A living Macaw (Ara 
macao) from Central America. 21336. = 

MERRILL, GEORGE P. (U.S. National Museum). A large and important collection of 
geological specimens from Smithfield, Rhode Island (20847); pebbles from Cape 
Elizabeth, Maine, and copper from Cornwall, Pennsylvania (21183) ; rocks from 
Maine and Nova Scotia (21181); serpentine rock from Pennsylvania (21186); 
rocks and ores from North Carolina (2118) ; slate from Pennsylvania (21189) ; peri- 
dolite from North Carolina (21190) ; rocks and minerals from Pennsylvania (21191, 
21192); slate from Bangor, Pennsylvania (21193); rocks from Massachusetts 
(21194); rocks from Maine (21199, 21197); rocks from Keeseville, New York (21216); 
and from West Concord, New Hampshire (21218); granite from Craftsbury, 
Vermont (21219); photograph negatives of views taken at Webster, North Caro- 
lina (21246) ; eleven specimens of rocks from Moriah Township, New York (21232); 
collection of peridotites, mica, dorite, and contorted schist and rocks from Stony 
Point, New York (2127, 21571); one specimen of slag crystal from Iron Furnace 
at Cornwall, Pennsylvania (21808); and a large number of specimens of serpen- 
tine and associated minerals from Montville, New Jersey (20870). 

MIDDLETON, JaMes D. (See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

MIDDLETON, R. Morton (Sewanee, Tennessee). Six Rattlesnake fangs. 20936. 

MILLER, ALEXANDER MCVEIGH (Aldeison, West Virginia). Two living vipers (21038) ; 
a living Turtle (Chrysemys picta) (21388). 

MILLER, CuarkLtes H. (New York City, New York). Six etchings. (Deposited.) 
21016. : 

Mitier, Hon. J. 8. (Commissioner of Internal Revenue). Two living Black Bears. 
20881. 

MILLER, LeRoy D. (Sioux Falls, Dakota). A badge of South Dakota National Guard. 
21777. 

MILLER, MILTON (Washington, District of Columbia). A living Turtle Dove. 21565. 

_Mitier, WiILLy (New York City, New York). Twenty-two proofs of wood-engrav- 
ings. 22136. 

MILLHOLAND, JAMES A. (Cumberland, Maryland). A drawing of the boiler-plate 
girder-bridge, constructed in 1846 for the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad 
Company. 21078. 


MILLS, WILLIAM (Chillicothe, Ohio). A flint chisel found near Chillicothe. 213957. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 803 


MILts, THKopoRE A. (Washington, District of Columbia). A bust of an Apache In- 
dian in plaster (21729) ; a cast of the head of President Lincoln taken by Clark 
Mills sixty days before the President’s death (21843). 

MILLSPAUGH, Dr. D. T. (Kendall, New York). Two ethnological objects and one 
broken arrow-head. 20907. 

MINDELEFF, VICTOR. (See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

Minick, ANDREW (Seabrook, Maryland). A&A living Loon (Colympus torquatus). 21458. 

MISSOURI AND PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY (Kansas City, Missouri). Drawings of 
track standard. 21003. 

MITCHELL, B. F. (U.S. National Museum). A Sparrow Hawk ( Falco sparverius) (21116); 
a Wood Thrush (Turdus mustelinus) (21536). 

MircHe.t, E. H. (Block Island, Rhode Island). A badge of the Republican Associa- 
tion of Rhode Island. 21779. 

MOonTANDON, A. L. (Bucarest, Roumania). Thirty-eight specimens of coleoptera, and 
39 specimens of hemiptera from eastern Europe (21846); 84 specimens of hete- 
roptera from the Eastern Hemisphere (exchange.) (21992). 

Mooney, ANDREW (Cleveland, Ohio). A masonic badge. 22158. 

Mooney, BARNEY (Washington, District of Columbia). Two spalls of red granite 
from block sent to Washington Monument by the Alexandrian Library, Egypt; 
one spall of fossiliferous limestone from block sent to Washington by the propri- 
etors of the ‘Cincinnati Commercial.” 21448. 

MOONEY, JAMES (Washington, District of Columbia). Cherokee pipes collected in 
1886 (purchased) (21449); reptiles, insects, mammals, craytish, and a bird from 
various localities (21801). 

(See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

Moore, W1LiL1aM A. (Washington, District of Columbia). A French Poodle Dog. 
21980. 

MOOREHEAD, WARREN K. (Xenia, Ohio). A large and valuable collection of pre- 
historic antiquities, principally from the» Ohio River Valley, containing 4,710 
specimens, including almost every object known to American archeologists in 
the localities investigated. (Deposited.) 21695. 

Morcom, G. FREAN (Chicago, Illinois). A goose, supposed to be a hybrid. 218389, 

MorGan, Dr. EDWIN L. (Washington, District of Columbia). Camas roots, eaten 
by the Indians of Columbia River. 20945. 

MorGan, Hon. Joun T. (U.S. Senate). A living monkey from Manterides, Chili. 
21661. 

Moritz, CELESTE (Washington, District of Columbia). Two living White Rats. 
21056. 

Moser, Lieut. J. F. (U. 8. Coast and Geodetic Survey). Birds’ skins from Florida 
(21142); marine invertebrates, shells, insects, snakes, and fishes collected at 
Cape Sable, Florida (21252). 

Moser, J. H. (Washington, District of Columbia). Two oil paintings, ‘‘ Where the 
Millions Have Gone,” and ‘The Still Hunt.” (Purechased.) 20839. 

MOUNT SHASTA CHROME COMPANY (Hazel Creek, California). Chrome ore. 21166. 

MucHLOW, GEORGE (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A campaign badge. 21756. 

MULLER, Baron FERDINAND VON (Melbourne, Australia), (through Prof. W. O. 
Crosby). Specimens of plants from Australia. (Exchange.) 21539. 

MULLET, Dick (Washington, District of Columbia). Crystal of auriferous pyrite, 
partially altered to limonite. 21674. 

Murray, Dr. 8. P. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living White-fronted 
Cebus Monkey (Cebus albifrons). 21693. 

MUSEE D’ETHNOLOGIE (Geneva, Switzerland), (through Dr. H. J. Gosse, director). 
A collection of Lacustrian pottery and bronzes, including vases, weights, and 
other objects of clay; bronze bracelets, buttons, pins, rings, instruments, car- 
rings, collars, fish-hooks, razor, hatchet, lance-head, sickles, knives, and pieces 
of wire. (Exchange.) 21577. 


804 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


MuskE b’HIsToIrE NATURELLE (Paris, France). One handred and ninety-five speci- 
mens of modern and antique marbles from European and African localities. (Ex- 
change). 20872. 

MUSEE DE St.-GERMAIN (Paris, France). Molds of bronze implements. (Exchange.) 
20923. 

MusEo NACIONAL DE Costa Rica. A specimen of Acanthidops bairdi (21225); ten 
small figures in gold and copper (deposited) (21705), and a specimen of Kestrel 
(Cenchris tinnunculus) from Europe (20994). 

MusrEuM Or COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY (Cambridge, Massachusetts), (through 8. Gar- 
man). <A collection of fishes from Europe, South America, Central America, and 
the Pacific Ocean. 21228. 

MusEeuM or NaTuRAL History (Tiflis, Russia), (through Dr. Gustay Radde). A 
collection of Caucasian and Transcaspian birds’ skins. 21927. 

MuskEo NACIONAL (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). <A collection of rocks and meteorite 
from Brazil. 20900. 

(See Prof. Orville A. Derby.) 


Myer, Isaac (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). One cast of seal of Darius, King of - 
’ } 3 py, ») te) 


Persia, and two casts of Babylonian seals. 20849. 
Nasu, Dr. F. 8. (U. S. Navy Department). A copy of Maj. J. W. Powell’s “ Intro- 
. duction to the Study of North American Languages.” 20996. 

NatTionaL Museum (U.8.) Bassoon purchased from Bangs & Co., New York, by 
Dr. G. Brown Goode, assistant secretary Smithsonian Institution. 21107. 

(See also under George P. Merrill.) 

Navy DEPARTMENT (U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland). <A collection of 
59 mounted birds. 21618. 

(See under Ensign J. B. Bernadou; Ensign Albert Gleaves; Lieut. Charles F. 
Pond; Dr. F. S. Nash; Rear-Admiral T. 8. Pheips; Lieut. George M. Stoney.) 

NEAL, Dr. J. C. (Archer, Florida). A collection of ethnological objects. 20894. 

Newson, O. U. (Newark, Ohio). Specimens of stone implements from Licking County, 
Ohio. 21350. 

NEMEGYE!, B. M. pg (Independence, West Virginia). A specimen of caterpillar from 
Independence. 21211. 

NEw ENGLAND BROWN STONE Company (Cromwell, Connecticut). Two specimens 
of building-stones. 22080. 

NEWLON, Dr. W. S. (Oswego, Kansas). A collection of invertebrate fossils—cephalo- 
pods (21286); flint implements and fossils (21451). 

NEWMAN, Rey. J. P. (Washington, District of Columbia). Alabaster model of 
mosque in Jerusalem (deposited), (21043); two ancient Roman copper coins 
(21550). 

NicHoison, W. L. (Washington, District of Columbia). Two etchings. 22089. 

NIELSEN, WILLIAM G. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), (through W.S. Yeates). Speci- 
of Georgia beanxite from a deposit in northern Georgia. 21924. 

Noau, JOHN M. (U. 8. National Museum). A counterfeit Mexican coin (21411); a 
token of 1841 (21415). 

No.trinG, AuGusT H., Jr. (Brooklyn, New York), An insect from Brooklyn. 21094. 

Norris, H. D. B. (Marshall, Virginia), A living White-headed Eagle and a living 
Great Horned Owl. 21974. 

Nyx, WILLARD, Jr. (New Bedford, Massachusetts). Stone implements from Chesa- 
peake Bay, Virginia; Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, and Seaconnet Point, 
Rhode Island (21504); 3,781 specimens of stone implements collected in Car- 
teret County, North Carolina (21725). 

OAKFORD, Miss ELLEN (New Haven, Connecticut). Seven etchings. (Deposited. ) 
21019. 

OAKMAN, H. P. (Boston, Massachusetts). Souvenir badge of Ohio delegates to the 
twenty-second national encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic; also 
three huckeyes, 21141. 


— 


‘og 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 805 


OBERLIN COLLEGE (Oberlin, Ohio). Seventeen birds’ skins, chietly from Africa, 
and mostly new to the collection. 21810. 

OrruTtT, F. I. (U. S. National Museum). A badge of the Oneida Republican Battery 
(21773) ; an etching: representation of the engagement between the Constitu- 
tion and the Guerriere (22088). 

OLDFIELD, Mrs. CATHERINE CirasE (Baltimore, Maryland). Four pieces of silver, 
formerly the property of Judge Samuel Chase, asigner of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 22126. 

OLpuHaM, A. S. (care Hon. P. T. Glass, House of Representatives). Two sets of 
buckhorns found in Lauderdale County, Tennessee. 20935. 

OrcuTT, C. R. (San Diego, California). Shells from Lower California (20983); 
mammals, mammal skin, and a snake from San Diego, California (22058); in_ 
sects, mostly coleoptera (22108); a collection of fossil fresh-water shells from 
Colorado Desert (22156); specimens of Murex Californicus Hds. and Tritonidea 
insignis Roe, from Lower California (22166). 

ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY, BUREAU OF. (See under Agriculture, Department of.) 

OSBORN, ALLEN B. (Osbornyille, New Jersey). Fresh specimens of Carp caught in a 
seiné at Reedy Point, Metedeconk River, New Jersey. 21946. 

Osporn, A. O. (Waterville, New York). A number of fossils found near Waterville, 
New York. 20956. 

OSBORNE, J. W. (Washington, District of Columbia). A series of 69 photographs 
illustrating the progress of photography (20891); a specimen of printing on 
metal (21477). 

OTaGo UNIVERSITY MusEUM (Dunedin, New Zealand), (through T. Jeffrey Parker). 
A collection of New Zealand fishes containing 41 species. 21074. 

“PALMER, JOSEPH (National Museum). Portions of a book eaten by insects. 20901. 

PALMER, WILLIAM (U.S. National Museum). A living specimen of Keeted Green 
Snake from Alexandria County, Virginia. 21280. 

PaRKE, Davis & Co. (Detroit, Michigan). <A collection of plants. 21500. 

PARKER, CHARLES WoLcotTr (Newark, New Jersey). A photograph of the feather 
war-cloak of Kamihamiha ILI, King of the Sandwich Islands. 21653. 

PARSONS, FRANCIS H. (U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey). A very valuable collection 
of fragments of pottery, collected by the donor and A. B. Symons from an Indian 
mound near Perdido Bay, Alabama, 21930. 

Parsons, Misses GRACE and Maup (Natural Bridge, Virginia). Four living Angora 
Goats. 21384. 

PaxTON, GEORGE E. (Washington, District of Columbia). A specimen of pyrophyl- 
lite schist from San Diego County, California. 21673. 

PayNE, Dr. A. S. (Markham, Virginia). Arrow and spear-heads from Virginia. 
21335. 

PaTEN?T OFFICE. (See under Interior Department. ) 

Peas, Dr. A. C. (U. 8S. Geological Survey). Wood-opal collected by donor from 
Gallatin County, Montana (21457) ; pyrite concretions from Glendive, Montana ; 
also sandstone, limestone, and baked clay from Dakota (21633). 

(See under Interior Department, U. S. Geological Survey.) 

PEARCE, RICHARD (Argo, Colorado). Nineteen specimens of various minerals from 
the Tintie District, Utah, and one specimen of smithsonite from Salida, Colo- 
rado. 21526. 

PECKHAM, 8. F. (Providence, Rhode Island). An interesting collection numbering 
350 specimens of petroleum and related materials, made by the donor in connec- 
tion with his work for the Tenth Census. 22176. 

PEEBLES, D. Bruce (Edinburgh, Scotland). Pith of the rush from Orkney Islands, 
used as a lamp-wick. 20965. 

PENFIELD, 8. L. (See under Interior Department, U.S. Geological Survey.) 

PENN, R. HaypEN (Buchanan, Virginia). Four Contederate notes. 21847, 


aa Aas ee 4 
ia yA , 


806 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD COMPANY (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Packet-boat 
(photograph) used in past years on the Columbia Canal (purchased) (20834) ; 
model of a Conestoga wagon (purchased) (20864); and modei of running-gear for 
stage-coach used between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh in 1825 (purchased) 
(21079), 

PENNYPACKER, C. H. (West Chester, Pennsylvania). Specimens of minerals from 
various localities. 21031. 

PERKINS, Prof. G. H. (Burlington, Vermont). A box of stone implements found in 
Vermont. (Exchange.) 20878. 

Perry, N. H. (South Paris, Maine). Minerals (21145); and minerals in exchange, 
from Peru aud Standish, Maine (21474). 

PETTIGREW, J. A. (Sioux Falls, Dakota). A specimen of Lepus campestris. 21584. 

PFORDTE, Otro F. (Lima, Peru), (through W. S. Yeates). Eight minerals from 
Franklin, New Jersey. 22019. 

PHELPS, Rear-Admiral T. 8. (U.S. Navy), (through Dr. J. M. Flint). A fragment of 
the Napoleon willow at St. Helena, procured in 1884. 21875. 

PHILLIPS, PHELPS & Hovey (New York City, New York). Models of sleeping-cars. 
22175. 

PHILLIPS, E, EVERETT (Jersey City, New Jersey). A badge of the Toffy Guard, Jersey 
City, New Jersey. 21778. 

PHILuips, F. L. (Madison, Wisconsin). A medallion of Gen. Lucius Fairchild, 
Commander-in-chief Grand Army of the Republic, 1887. 20875. 

PHILLIPS, HENRY, Jr. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A set of the silver and bronze 
coinage of the Congo Free State; also one medal. (Deposited.) 21499, 

PHOTO-ENGRAVING COMPANY (New York City, New York.) Twenty-four proofs of 
relief process-work. 21028. 

PHOTOGRAVURE COMPANY (New York City, New York). Twenty-two proofs of pho- 
togravures and gelatine prints. 21026. 

PILLING, JAMES C. (U.S. Geological Survey). A living Screech Owl (Megascops asio). 
215i 

Piusspry, H. A. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Eleven specimens of shells (21520); 
11 specimens of land and marine shells (22038); three species of land and fresh- 
water shells. 22106. 

PINTARD, E. L. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A journal, ‘‘ The Philadelphia Pho- 
tographer,” 1867~77. (Deposited.) 21059. 

PITTSBURGH REDUCTION COMPANY (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania). Specimens of alumi- 
num, ingot, and foil. 21969. 

Pieras, EK. (Dunreith, Indiana). Stone implements from Henry County, Indiana, 
and Van Buren County, Arkansas. 21440. 

POLING, OTHO (Quincy, Illinois). Specimens of birds’ eggs. 20902. 

Ponp, Lieut. CHARLES F. (U.S. Navy). Rocks, minerals, and petrified wood from 
Lower California (21272); dried plants from San Benito and Cerros Islands, 
Lower California (21736) ; and a collection of plants from Cerros Island and near 
San Bartolome Bay (21882). 

PORTUGAL, GEOLOGICAL COMMISSION OF. (See under Geological Commission of 
Portugal. ) 

Porrrr, Rey. J. L. (Drakesville, New Jersey). A complete suit of a Persian Moham- 
medan priest, from Teheran, Persia. (Purchased.) 21865. 

POWELL, Maj. J. W. (Washington, District of Columbia). , Native copper from 
Houghton, Michigan (21407); two feet of the Harpy Eagle (Thrasetus harpyia) 
from South America (21454); and dog’s-head handle of agatized wood from 
Chalcedony Park, Arizona (21936). R 
(See under Interior Department, U. S. Geological Survey; also Bureau of 

Ethnology.) 
POWER, Maurice J. (New York City, New York). A bust of George Washington, in 


bronze. This is a copy of the life-cast made by Houdon, in 1785. 21783. 
: 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 807 


PoweRr, Rey. F. D. (Washington, District of Columbia). Six shark teeth from Vir- 
ginia. 21796. 
PRANG, L., & Co. (Boston, Massachusetts). A collection of chromolithographs illus- 
trating the process of reduction on India-rubber machines. 21481. 
- PrRANG, Louis (Roxbury, Massachusetts) Four specimens of stenochromic printing. 
22027. 
Pratt, N. P. (Atlanta, Georgia). A large corundum crystal from Georgia. (Ex- 
change.) 21934. 
PRENTISS, Dr. D. W. (Washington, District of Colimbia). Specimens of reptiles 
from various localities ; also specimen of fish, locality unknown. 21867. 
PRENTISS, KE. F. (Providence, Rhode Island). Various campaign badges. 21160. 
Preston, E. D. (U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey). Specimens of Java from the 
Sandwich Islands. 21704. 
Prick, THOMAS (San Francisco, California). A meteoric stone from San Bernardino 
Connty, California. 22111. 
Price, WILLIAM W. (Tombstone, Arizona). A set of eggs of Sulphur-bellied Fly- 
catcher (20855); four birds’ eggs, new to the Museum collection (20982), 
PRINDLE, A. T. (Edinburgh, Pennsylvania). A butterfly from Pennsylvania, 22164. 
PRINDLE, GEORGE 8. (Washington, District of Columbia). Two living alligators. 
: 21744. 
PRITCHARD, A. L. (Pleasantville, New York). One thousand pounds of dolomite 
(snowflake marble.) (Purchased.) 21423. 
PROTZMAN, Miss EmMa (Morgantown, West Virginia), (through Mr. Walter Hough). 
A Dutch-oven and an old brass candlestick. 21133. 
Proupe!tT, 8. V. (Washington, District of Columbia). Stone implements from Flint 
Ridge, Licking County, Ohio. 2143s. 
PROVINCIAL MusEUM (Victoria, British Columbia), (through John Fannin, curator), 
Twenty-seven specimens of birds from Victoria, British Columbia. 21690. 
PUBLIC MUSEUM OF MILWAUKEE (Milwaukee, Wisconsin). A cast of a peculiar skull. 
21909. 
PUTNAM, Prof. F. W. (Cambridge, Massachusetts). A friction-match (20904); turtle 
from Analostan Island, District of Columbia (21913). 
QUEEN, GEORGE W. (Chicago, Illinois). A campaign badge. 21758. 


( 
A 


QUICKSILVER MINING COMPANY (San Francisco, California). Twenty specimens of 
quicksilver ores from the New Almaden Quicksilver Mines, Santa Clara County, 
California (20886); pure quicksilver and acid-water (2]898); and samples of 
quicksilver ores (21955). 

Quinn, W. M. (Apalachicola, Florida(, (keeper of the Cape San Blas light house). 
Twelve turtles. 21002. ; 

Rappk£, Dr. Gustav. (See under Museum of Natural History, Tiflis.) 

RapDtke, LAUCKNER & Co. (New York City, New York). One dry-point, ‘‘An idyl,” 
by William H. Lippincott. 20885. 

RAGSDALE, G. H. (Gainesville, Texas). Two birds’ skins (20909); shells from Rock- 
well County, Texas (21949); a collection of fossil shells and a skull of Pouched- 
rat (Perognathus fasciatus) (21234). 

RAND, THEODORE D. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Serpentine rock from Pennsyl- 
vania (21331); minerals, in exchange, from Pennsylvania, and Carinthia, Austro- 
Hungary (21935). 

RANDOLPH, N. V. (Richmond, Virginia). A badge of the Army of Northern Virginia. 
20922. 

Rascu, Dr., and JENSSEN, C. (Copenhagen, Denmark). A valuable collection of north 
European mosses and alge, (Exchange.) 21585. 


RATHBUN, RICHARD (Smithsonian Institution), Five species of Devonian fossils from 
Brazil. 21352. 


808 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


RaymMonp, W. J. (Oakland, California). Two specimens of shells (20869); ten speci- 
mens of fossil shells from California (22144). 

REED, R. L. (U.S. National Museum). A Welsh erwth, made by R. L. Reed, from a 
description in Hawkins’s History of Music, Vol. 1. 21918. 

ReEeEpD, Dr. THOMAS J. (Great Falls, Montana). Two living Sparrow Hawks. 21052. 

hrip, H. (Woodbridge, Virginia). Four living Gray Squirrels (21973); contents of 
gray squirrel’s nest (22056), 

Rey, Dr. E. (Leipzig, Germany). <A valuable collection of birds’ skins, many of the 
specimens unrepresented in the Museum (purchased). 21045, 

REYNOLDS, E. M. (Warwick, New York), (through W.S. Yeates). Seven minerals 
from Franklin, New Jersey. 22012. 

REYNOLDS, E. R. (Washington, District of Columbia). A collection of 500 stone 
implements from various localities in France (purchased) (21386); notched 
implements from the District of Columbia, Mary land, and Virginia (21583). 

RHODE IsLAND Domestic Society (Providence, Rhode Island). The original cer- 
tificate of authenticity of the old carding and spinning-frame made in 1790 by 
Samuel Slater. 20906. 

Rice, Prof. WiLL1AM NortuH (Middletown, Connecticut). Collection of masks. (De- 
posited.) 21591. 

Rict, Hon. WiLitiAM T. (U.S. consul, Horgen, Switzerland). A collection of copper, 
silver, and gold coins from Japan, China, and India. 21298. . 

RIcHARDSON, Max B. (Oswego, New York). Specimens of Indian clothing. (De- 
posited.) 21596. 

RIcHMOND, C. W. (U.S. Geological Survey). Two specimens of Red Crossbill (Loxia 
curvirostra minor) from Washington, District of Columbia. (Exchauge.) 21684. 

RickseckER, L. E. (Santa Rosa, California). Twenty-nine specimens of Mexican 
Coleoptera collected at Guerrero, Mexico. (Purchased.) 21347. 

RipGway, AUDUBON (Washington, District of Columbia). A specimen of Olmsted’s 
Darter (Boleosoma olmstedi). 21849. 

Rip@way, Rosert (U.S. National Museum). Birds’skins from Maryland, District of 
Columbia, Virginia, Indiana, and Illinois (21041); 11 birds from Laurel, Mary- 
land (21553); aspecimen of Carolina Chickadee (21850); 27 birds’ skins from 
Laurel, Maryland (22081, 21978). 

RIeENLE BROTHERS (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A photograph of a 300,000 ton 
testing machine (21291); specimens of aluminum bronze (21723). 

RicgBy, JAMES (Minneapolis, Minnesota). A model of a car-wheel and a portion of 
wheel showing cross-section. 21612. 

RiGuTon, Miss Mary (Edenton, North Carolina). A Confederate fifty-dollar note. 
22047. 

Ritty, Prof. C. V. (Department of Agriculture). Four specimens of ‘‘Aweto,” a 
fungus growing from the body of a caterpillar found in New Zealand. (21864.) 
(See under Agriculture, Department of.) 

RINGER, T. (Nagasaki, Japan). A very interesting collection of Japanese birds con- 
taining 109 specimens, representing 74 species from southern Japan. Among the 
chief attractions is a fine male of the true Somering’s Pheasant (Phatrianus 
serritillans) and a Spoon-billed Sandpiper (Hurynorhynchus pygmaeus). 21067. 

Rivers, J. J. (Berkeley, California). Fifty-five shells. 21406. 

RoBINson, Lieut. Wirr (Fort Adams, Rhode Island). Birds’ skins from Virginia. 
21662. i 

RockuHILy, W. W. (Washington, District of Columbia). A scroll-picture, in colors, 
of life in Chinese Turkestan (21260) ; religious objects from northern China and 
Thibet (deposited) (21261). 

Rockuit, Mrs. W. W. (Washington, District of Columbia). Five musical instru- 
ments from Pekin, China (21317); dress of a Chinese Tartar woman (deposited) 
(21318). 


— 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 809 


Rorssier, A. R. (Burnet City, Texas). A slab of lithographic stone from Burnet 
City, Texas, 21926. 

ROMEYN, Capt. Henry (Fort Ringgold, Texas). Two living Mexican Wildcats (pur-’ 
chased) (21931); three living Chachalacas (Ortalis vetula maccalli) from Fort Ring- 
gold, Texas (purchased) (22050). 

Ross, CHarues J. (Burlington, New Jersey). A collection of twenty-one drawings. 
21442. 

Rown, A. P. (Spruce Pine, North Carolina), (through W. S. Yeates). Four minerals 
from Mitchell County, North Carolina. 22043. 

Rowe, E. 8. (Washington, District of Columbia). A Strawberry Finch. 21718. 

ROWLAND, THomas (New York City, New York). ‘Two birds’ skins (purchased) 
(20910) ; six birds’ skins from North America (purchased ) (20794). 

ROWLAND, WALTER (Allison, Massachusetts). Twenty-four engravings by Smillie and 
Hinshelwood, and others from Graham’s Magazine. 21390. 

Royat Boranic GARDENS (Trinidad, West Indies). Frogs from Trinidad. 21986. 

Roya BOTANICAL GARDEN (Seebpore, India), An exceedingly valuable collection 
of mounted plants from India. (Exchange.) 21220. 

RoyaAL GARDENS (Kew, England). One hundred and ninety specimens of vegetable 
economic products, etc., comprising textiles, foods, gums, materia medica, bo- 
tanical and ethnological specimens. 20483. 

Royat Museum (Berlin, Germany; Baron Schone, director), A series of casts of 
Assyrian and Egyptian antiquities. 21353. The following is a list of the casts 
sent: 

EGYPTIAN. 


Seated figure of Osiris, found at Saggarah, in a tomb of the Thirtieth Dynasty. 
Bulag Museum, Cairo. 

Female mask of a marble sarcophagus lid. Berlin Museum. 

Limestone bust of Amenophis I (Highteenth Dynasty). Turin. 

Colossal gray granite bust of 'Thothmes ILI (Eighteenth Dynasty). Turin. 

Colossal bust of Amenophis II (Eighteenth Dynasty), found at Karnak. Turin. 

Small limestone head with helmet. Turin. 

Bust of Horus (granite). Bulag Museum, 

Royal head of Eighteenth Dynasty. British Museum. 

Beardless bust of Rameses II, wearing helmet. Turin, 

Egyptian study head (limestone). Turin. 

Egyptian study head (limestone). Turin. 

Egyptian study head (limestone). Turin. 

Egyptian study head (limestone). Turin. 

Colossal head of a queen of the Eighteenth Dynasty, discovered at Thebes. 
Bulag Museum. 

Small Egyptian head. Berlin Museum. 

Limestone male bust of the most ancient period. Bulag Museum. 

Hermes (limestone). Bulag Museum. 

Egyptian study head (limestone). Turin. 

Egyptian head of Eleventh Dynasty (basalt). Berlin Museum. 

Stele of Amenophis I (Eighteenth Dynasty). Turin. 

Small limestone stele of Rameses II. Turin. 

Upper part of the figure of a queen. Rome. 

Stele of the priestess Hor-em-hat (limestone). Turin. 

Fragment of walking sphinx (limestone), Turin. 

Female bust (limestone). Louvre, Paris. 

Rameses III (limestone). Thebes. 

Two heads of Asiatic prisoners from Medinet. Habu (limestone). 

Assyrian stele with the figure of King Sarjon (722-705 B. C.), the conqueror of 
Samaria. From Cyprus. Berlin Museum. 


810 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


ASSYRIAN. 


Priest and eunuch (alabaster), Beriin Museum. 

Worship of sacred tree (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 

Winged eagle-headed figure (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 

Four warriors with spear and shield (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 

Two warriors with bow and ar row (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 

War chariot with four warriors. 

Warrior with a bull (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 

Military camp in front of a fortress (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 

King with two armor-bearers and a eunuch (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 
Two servants in front of a table (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 

King on a lion hunt (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 

King slaying a lion (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 

Flute-player in front of a palm (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 

Head of a winged figure with priest’s hat (alabaster). Berlin Museum. 
Head of the Ethiopian king Tahorka (limestone). Turin. 

Royat Zo6LocicaL Museum (Florence, Italy), (through Prof. Henry H. Giglioli, 
director). A collection embracing 150 specimens of fishes, 32 reptiles, 234 birds, 
and 24 mammals. 21620. 

Rupp, Miss Lizzir (Washington, District of Columbia). Two live Gray Rabbits: 
20899. ; 

Russexi, I. C. (U. S. Geological Survey). Two maps of Lake Mano, California 
(21300); 65 photographs of various geological views (21426). 

RUSSELL, JAMES, & SON (Baltimore, Maryland). Several ethnological objects. 
21959. 

RussELL, Mary E. (Wilmington, North Carolina). Specimens of sponges, and coral, 
and pharyngeal bone of a fish. 21604. 

Rust, HaLBert (Jeffersonville, Indiana). Seven hundred and fifty-six specimens of 
stone and bone implements from near Clarksville, Indiana (21498); 96 stone 
implements from Indiana (22006). 

Rust, H. N. (South Pasadena, California). Eighteen stone implements from surface- 
finds near ancient Californian villages. 21425. 

RyLanp, Rev. R. (Richmond, Virginia). Samples of lightwood from Virginia. 
21051. 

RyNDERS, RUBEN (Troy, New York). Several campaign badges. 21732. 

Saas, J. H. (Portland, Connect cut). A nest and four eggs of Blue-winged Warbler 
(Helminthophila pinus) and one egg of Cowbird (Molothrus ater). 21375. 

SAMUEL, B. F. (Popla’ Plains, Kentucky). <A beetle from Kentucky. 22147. 

SARTAIN, JOUN (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Two mezzotint engravings (21011); 
a mezzotinted plate (22113); and a collection of tools and proofs illustrating the 
process of mezzotinting (21463). 

Scnarirt, E. F. (Media, Pennsylvania). Skeleton of Rose-breasted Cockatoo. 
21095. 

SCHIEFFELIN, W. H., & Co. (New York City, New York). Samples of drugs and 
medicines. 21403. 

Scumip, Louris (Washington, District of Columbia). <A parrot. 22134. 

ScuMip, Lours & Son (Washington, District of Columbia). Two living alligators 
(20969); skeleton of parrot (21202); and an Angora Cat (21380). 

SCHOENHOF, CARL (Boston, Massachusetts). Two woodcuts and ‘‘Aners’ polygraph 
apparatus,” containing specimens of various engraving and printing processes. 
(Purehased.) 21710. 

SCHREIBER, W. A. H. (Webster, North Carolina), (through W. 8S. Yeates). Twenty- 
nine minerals from Webster, North Carolina. 22026. 


one 
> 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. $11 


‘Scorr, Mrs. W. (Sujerat, Bombay Presidency, India). Silk and cocoons (21700); 
Tusser silk cocoons from Sadra, India (22110). 

SCOVILLE MANUFACTURING COMPANY (New York City, New York). Five photo- 
graphic cameras and one extension tripod. 21098. 

SEELY, Prof. H. M. (Middlebury, Vermont). . Specimens of calciferous fossils from 
New York and Vermont. 21716. 

Seip, JOHN (Chi licothe, Ohio). A fragment of a drilled ceremonial object, and a 
grooved ax-shaped abject. 21359. 

SELLNER, JOHN (Camp Spring, Maryland). A Gray Squirrel’s nest. 21893. 

SENNA, ANGELGS (Pavia, Italy). Seven European bats. (Exchange.) 21515. 

SHANNON, J. Preston (U.S. National Museum). Two badges of the Cincinnati Ex- 
position. (Deposited.) 21148. 

SHARPLES, 8. P. (Boston, Massachusetts). A specimen of native gold from Little 
Annie Mine, Del Norte, Colorado. 21600. 

SueLBy IRON Company, THE (Shelby, Alabama). Ore, charcoai, lime, cinders, pig- 
iron, feldspar, and kaolin from Shelby, Alabama. 21676. 

SHERMAN, Hon. JOHN (U.S. Senate). A specimen of polydymite from the mines of 
the Canadian Copper Company, near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. 21643. 

SurNpDier, A. ZENO (U. 8. National Museum). Two living alligators. 20958. 

SaipLEyY, SAMUEL (Washington, District of Columbia). A living Owl (Asio accipi- 
trinus) from Arlington, Virginia. 21394. 

SHIRLAW, WALTER (New York City, New York). One etching by the donor, en- 
titled ‘‘The Reprimand,” after Eastman Johnson. 20836. ; 

SHock, WiLtiAM H. (Washington, District of Columbia). A fossil fish from Mis- 
souri. 21742. 

SHORTER, WILLIAM (Washington, District of Columbia). A Ferret (Putorius fetidus). 
21873. 

SHrock, JAcos M. (Newark, Ohio). Two platesof mica found near Newark. 21356. 

SHUFELDT, Dr. R. W. (Fort Wingate, New Mexico). A living Rattlesnake from New 
Mexico (20917); askin of Western Red-tailed Hawk (21096) ; a Hawk ( Buteo swain- 
soni) from New Mexico (21231) ; a Long-billed Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris 
paludicola) from Fort Wingate (21233); Field Mice and Pocket Mice (21254); a 
Pigeon Hawk (Falco columbarius) (21398) ; two birds’ skins from San Pedro Martir 
Island, Gulf of California (21410). 

SHUFELDT, Dr. R. W., and JoHN G. Morse (Fort Wingate, New Mexico). Eight 
batrachians collected in New Mexico. 20915. 

SnuGi1o, Hreromicu (New York City, New York). A fan-shaped head of a royal 
arrow from Japan. 21737. 

Suuttr, Col. Gkorar W. (Hillsborough, Virginia), A living Hog-nose Snake (21224 ;) 
95 specimens of Oriskany (Devonian) fossils from Pendleton County, West Virginia 
(21630); a living Wood Rat; a Wood Rat in flesh from Hillsborough, Virginia 
(21647); a Barred Owl (Syrnium nebulosum) (21971); twenty-two living snakes 
from Virginia (22049, 22067, 22085, 22139). 

(See under Interior Department, U. S. Geological Survey.) 

Srepert, A. J. (New York City, New York). Nine doilies and one pillow-sham, dec- 
orated by platinotyps. 20892. 

Sitter, A. L. (Upper Kanab Ranch, Utah). <A chipped stone implement from an 
ancient pueblo in Arizona. 21349. 

Stimpson, J. M. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living Screech Owl ( Megas- 

' cops asio). 21471. 

Sinciair, P. J. (Marion, North Carolina), (through W. 8. Yeates). A blank tour- 
maline crystal from near Statesville, North Carolina. 22029. 

Srnciair, 8. (See under Australian Museum.) 

Sisson, C. W. (Washington, District of Columbia). Alligator (Alligator mississippi- 
ensis). (Purchased.) 21813. 


812 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


SKINNER, T. E. (U.S. National Museum). Specimens of shells, fossil shells, and fossil 
oysters. 21054. | 

SLocum, Capt. JosHuA (Washington, District of Columbia), (through Prof. O. T.. 
Mason). <A shell ax from Barbadoes, West Indies. 21594. i 

SMILLIE, Miss L. E. (Washington, District of Columbia). Onedozen doilies, decorated | 
by platinotype. 20925. 

SmMILLIg, T. W. (U.S. National Museum). Specimens of medal-ruling applied to en- 
graving directly from fossil shelis, etc. 21494. 

SmitH, D. B. (Mount Carroll, Illinois). A cranium of adog. 21001. 

SmitH, Dr. HuGH M. (U. S. National Museum). Four birds from Virginia (21084) ; 
a Meadow Mouse with three young, from Sea Isle City, New Jersey (21510). 

SmitH, Horace P. (See under Cincinnati Society of Natural History. ) | 

- SmirH, HupBarpd T. (Washington, District of Columbia). A White-throated Capucin — 
Monkey from South America, 21997. 

SmitH, JAMES R. (Newark, New Jersey). Wooden joint-block with sections of rail 
used by the New Jersey Railroad Company in 1865; also bell of the locomotive 
“ Railway,” 1838, one of the earliest bells in use on a locomotive in America. 
214389. 

SmiTH, Dr. SANDERSON (New York City, New York). Seven specimens of serpentine, 
tale, and jade. 20846. ; 

Smira, W.R. (Superintendent of Botanic Garden). <A living Cockatoo (Cacatua gale- 
rita) from Australia (21538); two game fowls (21976). 

SmyTH, J. 8. (Williamsport, Pennsylvania). Two army badges. 21248. 

Swow, F. P. (Salem, Kansas). A Wasp (Pelopens lunatus) from Kansas. 22174. 

Snow, Lieut. W. F. (Oneida, Madison County, New York). A badge of the Oncida 
Republican Battery. 21771. 

SoLomons, Miss ALINE (Washington, District of Columbia). Two Egyptian scarabs. 
20963. 

SoLway ProcEss Company (Geddes, New York). Samples of raw material and 
products of manufacture of soda, 22084. 

Somers BroTHERS (Brooklyn, New York). Specimens illustrating printing on metal. 
21941. 

SouTHWICK, JAMES M. (Providence, Rhode Island). Three mineral specimens (pur- 
chased) (20845); a Pin-fish (Diplodus rhomboides) (22138). 

Sparinnour, Dr. J. M. (Lenoir, North Carolina). A spider from North Carolina 
(21063); specimen of asbestos (21267). 

SPEEL, FRED (Vhiladelphia, Pennsylvania). A Toad Fish (21204); tish caught in the 
Mediterranean on the African coast (21304). 

Sprmr, R. P. (See under State Agricultural Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa.) 

SPINNER, Gen. F. E. (Pablo Beach, Florida). Five specimens of shells. 21262. 

Spitzer, ARTHUR A. (Richmond, Virginia). A badge of the ‘‘R. E. Lee” Camp. 
20944, 

STABLER, HAROLD P. (Sandy Spring, Maryland). A Broad-winged Hawk (21243); 
a Sereech Owl (Scops asio) from Maryland (21572). 

STABLER, JAMES P. (Sandy Spring, Maryland). A Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo borealis). 
21627. 

STANDARD MINERAL CoMPANy (New York City, New York). A specimen of garnet 
from New York. 20989. 

STANFORD, Hon. LELAND (U.S. Senate). <A living antelope from Texas. 22045. 

STARKWEATHER, GEORGE B. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living opossum 
from Rock Creek, District of Columbia, 21281. 

STATE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION (Ames, Iowa), (through R. P. Speer, 
director), A collection of insects. (Exchange.) 21464. 

SraTE, DEPARTMENT OF (through Hon. T. F. Bayard). Photographs of Venezuelan 
Indians (21244); a valuable and interesting collection of textile fabrics of wool, 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 813 


STATE, DEPARTMENT OF—Coatinued. 

worsted, silk, cotton, mohair, and alpaca, made by William F. Grinnell, United 
States consul at Bradford, England (21420); samples of wool collected by the 
United States consul at Sydney, New South Wales (21340); a collection of ores, 
consisting of twenty-four specimens, made by Otto E. Reimer, United Staies 
consul at Santiago de Cuba (21421); a collection of water-color sketches, and 
photographs of Samoan scenery and life (21636); samples of wool from the Argen- 
tine Republic (21726); iron ore, coal, and coke from Brazil, and specimeus of 
shale showing impressions of bark or plant (21782); samples of ramie from 
France transmitted by Consul Mason, at Marseilles, France (21911). 

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL (Winona, Minnesota). Insects and crustacea from Winona, 
Minnesota (21542); specimens of plants from Minnesota (21583); and shells 
( Unios) from the Mississippi River, near Winona, Minnesota (21636). 

STAUNTON, F. W. S. (Tombstone, Arizona). Three specimens of cuprodescloizite 
from ‘‘Lucky Cuss” mine, Tombstone, Arizona. 21834. 

STEARNS, R. E. C. (U. S. National Museum). Coal from Letheridge, Province of 
Alberta, Canada (21617), fifteen specimens of color-printing (21999). 

STEJNEGER, Dr. L. (U.S. National Museum). A House Snake (Ophibolus) from Ros- 
lyn, Virginia (21857) ; a Tortoise (Cistudo carolinus) from District of Columbia 
bia (22152). 

STEPHENSON, J. A. D. (Statesville, North Carolina), (through W. S. Yeates). One 
hundred and six minerals from Alexander and Iredell Counties, North Carolina. 
22020. 

STERLING, Dr. E. (Cleveland, Ohio). A beetle from Cleveland, Ohio. 20860. 

SreuarT, C. A. (U.S. National Museum). A gas-lighting attachment (21558); a 
badge of the Cleveland Grays (21769). 

STEVENS, Miss Mary (Georgetown, Massachusetts). A living opossum. 21582. 
STEVENS, RICHARD F. (Jersey City, New Jersey). <A copy of the ‘‘ Federal Gazette” 
of January 1, 1872, containing an article on ‘‘ Early Steamboating.” 20850. 
STEVENSON, Col. JAMES (U. 8. Geological Survey). (See under Bureau of Ethnol- 

ogy-) 

STEVENSON, Mrs. MaTiLpa C. (Washington, District of Columbia). Collection of | 
blankets, basketry, pottery, religious objects, etc., from Moki and Zuni pueblos. 
(Purchased.) 21664. = 

STEVENSON, J. J. (University of the City of New York). Samples of crude petroleum 
from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. (Exchange.) 21954. 

Srewart, Caarves (Perthshire, Scotland). A cruisgean (lamp); also piece of wick 
used on same. 21706. 

Stewart, JAMES M. (Washington, District of Columbia). Author’s manuscript and 
priuted copy of Washington eulogy. 20980. 

STILWELL, E. M. (Bangor, Maine), (through Robert Edes). Two specimens of 
Land-locked Salmon (Salmo sebago) from Sebago Lake, Maine. 21379. 

STILWELL, L. W. (Deadwood, Dakota). Seven specimens of crustaceous fossils. 
22052. 

STONE, Mrs. E. J. (Washington, District of Columbia). Specimens of crabs from 
Cape May, New Jersey (21070); map of Washington engraved in 1818; fac-simile 
of original Declaration of Independence; mahogany stereoscope containing 
daguerreotype views of Niagara taken 1553 to 1858; shell-basket made about 
1858 (21086), and cooking implements (deposited) (21419). 

STONE, Henry D. (Benning’s, District of Columbia), A living Muskrat from the 
Eastern Branch of the Potomac. 21516. 

STONE, LIVINGSTON (Clackamas Station, Oregon). A specimen of fungus found 
growing in a fir log (20959); two stone axes used by the Indians on McCloud 
River, California (21035), 

Stone, Soon B. (Fort Shaw, Montana), Specimens of conglomerate from the Sun 
River, Fort Shaw, Montana. 21652. 


814 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Stoney, Lieut. GEorGE M. (U.S. Navy). A deer-skin coat, trowsers, boots, skull- 
cap, and sleeping-bag from Eskimo of Kotzebue Sound, Alaska. 21263. 

STOVER, JOSEPH (Silver Cliff, Colorado). A specimen of ore from the Cash Entry 
Lode, Colorado. 20953. 

STOUGHTON, T. M. (Turner’s Falls, Massachusetts). A slab of fossil footprints. 
(Purchased.) 21982. 

STREATOR, GEORGE J. (Garrettsville, Ohio). Ten specimens of land and fresh-water 
shells from West Indies, Ohio, and California. 21812. 

STRINGFELLOW, F. J. (Crewkerne, Somersetshire, England). An engine, propeller, 
car, etc., for aérial purposes. 21806. 

STRODE, Dr. W. 8S. (Bernadotte, Illinois). Stone relics from Illinois (20929); Great 
Horned Owl ( Bubo virginianus) (21972). 

STRONG LOCOMOTIVE CoMPANY (New York City, New York). A photograph of a 
steam-engine. 21514. 

STRUTHERS, JOSEPH & Co. (New York City, New York). A collection of proofs from 
blocks made by the wax process. 20874. 

SturtTzZ, B. (Bonn, Prussia). Rocks from Europe and Brazil. (Exchange.) 21488. 

SULZBERGER, Davip (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A shofar, or ancient Jewish 
trumpet, made of aram’s horn. 22131. 

Sutton, Miss GEORGIE, (Westmoreland County, Virginia). A living raccoon, 
21445. 

Swan ISLAND CLuB (Norfolk, Virginia). One hybrid duck (Anas boschas, Dafila 
acuta) from Swan Island, North Carolina. 21462. 

SWAN, JAMES G. (Boston, Massachusetts). Ethnological objects from Queen Char- 
lotte Islands, and Vancouver Island, British Columbia (purchased) (20957); 
specimens of bats, shells, echinoderms, and shrimps from Port Townsend, and 
a snake from the China seas. (21739.) 

Swan, Mrs. J. THomMpson (Washiagton, District of Columbia). A photograph of 
the locomotive ‘‘De Witt Clinton.” 21905. 

SWEENEY, T. W. (U.S. National Museum). A pair of candle-snuffers. 20973. 

SwiTzZeEr, Mrs. Mary (Rockbridge, Virginia). ‘Three eggs taken from a land terra- 
pin at Vesuvius, Virginia. 22119. 

SYLVESTER, H. E. (Boston, Massachusetts). Eight proofsof wood engravings. (De- 
posited.) 21029. 

Symons, A. B. (See under Francis H. Parsons. ) 

TABLER, HOWARD (Seabrook, Maryland). A living tortoise. 21081. 

TAVERA, CHEVALIER SCHMIDT VON (minister from Austro-Hungary). An ethnologi- 
cal map of Hungary. 21269. 

TAYLOR, HENRY RED (Alameda, California). Specimen of Black Rail (Porzana ja- 
maicensis). 21048. 

TaYLor, Dr. J. 8. (Mobile, Alabama). Iragmentsof pottery from Baldwin County, 
Alabama. 21282. 

(See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

TayLor, Dr. THoMas (Department of Agriculture). Four photo-micrographs of fats. 
20912. 

TayYLor, THOMAS (Four Mile Run, Virginia). A Black-crowned Night Heron. 
21842. 

TayLor, W. (Burgaw, North Carolina). An insect, and cocoon of yellow worm. 


22168. 
TAYLOR, WILLIAM (San Diego, Texas). A stone implement from Texas. 21181. 


TAYLOk, WILLIAM M. (Mount Jackson, Pennsylvania). A few Indian relics. 20986. 

THOMPSON, C. A. (Quincy, Michigan). A specimen of stone-carviug from a motnd 
near Coldwater, Michigan. 21574. 

THOMPSON, Col. FRANK (Morgantown, West Virginia). A canteen of 1863. 21134. 

THOMPSON, GREENLAND (Morgantown, West Virginia). Muffin-rings, an earthen- 
ware keg, and an old wooden lock. 21135. 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS. 815 


~ 


-Tuompson-Houston Execrric Company (Boston, Massachusetts). Two photo- 
graphs of electric motors for street-railway (21546) ; five photographs illustrating 

the construction of electric motors (21478). 

THOMPSON, Marruuws (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A badge of the United Repub- 
licans of Philadelphia. 21765. 

THOMSON, JAMES and GEORGE (Clydebank, Dumbartonushire, Scotland). Photographs 

: of the transatlantic steamships Servia and City of New York. 21327. 

THORN, E. P. (Youngstown, Ohio). <A string of beads from the Sandwich Islands. 
21315. 

THORNE, Capt. P. M. (Fort Keogh, Montana). An Albino Western Meadow Lark 
(Sturneila neglecta) from Port Lyon, Colorado (21427); specimens of birds’ skins 
from Montana (21701); a Western Savanna Sparrow (Ammodramus sandwichensis 
alandinus) (21461). 

THORPE, Dr. H. H. (Liberty Hill, Texas). A small flint implement. 21174. 

THRUSTON, Gen. G. P. (Nashville, Tennessee), A fragment of pottery from near 
Nashville. 21829. 

- (See under Burean of Ethnology.) 

TIFFANY & Co. (New York City, New York). A collection of carved ivory figures 
(purchased) (21229) ; eight watches of various designs (purchased) (21230). This 
firm presented a metal copy of the original memorial tablet designed to commem- 
orate the services of the Charleston relief committee during the earthquake in 
1886. The cast was made by permission of the ex-mayor, William A. Courtenay, 
of Charleston, South Carolina (21301.) 

TitrorD, H. J. (Louisville, Kentucky). A petrified oyster from Crosby County, 
Texas. 21077. 

TILTON, JAMES P. (Newburyport, Massachusetts). Five fragments of pottery from 
Plum Island, Massachusetts. (Exchange.) 21824. 

(See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

Tosias, H. (Cuthbert, Georgia). A petrified rat. 21348. . 

Tokyo LIBRARY AND Tokyo EDUCATIONAL MusEUM (Tokyo, Japan), (through M. 
Namiye). Two specimens of Namiye’s Woodpecker from Japan (21586); plants 
from Japan (21961). 

Touson, Master THomas H. (Shamrock, King George County, Virginia). A White- 
headed Eagle, captured by the donor. 208x0. 

TooKER, W. W. (Sag Harbor, New York). A notched stone ax, found at the foot of 
a bluff in Sag Harbor, New York. 21506. 

TOWNSEND, @GHARLES H.(U. 8. Fish Commission). A living Mexican Spider Mon- 
key. 20927. 

(See under Lee, Prof. L. A. and Thomas. ) 

TOWNSEND, F. J. (Painted Post, New York). A snake found in a beehive. 22178. 

TREAKLE, E. M. (Versailles, Missouri). Natural coke and burnt clay from Missouri. 
21309. 

TREASURY DEPARTMENT: 

Coast and Geodetic Survey (U. 8.). Photographs illustrating the method in use 
for mounting photographie prints to scale (21066); (through E. D. Preston) 
specimens of lava from the Sandwich Islands (21704). 

Life-Saving Service (U. S.), (Capt. J. L. Gaskill, keeper of the life-saving sta- 
tion at Absecon, New Jersey). A specimen of Sowerby’s Whale ( Mesoplodon 
bidens) (21862): Sunfish from William H. Gaskill, keeper of the life-saving 
station at Cape Lookout, North Carolina (21912). 

Light-House Board (Washington, District of Columbia). A collection of blue- 
prints of lamps and flames, illustrating the illuminating system of the Light- 
House Service. 20856. 

(See under Quinn, W. M.) 


816 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


TREASURY DEPARTMENT—Continued. 

Secret Service Division. Photographs of fifty counterfeiters, for exhibit at Cin- 
cinnati Exposition. (Deposited.) 20926. 
(See under E. H. Andrews and Peter Bonnett.) 

TRUE, F. W. (U.S. National Museum). Snakes and insects collected by Dr. Wil- 
liam Wittfield near Georgiana, Florida (21165) ; two Field Mice and two Muskrats — 
(21242). 

TSCHUSI ZU SCHMIDHOFFEN, VICTOR RITTER VON (Salsburg, Austria). Twenty-four 
birds’ skins. 20921. 

TUCHFARBER COMPANY, THE F. (Cincinnati, Ohio). Specimens of work of transfer- 
ring to metal and glass (21939); six metal show-cards made by the donors (22177). 

TURNBULL, G. W. (Minneapolis, Minnesota). A campaign badge of Republican 
Flambeau Club, Minneapolis. 21762. 

Turver, H. W. (U.S. Geological Survey). Specimens of fossil fish. 21055, 

TURNER, Mrs. L. A. (Boston, Massachusetts). A complete set of badges used by the 
National Woman’s Relief Corps. 21316. 

TWACHTMAN, Mrs. M.S. (Cincinnati, Ohio). Four etchings. (Deposited.) 21020. « 

User, C. EpGar (Falls Church, Virginia). Four living rabbits (20940); a specimen 
of Ruffled Grouse (Bonasa umbellus) (21303). 

ULKE, HENRY (Washington, District of Columbia). A series of fine mounted Coleop- 
tera. 21670. 

Upnam, E. P. (National Museum). Nine paleolithic implements from Blagden’s Hill, 
Piny Branch, District of Columbia (22130); twenty-five ethnological objects 
(21365). 

VAIL, STEPHEN (Washington, District of Columbia). A piece of copper wire, being 
a portion of that laid for the first 7 miles of the first line of telegraph, in 1844, be- 
tween Washington and Baltimore. 21672. 

VALENTINE, E. P. (Richmond, Virginia). A stone implement found in Somerset 
County, Maryland. 21486. 

VAN Deusen, A. H. (Washington, District of Columbia). Several campaign and 
army badges. 21561. 

Van Doren, W. T., Jr. (Washington, District of Columbia). Upper pharyngeal 
bone of a Drum-fish (21324); a book, ‘‘ The Indians of Cape Flattery,” by James 
G. Swan (21416). 

Van Dyke, Epwin C. (Los Angeles, California). A series of Coleoptera from Los 
Angeles, California. 21557. 

VANRHORN, HENRY (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). A campaign badge. 21755. 

Vein, Dr. J. W. (Chicago, Illinois). Two eggs of the Florida Crocodile. 22149. 

Very, C. F. (New Albany, Indiana). Various ethnological objects from Grayson 
County, Kentucky (21167); 220 specimens ef stone implements from Grayson, 
Hardin, and Edmonson Counties, Kentueky (21518). 

VIENNA, Imperial Roya! Natural History Mnseum of, (through Dr. Aristides 
Brezina). Meteorites from Austria (21275); 117 specimens of building-stones 
(21524). 

WAGNER, WILLIAM (Washington, Distriet of Columbia). One old Kentucky rifle. 
20842. 

WAKEFIELD, M. M. (Annandale, Virginia). Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) in 
the flesh. 21268. 

Watcort, C. D. (U. S. Geological Survey). Two specimens of galena from New 
Foundland, and one massive rhodochrosite from North Wales (21644); 804 speci- 
mens of Lower Cambrian fossils from Conception Bay, New Foundland (21861); 
three specimens of Lower Cambrian fossils from New York, Nevada, and Vermont 
(21876); 554 specimens of Middle Cambrian fossils from St. David’s, South Wales 
(purchased) (21904); and rocks and slate from North Wales, England (21916). 
(See under Interior Department, U. S. Geological Survey.) 


| ; 


: 
i 


LIST OF ACCESSIONS "SG 


Wa tcort, C. W. (Colonial Beach, Virginia). A living eagle. 21957. 

WALKER, CHARLES A. (Boston, Massachusetts). Seven etchings. (Deposited.) 21014. 

WALLace, HuGuC. (Salt Lake City, Utah). A mineral specimen. 20933. 

WALLACE, JOHN (New York City, New York). Six species of birds, nearly all new 
to the Museum collection, including a rare parrot from New Guinea. (Pur- 
chased.) 21072. 


~WarD AND HOWELL (Rochester, New York). A piece of meteoric iron from La Bella 


Roca Peak, Sierra de Francisco Mountains, Mexico; two photographs of the 

meteorite. 21797. 

WAR DEPARTMENT (U.S. Signal Office), A Secchi meteorograph (deposited) (21101); 
a specimen of flexible sandstone collected by the Signal Service observer at 
Charlotte, North Carolina (21058); two sections of ‘‘ Beck’s Pantograph” and 
two sections of ‘‘ Myers’ Autographic Telegraph Instrument” (21368). 

(See under Army Medical Museum; Bendire, Capt. C. E.; Billings, Dr. J. S.; 
Bourke, Capt. John G.; Carpenter, Capt. G. 8.; Dutton, Capt. C. E.; Kel- 
logg, Lieut. Col .S. C.; King, Maj. W. R.; Matthews, Dr. Washington ; 
Mearns, Dr. Edgar A.; Thorne, Capt. P. M.) 


Ward, FRANK A. (Rochester, New York). Lemurs; two speimens of West Indian 


Seals (Monachus tropicalis), male and female. 21255. 


Warp, H. A. (Rochester, New York). Skeleton of Black Whale (purchased) (21085); 


model of the human form; model of the brain; model of the trachia; model 
of the ear (purchased) (21374); glass models of invertebrates (purchased (21658). 

WARD, JOHN T. (Washington, District of Columbia). Two living Barn Owls (22097); 
a living owl caught in the District of Columbia jail (22125), 


Warp, J. V. (Cherokee, Iowa). Stone relics taken from mounds south of Cherokee, 


Iowa. 21977. 


Warp, Lester F. (U. 8S. National Museum). A Scarlet King Snake (Ophibolus doli- 


atus) from Rock Creek valley, District of Columbia. 22065. 
WARNER, Mrs. E. S. (Palma Sola, Florida). Eighteen shells from Florida. 22039. 
WarrkEN, Dr. B. H. (West Chester, Pennsylvania). Birds’ skins from Pennsylvania, 
(21395); Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) from Erie, Pennsylvania (22151). 
WARREN, CHARLES W. (New York City, New York). Two minerals from New York 
City, New York. 22073. 


- WASHINGTON CAMERA CLUB (Washington, District of Columbia). <A series of 36 


photographs. 20889. 


WASHINGTON NATIONAL MONUMENT Society (Washington, District of Columbia), 


(through Col. J. M. Wilson). Various marble blocks of ancient design. 21294. 


~ Waters, D. R. (Washington, District of Columbia). A living Sparrow Hawk. 21563. 


- WATERS, GEORGE H. (Jersey City, New Jersey). <A colored lithograph of the steam- 


ship City of New York. 21979. 
Way, N.S. (Accotink, Virginia). Stone implements from Fairfax County, Virginia. 
21568. 


~ Wayne, Artuur T. (Charleston, South Carolinia). A Ruddy-horned Lark; seven- 


, 


teen specimens of Red Crossbill (purchased). 21635. 
Wess, F. W. (Crewe, England). Photographs of Trevithick’s engine and _ boiler. 
21157. 


Wess, Joun 8. (Disputanta, Virginia). The skin of a Black Snake. 21235. 
_ WEBsTER, B. T. (Louisville, Mississippi). A ‘mole-bug” from Louisville, Missis- 


sippi. 21856. 


~ Wrsstir, G. W. (Lake Helen, Florida). A collection of fossil shells from Volusia 


‘ 
E 
| 


County and vicinity (21680); a collection of Florida shells from near Lake Worth 
(22001). 
WEED, WALTER H. (See under Interior Department, U. S. Geological Survey.) 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 52 


818 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. _ 


WELCH, JosePH (Brooklyn, New York). One hundred and seven English woodcuts. — 
(Purehased.) 22000, ; ‘ 

WELLS, H. L. (New Haven, Connecticut). A specimen of sperrvlite, from Vermillion 
mine, Algoma district, Ontario, Canada. 21581. 

WELIS, J. GRANT (Grenada, West Indies). Three birds’ skins, two specimens of Au- 
dubon’s Shear- water (Pufinus audubont) aud a Ruddy Duck ( Erismatura rubida). 
21399. 

WERTHEIMBER, L., & Co. (New York City, New York). Specimens of Loofahs (Luffa 
egyptica). This plant is indigenous to Egypt and Arabia, and is mostly used 
for the bath and toilet, but it will occupy an important place in manufacturing 
when its varied uses are known. Its chief merit consists in its effectual resist 
ance to the action of chemicals and chemical decomposition. Inthe eastern part 
of Japan it is used as an absorbent for perspiration, as inner soles for boots and 
shoes. It is also used for lining for clothing, and the German Government utilizes 
the plant as a lining for saddles. It is sometimes called ‘‘ vegetable sponge” or 
““wash-rag,” and is often used as a flesh-glove. 21124. 

WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE (Shenandoah, Iowa). Four bundred specimens of car- 
boniferous fossils from Iowa. (Exchange.) 22046. 

WHAITES, EpwarpD P. (Alderson, West Virginia). A white-metal medal of Centen- 
nial Celebration of the Inauguration of George Washington. 21223. 

WHARTON, JosepH (Camden, New Jersey). Minerals from the Gap Mine, Lancaster 
County, Pennsylvania. 21642. 

WHEELER, CHARLES L. R. (See under Bureau of Ethnology. ) 

Wuippir, H. C. (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). ‘Hamilton Etchings,” series 1 and 
i, published by the Art Tnion of Philadelphia, 1883. 21456. 

Waitt, Dr. C. A. (Washington, District of Columbia). Nineteen concretions of chal- 
cocite coated with malachite, and 9 specimens of melaconite from Archer County, 
Texas. 21408. 

WuiItk, JAMES J. (Palm Beach, Florida). Marine shells from Florida and California 
(21791) ; 11 species of shells from the vicinity of Lake Worth, Florida (21968). 

WuitNey, E. J. (Brooklyn, New York), Four proofs of wood engravings. (Deposited.) 
21005. " 

WHITTUM, GEORGE E. (Alexandria, Virginia). A book entitled ‘‘ A Modest Inquiry 
into the Nature of Witcheratt,” by Jolin Hale, Beverly, Massachusetts, 1697. 
21602. 

WILKINSON, E. (Mansfield, Ohio). Anegg of the Cactus Wren from Chihuahua, Mex- 
ico. 21088. 

WILLCcox, JoseprH (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). Minerals from various localities 
(21363); specimens of Tertiary fossils from Martin’s Station and Ocala, Florida 
(21619). 

WILLIAMS ALUMINUM ComMPANyY (New York City, New York). Samples of ferro-alu- 
minum alloy. 21698. 

WILLIAMS, BENJAMIN (Bisbee, Arizona). Seven minerals from the Copper Queen 
mine, Bisbee, Arizona. 21632. 

WILLIAMS, Dr. GEORGE H. (Baltimore, Maryland). Rocks from Norway, southern 
Scotland, and Arran (21571); also, in exchange, rocks from Norway, and perido- 
tite from Syracuse, New York (21697). 

WiiiaMs, G. J. (Blanon-Festiniag, Wales). Specimens of fossils and fossil plants 
from Wales. 21656. 

WILLIAMS, LOWELL C. (Washington, District of Columbia). Two living Prairie Dogs. 
21129. 

WILLIAMS, ROBERT S. (Great Falls, Montana). A bird’s nest and eggs, 21175. 

WILLIAMSON, GEORGE (Grand Cane, Louisiana). Fifty rude stone implements. 
21902. 


_ LIST OF ‘ACCESSIONS. 819 


WILLIAMSON, H. W. (New Galilee, Pennsylvania). A small collection of stone imple- 
ments (20895); stone implements from Pennsylvania and Michigan (21495). 
WILMoT, SAMUEL (Newcastle, Ontario, Canada). A Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontina- 

lis). 21622. 

WILSON, GEORGE M. (Mullan, Idaho). A specimen of plattnerite from near Mullan, 
Idaho. 22092. 

Witson, THomMAsS (U.S. National Museum). Specimens of crystals from Brittany, 
France (21061); two stone implements found near New Brighton, Beaver County, 
Penusylvania (21087) ; a collection of bone, stone, and shellimplements, embracing 
hammers, flint pieces, chips, flakes, scrapers, arrow-points, pottery fragments, 
from Hahn’s field, 1 mile east of Newton, Anderson Township, Ohio, and rude 
chipped implements found 12 to 20 feet below the surface in the gravel drift of 
the Little Miami River at Loveland, Clermont County, Ohio (21238); flints from 
Clark’s Works, Anderson, Ross County, Ohio (21311); stone implements from 
Flint Ridge, Ohio (21351); a fragment of a drilled ceremonial object from Amelia 
County, Virginia (21355); a collection of stone implements from Anthony Ore 
Mound and field, Bowling Green Township, Licking County, Ohio (21378); 
staurolite crystals from Brittany, France (21832); a chromolithograph, ‘‘The 
Adoration of the Kings,” by I. Kellerhoven (deposited) (21950) ; 19 specimens of 
quartzite implements from the District of Columbia (22100) ; 10 antique intaglios 
of rock crystal (deposited) (22101); paleolithic implements from Piney Branch, 
District of Columbia (22129); and 105 paleolithic implements from Rock Creek, 
District of Columbia (22154). 

Wimsatt, RicHarD D.,and L. A. JOHNSON (Washington, District of Columbia). A 
living Herring Gull from the Potomac River. 21615. 

WINANS, Miss H.C. (East Orange, New Jersey). A Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) 
with abnormal teeth. 21299. 

Wins.Low, A. C. (Washington, District of Columbia). The original key to the Treas- 
ury of the United States when organized under General Washington’s adminis- 
tration. 22053. 

Wout, HENRY (Evans City, Pennsylvania). <A piece of pottery. 20955. 

WoL¥F, Smmon (Washington, District of Columbia). <A series of 42 Egyptian photo- 
graphs. 20561. 

Wo LrrE, M.(Dayton, Ohio), Two fine line plates, and specimens of work. 22121. 

Woop, N.R.(U.5. National Museum). A Chimney Swift (Chelura pelagica) (21118); 
skin of Love Bird (Agoaporius” pullaria) (21251); two living pigeons (depos- 
ited) (21333). 

WOODWARDIAN MUSEUM, THE (Cambridge, England), (through C. D. Walcott). 
Nineteen specimens of Cambrian fossils. 21564. 

WooLsey, CHARLES L. (Coney Island, New York). A badge of the John J. McKane 
Association of Gravesend, New York. 21764. 

Worn, R.N. (Plymouth, England). Serpentine rock from England. (Exchange.) 
21297. 

WorTuHen, C. K. (Warsaw, Illinois). Three specimens of Ochelodon sp. (21863) ; 125 
mammal skins and skulls (21868). 

WORTHINGTON, W. W. (Sheiter Island, New York). Arrow-heads and flakes. (Ex- 
change.) 21205. 

WortMan, Dr, J. L. (U. S. Army Medical Museum). Four living Rattlesnakes 
(21057); Bee-eating Buzzard (Pernis apivorus) (21975). 

Wricar, JAMES C, (Fredonia, Ohio). A cast of a stone bear, the original being taken 
from a mound in Newark, Ohio, in 1861. 21794. 

WunNDERLICH, H., & Co. (New York City, New York). One etching, one dry-point 

(deposited) (21012); wood-cuts, color-prints, and etchings (purchased) (21708); 

engraving in maniére criblée, “The Crowning of the Virgin” (purchased) (21951), 


$20 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


YALE COLLEGE MusEuM (New Haven, Connecticut). ine turtles (20946); and 
(through Prof. O. C. Marsh) a cast of a Pterodactyl (Khamphorhynchus phyllurus) 
(exchange) (22171). 

YARROW, Dr. H. C., (Washington, District of Columbia). A swordfish head from 
Rock Island, Maine (21093); an ancient bowl from Deep Creek Valley, Utah 
(21822). 

(See under Bureau of Ethnology.) 

YEATES, Hon. JESSE J. (Washington, District of Columbia). Two specimens of 
granular chrysolite containing bronzite from Balsam, Jackson County, North 
Carolina. 21154. 

YEATES, W. 8S. (U. 8. National Museum). One hundred and nine specimens of 
minerals from Mineville, Essex County, New York (22009); minerals from Eden- 
ville, New York (22011); 296 minerals from Ogdensburgh, New York (22016) ; 6 
hematite crystals from the Isle of Elba, obtained at Franklin, New Jersey 
(22017); 1,625 minerals from Franklin, New Jersey (22022); 326 specimens of 
serpentine and associate minerals from near Montville, New Jersey (22023); 112 
specimens of beryl crystals from near Burnsville, Yancey County, North Caro- 
lina (22024); 968 specimens of minerals from Webster, North Carolina (22025) ; 
lepidomelane and tourmaline crystals from Crown \Point, New York (22034); 
140 specimens of minerals from near Spruce Pine, Mitchell County, North 
Carolina (22041); and an engraving of the Declaration of Independence, exe- 
cuted by C. Toppan in 1840 (21923). 

YEATMAN, R. H. (Ashwood, Tennessee). <A leaf-shaped implement from Ashwood, 
Tennessee. 22104. 

Youne, Smas C. (Edenville, New York), (through W. S. Yeates). A collection of 
ininerals from Edenville, New York. 22013. 

YounGLovn, Dr. J. E. (Bowling Green, Kentucky). A human thigh-bone with 
arrow-head imbedded in it (21310); a carving in stone representing a human 
head, and a fragment of a clay figure from a mound in Tennessee (21302). 

ZAun, HeNry (Denver, Colorado.) A piece of solidified geyser, from Washington 
County, Colorado (21195) ; artificial geyserite bound with caustic soda, forming 
a geyser jelly (21330). 

» ZELEDON, Josh C. (San José, Costa Rica). A collection of birds’ skins from Costa 
Rica, for study and comparison. 20871. 
(See under Museo Nacional de Costa Rica. ) 

ZOOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF CHRISTIANIA, Norway (through Prof. Robert Collett, 
director). Skeleton of Orca gladiator. (Exchange.) 20916. 

ZobLoaicaL Musrtum (Copenhagen, Denmark), (through Prof. Charles Liitken). 
Sixty-seven species of fishes from Scandinavia and the Arctic regions. (Ex- 
change.) 21065. 

ZOOLOGICAL MusEuM (Florence, Italy), (through Prof. Henry H. Gigliolt). Col- 
lections of fishes, birds, mammals, and reptiles. (Exchange.) 21620. 

ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) (through 
Arthur E. Brown). <A cockatoo (20937); a Sheath Bill (Chionis minor) (21209) ; 
a Deer (Cariacus gymnotus) from South America (21278). 


INDEXES TO ACCESSION LIST. 


TEN DRX ASS BY bOCALLEY: 


AEMRICA.. 

Accession Accession 

number. pumber. 
Cleveland, Hon. Grover.........--.------ 91720) || -Ebvlipsy Henry jt. accesses sen seee seujcee 21499 
Grant-Bey, Dr. James..-.....-.. 2a OES WAAR AI a) aie) 6 Jae eS o ce oesssoneeoneectoeccsa= 21304 
REGIA Ont aeeer ten comerosuua te caeito swe 21146 | Wolf, Simon ...... dd sinctelnce seeleise moceeye 20861 
MOONnG yy BALM Oye os <cc Snes ces ceee caesne 21448 | 

AMEHRICA. 


NORTH AMERICA. 


BRITISH AMERICA, 


British COLUMBIA : CanapA—Continued. 
IBOan we DRebran Zea cecees ss atce cians --s- 21890 Merriam, Dr Co Hart --....2--2== 21872, 21984 
Provincial Museum, Victoria..-. -.. 21690 Morn Georre vb eacmeeasesa\eone seme cLLOk 
CANADA: Sherman, Hon. John.......-.--..----- 21643 
EMBO p LavnisiD) ong. Sos oka dsc coee 21431 Stearns, R. E.C ..-...-2-++---------- 21617 
Dawson, Sir J. William.............. 21838 | Walcott, C. D.---..-----+----++-----+ 21644 
Geological Survey. (U.S.)..----.- 21861, 21914 | Wells, H. L..-..-.--.----+--+++-+-+2- 21581 
Laflamme, Abbé J C. K....-....---- 21887 Willcox, Joseph ..---..-----++++-+---- 21363 
ILS TLS Vo) S Ol SE eR 29165 | Wilmot, Samuel.........-. Sodosdn ss65 21622 
Matthew, G.F.<--.c.c-ce0-se0-2--.. 21639 | 
CENTRAL AMERICA. 
BAT Pr ONS Haske oo cone esse oes 21483 | NICARAGUA: 
Cooke, Henry D...-.- 3 beac ean ieee 21117 Birt Dre Louis yl. cocnsccsaceeeeec 21483 
emg y Cahir ascetic cee (Sea ae 21128 Carlos#C@lenventicaacs. ce ace eocceaueae 21593 
Merrick, Hon. W.M...... ER ates oe 21336 Bhintt Warlasacc scot soecisnc ccc aeseee 20966 
Costa Rica: SAN SALVADOR : 
Ami drenvsnkinele 2 see se Sie AS oize a ee 21991 Loring, Gen. Charles G............--- 22141 
Museo Nacionalde Costa Rica, 20994, 21705, | YucaTan: 
21225 Collins, Miss-EvarAs..- ccs. secesec ase 21746 
DANISH AMERICA. 
GREENLAND. 
Kinnes; Robert) seceee1.<s-cfecece et sae 21952 | Merriam; Dri @2 Wart) .cccssssacacecce 21589 
MEXICO, 
Barony OWL ssc sccae cece aude entnan 21397 | Merman pOriCyHarto-ccese sss scenes 21965 
BODAL saws nehsausaaesaee Sees oed 21171, 21830 | Noah. John M...... Meseoe se ye Ries 21411 
Ghazaro; MMe. 2 secon spa eiettia tre 21735 ROVE Mai Gdia Wittescaes bas ce eeeee 21171 
Dowling Thomaas. 2s: opecenea ose 21793 | Rickseckors li: Ho..2 Sic ieF sees cane 21347 
MONES bee costa iets caneodee shelters 21956 | Mowltsend, Charles) He. =... sc. czeceen) | 200L7 
Tamborn, Dr. Robert H.- --2...-..-.. 22072 | WiandtandHowellics = 3. cence ccna 21797 
eon Te NiCHOlAS co secetceensneaee 21567 | WAI SON BE c cle catsia newt eae oe ee 21088 
Matheson: Wid 8) CO. 2 2. sSnzeecnens 21555 | 


822 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
UNITED STATES. 
Accession | Accession ; 
number. number. 
ALABAMA: CALIFORNIA—Continued. 
Avery. Dr. William C..20851, 21944, 21985, 22062 Raymond: Wiad) sc-ce asses sseececne 20869, 22144 
Coast and Geodetic Survey (through RIVErs) Did oe Scioto oes aaeaeree eee 21406 
Parsons, F. H.)..-.. Socios Ores ~ 21930 Russell MIC soe eer ce cece eae ae ere 21300 
Shelby Iron Co., Shelby, Ala-...--..- 21676 ust, (HIN, 2cace dome e eae eiesioe 21425 
Paylor: Oris meer etorvicesceeeee 21171, 21828 Stone, Livinestons, cates eeeeeeesaeeee 21035 
ALASKA TERRITORY : Streater!Georgerd) +2 --secaesessnernce 21812" 
Alaska Commercial Company.....--. 21119 Taylor, Henry Reed...-...----------- 21048 
AdlersDri@yiase=ss-eeeeeteeseee eee 92145 Van Dyke, Edwin C...-....-..-.--.-- 21557 
‘Beardslee Aq co eee een ae eee 99893 White, James Jie tecmtee o cceniaseerns 21791 
Fish Commission, U.S ..-.....--..--- 21734 Yarrow, Dr. H.C ....-.-.---+-++--0++ 21171 
Holm; Dheodoresases-----<-e--ee----, 21418 || CoLroRADO: 
Stoney, Lieut. George M ............- 21264 Bancroft, Hester ..-----..-.--.------- 21473 
ARIZONA TERRITORY : Betty; Drow Giresassceesacceeec oes 20931 
IBOMENt CASH ace o cace ao resee eee 21933 Biological Association, West Cliff,Colo. 21877 
iBidiwellaMirsi@ A. oe ee 21453, 21625 Brown, D.R.C., and Elmer T. Butler. 21103 
BISSTO. NPA eee ont Beene seek ee ween 21089 Bruce, Davids s. -ecce ts Seeks 21679 
ARON JEU ne yo ye ee 21907, 22060 Brunton, D. W. (See under Brown, D. 
3ureau of Ethnology ......--..-...-- 21821 R.C., and Butler, Elmer T.) 
Drake Covplnoec scot eas or 21370, 21490 Chisolm shen see ee oon cee ser 21592 
Dutton) Capt Ci oseecessesecasce ese 21623 Cockerell” TD DAA css. sen ae Seas 21990 
Narlechran kco-sse sae eee eee eee 21833 Colorado Biological Association .. 21576, 21877 
Hdiwardsawailliamideoasce Secs ee nee 91533 | Cross6c. Hallebrand-eesse eee eee 21988 
Geological Survey, U.S...... 21527, 21528, 21752 Makine ell Gerscensccteeee elas 21879 
TET O Wie lL veMee WV eater eee eee aie Eyre i 21501 | Emmons, SiBy i oecsesacea soso eae 21786 
Mearns roid parvAc oo. scar eceee = 20877 | English, George L., & Co .......-- 21428, 22069 
MeriamsDr C. Hartesecetses. eee 22077 finmkei@ WHS sek oasisevscelsstsese ere ae 21750 
Maindeletavictonens ee eeeeee eee 91821 Gale, Denis -2-a22-cace eee ee lods 2139 21ood. 
Powell Maj cowed eerie ee 21936 | Geological Survey, U.S... -.21182, 21786, 21988 
Price avila Wie esse eee ee 20855, 20982 (Commivbye Meany ckesesscoca Edo ssosoc 21707 
Stanton vh.aws Siceosse cc ceaseaeeeece 21834 | Isbresent) do Cenc eo shes secon cosse 21060 
Sil Qe CAs el tos sac wes ee 21349 Tigcos; ATCH OE see see eeesaeei eee 22143 
Stevenson dinmes sees eee oe eee eal Rearcewichar dass seme ees emesere 21526 
Stevenson, Mrs. Matilda C..........- 21664 Sharples, S. P .-.......-------.-----.. 21600 
Watliams: (Benjamin? ss.ss 16 cence ae 21632 | Stover, Joseph.--.-----.-----..----.- 20953 
| Thorne, Capt) esas ee sere eeeeee 21427 
PR ANBAS |< Zahn Renny: 2os se) sees se eee 21195, 21330 
PAIN ENG 4G caches cater aenetneees 22033 | 
VACKSON bh maasissinscsce neseee eee eoe 21953 | CONNECTICUT : 
Please pase one eee ee 21440 Bat wns Gremeaceteecense eae sie 21032 
Dallas; JOHN \ss2s5csosscceoesn ceca e 21871 
CALIFORNIA : Farrington; 0! Cr 2. 22c.re ee 21185 
Agriculture, Department of....... 22054, 22055 Waucher: Gy Lswsacasceccessecsee scene 21437 
PANE SEO eects be lems scenic ees & 21587 iBitchcock Prom eee esse eee 21217 
Belding Less te ses osces seceee cece 21436 Marsh. ProtaQnCs mec oacs< seeaee 21144, 2 P48 
BOWELS, tOPNENE a. cece es =eceseea-1- 0 eI OT New England Brown StoneCompany. 22080 
ChatardeDirn hopin a eam cmeeemes coc 22068 Wakford) Miss/Hllenk eo. s.see. se 21019 
Day Or VODs scm sats eae saceeee s ESEeas 21733 Rice, Prof. William North :.....-..<. 21591 
MI ULErRE Oita seca eh cic ctee/ 21097 Sacend!. Hie ceneescccises seine sextecaseer 21375 
HiSenm ann, Cvs nes moee tse clea 21752 Yale College Museum..........--- 20946, 22171 
Emerson, William Otto .............. 21908 MGW SHE Chass sosccosaseecesscece 22013 
Mr Ost: Moiese aac seitaiciecieswase 20977, 21598 | Dnveae i 
eet EEA Se pere oon oe aiene Jackson & Sharp Company....--. 21158, 21159 
Hanks Ero peony: Giowscec scececelsce 21525 | District OF COLUMBIA : 
Hemphill Henrys seeccissia> os e- oa oa 21289 Abbotts. Wr Hickes.eecestecl-eoeeniecsses 21621 
Henshaw, H. W.....-. 21171, 21552, 21579, 21792 Agriculture, Department of......--.. 21071 
Ellebrand; Dr Weobes-o esas. tae -) 21836 Amorosa, Alphonse.......--.--.----- 21105 
Mount Shasta Chrome Company..--. 21166 Army Medical Museum .........--.- 21995 
Orcutt, C: R.---. 20983. 22058, 22108, 22156, 22166 ANery,, ARGDUL occ aet)ane see ea 21033 
PastonnGeorce Wise ees- see eee eeeeer 21673 Baird Miss ucyerce-se ose eeeaeere 20949 
Pond Lieut: Cab cece. sass e= 21272, 21736, 21882 Rallauf, Dit 2. cits keeek ose ee eee we LODO) 
Price; -Chomasm es sees esac eee 22111 Beckwith, Paul...... 21083, 21111, 21120, 21127, 
Quicksilver Mining Co...... 20886, 21898, 21955 211638, 21818, 21413, 22120 


- District or CotumMprA—Continued. 


Accession 
number. 


Bigcing ly Dis 2scc2s 3s eee ee onic 21126 
BUNNIES OT dag Osace-csenecesese sae 21388 
Boehmer, George H....:.-2:...-.. 20941, 20943 
IBOoTa HWE) ante see acest ceca cuie eee Hoc 21605 
IBGlUON diosa. Nets tac certe le eeeree a: 21302 
Bennehh Peter ese oc ase eee ee 20992 
Bourke, Capt. John’ G42: -2---2-- 2... - 22083 
BEACKOLL SE TCO Le conan Sees 21809 
Bradford: Harry D2 <- 526. sss. o<n\))= = 21514 
Britton Gols As Peso. feces oeses 21807 
BROCKOUL MEDILL. 2.5 aa, wicleeio semen eee 20954 
IBMT Grea OSE ee ateale cae asic e Soe noe ep ede 
Bussey; Gen; © yrus) =. -2=s--<> -22--aa- 22142 
Cameron, Gen. John ........ 20950, 21226, 21414 
Carpenter). Mrs! JioMs .<..-25 ccc eee 20903 
@lresterv As. 5 2 oad Soares Soc 20976 
Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S..-.- 21066 
Cockerell) Henry ot se foe ~n1 sa sctiserios 21113 
ColbarmyAW Boss oc cocci Anee sescee 21115 
Coleman, W.D..... Poe Rae oe 21580 
Collin, Madame Veuve A .........--- 21172 
Cones) Dr. Nilliott, Bio-5.52%.2 22 2--- 21430, 22063 
Cox Mrs. thomas! Oss ssseacese see | aeloon 
Curtice, Dr: Cooper s2eecesc-se-2e se. 20071 
Da ROHE 288 oe Pa Meee ee een aerate 21042 
Mamante: Halla: 5.22 2ccacgss tenes see 21780 
IDEA eID sa Death ee eeoctcerstee sack 20934 
Dillons Awa = macs. ose eee ae 20967 
MOM Cari Ol eta e esp aicsels asieisarsizicice = 20841 
Hdmonds'Georverbs.2- 52-25 sacs 22157 
MINSTSIUN AMMO less eae necoae cna 22035 
Kish: Commission) U.S)... s.+cess<<s 22146 
inher vr cA ciKcrse © s.218 co ota 21790 
Hz Perales Dawid! 22+ e3se=sa0e. sense 21110 
Gallaher) Stoo. —ser.<i100 cine, Seme nls 21485 
Gannett Henrys: =- 2522 -25~saacece 20840 
GaRdnendh Citas oases oo 5/meacine ao ses 21412 
Gerstenberg & Reuter ...--..--...--. 21282 
Geological Survey, U.S ..-..-..------ 21055 
Ron reas 2h Oot COM eee rae enemas 20890 
Glascott, Mrs. Josephine ..-.........- 21745 | 
Goode, Dr. G. Brown....-...--.- Ssoce =) 4AM 
21125, 21149, 21994, 22090 
HOLCON WAI TAS, seis ccera> nn amtetes 21080 
Ron abr eeyyi eh ON nsec eee epee 21270 
MELON WWtdsac ie sac ce eee cesmeicises 21341 
PTAAck Man OW i.5.sa ewes scores 21606 
Harding, Miss Ellen M .......-...... 20918 
IAT ENOSS PLONL Yi ete asec) oc iae pees 21147 | 
Hendricks, Eric.-..-.- po nea be tase 22116 
feenry, Miss Mio Ato 2 Saye Scere aio en 22059 
Henshaw, H. W-...- .. 20857, 21040, 21579, 21785 
Hessel, Dr. Rudolph ....-......-.. 20868, 21104 
Holm iHe60GOLe. + -as-:.- seuietes cane eae 22153 
Hornaday, William IT. 22.5.2. .---.3- 20838 
eng h WiC ratte eo ares 21564 
} Sly gad ea] SUEY CC:) eee ain an a See 21131, 21731 
Huidekoper, Reginald ............... ~ 22086 
Wonnson J. Orville”, sees soe eseeces 20998 
Johnson, L. A., and Richard D. Wim- 

CC eaters 5 EES A ey ate os 21615 
Library Committee, Joint........2.2. 21433 
RemMGnanlespi ies. cs. .scces Ako seee 21983 
KntySubrentisss-s.< 08-2206 atone 21919 


iNDEX BY LOCALITIES. 


| 


Soe 


Accession 
number. 
DIsTRICT OF COLUMBIA—Continued. 
Laird; Charles *He-5-2. sce seeeece “vera 20843 
Light-House Board (Treasury De- 

partment) sccscs ose se elemces 20856 
fansleys Joelos ccc en ees ee eee 21200 
Ibu, As Sas sae 22076 
Thucas) Wit 3232s. cees eee oethente 21727 
Prichsy lise sce a -eicsce eee 21891 
Thyones Bvante soe so. ce cee ceee ae eee 21648 
McDevitt, DanieliL--s...-ss-c2n scene 21319 
McG eorve ee Wio sate can aatee ce cee 21888 
MeGuineyhBs assess ogee see ci aes 21513 
MeGailire:d > D. and BY Beate cs cscs cee 21253 
i eMilansRobertehes = sas-Aos0-45" 21951, 22048 
Merriam @Dr Ca rartee tcc eestor 20911, 20970 
Vi MerMal tonite acer eeim oe te ceataetetoret 21565 
Millis: TheodorevAy jackeorle cheaters ee 21729 
Mitchell “BaWe-ccansscee eee one eee POLIS 
Moonpy, JiQMes ae. sen cae ene eee 21449 
Moore, WalliamvAt se ssese ces ae cacao ae ee o80 
Moritz Celestene=ac. assoc eeteeeene 21056 
Moser: Juche eiage..2cceceks oeaeeeae 20839 
Mullet. ickra. S22. anc escmer tects 21674 
Murray, DraS. Posse clei anne sice 21693 
INASHMD EAR Si. =. Seen teeaee ae 20996 
Wewinl an dae Vod eilevsco sate oa mteia eases 21043 
INTCHOlSOIG Ws Linseseceseoeea es neeeneee 22089 
NOahy Onn ME eo: Sersac esteem mar cientctere 21415 
OfuGehole eae sacs. sanadnes Oe esis 22088 
Osborne rd: Wi.s jo. = Se ses ooo e 20891, 21477 
Palmer, Joseph ..-..-- Hees ae eiecig ose 20901 
Patent Office, U. S. (Interior Depart- 

MONG). co oe Sas sertoacmeeeee eee ees 21323 
IROWSLAROVs Le seeaac ne sees Saereta an 21796 
ProudhteS:tV cncaeen soc e cece eaae 21438 
Putiam ero Wes ee oe eas cet eeeee 21913 
RECUR lure tere eeciic ace eeen meee 21918 
ReVOLOSE kr iil) Wares -aiaiet ae eens 21546 
Richmond, C.0Wi coe ese coerce aaa 21684 
Ridoway ROVClteosmeesenee seme 21041 
RIO. lun Scr Se He aie wis cecleleie euclee ats mteiniers 21718 
Rd NIRS oIA7IO. n= aes ceases ceeeeees 20889 
Schmid, Louis...... eee ia Saree ee eens 22134 
Schmid, Lonis & Sons....-.- - 20969, 21202, 21380 
Secret Service Division (Treasury 

Department) eae -e ce eee 20926 
Shannon. brestoneea ee sececceeosee 21148 
Shindler PAS ZenOL- soa-c teseeceee eet 20988 
SHOCK Willie saree atom eaceinacaiaen pa eolaae 
Shoniery Walliams caterer cae 21873 
Sional Office USS). 52> os5-2 21058, 21101, 21368 
SIP SOM eerste sea yataiclr tale} aera 21471 
SIGS OME Waters cles cteiicinis deracien cree sje 21813 
Shinra Lika ae daeaeeesoeinetssecaieicis 21054 
SMillten Ws Wise oie on acerice conocer. 20925 
Smillie, Miss L.E....... Riou eatin 21494 
SMIUGD Wit ewe acs one Soci ae siesesiaee 21976 
Solomons, Miss Alene......-........- 20963 
Starkweather, George B.......-......- 21281 
mtearns: Ios C5 c-d- na. ck vs eee wee ets 21999 
SLE|DESer, Dri ls.ets ass ances omnes eas 22152 
DLORATEN GRAM ie Soares eat a etn 21558, 21769 
stevens, Missi Mary..25.-8.0 steamers 21582 
Stewart, sames Mi. - 2032522 he sue 20980 


StonowMrsrsHid wwccame Ase ce ue ee 21986, 21419 


7 ee © 
824 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
Accession Accession 
number. number. 
Districr or CoLuMB1A--Continued. _ Ipawo Terrirory—Continued. 
StonesEenry, Desens eee eee 21516 | Geological Survey, U.S ......-...---- 21528 
Swan, Mrs. J. Thompson. --../-..---. 21905 | Horan, Henrys: 0. senscsn cece tees 21770 
Sweeney, pbs Wer sae en pene seer cece 20973 | Merriam Dri Ca Hartiwesseaesoeeeaee 21998 
iRaylor, Dre Phomas= sees .ce eee esse 20912 | Miller Leroy (D's. .5.-- 2 ecaee eee eee 21777 
Burner Heaw oases ees cee eee 21055. | Peale sD rica. Oicapaeeren cee ee eee 21638 
WilkesMenrycces2 sosececoscenteseeee 21670 Pettigrew, Dida J sccc cnc se eee 21584 
Upham th Pit sect se se aoenee eee 21365, 22130 Wilson; George Ms s.ce-aceeceneereee 22092 
Vian Stephents-sscssecer eee eeeeeee ee 21672 TRINOTSS 
Wan Doren: Wiacleojt see eee ee 21324 | oe 
Mesa, : "Atdanis:" Wiebe os snctye reece eee 21521 
Wiener: Walliam 2225 sco: see eee 20842 | s : 
Copelin;fAcd. Wiese ease eae 20898 
Warde Johnvl cs cee seceeee nes 22097, 22125 mig ite 
Ulinois State Laboratory of Natural 
Ward sProtibestemsieee--ass cesses 22065 | Histo a ee 21803 
Washington Camera Club .........-. 20889 eoneler we E. : 22112 
WVRbGtS RE te 2e osaee eet taco eee 21563 Tian SteeeSeT teat eee el ; 
NorcomiG.Hreéan- assess. soe oe eee ee 21839 
Weeden iWAG a2 jc cccawecaccecmecsne 21332 3 S ? 
Wallonia! lowell Cz.0-. 0 ai eet 21129 Polity, OMN ONG esac Cone et carte ie 
Wilson Chomas 3 ie owe Pie 21950 Queens piece ace eE Sag ey UPC cle 
Denice ies Sh eee Bane o5i01 99199 D154 Ridgway, Roberbiscs see se eee 21041 
4 f TR a oon t a at ear teas Smith DAB Sota oes ee eee 21001 
Wimsatt, Richard D. and L. A. John- a Senden DE WAG Hs ae eee 91972 
POH So sesers ase aor aa eee ziblS Veliey DrsJdisW oe see ee 22149 
MESO Bo Cece specs Asn cess ee Worthon/Csk 1. eee ee 21863, 21868 
NWVOOG NE Rincnctoteca osha eee 211718, 21833 
Wortmany Dr dees eens eee 21057, 21975 | INDIANA: 
Weates Hon diesserdisaascaem sense ee 21154 Anderson, Robert .....--..----------- 22007 
Yeates, William S......:...-.-..:.-:. 91923 | Beachler-Charles)csscas-ceee eee eee 21130 
Black Drv WaGw. osossen ses ceecee toeee 21076 
FLORIDA: Bollman, Coe -2 ts. ee eee 21787 
Agriculture, Department of. 22002, 22003, 22004 Evermann, Prof. B. W....-<----.22.2. 20853 
AVON SZ el roaW ill Ma Mmp One aes eae 22083 Jenkine Prot! O.P ote 20952 
Bell aM OSs tases se 21112, 21308, 21339, 21811 Jordan, Prof, David S....-..-----.--- 91285 
Blacktord vhs Gass eeee ea ece eerie PAtEPAl Beas HE een eee ae a nee 21440 
Boardman, G. A .--... .-----.---.----. 21860 RidewayreRobertseasce-s-esecee eee 21041 
Cunningham; HOR sss. sescacea eee: 21173 tistsHalbert..ce. cate eee 29006 
Ellis seb rankce bee seceen sece scree: 21493 StrodesWaS tee te ye Museen 20929 
18 (e001 dl Jed Wee cre Saree ieee ae -- 21496 
at eh Gras SeaWireere eens ane ee es 21241 | Towa: 
Firiyc ke Dhomas boo a. aoe ae, 21601 | Boston Society of Natural History... 21545 
aeKOrdan wero DL Sect eee eee 21628 Burt Grinnell spaces ec ccs 22014 
MonpleynwWiek..2. 2a oace senses eee 22112 | Conrad, A. H..-....--.-----+--------- 22046 
Merriam, Dr. CU. Hart........--..-.... 21856 | Drew, Frank L.and Charles.......... 21889 
Mosers tiemte dhl se -eeaecoesonec eee 21252 Keyes, C.R ......--------.---------- 20961 
Nica AD cin Olen ste oon aon Sen ae 20894 | State Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
Prindle, George S...........-...----. 21744 | tion, Ames, Iowa (through R. “P. 
Quinn Were nese eee ee cae 21002 Speer) -------..--.---+------------- 21464 
SpinnlertGene hy has sea eee 21262 | Wiardiidi Vi ramcsrieme eee 21977 
PREG sae We sn a coin cosine Stains rate 21165, 21242 | xansas: 
Warner, Mrs. AD San Seetiod oat - Tea Beso 22039 Baker Asi a se ae ee 21851 
ANG SuaTe (Ee WY sceobé oe os5nqcKee --- 21680, 22001 | Gannon Bake ess Soret e oa ees 21221 
White, James J .-.----...--. ----- 21791, 21968 Hay wRoberty<-- sec sec eotaee eee 22103 
Willcox, Joseph aiwiaiainlofeletnineg elis/=)-tetetojohe imi 21619 Lesh, Henry PRR sehen shes ire 21179 
eS OBEN Meinold; Weillt.) 050s as eaten 21371 
Bean, B. A....-..---- 222-21. + 2s ee eee 21560 Newlon, Dra WaSGesvassasteeeeeeee 21286 
GhisolmypAlfrediss. cece ss see ee 21754 SHOW RD et eer eee ee ee 29174 
CLAM IRON Sa Oise wales cee ae shane laa 21465 
kami ton ei bee ee tes. bee ee 20573, 21266 | KENTUCKY: 
HeiohiwayerA bane seek least 21432 MacGill, ‘T. W ........--------------. 21075 
iordin Henry sas.) 2 ics sme east ec 21381 SENN G 18751 ooo aS siee seoscesseeone - 22147 
PONESNCOl LOG see oar aaa aa 21827 Very, C.F ....-..-...--.2--.---22- 21167, 21518 
Nielsen, William G .........-..-....- 21924 | Younglove, Dr.J. EB ....-...-.-------- 21310 
BratitjiN Poor cece acces DIOS | y Gavan 
Tobias, H ------- +--+ 22s. 225 ces seee es 21318 American Museum of Natural His- 
IpadoO TERRITORY : | LOLY cise seen ne ere 21987 
Clark, Waldo J..... SAO Oo One aoe cis 22095 | Kolin iG. tae 21798, 21799, 21883, 22091 
CoopersWilliam cs-eese2-eee eee 22015 | Walliamson George. aes csse seen eae 21902 


, INDEX BY LOCALITIES. 825 
: Accession Accession 
number. | number. 
MAINE: | MassAcHusrerrs—Continued. 
4 BantlouteW qian: scat a tap os sal=a 21523 | Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing 
BAVIOM WV cae ees cae cee <eacimaceencer 21848 | Company san secede seeece eee see 20884 
English, George L-, & Co.--......----- 21831 Horbes sn bieeesseees ace Pe eases os 20905 
HEU OLUN eras MUS. ees ee ceaeeeeeeee- 21236 Frazer; George Bye sane eee eee see 21781 
IPE GU) rh Sh Cece Seiaanet BamaAanndeeer 21156 GassetiiC:W o.scissdecce aoe eee ee 21138 
Hongley luther): .225-oh<scce-cce= ee 21393 CetchollS Minsk lunesacecseseee eee 21021 
Merrill, George P..--.-.-.--- 21184, 21196, 21197 ele Miss Elen e-o.2 +s seeseee eee 21008 
Anny aN eee © se sic cata aeons 21145, 21474 Hallock @harlese--5-6-cee eens Baar aes Ns) 
SbilwelloMi xcs acts nesses eeee sone 21379 Marton Bs Sh scccee icccsee coe eee 21161 
ALT OMGE OT, Hee io ee Sse ee odo s 21093 | Harvard College Observatory.....--. 20938 
Mire kne Heliotype Printing Company ....- 20882, 21479 
eek Ea DBCKSOU HW ek nceiaee cacee neces 21046 
Abert, Charles ---..--------..-------- 21962 Keoohlers Ss Re e552. ease 21030, 21894, 21947 
Ammen, Rear-Admiral Daniel..-...-. 22087 IMeve iin Sain tase eo oh sie eee 20833 
BakereDaniel =.= «.cecise casinos esas 21671 IMIG, Via osacocceceeenbosnosas 21140 
Bowie, N. M.....---------.----++++-++ 21544 Merrill, George P.....---.-.<---0.--- 21194 
Cofiny Hone GH c- eaensinaae acer 20932 Moser ibieuti a: iis oe dee eee nies 21142 
Crosby, Prof. W.O ....-------------- 22148 | Museum of Comparative Zoology.--. 21228 
Curtis, C.J .--..--..----------+++---- 21906 | Ne aivillard)|ceesseen eee eee eee 21504 
Dodge, J. Heath..-.-------.---- weeees SUES ie ec nlanian HR Pies <a ees! cree 21141 
Durney, J.T ...-.-.--.---------.----- 21960 | Pranc: ouwis tes. 03- soca eee 21481, 22037 
Elias, Joseph & Son...-....-..------- 21958 | Putnam se rofvhe Wi. acc csee eee eee 20904 
Geological Survey, U.S ..------------ 22102 | Schoenhof, Carl 2... 2.2.2.0. cone 21710 
Gleaves, Albert.-..-. 32 saa sa SA oosS 20896 SEOUSHO NG Le Me | es Pee ee 21982 
HMobbssCharlestees-2!.cceee ease cee 21288 Gviveater ser .s-c ase eio re 21029 
Jennings, Allan H.-.........- Seals a 21444 Thompson-Houston Eiectric Railway 
Langille, Ollie........-.-------..----- 21000 Gompant es eee ee 21346, 21478 
Latimer, C.E .....-.-.----.---.------ 21802 Miltonsdanites' P= 2-2 os eee aoe 21171, 21824 
Lee, J.C .--.----.----- ESS SR IQRIS IO 20924 RunnersVirgh GAs sacwes once ae oe eee 21316 
Little, Maj. F. EB -..---.....--.-.----- 21569 | Walker Charles At.) .<: 2 2-- este 21014 
Marron: CHOMaS cee nic oan) aoe elon, | 
Marshall, George .......-.-- 20997, 21082, 21114 | MicniGan: 
Marshal sent yiecana4 «cafes a 20928, 22172 Agriculture, Department of.......... 21391 
Millholland, James) -- <6. .s.-e--006 21078 | BOSS HR Sicsacet nes tees See anette es 21717 
IMalis; heodorevds -oacseceec cele reser 21843 Boston Society of Natural History... 21545 
Mintek Andre wrecna.<-s-- recone 21458 | Collins WeiGh.-/s.kscecesaecneeeeee 20832 
Oldfield, Mrs. Catherine Chase.....-- 22126 | Dowlins:-Chomasi: -eosueeeesre sees 91793 
Ridgway, Audubon ........-. 2....-.. 21849 | Marnie Williams Close s.nee eer er eae 21312 
Ridgway, Robert ---.. 21041, 21553, 21978, 22081 MhomipsonyCAy..-csaheeaeseee eaten 21574 
Reynolds; Dro <2... 22 cecee sess + oe 215416 Rowell Majid Wrecact we osee ae eee 21407 
Russell, James, & Son.......-:-... es 21959) | Walliaimsony HepWi. <cese sass ne = os 21495 
pellner; J Ohne nee BREHO? ihn emerc oat: 
Stabler, HaroldPi--.2 725.22. 2225-21243) 21572 i Esa 
Stabler: JamesiP. i235: J2c2. 5025-293 21627 | Bangs; © --- 2-2 --- 22-222 aes. 21641 
Mahler sEOWatd’: oc «ose acananacees cee 21081 Rigby, James.---.-.-....--.-.------- 21612 
State Normal School, Winona... .. 21583, 21686 
MASSACHUSETTS : DnrmboG Ws secece ase eee oe 21, 762 
Ancientand Honorable Artillery Com- MISSISSIPPI : 
pany, Boston....../--.-2-.---.---.- 21534 Chidesy; Charles EB ..<!4...2.-u2ese5- 22170 
Baker, John ......-.--.-- “ROBE ROOTS = 22079 | Geolocical Sttrvey: Wise. -eencns ccm. 20876 
BpANMONE, didis- wes. ce sass cea = 21139 | Hoye Pee wa) Pr eee ttgea 21702 
Boston Bridge Works ..........-..-- 21279 | NViebatarse dese ne aioe ct OEE 21886 
Boston Photogravure Company...... 20883. | 
Brown, Miss H. Louisa .......-... 21578, 21805 | Missourt: 
Cheney, Mrs. Ednah D...-....2...... 21556 Wallawayr I. Wissceacc acces etecc acces 20920 
Collins WrankyS) 5-052. 25S eee esos 21441 ! Davidson, Mrs. Clara,B st. ./ 22.550 22123 
Crosby, Prof. W.O. (Boston Society of WWE Ca EXT Nn OE es ene pee ye 21573 
WaituralRistony) |= -csee-sessoscseee 21545 | MAtO SLANE) asia. ci 35-5) cesses sees 20993 
Wana; Willian d:2->.-sasseee-oesceee 20867 Missouri and Pacific Railroad Com- 
Douglass, Mrs. Anna ED ..:.../...-... 21590 [WELLS Vice eee ee ot tee Me eee Sateen 21003 
Wdwards; Vinal Ni..-- 25 --c2ee-asesn-t. seloor POMS ele sewas ccs ame an ere 20875 
PEL Gan W yeu cwacinsc avieee's6 Sess ae ete 0GeD | SHOCK Voit idm) Es cc race Me went eoeets 21742 
BMS, CHARIOS Henn c thos caeeccsaee 92137 Mreaiele, Wj IMi a Sh se be Soke de mE 21309 


\ 
826 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. ~~~ 
Accession | ; 
number, number. 
MONTANA: | New MEXICO: : 
Millen Coljdatsham: -opecweessoee 20979, 21455, | Bremen. Hs Wi sess<ceceneee feos eee 20962 
21549, 21588, 21748 | Davis, Arthur P. (Bureau of Ethnol- : 
Basinski, Julius, and Brothers.....-. 21123 | ogy.) 
Beck, W.H.and Lemon, George FE... 21532 | Geological Survey, U.S ......----- 21528, 21529 
Bendire;, Capt. S22. oe oeecies 21682 | Ballebrand Ory We Heese. ee eoe seis 21502 
Mole CAs ses act cescete SA eee 20995 | Holmes, W. H. (Bureau of Ethnol- 
HulimesonsKanuteecec ese see eee 20966 | ogy.) 
Geological Survey, U.S -------------- 21837 | 3 BOI Dos VE Sand acaogoaaenecoset 21900, 22160 
GrinnellGwbeeeeecahecse ace SSomeeLori| McGregor; Alex :-2222 (oaescascnco: 21915 
Pealev Dr ANC a2 25 eee eae 21457, 21638, 21932 | Matthews, Dr. Washington ........-. 20888 
Recdabr- Chomasgyssassceneese. oaeses 21052 Mindelets Victor - saeco eee 1171s 
NON; SOLONMS=aceeerae a eeerenas sees 21652 Morse; diobn! Gia. o-mene eee eee eeeeee 20915 
Thorne, Capt. P. M...-..-. ee ..-- 21461, 21701 | Shufeldig, Dr Rawr sisenoeee sa -..20915, 20917, 
Wallisims sR ODOLUIS 2 c5-—5 ses ce ees 21175 21096, 21231, 212338, 21254, 21398, 21410 
NEBRASKA: Stevenson, JaMeS : 2. - occce sce cess =n 21171 
3ecker,G.F. (U.S. Geological Survey.) | New Yore: 
Humphrey, George M...... .-------- 20865 | PGE ITCRA hee asaecdeeaecdsc conse. Diligil 
instukialbertesseses-oseeu see ene 21498 American Museum of Natural His- 
NEVADA: : tory, New Mork City <22. 58225-4024 21293 
Backer George Py... cineca: 21616 American SOBINH) of Civil Engineers. 21607 
Geological Survey, U.S ....---------- 21198 Bn eICAn Society of Mechanical En- 
Merriam, De\O) Hart s1i0)-cescee eek 22077 SINC Hee ee 21637 
ACCEC D eet ot ee 21876 INNO ish) ence or KAA oe 21009, 21265, 21447, 21925 
: Baldwin & Gleason Company .....--. 22064 
SUE RUM ESD Baxter ve. Recess ceee eee ee 20848 
ClankesProfyeteewieosssecec resect 21155 Beard Danes: cece tacesee sete 21878 
Green, Loren W . 20897, 21036, 21044, 21073, 21543 Beecher Prof Gh pease eee eee eee 92031 
Hitehcock, Prof. ©: Hes. 2-32 sec. -clal7, 21010 Biacktorg iar eeae eee eee 21611, 21784 
HodreColshaeBr. stecietcee cece 21429, 21685 Bobbettswalters: = -ceceee a ee eee 21548 
Merrill, George P ..-.-. ...--.--- ee-- 21218 Boston Society of Natural History... 21545 
NEw JERSEY: _ | Boussod, Valadon & Co ..---......2.- 20999 
Atpbott: Charles @s..-2..2.2c-2 ents 20991 Brown, Miss Minnie € ........-.----- 21720 
Bannard, William N..........--.--.- 21669 Bulhein shed oe eae eee 21938 
IB Viclctord He Gra encmrn saeco temas 21540 Burt, Grinnell ....-.. fect coeeseccecee 22014 
Brown, Mrs. M.E...--.-.---------21329, 21681 Button, William P ..-...-.-.-- spices 21776 
Bushs o hn Oise seas eee sae eee 21775 Cassell & Co..-.-..----...-.-2---2--- 21928 
Darandedpee <2 Se cows he eee 21696 Century Company, The..-....-.....- 21006 
Di wiyere es Ose e cares oor eee ere 29018 @hantllee;aWie bees ose aateeeeeeen 21749 
English, George L., & Co..-- .-.-.-21342, 21343 | Chandler, Prof. C.F.-_ = <<<. --<)--- ene 20866 
Frelinghuysen, Lancers’ Association. 21854 Cherrie, George Ke -- == 2. een 21614 
Gaskalla@ ap tadaeljese see ace 21862 Chittend eny- HE eee ee eer 21795. 
Geological Survey, U.S ..-.-.-...- 21966, 21989 Clarke, J. M.......-----.------------- 20385: 
Gordon Ohmi: soccer eee 21187 Conklin, W. A. (Central Park Menag- 
Granger, Lieut. Samuel .-.-.. eet 21768 | erie) .---------+----+-----+------ 21222, 21405. 
Keyes! Oak) -s-255 Fa Fe ee ee ete 20961 Cooper, William ..........-.... sSente 22015. 
Renipe, S) Wisewee se teat cen ia eee 91562 | Davison: Jiijcos<.sassee eee Sete 21047, 21404 
PMilips sah vere thereeese ceeaaee eres 21778 Day, Benjamin....--..--------------- 21937 
Life-Savine Service, U.S. -s.--<.--.-. 91862 Dechent, William F.........<.....-.. 20844 
Meatlt Ghanlesisse seep ten sek ee 21092 ID} EMI L TEL Soddedessesacee ss onnuesos 21015 
Merrill, George P ........-.---..---.- 20870 | Diehl, Mrs. Anna Randall..........-- 20964 
MpiieneAlion Bi -o22o. 0c. ee, oo pide | aaDwielit, We Bo. -e eee eeme ener. 21903 
- Parker, Charles Walcott .........---- 21653 | Eastman Dry Plate and Film Com- 
BrordtexOniopl sess cesne eos ce tes as 22019 | PONY — <0 ene. eee weenie c= =pp === 21099 
Phillips; E. Hverett ----....--2.-.--.. 2)778 Falconer, J. M -.----.-------.--<-- 20837, 21062 
PottersRovadilieccste aatses eee cece 21855 Menton) Herschel, 322. /s22ahoeeeso- ees 21866 
evn olds ehh Mer ssn eaeee ass ree a. 22012 | Histon, Allbettste-ccssse=ceemeeeeas 21761 
Rossy Charles ieee see cine emer 21442 Minitsehy Hs Ge = ees cere eeee C 20862 
Smith Oro Mice ses cscs eee 21510 | Fritzsche Brothers) ~.-=s-e-suesceene © 21566 
Smith wWamesehress-teeee rete see ese 21489 Geological Survey, U.S. -..--.-.-- 21475, 21876 
Stevens, Richard F' ...2..2-...--:-- 20850 | Gurdon sSiJi theese sae eee 21800 
Stone, Mrs. E.J ..--...-- Tior tate ee. 21070 |  Greey, Edward ....<.---20---2s-=s--- 21176 
Wanans: Miss Bi; @s-s-6 2 ascescanteae 21299 Hahn; Georrverh erecsecereeceeaeae =e 21010 
Veates, Wis toe-mesee 22016. 22017, 22022, 22023 Haight & Dudley <<-....-.--. Koscahoss 21805 


> 


re ae oe: Ss eK —— oa 
See Se agit” : 
2 


Accession 
pumber. 


New York—Continued. 
eat eametnes 21171, 21826 


Hakes, William A 


INDEX BY LOCALITIES. 


Harper & Brothers ..:......--.--. 21091, 21150 | 
sienna MAS coc seendeccad coeco cosas 21741 
omn HONE y soso. occ os ous sec eisoeys 21770 | 
[Biaieceil WOM Dee eae’ 6 aS sosodcr 21788, 21845 | 
lst GeorgrerD se. cen sexs aaa 21100 
Leite saree) ee eene es aeons 21738 | 
DIG Aelia 1 OV est Sa) einen ceaceeaacbee ce 21492 
John, Stephenson & Co ....-...-..--- 20968 
{Rend Beene sons scabonopeses 22135 
ISO Seed od ean ce sesboeeos aac 21703 
Keppel, Frederick & Co....-..--.---- 21709 
Ketterlinus Printing Honse .----. 21122, 21996 
etitelas Waser 2 -ceacs =~ sci ssonin 21626 
TRG GG Aig Ree caper caeeeeoeacescr 20958 
RaMINTe ks VOM Gsm ne ia ols plein ele ear 21443 
Kale loner Cheese siscs cme os asia ae 21013 
Renoedleriés ©Osecse c= san eee sonce es elie 
RSTINIZ GOOLE Oelinee see ies sesame l= 21274, 21409 
Rentz eWieaesceoskes 2: 20930, 21024, 21472, 21547 | 
Lawrence, Walter U ....... -.--..--. 22008 
WS MmIS MOM ASE clas deciliter see nee 22010 
Shannan (Crd es 2258 eae SSS Seosdase 21970 
MMA C ahiging IEG a7 5 commer ooDeao ne saoeae 21766 
NiallonepMInss Hi. Wisse e mero oteiialsemtain 21227 
Rheyn) IRN yeaa seaconbesenbestons 22028 
INCOM WE ee See oe eS eeenosoone 21201, 


21305, 21665, 21677, 21804, 22163 
MERON, Hr onaues jer cose esece ae ee LULL 22074 
Merrill, George P ..--...--.21216, 21232, 21287 


827 


Accession 
number. 
| New YorK—Continued. 
\Wikidih 8h. aon eeanropsoncosoncons 21374, 21658 
Warren iGharles WW. <osses=cleisecieeeice 22073 
Wisiters)(G.eOnGe Eee see aeet seat see 21979 
Wheeler. Charles L: Rie.. so... - 22s 21171 
\Widelhoene Jods Sse aeoceiasesceudace 21005 
Wilcox Ose p haere e-se>eneeeeee eee 21363 
Williams Aluminum Company...--- - 21698 
Williams; Dr: George, HL. --=.--2---.--- 21697 
Woolsey, Charles Ty - =.):..2.2Suckeneee 21764 
Wionthineton Wie Wises ats e eee cee 21205 
Wunderlich, H. & Co.... ... 21012, 21708, 21981 
BYE CALOS ON Wi cetacean ale sietnic ane 22009, 22011, 22034 
BVO UNS SU AGT Ome etista sean isee ere eerae 22013 
NORTH CAROLINA: 
istine) es}; Ooisieoee poococeDsuonsoolec 21151, 22070 
Bowman WS Atssssetee eis eieleiiee = simeicteleys 20913 
Jey eK ets LAB Ase Soe one apupseaconnas 21250 
Brimbkey, H. H.and C.S......-- soadsbe 21691 
BRUNO, LRG =a easiectee cies eee 22027 
Bureau of Ethnology........-..-..---. 21819 
iDpea iN ligl Os Ase ooctedccsandodcpecde 22042 
GreelweAt Wieser see sole aoe areata 21058 
Geeen River Zircon Mining Company 22032 
Hartshorn: (Charles Hessscs-ss-sene- se 21942 
Haywood, Howard s.s2sc0-22s2- scan =( 21512 
JOLdan weroOleD AViGs sy ceases eee seen 21285 
Reslorv Gs W ecistcee ne ratee Ss pee ante 22021 
Life-Saving Service (Treasury Depart- 
AN OM thapsoe yee Se ewe sessile Sale shame 21912 
Mio? GhanlesiHiee Secu. cos 21016 McCarthy, Gerald. .....-...-..------- 21724 
MRSS Wil a eae cre 22136 Merrill, George P..-...-..--. 21188, 21190, 21246 
National Museum, U.S ..-.-.--.----2 21107 eas le See awe a aS ane 
Nulting, August H., jr .........-.---: 21094 be ann Aes Tm tone 
GIG far aos ck se oie 21773 ROTO Ness Mein yin = tele aoe 22047 
: Rowe: Aw P:2 jos _Socicosassesisessssesee 22043 
ORG ty JED -sese Sosecscececcdencenos 20956 : = ‘ Fy 
BAe a Russell; Maryh as s-\cccseniease -re 21604 
Phillips, Phelps & Hovey........---- 22175 Schreiber Ww AH 29096 
Photogravure Company ......-...-.. 21026 se Led ape Ee ep iaatew FO oe | 2 
Biaiecanuteinie Compare aes eo 21028 Signal’ Service (War Department).--. 21058 
Power, Maurice J..-..--- FA ie t 5 21783 eRe hs Dodds 02 ear anr gamea sy es ae 
| OE TEST Re ee 91423 Spainhour, Dri Jey eo ees nes 21063, 21267 
Petive: Pauckrer’@ Coe 20835 Stephenson: di, AD) 2222s cee een 22020 
eGR itis Mace Sosy oes 21596 Swan Island Club, Norfolk, Va....... 21462 
Rowland, Thomas. -..........-0s-ce«- 20910 Tay Bi Se cei a RS aie aac 5 NS 
RSHOSES) HEUDEN 22. 2 sa asa aeons 21732 OS STEMS RG IR oso ioe Soka Ee 
Baranke Gols. ks Lege 21403 NACHE Nats) Sees boocee onscoe 22024, 22025, 22041 
_Scovill Manufacturing Company..... 21098 | Onto: 
PIECLY nO NMS ne aunt one 21716 Baldwin} Commelius:\-- sce se-ce <== 21896 
Shirlaw Walters. «s--6--2--4->scee= = 20836 Bell Carevicessscc8 se csgeceweee sees 20914 
SIGUA AGO teers ae tetic ates oye ncls 20892 Bethyl ran Geet trey tet hale mela 20951 
Smith, Sanderson, Dr ...:-..---..----- 20816 | BTOCE LEE Alice sei rals oreiceetsleters 21199 
Snow, Lieut. W. F...-.--------------- 21771 | CONYS 6 yan ten [eee a eceoeaer ane CEACoae mee 21361 
Somers. Brothers: . 8 ate. n2 see 21941 Girldisy la Wit ae oy asec aaa eee oe 21296 
Solway Process Company..-.-------- 22084 Cincinnati Society of Natural His- Z 
Standard Mineral Company..-.-..---- 20989 1) hts gpoP ODL Core aE eMS | ae moee Sane 21206 
Struthers, Joseph & Co.._.........-.. 20874 @umntiayGQeorce: Higa sosmean sone te 21897 
SGOVONBOD sd ee acl am cieaiemn rae amma 21954 Warye Olarlesy. = x-<h-=-stsceseccasane 21256 
Strong Locomotive Company..--..--. 21814 Biticin el rhe ee ce kare ol - oes eta cpaetrerse 21767 
EDA ATNY: So OOs= 0 2=imaidinna 21229, 21230, 21301 sae Cae Gre ie =a ras opie fa wim ie wi stseiote 21377 
BRAVO GTR NV Fas VWars cfti~ rome catom cima sian tee 21506 Torgirnill\) re 0) ae eke, Seema RE OS =e 21360 
MOTION) Wh -\Ole se des = ate stem an annie pe 22178 | FPesliny stots OUMN).acc0 <2 ets cele eee 21505 
WiRIIRCG, MOU se oclee wan ole eis'sase sis ae ein 21072 Gatewood, Dr. W. Emmet ...--.------ 21683 
Vel ATC Anes otra cise sp isla aca 21255 Galbraith and Leslie, Drs ..-.-....--.- 21358 


828 


Accession | 
number. 
Ouro—Continuea. ; 
Goode, Dr. G. Brown ......---- eeceeee 21551 | 
(Gomme, Wo Geshe dcdaoseccdodecces: 21476 | 
arris ys sose acer eee eee 21609 © 
Hope stlenbys Wareae tae tes = eee 21603 
Horanstlennyeeeoee see eee eee 21467 
Jellison, William G ....-.. Soto. aes 21772 | 
Goughman; Henry) S----rse-sesee- see 21376 | 
McGinnis, William H.........--.- 21212, 21240 
McLaughlin, Miss M. Lonise.... -- 21007, 21634 | 
Mason: CiScccassccnsetaceace sce cai 21239 
Meeks Sehintias ce mores eal eee es 21660 | 
MiSs eWalltamacnse. ce. aces. oes a 21357 | 
Mooney, Andrew----------------.--.- 22158 | 
Moorehead, Warren K .......--..--.- 21695 
INeGlsonHOMU cosa noceam ses seese Feee 21359 | 
Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio ....-.-. 21810 | 
IP POUCHES. IV - ona <tae'ssistesyccm- creer a 21428 | 
Shrock, Jacob Ms. <2. sscesec ess seseee 21356 
DOlp OM em aceaa aa aseee cela ste fe cce 21359 
Sterling “Dre ee ee alapees= alesse 20860 
Steuart CAA sss. oe Metr ce ceeucbyece elec 21769 | 
Streator Georee wie aessesh eae eee 21812 | 
Tuchfarper Co., The FP’. ...------- 21939, 22177 | 
Twachtinan, Mrs. M.S..-......-..---- 21020 | 
Wilson, Thomas .--... 21238, 21311, 21351, 21378 | 
Wolfe vNIe een ca Me AD oe ne 22121 
Wright, James ©. _-....-..-.--- =. 21794 | 
DREGON: | 
Carpenter, Capt. G.S...-.-...----.--. 20971 
HienSt a werbln Wiscisnmie cer eter eee 91552 | 
Stone wuiVIN SCOR sea eee all 20959 | 
PENNSYLVANIA : 
IAT EN LD SLD WP oossascassocsopeace 21760 
Baldwin Locomotive Works...--- 21068, 21597 
Hel AWallinmn: chess ace = ean eer ae - 20919 | 
TET Ora IOI) SoS) Ace eens ceoc dasa ane 21387 
iBnlack= Alexander -Wirasseeee- soe 21759 
Tbs Walley 18 © peso etensetosssese 21663 
Tae Wasa nines Se conse sep eennnseonceeion 22044 
Brown, Arthur E. (Zodlogical Society 
of Philadelphia) --.....--. 20937, 21209, 21278 
Beecher ve LotaGs acess cette anciesesse 22031 
Bureau of Ethnology-...---..-..-.--- 21817 
(base Wins Midler m ama neer eee 21922 
Clements, Miss Gabrielle D.......-.. 21022 
Crosscup & West..---- paneer seeaals 21027 
IDE ORDA AS Sosececosada sess zessco 21733 
Dillage, Miss Blanche..-......-...... 21017 
Monaldsons-Lhomas- =) eae] eas cece oe 21049 
HOSE eCOdOLe Oeeeenenes cere ro-er 21774 
English, George lL. & Co.----...--.-- 22099 
Evans, John A-....-.-...... aC ROSaAGE 21921 
Hoole eA esses taon seat ae 21592 
Hiryer Gere elon. an ssaeseieee-a 1008 1 
GebbiencaCOseeee == see e= senses weceee 21899 | 
Gubson: Ha Warten eens oc cee eens 21168 | 
Gretton, F.T.and T.J............ 21487, 21714 | 
Gutekunst, FY. .25--..----2-------- 21025, 21482 | 
Haig; George W <:-O8b-----------.--- 21100 
Hardenvhi iss eeeerese eee aaa near 20879 
Hitchcock (Rico eee ee 22140 
Ives, Frederic E .........--. 21484, 21713, 21940 | 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Accession — 


number. 


| PENNSYLVANIA--Continued. 


Johnson Steel Street Rail Company, 


Johnstown, Pennsylvania ......-.-. 21337 
J Ones, Lo Get yi eo seen ee ae he nee 21503 
McGinnis, William H...--..-..-.--.. 21212 
Mernill, George Po-2-.--2--2os-- 21186, 21189, 


; 


21191, 21192, 21193, 21808 © 


Middleton; Jiames Da s2-ee- se sseeeae 21171 
Millspiaoh Drs a: secensce eee 20907 
Michlow, Georeer---------=2-2es-ea= 21756 
Myer sTsnac cscs. ses ects coer eee 20849 
Pennsylvania RailroadCompany ..-. 20834, 
20864, 21079 
Pennypacker, CoH. jes scesa.sceeeeeee 21031 
Pilsbry;He A’. ee.2 sees sce ee cee 21520, 22038 
Pintird shaLescsoeere cleo. aeeeeeee 21059 
Pittsburgh Reduction Company...... 21969 
PrindlewAS eee eeeeeesee be beasenees 22164 
Rang ED sass see see eee meee 21331, 21935 
Richie Brothers: so---ssessee se eeee lols 
Sallam OMe serve aes 21011, 21463, 22113 
SchatintwhaM a cnacmscmeesieee cece eee 21095 
SpeclWEreds ecmact ee see eee 21204 
Sulzberger) Dawidine.ccsseen se aeseee 22131 
Taylor WalliameVies cee weenles 20986 
Thompson, Matthews...-...--..----- 21765 
Varnhorn, Henry --ese. ses cee ees 21755 
Wren Dri bale ctmee eee eeeee 21395, 22151 
Wiohl Henny 2 - asf seeenie == See eee 20955 
NWihartonad(OSCphuccscas eee eee eeeeee 21642 
Wihtip ple. Cita: ee ete = ee neers 21456 
Walliamsom He Wisssecesc ces seceue 20895, 21495 
Wralson; “CHOMBS) taccec Soe aceon eee 21087 
RHODE ISLAND: 
Bailes, (Wie Wwotce sens ccescsaceeeeese 21715 
Carr, Silasses ste etsceeece ose aeeeee 22075, 22114 
Goleman Samuel seanaa as cee eae eee te 21018 
Dhivis ess esses aseiie eGseane SEP e 55 = AZHIG 
Francis; Miss Mis sss -s2 2 ee area eee 21102 
Goodrich, (CsBs. 2222 cesta eee 20990 
Tewis, George Ayes. scien seen 21053, 21910 
Macomber, Peleg. 925-3. S22sassce se 21320, 21519 
Mernill) George Pecan aceee ee eee ae 20847 
Mitchell; h.dbive. et ewecles meee eee 21779 
Nive Wyalllamcd say neeeese = eee ane 21504 
Peckham; Prof.S\-Be-e.2- esse Sees 22176 
Prentiss Bike kee es eo eee 21160 
Rhode Island Domestic Society ..---- 20906 
Southwick, din Mieco. Joncas veut et 20845, 22138 
SOUTH CAROLINA: _ 
aiiieimy CAO once sAdacadsed soso 1 nese 21301 
Wicty nes Aunt hing tesa see eee aen eee 21635 
‘TENNESSEE : 
| Brow Canppelleee ee sesseesaeeeee 21424 
Dreher Wry eaeas- case a ee eeeee eee 22057 
Fish Commission; W.'S2---2----2---=-- 21835 
Mason, Carrington... -2sossissee= 20942 
Middleton, R. Morton ......--........ 20936 
OldhamiAMSrsetee vena ee ease 20935 
Thruston, General G: P:.-3---.2-. 21171, 21829 
Veatman hi. Hosen aac eer 22104 
Younglove, JohnE...-........---.--- 21402 


INDEX BY LOCALITIES. 829 
; Accession | Accession 
‘ number | number. 
‘TEXas: ViIRGINIA—Continued. 
PATS ew ada Gaictes = site oeccacacanes 21967, 22124 | Rand olphyN Vie. ga-ce eon ccmenee eee. 20922 
Field and Greenwood....---.--.- 21401, 21595, | Reid vines sees eer BED Gee RA 21973, 22036 
21870, 22082, 22161 ReynoldssOrswe heeoseee see Sse ceee 21546 
Greenwood Esa. 22-25. sccsn cc s-cees 21852 RIC Away RODCRbsa sedans anaes ace eee 21041 
Hasbrouck bw Nicest. eects ses 21122 | Robinson Waieut. Wairt--o.- so tee ee 21662 
Menniam rs Ci Hartiensas-sceee = 21965 Ryland pRevVAniese= eee ase eee eee 21051 
Reese ale Gath aceasta =e 20909, 21234, 21949 Shutt, Col. George W --.-. ..21224, 21647, 21971, 
WROGSRIOTAAL elo scar. co no haces Roecase 21926 22049, 22067, 22085, 22139 
Romeyn, Capt. Henry.--...-..-... 21931, 22050 | Smita y Dy) Hop hee cee ee eee 21084 
Stanford, Hon. Leland.---..-...-...--. 22045 Splezety Argh Aes see seen eeee 20944 
Steayitiond \Wibeninne = S88 se aamepcocpo nse 21181 Steyner ers Dr lae oe sees. seer 21857 
Taped Des B18 Sees Spee caceecnpues 21174 Sutton, Miss Georgie. ................ 21445 
Milford’ Hedic- oecs-cee eestor eenee 21077 WIUZ CR Vers Via ce eee ae 22119 
AVOITEG Ean Atta met. scrncisiceine mineiaeloee 21408 Taylor), Lhomas).< is... ocas-ce aces 21842 
ian: olson“ Thomas =a ssc eee ee scene 20880 
F | Wbers;CyMdcarsaaqssap osesee seaeee, 21303 
Geological Survey, U. S.....2...---++ 21753 | Sele aegis po eOrz ane 
pee pe WValentine-B:-P secs se cc ee eee 21486 
leliabintes Creo ss6edncaseenceopoedcs 21751 i 
: = Wake fie] asi Mit Mires arnier eters eeee 21268 
allebrand Draw thi- casa. -seeceer 21502 Pig wae | th see 
: Ress Walcott, CaWisss-sa-eeereeccee eos 21957 
Moenuiamy Dr ©. atbes acme) sss oacncwe 21325 Way NS 21568 
Pearce Richatie. cen. sucks osecieiseisse 21526 | W: Y pense acs aaa a ig Sc pa no ee 
Wallace Hugh C Badas | yA Oe Bie) 8b fe. Sot oS Shemona ees 21395 
ae ete Siaoec| Webb idobmSreutensssoh ase eae 21235 
Yarrow, Dr. H.C.....-. .----.-------- aoe Wihittum; George Bi-~:2 2-2-2 -e scence 21602 
VERMONT: Wilson;Phomass.s52-soseceen co eee 21355 
Geological SOULVOY Ue Satseste=tacale —— “Bis | PAS TINCOROae 
Boni ll GCOrg OTE i= Jae cmerie sia anno or | Geological Survey, U.S.-.-.. ....--. 21152 
Perkins, Prof. G. H.......---++------ A Ue Koenig. Godfrey s-s2e-2 sence ee 22061, 22127 
Seely, Prof. H. M..... OE ICO SC ICORI OOO 21716 Swan) JamesiG.i-2-2s5.c05 oe oe eee 21739 
VIRGINIA: i - WEsT VIRGINIA: 
JMG Ga bats Gee Gaemngsnaaegeuds cosnpe 21362 
SOMO A WiltLEANN mi steilsleseae ee ae ia 21885 Scien aie Mrs. Dr. ...-2---22-2-22 Bee 
Reader Volume oat ee 21757 | BN ees ae 2 sags goer enc aera ee 
; Ee eat Dean, Miss Mary Owen...... ... S03 21517 
Brown, Maurice) Me -.o.. oo .-0-- 05. - 22051 Fairchild. Ashbol ora Bs 
CTL ETL a eee 1 lhc he : : 
TTT) Gen eee oe 21364, 21372 DEG Ey RS A Nae ae aces tocoe Paes ey 
= Z Hough, Walter..-.-.-.... se ceewales 21439, 21459 
Garter George) Wice-csci cs amelteea since 21466 aie i 
; z Krieger Wiis. ase maar Gee aceite sent 21470 
WOIGURO Ac deat me ecs cele a aetna 20981 : = 
: . Thewis, WE sana. HL benO GeOmabeonssar 20873 
Oi 196 bya GecSeponcacusmecotecsess 21064 Mille®. Alex. MeVeich 91038, 9 
Fish Commission, U. S.....-......--- - 21480 Ry dng Mae mes oe oftee, 2toee 
ats Ts, pa Morgan rn Hone cen pacer ecrnneoe 20945 
TOLEST ER ed tel) 870 pe Se es eae See 22132 ee 
: Nemeeyel BM Ge! ss eo cemoeeee 21211 
(Ce linidis et Weespoogsaeccosconosceccr dase 25929 ee 
5 : = a Protzman, Miss Emma...... wae eee 21133 
Geological Survey, U.S..............-. 21629 | : 
; ; } ShutieColiGeorge: Wiessss-scse see ose 21630 
a oD eran Wacom ciesie ce cia eeciecine= mere 21171 a 
: = Want Donan Wiibeensen nace eas 21416 
Harmon, H.C ..--...-.--------------- 21537 Whaiter, Edward P 212993 
Henshaw He Wisses cele oot soe amen nee 21993 | See ay eT nD acs Tee 
roward, HINestis smc. cele cacines se 21901 | WISCONSIN: 
Huffman, John......-.---..------.--. 21491 | Bureau of Ethnology................. 21818 
Hunter, Alexander Lot hop cust oc cone’ 21203 | Eggers, H.-.---.----- jt eee 21974 
Hunter, William wee wee wee eenee 21920, aes Fowke, Gerard ...... bine SOE Senate 21171 
McLane, William R........---------- 22115 amilton she eee acne a eee 21171, 21823 
iar On NOM AB yal) ai- a) - a'a aici /o1 ale aia = 21858 Hoy Dre eR os ee |. ..22167, 21719 
Mason, len Hf Od bese teeter e ene eee ee 21208 | Phillips, Bi ara ete eee ape By 920875 
Miller, J.S...-+- +--+ ++ -+--+++--+-2+-- 20881 Public Museum of Milwaukee. ..---. 21909 
NOURISHES DB oe. snaciaccide scam ea seek 21974 
Miva. Willard) jr 2s.222- se sac eter o-c 21504 | WYOMING: 
LEP RETy aa MUES  e einens eee em Ge te ee 21280 | Cody Hons We Boo. 2... eer 21307 
Parsons, Misses Grace and Maud ... 21384 (OMS ofc 3 4G) oa OR 0 eee eae sce 21881 
Lp psy OG Als) See seer ae Shoo e sec 21335 Geological Survey, U.S ...-- Re rone 21452 
Penn) he Hayden jac <. <ean- eae ser 21847 © CrVANTOVsSHEDILO) xc 22 oteetise sae au Sane cena 21507 


EGWOr OV {Das siescscerscesseresa es oL(gO Miernian Dr. Cy Hart: s.2-.cuec.een see 21325 


OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


29 <DA)IPD 
830 REPORT 
WEST INDIES. ; 
Accession Accession 
nam ber number. 

IA damat Cal. cn se ssee cee oat ere eseeee 22098 | BAHAMA ISLANDS: 

AMUTGWS, tll a= cecGe once oat ae cee hese 21991 Jennings, “Allan EL 2522s toners 214355 

@araccioloSbetessc ne ee ee eee ee 21659 2 i 

Gary. Chale Ie ee sare t ek ee meee 21460 | CUBA: 

ish Commission Wesieas--eeseee eens 21369 State, Departmentof .....-....-..--. 21421 

GuesdeoTs.c se ne tence scncswecle eee hier 21210 3 

Slocum, Capt. Joshua ......-..--..--.---- 21594 | TRINIDAD: 

Streator Georges) -s-.c-- o2s5 =o 21812 Academy of Natural Sciences. .....-.. 22155 } 

WIGS) GIs Come poreeaanbeceacaceocssacess 21399 Royal Botanie’ Garden 2-2 ~.).--ceecn. 21986 

SOUTH AMERICA. 

IBaGrows; Wire woe soccer ise eieieicia 21385 | Brazitc—Continued. { 

CallsHunsWalkinsonzeecsessscesesces of oe 21694 Sturtzs Becta a. oo case eee ee 21488 

OhatardeDrs Pobre csc conc" eo cccceee sce 21153 | Townsend) Cuba S222 -2occ cae 21678 

(CHARIS, AWD) cocposendocdscadocsenoSsbgore 22107 | Gyiut: | 

Lee, JOSE) Stacoesbendconessueooese OTe 21468 Morgan, HonswOhnm 252-2 50--- ee 21661 

Lee, William.....-.--.--.-------- ----+-- BO jam h ec oaileenie: 

MN ciexap Dt COLE Olas cer se rea eee DOSI hn Si eee AES ye aU y 

ieee . = ish Commission, WsS/2e- 9s. asacee 21699 

Museum of Comparative Zoology. Cam- 

Bridge, Mass) Ae 8 ances ene ea 21228 | PANaMa: : 

Pow elieay Wwe cack sete eects 21454 | Academy of Natural Seiences..-..--. 22155 9 

‘Smith Eoarb bard is... 2.25. 5. SPs Ee Bay 21997 | Peru : 

Zoological Society of Philadelphia.....--. 21278 | Army Medical Museum......-.-..... 21995 — 

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC: Beckwith; Paul... 35. scion esiomanaeeesis 22173 
State, Department of .-....--.......- 21726 Cutis; ows se peeeaco eee eens 21825 

BRAZIL: Buri b wisG, pa... aee eee 211715 
Drenemte Me cuvelard yao meme eo ee 20908 | URUGUAY: | 
Lee, Messrs. L. A., and Thomas, and | Brooks Phomastnr aseccenee eee sere 21608 — 

GRHERowisendeer esses ce = eles cer 21678 | VENEZUELA: 
Museo Nacional, Brazil..-..-..- 20900 | (Ano Gl Gt Wa semantic eee ese 21743 
RAGIN MMs Chard. saree rae oe ate 21352 | ConbywbimstiOw-esss aacs-eaae aero 22169 
State, Department of .-......:....--. 21782 | State, Department of........-...----- 21244 
ASIA. 
Newman, Rev. J. P-...-..-- leadaczelents 21043 J APAN—Continued. 

CEYLON : He a Grcoy, Edward o.0. 2.) teen ame 20852, 21176 
Boston Society of Natural History... 21545 | Henson Harcy Vises ee 21037 
Hitchcock, R...----.---------------#. 21689 irayamay at Oc aaentee setae eee ee 21645 

CHINA : Hitchcock, R......--.21613, 21631, 21633, 21640 
Ashford, E. W ..-...-----+-------+--- 21740 21646, 21649, 21667, 21963 
Chang, Yen Hoon...--.-.----..--. 21844, 21964 | Gun a Gaya Vall rae eee neta 21326 
UO gee 21069, 21264 Jouy, P.L 21039, 21264, 23290, 21559, 21841, 21859 
Rice, Hon. WA am “ace see aso. Sosy. 21298 | Kunz, George Tian. ee re neat ee 91275 
Rockhill; Mrs: W. W..----..--8---.21317, 21318 Rice Hon Wallianels ssa 21298 
RO CMMI Wie Woaroncee tse see 21260, 21261 Rinne ee en oe ee ee eo 21067 

INDIA; Shuciowseieromitheses-s-e-seceseeee 21737 
Indian Museum, Caleutta, India... --- 21283 | RT BHT Oi See os ew oe cas ee 21299 
Royal Botanical Garden, Seebpore, | Tokyo Library and Tokyo Muse- 

India ..----.----+-+--+++-+---++--+-- 21220 | Tc adc. cc oe eee eee eee 21586, 21961 
SCOLLH MING py Wiese aes oe cc slots wietsicn 21700, 22110 Wertheimber, L., & Co.-......--.---- 91124 
JAPAN: 
| KOREA: 
Baker, Colgate...... epieiesisient hese eee 21675 | ; TouvsPal 21859 
BernadouKonBesssecees = aco e eee ee 21599 | Oe eeanee ase hear GP eo A AB e a i 
English, George L., & Co. ....-..-.--: 21853 | SYRIA: 
First Japanese Trading Company .21170, 21178 Boni sie Coneteeisse eee se aeeseeetiae 21332 
HUROPE. 

AUSTRIA « DENMARK: 

Boehmer, George H -.. .....-.-.- 21121, 21692 Rasch, Dr. and JensenC....-..------. _ 21585 


Vienna, Imperial Royal Natural dis- 
tory Museum of (through Dr. Aris- 
tides Brezina) 

Tschusi zu Schmidboffen, Victor Rit- 
HOD VO Nercegaa sado0ao soksasoussE0on 


emo et aGpase Ss 21257, 21524 | 


| 


Zoblogical Museum of Copenhagen.. 21065 
| FRANCE: 

Hehaurrens ran scoen-ae.ccucs cee es 21917 

Heil brosmer, Raouwl<< 323. soe eee eee 21295 

sR croix Al =, ee eMeesse pejet ce he tceeee Ree 


oe tal ae i 


INDEX BY LOCALITIES 831 
Aceession | Accession 
number. number. 
FranceE—Continned. | TTaLy: 
Musée d’Histoire Naturello.......-.. 20872 | Beckwith; Paull -s.-2):---- SHeoaeeenee 21259 
Musée de St. Gormain....5....2..---. 20923 ERS Ny. Wee ae a te ae Soe 21624, 22117 
ROS OLGS WE mi Rupee ysis Sera eee ets ate 21386 | Boehmer; Gui o255-. noses ce sere ee 22128 
State, Department of-...---...-----.- 21911 | Phelps, Rear-Admiral T.S .....-...- 21875 
Wie ISOn HOM ast ects. aici =s 21061, 21832 Royal Zodlogical Museum, Florence.. 21620 
GERMANY: | Seuna, Angelo. Jo Reena Oe petee recon mL OLo 
IBOMNEMAN ds Gsesomete see cca eee 21869 Zoblogieal Museum, F igranee: Italy.. 21620 
j 2 Dy, . > sta j 
Ettingshausen, Prof. Dr, Constantin MOREA? 
MON scant s ncec cas coos adetabew -eemet 21434 | 
Hieron ewe seer. | een ee erer ae 2066 | Cammermeyer, Albert) 22-2. ---e--4-= 20887 
DiswShleana eee De eee te 21626 | Christiana University.----------.--=- 21687 
AGigi hore Gs jraeise te oes hee nee ae 21050 Collett aerot. Robert) oot omece aaa cae 20916 
TESPTITSLT Boel 0 pee aa eye eer ee 21935 | Williams, Dr. George H .-.---.-=- 21571, 21697 
TPH. Dyed ae ee ee Ce i oe 2145 Zoloogical Museum, Christiaina .-.--. 20916 
Royal Musenm, Berlin .--.-...---.--- 21353 | PORTUGAL: 
Tavera, Chevalier Schmit von.....--. 21269 | Geological commission of Portugal.. 21855 
GREAT BRITAIN: Te 
British Miseumic.. -ac2 ss. scons ce 21522 Se et Se 
Burger, Peterkin Ree are aera 91535 Stu rtz, 1 a ESE OC eAG Tain cic ODED 21188 
GERTGR MEM Wes Sen cisi samocie eee emesn 21575 | RouMANIA: 
Gecprards Hawarde 2-225 —ssces oc cisil= = 22071 Montandon Ac jueccoseccessee a aeeee 21846 
a ore | 
Goodehild, ee pect nesisenaduccpoccecne ato | saute 
Gregory, a Re oes eee eee ee creer eee 22040 | Beckwath. Paulececes,-2s-> seo 21259 
Harman, ht. V..... CSCS ESE eRe 20984 Museum of Natural History, T Mis: 2 721927 
WAUEIO PED OMAS- =o. ac% mes eee see e- 21892) | Depend ake 
London and Northwestern Railway |; PCOREAND:: 
Company 21373 | lderssohn, ven Commas sees eee 21004 
NOEs AEC Ree Geese Pe 2137: ay sat a rc 
Mowot i Ediwardseses. ee ee ee 21292, 22105 ae ae a ee ieee uc cecal See 
Royal Gardens, Kew, England...... 20488 | roy er Sas gee ge aa aera. Fase 
: Thomson, James and George.......-. 21327 
State, Department of........-.....4--. 21420 | Willi Dr.G H 91571 
: ams; rsG-corce He sac. -ee aces 2 
StrmofellowselWsdi- sosnscce secs oe ee ee 21806 | cee ores : 
\Wialcotts@harles: Discs. s-8e.s- 21904, 21916 | SWEDEN: 
Wiel ale nV see faeces 21157 | TINA SinOM WT Gree cee eee sees eee 21650 
Welch Josephs <2 -ss. eens sees nec 22000 | SWITZERLAND : 
WITS AG tistaas). catake ccs asecets 21656 | Masson: MisseR tcc. 25th esiceeeees- 21688 
Wovdwardian Museum, The ........ 21654 Musée d’Ethnologie, Geneva..--. .-. 21577 
NViOrib SRvON <sconcsecacaeesciceisaes 21297 | Ticer Lon Waillvany AN seem seein 2 21298 
HIOLLAND:: | TURKEY: 
BOK OLery Dinas ine bose se cece cone 22005 IAN ATE WAT ROM PAG IN ease meee ie seers 21666 
OCEANICA. 
AUSTRALASIA, 
AUSTRALIA: | NEW ZEALAND: 
Australian Museum, Sydney, Aus ANOKA n Cd SMiits6 ih: sos sepia ees eee 21169 
Genes otatetraciatars ae cai sataemiais eee erect 21651 | Canterbury Maseumiecec sac ecm 21207 
Miiller, Baron Ferd. VON ssese eee Ss 21539 Otago University Museum......----- 21074 
SSA CO G1 eR eet ecm pe aneCB a saaocee 21538 Maloy rolrs WViswwactes eee saseaanys 18642 
IER bid oii Ges aShey he ee a Dae bo 20918 
State, Department of...........-..--. 213409 
MALAYSIA. 
BORNEO: 
PANG ANB e Oo Myasia aie wal seare ict iene orcas 21509 | 
POLYNESIA, 
ANOTEWAWollares.tstes-seeeee se ..--. 21991 | SAnpwicit IsLANDs—Continuea. 
SAMOA: HAGILSN PN MeT A ou Vico eee eel as sr 21143 
State, Department of......-....-.-... - 21636 Preston pl see ce ee ee a cee ee 21704 
SANDWICH ISLANDS: Thorn,-E. 1 ena «ee cnpenaarpe 21315 
Knudsen, Valdemar... 22. d¢ss06.<00 << 21655 


AP te Arne “ i 
: ¥ 1 Like: ies ee eA caiepne' : : 
ee ea Bi Pen 
Aa EAS gid © : 


vay 
aoe 


ee ie fe Ds 


cae fer! Arete a 7 
Se Sa el 
; te 
gs ie ¥ 
ay at ‘. Coes 


> = 


INDEX B. 


BY DEPARTMENTS IN THE NATIONAL 


MUSEUM. 


DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND INDUSTRIES. 


Accession | 
number. 
Abbott, W.H...... teats afore eels eyes aisle 21621 
Alaska Commercial Company...--..-.--. 21119 
American Society of Civil Engineers-..-. 21607 
American Society of Mechanical Engi- 

MACHT neene aoson oe obocebecteacoesSsne. see 21637 
Ammen, Rear-Admiral Daniel..........-. 22087 
Ancient and Honorable Artillery Com- 

ME, IBC NS 53555 Se do55 sS5cen sons 21534 
PATONG WS) Er. Hla. 2<5;0c 52-5) isaain0 Sito asic 21991 
PANSIPLOW CoH Wasinos ce: comin art ts ce else Jetale 21740 
PATOL: Silks -c2cn2=.< 2222-21009, 21265, 21447, 21925 
Atvars: BonjamioD).,J0is <= cise cnn nie 1 21760 
Baird, Miss is Wad= cog DcOc tO o-BO an SeSenG 20949 
Tibor a" Oc Re ei Aeron 20948 
Baker, Coigate Seapets iatle eee iaciaciate 21675 
Baldwin & Gleason Company.....---.--. 22064 
Baldwin Locomotive Works .-....-.--. 21068, 21597 
SVE EG Dae ae es Sea ae ea 21090 
FEVaTUN SNC Sm VV ALL ce Nie aaemminrselecis a -eeicte= 21669 
BeanmMonthcl.hiic = 2-== nos taeesaece eee 21139 


Beckwith, Paul .-..-21083, 2 D111, 21127, 21163, 21214. 


21259, 21321, 21322, 21413, 22120 


TERE NUNC teem espe Oeeaeoe eo BOGOR CE ace 20919 
Berlin, Royal Museum of.......---..----- 21353 
ema Gee 2-2 pee sans eee 20951 
Bick Alexander W 2222. cacasceas- sees 21759 
obbetts Wialter: <2 <0 ciec0- since ones oe 21548 
TERNS ye Att) eee Cope moe ccinaces 20992 
Boehmer, George H............. 21121, 21692, 22128 
Boston Bridge Works.-..... SS Se ae ae 21279 
Boston Photogravure Company......---- 20883 
Boussod, Valadon & Co ..2..eccecsnccecs 20999 
ben eld eet enaea ore DOSE OOee Aas 21328, 21663 
BT ACKOLG: HOC Ss was aiejsicccwleyecs isis le cide Sows 21809 
NSEAO Te chOMMs. tans cee anat oc piscsdeenetino 21757 
SEA OU, Ave annem cant wsjssacicoys ¢aictac/aass 22044 
REGOR \COl, Ave «ction te nsiewciomie ch wees 21807 
POCO, AW te cienpcinie sa c.stajaatse doa(aiae 21199, 
BrOOKS. LE HOMAS Ei. os” 27. wore hasten sisiten ee 21608 
Brown, Miss H. Louisa............... «21578, 21805 
SES 1G Os ls i OE 21329, 21681 
Buhring, Wired seer a cicssaattecaa cca eens 21938 
SIS ONMEM Foes os alet sem esc <Sonts 21775 
IBNSsON, Gres OC YTUS soc ns nsk oem cule es 22142 
PeOLPOR VV MLN =o aes cee sea siete 21776 
Cameron, Gen. John .......-.--- 20950, 21226, 21414 
Cammermoyer, Albert. .....-0.5066 von-== 20887 
Cassell o Co....... anne te ald oan aeeomerets 21928 
Century Company, The .....-...-...-..-. 21006 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2 


Accession 
number. 
ChandlersProfitsk see es occeee ses ester 20866 
Cheney, wirs dednah Disses ssse-eeneseae 21556 
Clements, Miss Gabrielle D............-- 21022 
Cleveland) Hon. Grover -...25:---2--0--=< 21722 
Coast and Geodetic Survey, U.S. (Treas- 

ury Department). -.---- noid nielea eae Stee 21066 
CollinyMimiesVieuv.ev Ale 4-2 enn seeeeee 21172 
Colman’ Samuel ss.cas- 525 csce Scene ete.» 2018 
Gasetn, AS Dias wes cocewsccsascseees sees 20898 
CoxMrssithomas' Gs 2 asasean eee oe 21367 
@rosseupr dsp Westie: =. cl-cea--e eee 21027 
Dana, William J - oh Geeh hese see een USO 
Davidson, Mrs. Gite B adpatd Sigs alelelavetaiots eles 22123 
Daisy ttn occls.cc ee os eee ee eeee 21162. 
Day Senyaonins as cn aocces scat tone eae 21937 
Hechent; Walliam-Hs cs. .cg sate soe ene 20844 
Deaspad Elwes scree see. a also ow cise eee ates 21015 
Diehl MrssAnna sandal Sees osteo oe 20964 
DillayeyMiss Blanche 22-225 a. essere 21017 
Dillon) My Avs. 25253 Sec deee ce eeb erect 20967 
DishbrOwAnomea csc snc seeee Ot scee aves 20982 
Donaldson VwnOmas sss eecss eee see eee re LOLo 
Dost: Bheod oreiOy. sas-c:- see see seseeceeae 21774 
Douplass;Mirs:.-Amna db. 23. ee anee 21590 
Makin Dreier sees ae see cece mace see 21767 
Eastman Dry Plate and Film Company.. 21099 
Echanxrren ran cisco. s---eeeecee neces 21917 
MINS tem sOaMUWels sek eess, ea sesseras skeen 22035 
BMidertdohneds Coss a5 ae aoc ece es eelacee 21004 
MI CODET kde Maya sacteeaetela- aoe aaa. 21062, 20837 
Menton Herscelrel- seas anecesssmeceaes celee 21866 
First Japanese Trading Company....... 21178 
Hishs Charlesshe ss ccs t ae access 22137 
Bish’ Commission; U) Sie 2... eee oe cone 21699 
WMiston, MeAlbertidsccaecn-casttecoee eae 21761 
Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Com- 

WENN Besos ocneaocoecacebokoo baCOnnC Bondo. vANelei 
Orbos whee eat wee cs a'simiseniale iclalcci oe = 20905 
MOV MOR Gu seen isnt seep are salaeissaweelece aes 22066 

| Francis, Miss M.-.-... Ben ea tas Te ore 21102 
Frelinghuysen Lancers’ Association. --. - 21854 
Hinit7Scvensroulerseacaces seco ct cce vei ie.- 21566 
NTN as (erephaeare seteete teiaaay te sec \ se saimeinceiaton= 21750 
CLAN OI Or sccese cee eset sles scan wieteee 21485 
Gates Wiss sscicee sae Pe Se eae 21575 
(Oni ie NAO) eee beep Eee acee OU COnOEODSOe 21412 
GSN Out Ors Wile satste Satciceaalciseine aawsce me 21138 
GO UDIOVes CO a sass c-c laldeiciewcl-onloainaia ae 21899 
Gerchnell Mires Walaa ce te carcceme toeele 21021 


854 


DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND INDUSTRIES—Continued. 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Accession | 

number. | 
(Garant, We IDES 5 (On Conpooconoenoonsodooas 20890 
Gleaves Albert) setiecetse a cece ceeeeeicee 20896 
Goode, Dr. G. Brown ..... 21106, 21125, 21149, 21551, 
21994, 22090 
Goodrich |GoRY oasis saeco. ceeoaeeoeeae 20990 
Gordon Sidi:ctcen sac coe eceeeste oaeectiace 21800 
Granger Mient.samuclcener-seeeepeees=anee US 
Gresy;, Ha ward. 2c2..cscses sense 22 Sees 21176 
Grinnell! Willian sean. eechen ce eeeee = 21420 
Gutbekun sty cca otesocccceee ae etic 21025, 21482 
Hahn Georeoik a-eac secs see seco e ee 21010 

Jeers JOM sce5 Ssconsscsse cob 545 21895 | 

HaleeMusseb len easeceeeeaces esos 21008 | 
Miardens: Hs B tes sis cosa ceca sosesemenicsiet as 20879 
ASN OSS Wel OMIA e-latsant eects ice isieereiae ete 21147 

Eiarman white yecoseecsee eee oe aa aaaece ane 20984 | 
Harper Brothers. .--.- se afar ciate ate Saas 21091, 21150 
Marton Hasieecmer cieeeincca-ce secede eetioses 21161 
aitshorn) Charles see cs== ae teceeelaesere t= 21942 
Harvard College Observatory.........--. 20988 
latileypddplel sseceacsene a ssecepeeconae ade 21277 
Heilbronnershaoulmere ree -meee seeaeee es 21295 
Heliotype Printing Company .....---- 21882, 21479 
lame ERI Bees oebeoduocsesseoooc 22059 
Sten COCK ly an\/) = sine se etestetecs 22140, 21633, 21689 
Horan, Henry..---.. i Emenee . 21218, 22467, 21770 
JENGA Wally AY Sco soocsaces eases 21326 
Humphrey, George M......_,.-.--. shjeteiee 20865 
Hunter Alexander ieceeccsseehoeeeeeas 21203 


Interior Department, U.S. Patent Office-. 21328 
Ives, Frederick E..-.............21484, 21713, 21940 


Jackson & Sharpe Company...--.-.---21158, 21159 
Japanese Fan Company...--...--..----.- 21345 
Jellison; Walliam!\G-<2--<cecc cere a => 21772 
DOWOLUADT dis Wietsancee seercctccnameens 21492 
John Stevenson Company...--...--.------ 21968 
Johnson Ovviller sete aoeciase see eaeiete 20998 | 
Johnson Steel Street Rail Company, Johns- | 
COMIN Steere cee cise eee eek seieter ates 21337 | 
Aina Hive, 1D Seeeaosceadsecedu se6on0r Sac 22135 
Keppel) Frederick (Co) -<-.< 22.0 co. ssc 21709 | 
Ketterlinus Printing House ......--.- 21996, 22122 
Taira Oe TOSS cisco soosep des skocdesopee 21626 
UGobrmeNel) CaO (ene poo ceosedyeoceos - Jnesca0 21443 
1eGoeyes WEY WS oe eaSeoacoes saaddoonoodc 20958 
Rilackneri@s- 2.5 <siicies siclelsiseisczamis eelalnle 21013 
KnoedleryMar&. C0) sssenceseise cient Soacecu 21712 
TKS O Wil POTS EM eyaynyn sree eee eo teineee eee 21541 
Koehler SRta sn essnecneees 21030, 21894, 21947 
som 74 Geol obese er -ceceecm sees eee. 21275 
ReanpzawWesecte eee ecen 20930, 21024, 21472, 21547 
awLORCOtVWakbOL mW )semer i s\eaniaison alelecieisie 22008 
IGOR DW EAT Tye atcteiae ec ainscink ests sien els 21179 
Library Committee, Joint....-...-..-.-.. 21433 
Light-House Board (Treasury Depart- 
MEM L) eee eee clas ae seat asciaecicelsenesc 20856 | 
London and Nerthwestern Railway Com- 
PENNY oSac sosoodes copodosocooseenodsecsos 21373 | 
WOVeub HOW ald seme eceseceaanerioeease 22105 
JOIN BIE Me scenasaoao, _ 7a5bceas0e ceoce 21763 | 
MeGinty MHentycc-esecsees) aces aeeae 21766 | 
MicGnirewh pbeeseorcmceeesscemcsesseer ace 21513 
McLaughlin, Miss M, Louise.......... 21007, 21634 | 


Accession 
number. 
Macomber, Peleg --..-...-----.--.-+--21320, 21519 
Marsh Prof iO) Ccas.coe-s a aciaaee=sieeeeets 21949 
Martin aid i-ncen lone meee ome iteeeiateeieciees 20833 
Wienanendall Wig Wine cadscanc sebecoqoscHeccoos 21140 
Mieder it. . 225 cecsies geese ce ooeeecm eee oll 220K 
Merrill Gere Gtlsee see este eeeeaee eae 21246 
Millers CharlesvHisss--scessecees ese emer 21016 
Miller, WenroyeD) secon es eemimciacee seer 21777 
Miler Wallyep 2 at ee oo enceceeice oem 22136 
Millholland yi ames sess sciseea <taeerieeeree 21078 
Mills“ Gh eodore Ate eaeee set eeesee eee 21843 
Missouri and Pacific Railroad Company-.- 21008 
Mtebell yb He Se ac sesh aaa eee 21779 
Mooney rAm Une Wee sree eeeetater sneer 22158 
| Morehilow;:Geore ease seen aie sae inter 21756 
National Museum Us S\e--s=--- seen 21107 
Newman) Revediske: cccess soa nece cece eromn moNODO) 
Nicholson: Wiilissccsaccs socssecaeoeeeees 22089 
Noah Johny Mic. 92 eacedecoderlestteeieate 21411, 21415 
Oakford) Miss Hllenvescen se ele ceeee eee 21019 
(Ops TERR 8 bo Bene eee eae senouodaecsoesc 21141 
Offatt Helge seeeece Jocisieuane Seles tepaieice 21778, 22088 
Oldfield, Mrs. Catherine Chase ..---...--. 22126 
Osborne, J. W..----- ye ctrereibiocieras Meee 20891, 21477 
Penny hea eoiy Gn e essere eer aera 21847 
Pennsylvania Railroad Company - 20834, 20864, 21079 
Phelps, Rear-AdmiralT. S........-...... 21875 
Phillips, He Mverett ~~. cic-amlcle-ininielelsinte 21778 
JAVELIN he aon cSueasouososacaqoanenooT 20875 
Philips wdlentya | Pees noe eee ae eee -- 21499 
Phillips; Phelps 6 Hovey -s---- 2-25 see 22175 
Photo-Engraving Company..-.-.-.---.-.-.-- 21028 
Photogravure Company...-.--..---..----- 21026 
Pintard) Hs las. 2 33..32secc cee ee eneseeoe eee 21059 
Prane yn tC Otencsceeee setae aaeeeenees 21481 
PPA Py OWS oye etoyalo' ora lni=feletetel= ate eh iat=r eye eres 22037 
Prentiss WEIN. e seeleaee eee eae 21160 
SPOthereROY. disk) sem sseenccia steer 21865 
Power, Maarice.dh: soacecieictisieceiee See eer ee 21783 
Queen; GcortoiWias-- see eees 21758 
Radtke, Manckner 63 Consecceaeee seems 2083d 
ROG AIG WE ase eos eaticaocasoscsarcocse 20922 
Reedy rvaaneesee She etsiooseseeeee Hees Se 21918 
Revenue Marine Division (Treasury De- 
(ENAGMG I) Rea aaenne SS SooboodEdSs6 SosndS 20992 
Rhode Island Domestic Society.----...-- 20906 
Rice, Prof. William North ........ eoaeces 21591 
Rice; Hon Walliams <2 ceccecccecmeecee 21298 
Rigby @MeSree..- cee het eee eee 21612 
Righton; Miss Marys < se. ceacice> seals 22047 
Ross, Charles\tecc-eaceeetee see eiaee eee 21442 
Rowland: Walter .cetencencisecemiceoacoete 21390 
Xoyal Gardens, Kew, England..........- 20488 
| Royal Museum, Berlin, Germany..--...--. 21353 
Ryvnuders: Reubeneceesce--eeie- ee eee 21732 
Santainyd ohne sasseseee-e sees 21011, 21463, 22113 
Schieffelin, W).Ee és Coven. sesase sees =e 21403 
SchoenhofiCarl.os-32¢eeee eee eee ee 21710 
Scott; Mrrs:AWe a2 sess ass ssen caeearsiere 21700, 22110 
Scovill Manufacturing Company-..-...--. 21098 
Secret Service Division (Treasury Depart- 
Ment) =: sacs sco eae eee ees 20926 
Shannon, J. Preston.....-... CenGaqconache 21148 


- 


INDEX BY DEPARTMENTS. 


835 


DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND INDUSTRIES—Continned. 


Accession | Accession 

number. | number. 
SLATES eV UG Ee Anpocooasassccscscsge DSS 20836 | Thomson, James and George......---.--- 21327 
SIC ET yA DE aes apessesopsouacoonspeaes DO892 | Mittan wdc O Osan ser eee nase aee ee 21229; 21230, 21301 
Signal Office, U.S.......-- ---.--------21101, 22368 | Tuchtarber Company, The F.......... 21939, 22177 
SENAY INU Dp Oe eee me omc deCooO 20925i4)) Purnia GivWe accnseccos cecoace qe eeece 21762 
RST LLOse ot WY tare.c:5 = aiciSeien ae ciate min sie Siaiereie/s PEM MA abd tern bec ad ORY: Geen eS ear secmed soe 21316 
SENT Od EVE ES eR SS Seo seeocror nese ASO Awa chi tintancvorse Mets) s/cee caeieee clement 21020 
Sig Ghd Sates a sooeeesSencqpe =soseoer ALA Sey eVGA IS tEDNEM! semen © sae octe cise mclenise metas 21672 
Solway Process Company....-..--...--.- PRIDCNS Nn 5 DYE WA 80 aeombnemccicclspeaoCooS 21561 
DSOMOrs pO TOuNOlSee ae el ase eee era PALSY 1 Nvemerbroresy, 1ekibny 6S 8 ioe Acorscegosneecbee > 21755 
Spitzer, Arthur A.......-........ estccoce DOSA sa Wiallvers Cilnetlesy Aeron oe erate ore etoiatal=iajel= labels 21014 
SieiIneckGr Hon. Wis Hl cee aisle mie aimee tml 214383 | Washington Canicra Club ........--..... 20889 
State, Department of .21340,21420,21636,21726, 21911 | Washington National Monument Society. 21294 
Sitar), 1s DO eon 5o cepa sopsnaaneoceadce miley) ||) WituiGhize Coote se poe Seeendonecesee 21979 
RSLOULAT Gay Ose Astras taeints Series ateiniciei = etcetera OAT ||, AWG RtT hd io! Dpseneee Pao SchestoGessoderor 21091 
NHOVENS WRACHAEOIUE 2c. we cicn sm celeste eee BOBS OM VWiO Db len Witte eae e aera feces commana ser 21157 
SHOtRaIy AMOS ML. acco cles cacleciteacice lat 20980 | Welch , Joseph....---.-.-- ORES cee cones 2200 
SHidi@ 51 GES bo Sanco poner ScecricecoreoTcc POG! |) vwwierthermiber dc. COresss--eeceeere ee eeee ee 21124 
MPLIN CLL OW: Had) sees naicc ste Selnicts cceeeet 91806 | Whaites, Edward P....-......-.......--. 21223 
Strong Locomotive Company ..-...--..--- PATE Nina Gy 18 Ok seo nano oondanoetedaser 21456 
Struthers, Joseph, & Co........-..-...--. Panel || Miah yd UES Sos cocoposocssaesesecosos 21005 
SULZDOPCST DANIGS 2-2 2. sc enc)--n--cer-ene 22131 NVihatihoins: G: COL COM /- ccs een ae aataal eee 21602 
Swan, Mrs. J. Thompson ...-.--..---.---- 21905 | Wilson, Thomas ..---.------------------- 21950 
30) INGE 8G We ogpessescodesddaqensssonec APE) | WyiAbrel inp JO) aos sans conbocceonsssecase . 22053 
PMO OT NOMAS sere ar eet ancae = PA |) AWA, BN Co oo cenencoosancoodeocs coTocoddc 22121 
Thompson - Houston Electric Railway AVWrool serve @ hanes venience eee siete erie 21764 
(COM NDING AME Aa paSenocedaeaacpadaa. 21346, 21478 | Wunderlich, H.& Co.......-..-. 21012, 21708, 21981 
TLompson, Matthews........-.-..--..--. DGB AVCRTES Wal Sorenceok socoes eaesemenererient 21923 

DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 

Adler, Dr. Cyrus ........--...------------ 2HAOT Hawley whores ascaonesssceas saver onae 21276, 21741 
JME) Ty EA Oo eisiso ioe ooemesocS ea cecseoeeaG 2158 lHenshawa La Wiss 22 oe seceee ee eeeoeee 21792 
ZAG op eee 20979, 21455, 21549, 21588, 21748 | Hitchcock, R.---.-.-.--. -----+--+e+----- 21640 
OTS PR GVGLAGEN sea Selsieaciclelo aioe wer = =~ 216668 | Prolmenhcodores. 226 -ssece ae eee eee eee 21418 
Tails ie \WGUNE il SAO an eos menpoeacho case 215235 el onan EH ennycecse seen aoe see eeee 21146, 21381 
leselevalion Let wilee 28 Se eee copecopeeeene 21313, 22173 | Hough, Mrs. L.S.....--.------ --: ae 21137 
Bendire, Capt. C. E.-...-----.------------ 21682 | Hough, Walter ....--....------- 21131, 21459, 21731 
Bernadou, J. B.......-....--------------- NSE a fariyd Bs Ls eenabecen asso snososac: 21264, 21559, 21841 
Billings, Dr.J.S ..-..--------+-----+---+ ZISeoe kent GePrentiss: sense see se eee ete sen cee 21919 
Teas! IDR I cree nosenccocossopsapoggae Z1SION MapeeLhOMAsnaces see sacs acee cece ee Gea 21468 
Loa (RVC CWea Bo eraGocdecnEnpOnAOLilboc 5. WIRE! | Tevennaitine JO} indy ales anodes cueacopoenEsos sac 21292 
Te ari GECTO Y peeenpeseneecouseeac Loncecc PANG PES hed Binal 14 Bie ee so Se en 21891 
Bourke, Capt. John G.....-...--.-------- 22093 | Matthews, Dr. Washington ........-.---- 20888 
Bureau of Ethnology..............-..... 21400) | sMeinolds Walle ie.2 scsi ccca= Becca es 21371 
Lid usps DEGGIE Peosoae 6 cORC SBE RD OIE DO OOeOE hoods Merriam, DriGs, Hart. oo. se.s cesses ese 21589 
rss BGAN Kiscsso= soeiass «adn cca sea Alanon | Mills. Th eodkorerAS o- =.<j025 soe oatece oe be oe 21729 
iaSOlbeITyA MEST ae eae erccasenecee | /2Lloa sl Mooney, AMES: <5. cer or am an eminnian ye 21449, 21450 
Thee GUGGs WG 18 ge Baa Sa sae Rae Sonmemerdace ZI7A97| Morgan Or Ew wi Wane nici. ininia(els ales 20945 
sOtang, Yon Hoon, .<-<2-22----.s-0ss-. 21844-1904 a Mier: Wasa Cece ects ae sce ee eels oo anemone 20849 
EN AN Cel tee a ae cana aalenes Se elie cioe eases ZLOOGRIENOwinian, INGV als. ctr trecn sain enaciesce nie 21043 
DUCIMCY Heeb errata inne eetarcns ae aie 21960 | Parker, Charles Wolcott............-..-. 21653 
POE OLS Ehote a) -taalnlelviale ns == cle wmivl=' ='\ni=inl= === 20974. |. Protzman, Miss Bmm2...........0-%.0..- 21133 
Elias, Joseph & Son.......--..-...--.---- CLAS PO Un aM SE POb yh Was elec earecocic om sciee.e cim.c 20904 
Fairchild, Col. Ashbel.......--......-..-- DSC ROM ATASON sy WLUK elses 4... Fcice\conven De'alc cn 21596 
First Japanese Trading Company .. ----- ZILTOM | Roc KH MIrs Wi Wi sacs <onccineacenc 21317, 21318 
SS -hish. ©onimission, U.'S'-==-2.s-+ce.s cues Deda LOOK NEL eV Viet Wicca a cian u'cielncics oa se5 eee 21260, 21261 
GZ ELALG OO BVIG otaiciecsics Senn asetmnle am ss = 21110 | Russel, James, and Son.......-.-..-.----- 21959 
Hiryer; George Go... .-.- 2s secre merase 21108 | Shugio, Hieromith ..............--....... 21737 
RyrAaai es ON Tie == =2 nam = sae nia eae 21270 | Solomons, Miss Alene...........--..-.--- 20963 
Grant-Bey, Dr. James......-.--....... 21417, 21730 | State, Department of ..................- 21244 
Greey, Edward .......--.. SuSbOCoNEOS ZOSSo ell Ge | UCM ANG, CAV 5 icc swincsisecieucinoeciccnieecuis 21558 


836 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY—Continued. 


Accession Accession 
number. number. 
Stevenson, Mrs. Matilda C.......-...-.-- ATC6 La | EOL wb. 5. 2acceas eos ote cise secre ceaee 21315 
Stewart, Charles > s=-.s2--24-seseseeeee ee 21706n) -bbontpson, Col hrankec---c.er ssn one 21184 
Stone eMitsn di. oss ace eects 21419 | Thompson, Greenland -.....-....-.---... 21135 
Stoney, Lieut. George M..-...-......---. 2126301 Wialentitie sh, Py ee nose close an serait steele 21486 
Swan’ sames Gc cecae See ee ea ere ZOGoia Van ODOTENy wWWieclicense cee ces aaeeate acae ee 21416 
Tavera, Chevalier Schmit von........-..~ 21269 ' Wolf, Simon .......... ns aaislaia lets vale eee 20861 
DEPARTMENT OF AMFRICAN ABORIGINAL POTTERY. 
ISMN, IDES Abs plocansacococ ree e Q8S7e) Ean bons aeee eee eee ch Meteaeee 21823 
Boban rabis-ces eee sees ecient ee 21830 | Jones, Col. C..C.----- Re SSG Chao 21827 
Bureau of Ethnology .--.---.---. 21171, 21459, 21815, | Muséo Nacional de Costa Rica.....-.-... 21705 
21816, 21817, 21818, 21819, 21820 | Parsons, Francis H........-.....---.2--- 21930 
Ghidseyr@harles ibe. -o ssa saen eee 221709 | RaylondDredis Seesees 222s eeee nee fs dacsisbebed 21828 
@urtisMWs Biessas5. 22 a- asics ge soeeewias 21825 | Thruston, Gen. G. P...--. ecbsisesseeceeees 21829 
Dats eASEb MUL Sees eaciscinenices aaeeeen eee ae 218209) (Rilton; Jamesv bss snc. cee ce se nieeaeaeeee 21824 
How ke. Gerard =c--- ..-sscn= es Seto ALIS || Wohl Henry seamen sso one toate ee 20955 
Geological Survey, U.S......--- Repeat 208f6e\) Marrow, DESHoC.occsenic ce neta et ee eee Lae 
Fakes William A. caves ence ccncnecaeeee 21826 | ses 
DEPARTMENT OF PREIIISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY. 
American Museum of Natural History, HowohsWaltersen-cercesmacteceseceerecas 21439 
New York City, New York...........- 21293, |, Etunter, iWilliam.. sae) --sceeese ese 21920, 21943 
Anderson eRobertea- son seen cose cen cece 22007 | Jackson, Bib escjomcaecseeece ss, ceeceeeee 21953 
Ate miyvalved icale Muse mime sere tee eee 21995 | Jouy, PA MGe Sac ae Seeeee oy eee ee eee 21859 
Baldwin Cormelins: =< see eaceen ecco sere: 21896 NGM WS VWihooseor Se nemenie eet Boas sevssees 21562 
Baines; C'ssee sei ose se cesee en ceteecsse 21641 | Koushman Hentyis.s-sesesecse esse eeaes 21376 
BellA@ar Gy scence oo eae nie ceisomeees 2091457) Wonploy, athena. a= ccecsiee sen a=- eee 21393 
TIC TAR ORT OMe sees Ae Br he dt 21076. 4) doring, (Gen. Charles) Geese. see sae ee sce ee 22141 
iBoohmer;Georzev =.= ae eee: 20941 209338)! Wovett Wiciwands 22 sacc-= see eco seaee 21292 
BOMers eStephenressececee ee ere eee eeee ee 20987) MasonsbrotsOnts- 2 cepa esha aan ae oe Leos 
Brown, Campbell.-.-.-.-. vin ase tcoelin dee eae 21424 | McGinnis, William H...... See Sercdease 21212, 21240 
Garrisilasyiistoscnos coer scinese soem cecten 22014) MeNillan SRobert By sceeee 25> sees 21951, 22048 
Cherry, die GO RSeE ar Speacar sae Deeee 21361 | Mead, Charles...--..-------...-----.---ss . 21092 
Chidsey= (Charles) H):-- 23-2 -see—. 22a ae QAO? |) MT aaVWa am: 22.2 to o.on.cenw cee wcmee ee ere 21357 
Cincinnati Society of Natural History... 21206 | Millspangh, Dr. D. T_............-...---- 20907 
Cortisvawabnn os so sen cees oaneeiceee eines 22107) |) Mooreherd WWarkeniKe = encore eee 21695 
Payee ls reer tarm oh arclee elses steele Bee ae 21945 | Musée d Ethnologie, Geneva, Switzer- 
Dean; Miss Mary Owen.--.-.----.-2--.=. 21517 land esse: Se see eee 21577 
Diehl, Mrs. Anna Randall.............--- 20964 | Muséede St. Germain. ...... -=--...-=---c 20923 
WM OUPIASS; PAC NH ears ce so acacein cafe oe cieclere 21573) le NashaDriP.Sicn=ceccceoeadeseaaaeteseee 20996 
PD RGhOr ewe ee cesses co ce usecase eee 22057 Neal rid Cass: scenes oeaneceseae tees 20894 
VANS GONNA a cisers ctoinice inlaw meeiicme ene 21:99 :|: Nelson iOsUlssccis..cccsieweeeleseae ese crates 21350 
HMeneher Gow lrasat esa eed oe nsec 21437. New lon, dor Wee cnecticenee scceeceeeee Remo aol 
Margubar Ors Gasper esee eee eer eects PATTI aNiies, MANET hea SssoBpssacsaccgSn6cs4 21504, 21725 
Fish Commission, U.S..........-- 216900217345) Bayne DIyAL S snes tee essen eles eames 21335 
TBE fel baled DD Se iar SR ens Se acre ae 21360; | Peebles; DaBricevts2e eee edecee eee esc 20965 
WUrAZOTS GC.OOhE Ol eae chan ace eee ose etice 178 || PerkinssbroteG.the cecese soenieaceaceeiee 20878 
INES iW ALCL wOORN meets. oe hese 2 = eee ee 915 05.cl) leas hicn ceisener-sccs cine sec eee eee 21440 
TNS) i Cid bi egcaon a icaae Ace aOeMe a aerte 20977. 21598el) ProudtitisnViecee ree eesee eee a eee 21438 
Galbraith and Leslie, Drs.....--......... 21358 | Public Museum of Milwaukee.--...-....- 21909 
(Eft de Gis s Sas oe Soo agutsereoseneacueeere 219290) Rey OlGs yBrihyeseeae asa eaters 21386, 21583 
GalbsOn Pa Wi es sotermoclessam os eseccs-mc 21168 | Rust,chl. Nicci s225,c2 c0s-0 soc chee eee ao 
Grant-Bey, (Driv aMmesia-ncie= sass ee 20975" | Rust) Halberts-cs-.sceseies sees eee eee 21498, 22006 
gio 7G COLE OW Wicecet emacs sacciemtceecis 21100))| Ryland Revalhinoce.sccee esos cose eee 21051 
HATE RSI Cee eee SE ry te eet 20993 .| /Seip.dolnemsesesses onc esceeees eee ease 21359 
Harris; .. HM .3h222 scocen Msc oes c= e- 55 21609) || Shrock: diacobpMe-ce a. se-ee. eeeeeeeee eee. 21356 
Haywood, HOwaldess seen ecesasee eee ess 215125). Siler. Acids scce ete ee ee ee eee 21349 
Etch Cock Rae Beem ceen eee sae ees 21963 | Slocum, Capt. Joshua ......------.--..-.- 21594 
Hope: Henry ‘Wis-ctesot<aeascemnace ene rse 21603' | Stone, Livingston: . 22... . osc cals neces 20959, 21035 


INDEX BY DEPARTMENTS. 


837 


DEPARTMENT OF PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY—Continued. 


Accession | Accession 
number, | number. 
SURIGE, Mol 655590 paces 6 ssc snosoneasecd ZOQLON PW iayriN it aac ok se reece ee eee 91568 
SSWOONGV CGV ocinceicucce ene secs cas cases 20973 | Williamson, George........-....-.------- 21902 
PRA yLOT WLIA Ie eae elena heera ete alae ate ZUTB1 |e Williamson, El. Wi ---eee seco 1s Sees 20895, 21495 
sist yl ors a Weal at) Mee ert riceie antes ree c= 20986 | Wilson, Thomas .....---- 21087, 21238, 21311, 21351 
Thompson, C..A......-..--- .-..--...--.- 21974 | 21355, 21378, 22100, 22129, 22154 
BRHOr pe, WO ES Hee cree wtelninininlnlcle wie nicl miele => AUuie Worthington, WiWi oesesceeees ee eeneenee 21205 
Tooker, W. W....-.- --.--+---2--220+- ++: Za006, (eWrioht, James! C....3c.2sces oe eceneseere 21794 
Upham, E. P...... Tee cee cere cneininie nla a alsGuyjects0) |v eatman, Ry Hc. ¢s...cecte-c- so. accene 3 22104 
Very, Cel peeves So Ate hee sane ee 2) 167, 21518 > Youngleve, Dr Jonnie ese 6 ane 21310, 21402 
WVIAC iV iciscies wa sicvcctisiscleclercicas cietieens 21977 | 
DEPARTMEN! OF MAMMALS. 
Agriculture, Department of- - -.21071, 22002, 22003, | Lucas, F. A ...........-...-..--..--..---- 22076 
22064, 22051, 22055,.22078 | Mather, Fred ......-.......-....-..... 21804, 22163 
Auckland Museum, New Zealand.-.....-. ZI69|weMerriam DrsC. Wart. . -sssco-ss- 21325, 21872, 21965 
Australian Museum, Sydney.-.--....-..... 21651 | Mooney, James ..-..........-.:.< sawed 21801 
eT [ oy] OB MOOI OF ds eA reseeeanddeseacone 21483: | Orcutt. C.dns sees ccaes soso nee seose tees 22058 
[RO WwIOie NGO ME Beams alee siara'sic, «si teteistarn ots (cle si ZIS4E aR otti gre ws erAv ac <sesieme <ceamaere tem eis ae 21584 
Brimley yb an iO Sie. oa sot esate cee <1 2191s Power Revels Dassess ees eases see eee 21796 
Brooks ChOMaSUEL. i. Sy acilcts cass aici at i<cle C608 eb ndnam se role bs Wiese seeiccmeee eee eeeee 21913 
Buttikofer, J ...... SansaanocussotbEcenniac 22005e oRarsdale; Gobi onsocccceaessecnaeeenee sae 21234 
Calla aye dd. Wiots- clos ceeiciaec ans ace ee 20920 | Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad, West 
maya GOly Cech ert octaeia ee (ee elon 21610 Undies) ccs eeces tee es SeSOUS eccup cen 21986 
Wartice: Dr. Coopetes-t--s-5--- 555 Soaees 21071 | Royal Zodlogical Museum, Florence,Italy, 21620 
WM AMANTe LAL nase laioc soe o ss cise laere senses CITSOM A Sena ANE GO] Ome se care Se meee ere seers 21515 
PUM Ore Erol. dei ssas sccecicicn | ecclee tosice 21097 | Shorter Williams. sme ee cms cee cice sem sie 21873 
Fish Commission, U.S.......... DIGQONANio4, 21S C4) Shuteldt MOL kia Was ceeccctes ces leseecen ee 21254 
Gas kTCapied lec assess sic waaemeescciss 21862) \eShutt. ColsiGeorre: Wi-- .-ce- a> aaeereeene 21647 
eA Ka eV AME ee emacs cieveels eisies SLOT) SISSON, CaN cae cianleneloc aces esis heeemisere ce 21813 
SORTardeWawWal Gen -- ore wasismcrneeonese ase 2207p | Smithy Wrst. Mis. < Sco secceneceemes tee 21510 
Green, Loren W ........-.21036, 21044, 21073, 21543 | Swan, James G .......-..-.0.0000000---- 21739 
Sa rinnells Geib ona as oes i ie reieniocas amc ZoLGue eNO DIAS Gere Sales ctenescisecoce ee a nee 21348 
EVONS HAW Es) We ccscisarecieeeisin co abisesiaasisie ZW SOs te ZORUC La W lec snm sciernve sista tele se Ssesmeree 21165, 21242 
HGssel Drs Up ly, acon cece smcioeemecte 21104 | Ward, HW. A ..-... Seiatctales Soe ieee athe 21085, 21374 
It CHCOCK Rinas ccc cites azote cece ceysee aes Z1G498 (ee Wanans Miss eH. Once: se eeseee eee a see 21299 
RGTINES LOD OL Ger acccise ease tajaeea saisis PAD SPAT Nay th Cisse Boe epee eooassencaae 21868 
aur ThOMBS:s< 0.) 2-5 2a 52 see ane = 21892 | Zodlogical Museum, Christiania, Norway 20916 
Life-Saving Service (Treasury Depart- Zoélogical Museum, Florence, Italy ....-- 21620 
MONG occ wcsecessceuce Case eek cee eeeens 21862 . Zodlogical Society of Philadelphia...-.-. 21278 
DEPARTMENT OF Bibs. 
PAMMRITI Se eM soc cinic tes cess en eens 22098 Cory, Charlesibssaccotecec tenet eccecs nee 21400 
PROLOG DIN at lesceccrecat cle iejs winicis'w aicjeie vieismiaare’s LD OATISOM larson ceuses sees ceeeamaten et 21047 
Auckland Museum, New Zealand...-...- 21169 | Dreneuf, M. Hardydu(RiodeJaneiro) .... 20908 
Asery, Ors William: C-~- 23. ----- 21460, 21985, 22083 Field & Greenwood. 21401, 21595, 21870, 22082, 22161 
SRL ONTs Ola eee eaye oer oo cee es are en ee 2139s | bish) COMMISSION, Wis. aneseese cere e 21699, 21734 
Iban: Mae sobs shenarnseecoctboososoede PACH | AN Cire, 1D oes Ue nboobose Seeger Senor 21197, 21790 
Levit 10s 10) 9 Us) s PR eee caeme apiece rec 2LaNS) LOO ODIM) ase tains tareeinweles eae ee weeeice ses 21554 
IB NGD UOMIS I Gsemeriscs tenes eee eee 21431 | Gmeen LONE! Wissao- - cece vaccine Waticies visas 20897 
AS OMEN Alls! Gr Ate nem acina sain some aca micinint= PLSGOM GMOS WOO a orc aaemcaieerceccisireinac oes 21852 
ISTH LE oe Sacer nccecmsacobscacssee ZARYIY COG yr is Gin ee oosebecane cabodeccocee soe 21210 
GhernmigaG COPE O Kir wena ee lee pn nein =inieels 21614 | Eensitawr skis. We s-02-- 24 -- 20857, 21040, 21552, 21579 
ONSET Wits aN) bie Nee ee See or eiic DOA EL On SOT ELGLUV iV, jo ciclcc = oc aiebis ate « amyseeieiee 21037 
Wookeroul) MONLY. sos ce Fo newse aso seme 21113 | Isley, UR, bd Se ssostetog nsdeoreocoercaoas 21719 
VOMIT AIS, noes: cas oc see cae ceoee en oak 21115 | OMIMINO NS MAT OEL <0 sic oma cme cle mineta are 21444 
AU ONIN MASS Ei Vill As ooo ola a's ceiretome ees 21746 | NOUV RE near ace Sem amie orasiniarsie 21035, 21039, 21069 
MAILER Va Sie el ge ee Rete 20832 | Kern, Charles E..........-------cs----<«< 21983 
CONGR EOS Wis -- ccm ae case + aspect mean 21008 | Knudsen, Valdemar.....-..--s-cecceaenss 21655 


838 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


DEPARTMENT OF BiIRDS—Continued. 


Accession | Accession 
number. number. 
Lee, Messrs. L. A. and Thomas........-.. ANCES GMBRO WG; MH sS ssn eee clone ctemsiclene cls eA aCe 21718 
MeDevitt Danielilinacsccess seers cen Vole MRvowland. “hhomagueccesseceeees seeec ee 20794, 20910 
Marron Whomas= sas eseaase soe etaee eee 21271 | Royal Zodlogical Museum, Florence, Italy. 21620 
Marshall, George ...........+.-- ..+---21082, 21114 | Shnfeldt, Dr. R. W.......0----- 21096, 21281, 21233, 
Marshall bonry-cesscce snes eases 21172 | 21398, 21410 
Mathersilirod cae hese ae eee ces 21305, 21677 | Smith, Dr. Hugh M...-....--.-.-----<--- 21084 
Merriam Or CanHarth-seessesee 20911, 20970, 21668,-| Stabler. Harold P............-....-..-- 21243, 21572 
alsabe2 O84 e998 liStrodes Dra Wi Seeeececas cee eee 21972 
MaGehGHEeIR SIR, cam mtaminse siesers cetera 21116, 21536 | Swan Island Club, Norfolk, Virginia .... 21462 
MOONE; RAINES > eee ieeiciieeeces see keer 21801 | Paylor: Henry Reed!2------2--4-s-s~eee 21048 
WGA, (Ge I MCh Moconodconace aaacnooseas 218394) )Ravlorhhomas)eesese eee aen eee eeee eee 21842 
loser: Lieut tbe. sass leet eeecc eee 21142 | Thorne, Capt. P. M., U.S. A... .21427, 21461, 21701 
Museo, Nacional, de Costa Rica. ..-.-. 20994, 21225 | Tokyo Library, and Tokyo Educational 
Museum of Natural History, Tiflis, Rus- | AMuGSemnlsiascseesase ie etasasccsee eee 21586 
BAe eee Sesics eee feces c sinsamem em ee ART || RONAEEMOL (Oh I8l Gesooe Skdeeescossr asses 21678 
Nav aleACadeMmiyyiWeiS sanssceeaece emt sere 21618 | Tschusi, zu Schmidhoffen, Victor Ritter 
Oberlini@ollece=caanseess sees eee ee eee PANS) |) WOR oceuciscescda of Socsotmencossssosote 20921 
PO Well SO AWie Seti ss cence ceeemelee se meeees 21454 | Wakefield, M.M.-.-----.--------------- 8s 21268 
Provincial Museum, The, Victoria, Brit- UNVallace: dOhn:osesnescesene eee eeeeeeee 21072 
ishiColumbia=-ssse-e=-see Bee ces Ue Ae 21690) |) Wratren. Drs iBiHie se Sees ceereeeee 21395, 22151 
Ragsdale, G. H....-. SRE SB EO SSE ACH GnisoaS 20909n |) Wiayne Arthur eeemeilets cements 21635 
Rey eo Dri hase teis esee eisscsestaccleel cone es 21045 |) Wells dis: Granti sence cseeecsest =n eeer ease 21399 
Richmond; ©. -W ..:--------- fanrareh rset ere 21684>| Wilkinson, *Eiees-eeeeooseceeaeereeeceenee 21088 
Ridgway, Robert... .21041, 21553, 21850,21978, 22081 | Wood, N. K...........-...-...---.---- 21118, 21251 
Rin Ceres. See eyo nse eeieete cemreace 21067 | Zodlogical Museum, Florence, Italy .-.--. 21620 
Rebinson we MreutwWillbiecscecicericcteces cs 21662 | Zodlogical Society of Philadelphia....... 20937 
SECTION OF BIRDS Eaes. 
Avery Dr -Walliam)i Ce eerctc-.-iete.ac 208515,219445220624 «Green. Oren Wa sescem ccc ce ssa sete eS 
BROW TOT DCL nm emneltoeiseesesete saree: 21907, 22060 | Koenig, Godfrey.............--....... 22061, 22127 
Coues sD rs iiottrescce asses seer ee eee 290639l|| h@wis MW ite ee eeimcccte sens cteteiniemecee. 20873 
QamH HIE Okd RB ERE Ss Baecooeesenadenanaseeace 219069) eMarshalleH enn yece=reeecee eee eee 20928 
Davisoned sii sss = cscs os sccwassecilelee ccc PASTA e | PUR hieA ONY pesdoceaopkascsiso. saqeeo caceds 20902 
HMIMerson, WaillianiOtto.- ces seme ese 21908 | (Price sWalliany \WWis-e-secr > pe aeyn sec OsoDy 20082 
WISH COMMISSION Uis9): aceite sees iise PUY SR eds lsscseolsoonn, cseco, socecosbestac 21375 
GalewDenisy setts. sence cece oetioce tee chee 21396) | ewWalliamsRoberuiweceeeeeseeeresecemeease 21175 
DEPARTMENT OF REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. 
Alberti Charles cccinie ccccecissioonceeee come 21962" |) Marron; homasiecocsen menses eceeecitaceee 21858 
American Museum of Natural History... 21987 | Matheson; wii, cl OO nearest amet 21595 
Australian Museum, Sydney .-.---....--- 2iGale| eMearns. Drebd Dane alne scleeeteeaacteoee ster 20877 
Barrows Walter Bs. <<. casdoceis sew cine 218d Od aleton eRe Orton eeeseeee ee eetseeeree 20936 
LET DS ICAU ANG NSE SoSeeomsetSs. jeseqossc 21483 Mooney. JiamMes cea ee eee aan ee oe aera 21801 
Bremen Hs pWisesseceessesoosacna esse 20962)2\; Morse: JohniGeccascs ace ceeecenc cease 20915 
(OPA We 18D sae sisGooconloadesddooan dase Zi659 se Moser hioutyditkeecare se ae seme eee ae 21252 
Canlosu@ tere. crcienise cme ctseeesiee ci nue ce tenee 21593) | OrcuttiGuinve oe soacasecmese sons eectemecar 22058 
@arpenter, (Capt. |\Gisu-cence=secee seseeees 209713) Prentiss: Drs Di We? csscesnaes estes veces 21867 
Hsh COMMISSION WU SO lscoses see cea se eae LON9 Oli S4 el a@ Con Ti m\Wiee ieee eee ee eee 21002 
Ming Hanlesess se sacedssersisscc-eecsssce=) 20960) RackdaletG wissen eseereeeee reer necererae 21949 
Green, Loren W...--. SSuoRG SHonodscaessne 21073 | Royal Zodlogical Museum, Florence, Italy 21620 
Hamilton yy Mises j<- 0 o=-s2seee~ ccieeee cee 21266) "Shufeldt, Dr RW seca aee ee eeeneeeee 20915, 20917 
Henshuw, H. W.....- eile eeciclewistcicierse INGER Ni isuisy verter IDI Cys ecocecocacconeo ceo 21857, 22152 
Hine Cock Rass cmececeoencades cities cer cer 216497) SwantwamesiGzeoccssseeesseeeeeee nearer ee TS9, 
HWObbsi Charles sses-naesses <-seeee seonbase 212885) Switzer; Mis Miamy ic secricisieociecce seeeee 22119 
Holm, Theodore...... pan eee ten cncaskios 221-33.) Ariwe shi Wiessner ook eee nicer 21165 
Indian Museum, C:leutta, India.... .---- 20283! WWinrd esters ma.ne cece cere meen aeae 22065 
Kohn, G... <<: <. ..c.50--- oe 21198, 21799, 21883, 22091 I Webb diobinisvr.. sess ase ter a meee rete 21235 
Iight-House Board (Treasury Depart- | Zodlogical Maseum, Florence, Italy ...-.. 21620 


21002 | 


et ee ee a ee ary 


INDEX BY DEPARTMENTS. 


839 


DEPARTMENT OF FISHES. 


Accession Accession 
number. number. 
PAD DOULA NARIGS Ce seeoieceiaciskisiainieem<'<ioi= is 20991 | Liitken, Dr. Chr. (Zodlogical Museum of 
Australian Museum, Sydney.-.-.-.--..--. 21651 Copenhacen))222.3-se<cjesh Sa-tece eset UN2lOGD 
Peer ORNS area oe els eas aaisaainelisciasis 22079) | Lyons) Wivany - 3225 55-.4-4s0cess dense 21648 
BSBA PAC eR ees oa nc meena a aceee aes 21560) |) Mearns): DriNdgar Al >... 52 sce eo eee eee 20877 
Batter. Grates lats cece aciecasiecee xe 2093T | WMG@Eks S.-i cac somata Sacceceeeee eee 21660 
BROT MLOMISON GH ser~ cincins eis teense oe 21485" Moser sieutadachn os esee sees ee ee 21252 
Blackford, EugeneG...-.-.. 21540, 21611, 21721, 21784 | Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, Cam- 
wards VAN AUN seize wie cor cto mere ss cre 21237 rid woe Maggs te aes saree ae eee 21228 
SIMONA rin acess ne ceincieaae ioe OShbornscAlenibaaccscsosnesseeoeeeseaneee 21946 
LIN ETE Ba gyed by Nae neoesouseogonooe 20952 | Otago University Museum............-.. 21074 
Fish Commission, U.S ..--.-...-.-. 21835, 22094, 22146 | Prentiss, Dr. D. W ...... or heen eens 21867 
rilentqe nol ©. Mic scccisen es =m sas 2eUlt oa teOn RIG eWay, ATCIIDOD. -c<s'sss54+ = sseescoece 21849 
Harrig awilliamiC. 2c <ccies shez cee sane 21312 | Royal Zoélogical Garden, Florence, Italy. 21620 
Tiss LOTR Re ins Se ORR SERO SODA GAS Clore RUS SOL MAR yo Bias cae mis (a cerete act nto tase 21604 
FEN SIA PERC Wi. cnc winnie ve So iecncceielomreis se UGGS eShockssWalliam Hen seca cr <)siiee asic 21742 
MECH COGIAIR ooo ces antteses cress occene PAGE| Soni OM Ei Gea dees \h ere cece scaneeneccenos 22139 
HOA es OlaHoD aosclociserce cles eens cect 42S 2680" SOUbMWiCk: dames i Mins = -\ acct etserl= center 22138 
LEN KINS Ve COt OP a. acnccosisiscieie oaassiae 20952 | SpeelsMredissc.ccessceeseaceee Scns DE Shayne 
MGLUOnVErOle David S222 eee oeeee eee Ween rel O28: Sb Well Heal > scot ce sooo e mics anieesmeae 21379 
We EIS GreOLE G24 - = 2. -oiccecssaeesa-s5s BOD 2191 0M Vian DOLEN) Wicks) [lessee <li is) ere 21324 
Life Saving Service (Treasury Depatt- \WWAMNnG ia, Seine) coscoasaneacodsecasoss 50 21622 
RBIIG Pie eer ee oestenn scone cece eee P1919) | Varrows H.C cx we esctescce ts cee csisesecsmes 21093 
| Zodlogical Museum, Florence, Italy... --. 21620 
DEPPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE FOSsILs. 
IbCaACHION CHATIOS he cecesicecoeeese sees PALER 5yetn naa Deel OFLC peeenecopcoponbhaocodacs ase 20931 
British MM sGOMis <2 o=.4c/ojece ose tenes se 21522 | 
DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS AND CENEZOIC INVERTEBRATE FOssILs. 
Academy of Natural Sciences.-......--.-- PINS IMG eit ig leoeencsodcecaeccseas 2a6e 21252 
ENGR ODN EE, A a ee eee D509) mOncutt eR ser seer Beare 20983, 22156, 22166 
JXGT A pes EN CMe ee ee eee Re eee DGG. 22 124s | ees buy. pel. Av cs seein met ces eee 21520, 22038, 22106 
Aukland Museum, New Zealand.....-... 21169 | Ragsdale,G.H...................--...--- 21949 
IBALlOwMe WLtCE Bis cce aces seeker eeecnee PBS) |e Raymond, Wiad vcs encsceins sas oeaaees 20869 
Biological Association, West Cliff, Colo.. 21877 | Rivers, J.J ..................-...-.-..--: 21406 
SIENA PHATE es sao oan ee eee 21364 | State Normal School, Winona, Minn....-- 21686 
IAT Wma Oct dmactie cases Sc aaron IMG | SRST G ANI eke oseobounes scascseososeese 21054 
Wockorelleel ls ces ses se ccs eee er OTO90N en SpINer Gen. cK.) costae ce aeseces <nes cee 21262 
Hish:Commission, U.S\---.2s-s<.4-2----e)- 21699 | Streator, George J ..-...-....--..---..... 21812 
Geological Survey, U.S..-.....-......--- MOLOR eswvaln dares Gri nsecmtalmet weclicr eee 21739 
fenippill Weury...cccs cecceasetos meee ae oateyetyal MENU K IE Gd Jaa aaneepcooocBSecceeDa cece. =a 21077 
HanChcock R)<-5 <0 Secs Sat fas esere see 21631, 21649 |- Warner, Mrs. B.S.-.--........-...--.---< 22039 
SIG Tes OR ena eee RS aaa) Fe ae 21290 | WWrobsteriGsaWisse eee seer ot eke nee 21680, 22001 
PRevean Guise ce nino 3: acne ey ee 90061) |, White; James vJ—---. 22. 2-. one. n= ek 1915 21968 
McGuire, J.D. and BiB... .-:2022..<2.: 21253 | Willcox, Joseph.....-....---+-----.2+0--5- 21619 
Mernisit era Oo artis... < count oh eneee os 22077 
DEPARTMENT OF INSECTs. 
Agriculture, Department of............-- 21391 | Fish Commission, U.S ........--.-..----- 21699 
BRIX CEN I Cran Viet epee tines amten atest atte iene SUISSh |e Green, LiOTENIWiacee -eretsiesia velame cis cinsew ce 21073 
BAMTOWS WALLED s2-2nce0 each oleic me ZIUSSoR | ELONS DAW WE: Wisinstecicianie casos ealecie- sec ee 21785 
Beard, Daniel ......- Fa Scie Se recine era nne ae MAS oe PREUCD COCK bs: ser ere oon aaaec ceca eee 21649 
OMAN Cy Es ccd seeccereeces seas cee oes BIT Sis| MIS George: Dy scesscms-.c.ceu ccae sce 21109 
IRTOCKGui Ee AUL ceae = an tate sece se neees ae U9 ods aN OloVyETOt Sk voce vnc es acicclnea=oaene 22109 
PENCE MOLVA ans aerate oe eee see es QS ATG TOR Mont ley. We Hy wasc n-ne eee camoues cele 22112 
GamlossGterss- > .scss.-h2 Meh See ee PAE) ACC. MWVSTIRE hee eee ree ee See ce 21469 
COUT URS LOS 8 Ee Soe emer ince ZAI BS Abe ak nlf IDS Stas et ee aa eeO Ree oem 22165 
SOR AG SCE MO Bee BOoE cereperce acre Oa) AGE e Le OHbD Why hed 10) t= eS erste 20942 
Cennmobanr des Wri ios.co sod sectee doe Dil eolontanidony AS Wy. ob Spc. oo we oan ene S40 nel ooe 
OAS NOMI Peis cic ints wiaae Saad Sees tors Oe ZUSHIS WEMOOUCY, SAMS) /.52. 202 socecn eel cencee 21801 
IDSC rd Ce ere AP APB eEbEn Aer Derepmorere mrieals 21252 


NOROL elsettcd. Lisatees ieee cece sues cae 


840 


DEPARTMENT OF INSECTS—Continned 


REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 18839. 


Accession | Accession 
number. | number. 
Nemegyei, B. M. de...-..--..--.---------- 21211 | State Normal School, Winona, Minnesota. 21542 — 
Nolting, August H., jr---..-------------- STO9AN Grows Hy PY eeicsacc nese eee ee eee 22174 
Orenbt, Career essen ee eee eer aaa 22108) |S pain HOUT Mele Nga eestor ele ee 21063 
Palmer, Joseph ..-...-------------------- 20901 | Sherali Ie ID) 35 ooo so cesec sesscosse 20860 
Prindle cle ees eae neers Cees 22164 | Taylor, W .--..--------------++-----+-0-- 22168 
IRiekseckenplus Wie sces ose eee ieee CARY YE br Sieh wasteibe dar! poaseecasccosaasuecsnemsos 22178 
Iiteyg PRo a Ch WY mecca -cocooasessseaccssc 21864 | Ulke, Henry ...--..--.--...------+------- 21670 
Samuel, B ) a ero eR aos seco oooU son > 22147 Van Dyke, Bawini' Co csaccsie poses 21557 
State Agricultural Experiment Station, leNVieb ster 1B le ee an meme ee cate aes 21886 
Ames, Lowa ..--...--.------------+----- 21464 
DEPARTMENT OF MARINE INVERTEBRATES. 
Beardslee, Wo A 222.22. 22 een ee men 22803ii| HitchCoCk pRasaccse—eeci eco eee 21631 
Birt, Dr. Louis F. H.-...---.-----.--.---- 914831) Hoy Dr PiRicsesceer on sere eee = ee eee 2°167 
ieee), WEIN, Sb eesoqcs caboose .secsq0e7 20913 | Illinois State Laboratory of Natural His- 
Collins, Frank’S ---.---..--.------------- PAV O RN Maine BeAadaboccmic acu pesodoaSconossarcas 21803 
(Gosden OO) Goa scecchsnono cebeancossDooSss: 22169) || Mooney. James): .2- 355. s2226- 2 ee seseae 21801 
Bidmignds. Georporbece.-0 40-22 cee ean ee SDibyp, || Ni@cerey ented hl Ds eideads ene ce> kucacce 212952 
pon ret Wisco nce occ a eee 21073 | Russell) Maryol)s. 5. socesso 7k eee 21604 
Hemphill, Henry..-.-.------------------- 21289 | State Normal School, Winona, Minnesota. 21542 
Henshaw, H. W..-...--------------------- DATS: | ‘Stones Mrsivbia dione. o- aioe sees cee eeeree 21070 
Hessel, Dr. Rudolph ......----.---------- QOSGSei es wan, wanes Gye cereetae ecient 21739 
DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 
AGTETORRANpHoMeels ets. ete as oe o1105 :| *Marsh, Prof O-G..--:.-4-5--0e se eesne 21144 
Auckland Museum, New Zealand.....--- ZUG") Marshall Georme yee cece esis ees 20997 
Australian Museum, Sydney------------- ili Wiesner eel oo soeoeoobos Seon sosG sdoedr 21201 
Birt, Dr. Louis PF. Hi.--.-..---.-.--------- 21483 | Newlon, Dr. W.S.....---..----- ----.--.- 21286 
Bosra ys eye on eee nd ee th ROE, 21605) 1! (Oldham wAsiS te. cess sea cesioce ease mee eee 20935 
Brooks, Thomas H ..-----.-.----------<-. 21608 | Power, Rev. B.D ooo. 2.2 2 ee enna 21796 
Central Park Menagerie, New York -..-- oT202'\| HRagsdalevGwa cess. eece cu asec toe eecee 21234 
Clay, Col. Cecil -.--. --------------------- 21747 | Schafirt Bs hysansosceececee rence eet eee 21095 
eigen lees aeyeee hae serene see 21404 | Schmid, Louis, & Sons.......... 21202, 21380, 22134 
TMGIGL (CS \iif coseecsbacoosesobeseaseocecocc 2093931) Shutbi©olGawi oo 2. sccneeeeaeenenceeas 21971 
Mish Gommission, WS sce-<-cce=sc-= a= DIGI 2344 iS lcinin ery iD Hl kere alee eee alae ener ee 21054 
Gulesonian 224.00. o cohen UE DAREA'}| eSmnithig1), 0B) aes Soe: | eee es eee 21001 
Geological Commission of Portugal .---.- 218554) sstabler James 2252. =.ssee seeemeweremene 21627 
Geological Survey, U.S .----------------- 21OSos maVWard) WranikvAcs sec. seu eee leases 21255 
13 (oye 0h) 9) soseasete sees ucoacsoasesecer 2VS45 i Wind, len y2At wee eee ee cer eee te ee neee 21658 
Indian Museum, Caleutta, India..-..----- PMPASBy |p Mann, WII posskosseuesstaonesban 21975 
ARO RGOn), Wi J8l Gocecnasosocbe sen soDSstode 21046 | Yale College Museum...........-....--.- 22171 
IVAN HUnsIs) Sy\ Oh) Dy Soe eoseconcecoesoSoGesosmsos 21802 | Zoodlogical, Society of Philadelphia-...... 21209 
Tuewis, B. Mi. ... 2. ce ccnececce------0-~- 21247 | 
DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS. 
Adams, W.H .....------------++---+-+--- OT 521 | uindstroMmeaDriGpee eases ee eee 21650 
IBoMneman ye Gales see aaa = === eee HIRSSO! sp etn evenie (Ce IY 5 ses cconassanctbssvoneesose 21639 
Brown, Miss Minnie C ..-..-.....----.---- 21720: | ;Osborn,-As Oi. 3.2 s-se see eeecee eee coe 20956 
Conrad, A. H..-..--.--------------------- 220464|RacsdalenG suse sates ene na see e eee 21934 
Cope, Prof. #. D).....-..-----.------------ 21881 | Rathbun, Richard...-<. .-----2-2- 2-2... 21352 
Curtis, George H..-..-..-.-...-.--..-..-- 21897 | Raymond) Wied. : seh.ccoe~ 5. jee ee 22144 
Dawson sit ea MLA MO seein e eee sem 21838 | Shuct, Col: George W ...-...<--.--4------ 21630 
Dwight, Wi Boone nn ccnew wer ce civisice <== 21903) 4) \Seeliys daro ts deg Ml ere elee alienate 21716 
Fish Commission, U.S..-.------.--.------ 21699. || ‘Stilwell ls Wo dessa o ceeieeoelee se eeueaes 22052 
Geological Survey, U. S..21055, 21629, 21861, |" Rurner: Ee Wise soee cao R eee eee cree “21055 
21876,,21914 |) Walcott, ©..Dirc-.- -- cea e. 21861, 21876, 21904, 21916 
Sood Childuds Gpesec a= aeeea een aes 21657 | Western Normal College. ...........---.- 22046 
orl burh po Se ectee ae ma miseesisicne sae esiacre 21738 | Williams, G.J -...------------------+-+---- 21656 
atlamme) Aipbe wr Gault -ccneee en eeeesne 21887 | Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge Eng- 
GakesvArthur 2. = sssesstceemiseeie tees 22143 cellandicsecc «Seen co seeeeeeeeee er ieeinse ae oe eee OO: 


INDEX BY DEPARTMENTS. 841 
DEPARTMENT OF FOssIL AND RECENT PLANTS. 
Accession | Accession 
; : number. number. 
MEPIS V SV - Vice ccc ecisecsecincecmck esses tes BLTLS. | MONCH) Ls Gaaccccceccscaea ste eseote eee 21503 
Basinski, Julius, and Brothers ......---.. 2it23)|) eon Dr oNicholasins.ccc esse actos se neeee 21567 
Canterbury Museum, New Zealand .-.-... 2.207) | Lichtenthaler, GW sosssscnt esece eee Lee 21143 
PAZATO WMS Minoo on coee Nada cnet re ce 2 wise, \weMoeCarthy Gerald sas. cess ccme se ee eee 21724 
MATE SUORS Ace os wicca nacmneec en cter ee ecaas 20976) MASSON ISSR sao soa necne ee ee ae 21688 
Christiania University, Norway ..-.-..--- 21687 Miiller, Baron Ferdinand von ......-....- 21539 
Relectric meg ie em a5 pene re etcetera ees BOISon MERE KO uD anisiaa CO 45.4445 sn ee eee 21500 
rOMinss ram Ss seni sass -sesees-ses See 21441 | Pond, Lieut. Charles F_.........21272, 21736, 21882 
Colorado Biological Association. -.-...-- =e cl oro. | asch, Drand diensen@..22s-5. 05 ee eee 21585 
Drake! Company, Phe, ..c:.-s--c.<0--5% 21490 | Royal Botanical Garden, Seebpore, India. 21220 
Ettingshausen, Prof. Dr. Constantin von. 21434 | Royal Gardens, Kew, England..-......... 20488 
Fish Commission, U.S. ............-:- 21699; 21734 | State, Department of................-.... 21782 
Sinan 1 Oy ce deere pao nOe Bao nSEc ess 21707 | State Normal School, Winona, Minnesota. 21583 
aaniitone is cnscse sass ecees fone tenees 20573, 21266 | Shutt, Col. George W .......-.......---.. 21294 
Barayama, WaLO). <=. <<< en onsen sana 21645 | Tokyo Library and Tokyo Museum..-.-- 21961 
ENEGH COG Ker lu cance semlscin seas esis aiciniae 21646, 21649 | Wertheimber, L., &Co......-.....2..---. 21124 
DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS. 
PRION SERA GE: soa an laoed mabicc aes Sense eet 21362) \|/ays Roberts-2 ses ves cede ce lose oon 22103 
JATTTETIG HS 3 6 PA era rae ee eres 22033; |PHay dent Weaiboscssccesccer orc ses senses 21156 
Auckland Museum, New Zealand..-...-. 269) |p HeighwaysAe. 202 see ce so) sane yore es 21432 
IBanGrott, HeESt@L.-a—- aq 20-20 a ceasccees 273 | ELS we tt (Gel Orte aes. ee ee ee oe 21751 
BOSS THs Ssee cackscasesy coh lc ctoe ee sehioes OTL. | Siillebrands Drs Wek meesencseenas aioe 91502 
Beck, W. H., and Lemon, George E ...... PASS P|) BOC OG 5 Crane Sneecteccooastone anes Se 21060 
BeEchereerot Ookicns sce cct cete cee aes 2203157] PHutchcoeks Prof. ©..Ho. seaese sees eae 21217 
Bement, ClS S.n2 scence tee delss sce nae: 2IGION Pe ELItChCOoCk hn Gast. ee oe ee eee 21667 
BidwolltiWirs, ©. Ascsccecessesercase see 21453721625) Howard, Ernest)... .-0-. 25 s2se2e- oes eee cee 21901 
PB Paar Al PAG es son occ eews aces noes sea PLGA a2 hte eowell eaWicles cee Saeco enae tea ame 21501 
BOW OUR SHS oo ate es acess oo dcles 41151, 22030, 22070 | INES Ore Oe Wire ce ee ete eee eee 21215, 22021 
BOWMAN yA shee cicss acts cncumoeeee ZOOL Se | ictinz | GeOrvenb=n cesses aces ae eee 21274 
Brau re barons ese sae sascs es cssceeses eee QI 258) WwtacroipAe A=. 7 .ce- eee eee ee ne ae 32118 
THEW UIT (Vey LE Ge Se ae a ea es ee VR ep 22027 o am bor Oren Obert hte .6 ee eee eee 22072 
* Burt, Grinnell.-.--..... Scametocaceseneeace 22014 | GOO di Gea ee oe te ae Jae 20924 
Many SilaSso.220-ss 66 see eeuacee een 220 Tay Pe LOWisiehoOMmasveee tena cease eee meee. 22010 
ASG MOrS MD) So « t-ciais-icen cine wie ose ak D902) | MbaGas: IevASsS aha sce ae ete en 21900, 22160 
Briepnretin ile aT. Sat c0 52 See u A Oe ati5s, McGregor, ‘Alex 2=....- Le ee 21915 
M@hisolmMb hy. Sssssce cc's cts setmeeeeee ee 21302) |e Mislone Nine shen Hi ack = oc eececeee ee ceeee 21227 
ferecloayValdoydpsccesee ase bas ee ee 99005) ehanes Henry: ce.sc2s0- aeeee eee eee 22028 
alae yPrOt- He iWi ssscsesneccceeseeeee ate PAD 5) me wlasOnN CoS incr acsee ce seer cece oe eee 21239 
dopersWalliam: = <c.c-sse-cecenses eee: 22015 | Merrill, George P..--........... 21191, 21808, 21287 
LOPS py OTS O ES so IS MAES ee ens se pe 2783) | luseo Nacionals braziles25. 2s. en eee 20900 
Dowling -Chomas\s- st. sccneicecnen senses 21793) eNielson,WalliantG se==c-'- 22. se sen ee ee 21924 
Drake Company, The.......-..-......--- PANSY) || LESEN Cue 189 CEN dil So or oe hok pone caesesee 21526 
Mutton, Capt Coil as-.= 3.0 Ss vec cee tecaee Dips} || Wetdain gael eye, (Cl 18 ceo oo casera ace ace 21081 
LUA G8, TER Se eS Ae eee A ee eesetoe PPIs || Tetris IO eFC oo ae ere me ssoepnesosanoease 21457 
TORT RTT OY Ce ee a ee DSTO MBGRry ANG Ms <8 52 -tsep ceed: ements 21145, 21474 
Ie OW TAN Beret. sete once ee escent a oeoee J1SBS= | ee tora te; ObLOWe Sessa teens oc ee eee 22019 
English, George L., & Co..-..-- 21342, 21343, 21428, | Pond, Lieut.Charles F...........-. ee. 21272 
21831, 21853, 22069, 22099, 22159 | Powell, Maj.J.W....-...........----- 21407, 21936 
PPA SD. acoso scoscsewecshy cnceee hie PP AO EUR ll 2 Sane or Seo cOeeE De SeeOea CAeH be 21934 
LNG cpa NS Oe eee neta a ap D150F- |MENICOMUNOINASieR cove ct escc cee et ace: 22111 
Geological Survey, U.'S)..-21152, 21422, 2145201475. | Rand, T. D..-2 2.2.25. ec cc ee eee ele we lnee 21935 
21527, 21528, 21529, 21530, 21581, 21836, |. Reynolds, E.M..........--.-...2-.-.2c000 22012 
21837, 21879, 21932, 21988, 22068, 22102 | Rowe, A.P....-.....--. 2.22. scence nccene 22043 
SOrAOn WOU di cana cetecce sae sees ALLS Te | MCHTALDOLY Wists El <.- sec cau cecereee 22026 
AGEN OT REINO > eect nie a eine en etal 21507 | Standard Mineral Company..........---- 20989 
Green River Zircon Mining Company.... 22032 | Sharples, S. P .......--.--------------e--s 21600 
(SOG Vor Ie Beater ae ms aSeee ie cece 21341 | Sherman, Hon. John -.:...--.-<2.cels-2% 21643 
(CoO Abs poscere Met c sare sbeeeP=ancas 2 ADR SING AIT Pdi ose Cock dee e ce cee~e eee eeReee 22029 
Gurley, W..C....... Sopa sie anil te rai aaa SALT Ce tie STATED O LAND Ye Dia VIN = ators aia ne als Se etre aie reiiee 21267 
Hanks Veron clenry Gicccscccayeceascaanc ALS 2Ge SERUNCONS His Wreisvicacessiansecetcccie see =s- e834 


842 


REPORT OF NATIONAL 


MUSEUM, 1889. 


DEPARTMENT OF MINERALS—Continued. 


| 


Accession | Accession 
mnmber. | . number. 
Staphensonyprse Denese eee ese aee 22020 MWihite Dri! AG..uedehe-creeesaseceme eee 21408 
Treasury Department, U.S-......--..---. PANT || \N Alles UCSC) 0 Neer c nce sap cobocsmosssoos S- 21363 
Vienna, Imperial Royal Natural History | Walliams: Benjamin@e seer ssceee|-soetemee 21632 
ATER Ge séea55 soadcoconsnoobeHescepe 21207 |) Wilson, George M.------.---.- 22092 
\NV/Ellemhiim (O50 Da SeeccosesecoepsecnScnese 21644, 21916 | Wilson, Thomas .-.....-..-...... 21061, 21822, 22101 
\Wpileves) J8hiiait 0) deeehoaccsousuccodcecase 20933 | Yeates, Hon. Jesse J..-.---. nant eae 21154 
Wiardiand- How elles 2. ces see eee eee D797, \eWeates: WS) ..=- >= 22009, 22011, 92016, 22017, 22023, 
WWiarrensi@ harlesmWiee = -aiceceiaetssisisemincts 22073 22024, 22025, 22034, 22041 
Wells Hiiiecc sss iee eee eee reser Blosl em wounc SiastO ee scene alesse eerie 22013 
AYE VENI sf ee So conmoneeenuo cmacoc Pe GY FA Aris 1a G 7 Sone as caneooeccone nouoTD code 21330 
WME DIMEN Gopgaoesecos cssesocsqaes 21642 | 
DEPARTMENT OF LITHOLOGY AND PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. 
Auckland Museum, New Zealand........ S69" | eMiullet; Dicks2s2 22 sese-- wee cosese et eecae 21674 
Bare RMN Sono no scacbonsascossecnoos 21671 | Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris........ 20872 
lps iG hes 188, 1) es Saeogecooonebaotodesces 20818 | Museo Nacional, Brazil ..-.....--.----2.- 20900 
Bayley, W. Se aSeSoe nIASeS soso SU eSSseTeEds 21848 | New England Brown Stone Company.-... 22080 
BeckersG corcop tues cert aneeercesee reac ZILGIGH| Paxton; George Bese acct ms misclstemereleateoets 21673 
iBentonm Walliams] nese=sees seas seer 21885.) beale- DrwA © sacsecse orclisae eee se seer 21638 
Boston Society of Natural History. .----- 215455 | Pond Lieut: Charles yh. - oes seen eee 21272 
CarteriGcorceaWeeneerr= eee ae areas ee 21466) | Preston iit D eee cereale see eae eee 21704 
ORS IE TERME Wo no criesoose séosccosesse 22148 | Pritchard::A se saaeseceeee sea eee 21423 
DartonwNelsoneH=<.sc-95=s2- ssee eee een 219669) (RandsCheodoreDis-=-2ee ee neree ee eee 21331 
Emmons, S. F. (See under U.S. Geological Roessler: ‘A; Ris.caccenccsteccseeeaeeeeeee 21926 
Survey.) Russell: Te sce ese ccosswesceeteeseostee 21300, 21426 
Farrington, 0. C -..---..-----.-----.--.-- 21185 | Shelby Iron Company, Shelby, Alabama.. 21676 
Fish Commission, U.S ..-......-..--.---- 21699) | \SiomalkO Mice. (WS. --seceseseeeres see 21058 
IM BISON Decesco cocdas ssespacneccs sea coece 20862 iSmithy Dr Sandersones-senseesceese sees 20846 
Geological Survey, U.S .....--- ZUTS2NALI9S 21753 al Soubhwick Wl vuere cess eecee anes see aeee 20845 
21786)20'789)21966) UStone Solon Acc seeeseeeses= seer ee eeeeee 21652 
Grettonvusrotherss:. o-<-cbese csc osesise cs =e 2114s sStouchtonyDsMies ss reece eee eee 91982 
Hallock Charles. .52=0ccece<,osieeee seis: 21273" || Stnrtz. Bs. -6 onesie oeee eee eee 21488 
Haworth, Erasmus..-.......--...--------. 21236 Vienna, Imperial Royal Natural History 
IHjtchcocky Erol) CgHeern= asters 21217, 21570 Miaseumrot. =). penne se eee 21524 
IS GRO NCTE 1 oSosop assess cemSseseebspHCOnS ZIGTS maya COLE: OreD ease nae eee 21916 
Howell tsb tes<c2 soa sseseeee ema eens 21788 Williams Aluminum Company, New York 21698 
is@yresy, FRO D5 WY soo ceo oencconesasscoscas 21703 | Williams, Dr. George H..-.-....---.-- 21571, 21697 
Lid CREO AHe)d togoSrocescoosoasacceennace 21409 \Wiorth, Re N. s-0s6s1-s<sese eseawee eee 21297 
Merrill, George P ..20847, 21184, 21186, 21871, 21188, | Yeates, W.S ...-.---..ce.cceccsccececa-e 22022 
2119; 21TGO 2191) 21192, 20193; 201942196; |) Zahn) Henrys.-assscsseseeeseseeee eee 21195, 21330 
21197, 21216, 21218, 21219, 21232, 21287, 21808 | Zeledon, José C ..-..--.-..cceccecs sacnne 20871 
Mooney; Barney; ----c2=- 32 =2 1 esas 21448 ; 
DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGY AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 
Auckland Museum, New Zealand ....-.. 21169. )) Lowery, ,Gubse osc cece seeceee ne soeeeeass 21970 
Bissig, Frank .....---.----+::---+----+--- PAE |) WRC DIE UN as oe aa6 Sane oodShoesenoeece 21075 
Teva SE AOS eee oes case coceonsuarenaee 21950) || Merrill) Georve Bo +. seseeee se ence eee 20870 
Brown, D. R. C.,and Butler, Elmer T..-... 21103 | Mount Shasta Chrome Company Sano cdeng 21166 
Cammon yy Bak tccccea-csccee sae. Slee sess IPI) | Nielsen yWalliam! Ges seeses asa aeeeees 21924 
(Citi, 1toy Chih socacooonbossodoonso5c6e6 20932) Peckham Prot. Seleces-a6e easement 21176 
Dae) eel AVA eee cetaietiawmcieionias\acre nese 20934 | Pittsburgh Reduction Company -..--.---- 21969 
IDNR IS » ascanoo sso coopouGosaEtececdeac 21182 | Quicksilver Mining Company .--20886. 21898, 21955 
idwards Wiidlac ce cele aicitelnactoacsciecc cee 21533 | Riehle Brothers..-..-.------+--. .----.21291) 21723 
MllinosonwKointOscsee see ines cee 20960 State, Department of.-.---. sSeCaont .---21421, 21782 
Gretton: Brothers seco ence see ORG AUD Oa EYES KEEP TR Ta? OE! OF cease o neck oneicn o-eSco coe 21617 
Mewett Gi CU snsdosctasscseoase se ee te oe 217 ali ||| ‘Stevenson dads sense sssee eee esata 21954 
Uae nerit, (Ce ie soecsessboo. coker opesscas 21050) || Stover; Joseph. ---- =... --.- cn =~ o-oo 20953 
Oi, ae Coase be oconesegocsssisseace DAA aU Brgeral a Gye BAIN 0 ARO nose esancaconoga nono 21309 


INDEX BY DEPARTMENTS. 


DEPARTMENT OF LIVING ANIMALS. 


Accession | 

number. | 
Army Medical Museum, U.S ......-..-.. 21057 | 
PAV OLY CAPURUD cic o's sie oo) acinsine scence sce 21033 | 
IBAKOECA Sct ce cis cies acicilesesiecice oor eitae 21851 
Rell" amesi--2-22e .-26- eee 21112, 21308, 21339, 21811 
BIS CING Leds. aos =< 0 He sistereteieisiwiasictactonsi= a(6 21126 | 
SDR GIKE See e ep aaeerangoecoonecdac: 21302 
Ea OTS Gorn cac san acces cee cen saeeacmae 21032 
Bradford, Harry B....--- Se one neeaa a 21514 
Brown, Maurice M....................... 22051 | 
Burch, Millard. ...... Pe TLE sade eee etas 22096 
BUNK AMES: maces sce ks cesc) acninncecates 21446 | 
Call Hon pwalkcingon; -c--ee- =) 2-22 ce=5 21694 | 
Carpenter, MrsiJ, Mo ---- 5. <-----2-..--. 20903 | 
Central Park Menagerie, New York..--. 21405 
ChiNRS Mas Di seccac Sanco necases ace osce ce 21296 | 
Clay, Col. Cecil........... Sen eeepyiatone 21747 | 
ABOU VeREV ONES Wiel rete ee insaeisier cise eto cee ne = 21307 
EDINA Wino sen Anescisascesteocctcceeae 21580 
WOOKEVHENTYED ssa. oace oss aciee oes Sea se Palle 
Coues; Dr. Elliott..<.-..... ER encosBEaS 21430 
TE UEC) a Nt re ne ce ere 20995 | 
MIN Wii Hicenesccsctcacoee saceus Neeroceae 21042 | 
PON PON LOAbD S22 fase cxiscie-ciciciciswia eicisies 22183 | 
MNGAP EMV Chee oe see ose cee Stone 20841 
Drew, Frank L. and Charles E........... 21889 
Dulin, Edward M ...... Fale terteie oye eyelets 21064 
LONE S EOD nye AE eae aeon Geer OMSrmoc ee 21493 
Mish: Commission; U.|Sic-----.s-c-sces 21369, 21480 
Hleming, R. B. Li... .--.- ma aiioieee altace 22132 
Gannett, Henry...-............ SERS aia 20840 
Gutewood., Dr Welbmmet.-scscsscn-e-cce 21683 | 
Geérstenberg & Reuter ~~ ---. 2. sence ine 21282 
Glascott, Mrs. Josephine. .......--..--.-- 21745 
Cordon WaliaMVAS 522 -/<ceeie Jessen ooSee.s 21080 
(Caereraye VEU exe) de4s} 1846 (i aes oneeae cer ose sas 21383 
PACKMAN AR hac ccccesecccacssseersegeiec 21606 
EROS Oey lata toe tetris se ates. dee state 2 eens 21496 
PMID Re lpi tiaaemcie corinne octane sever ice. 21241 
Handing» Miss) Ellen M ~~. 2.5.2 fs..<-< 20918 
EPI OMENS Clos nia <injo/' om aistetcto c= aistainie seen 21537 
PAR DIOUCK (Mies c- cs. sas ses e ae - 21122 
PVONOMICKB  MULIG . sicaiceiei- = esomesieiom t= speae le 22116 
EFOrnAd ay AWA LMAM yee cee ee ac eo ee 20838, 21974 
1S hie ty 10, OR ecpeoenceetsneressescs sssee PAT! 
PED TE 1in SON on '.cjc ere a oat en oe inter 21491 
Huidekoper, Master Reginald.....-...... 22086 
ROM Cs Bese cneces cote. ac cle cj owe wanes 21128 
MVC NOMASIS ecacezs caise sw cicesisje! alas 21601 
ennincsANNNUES a. teccs «osem sc cles cee 22 21435 
Johnson, L. A. and Richard D. Wimsatt... 21615 | 
WLONCS Haw o oe oni ee os eaetemeen cee nee 21956 
UICC ONO. smiare nae clays araral aysicleiti= semaracce 21470 | 
WGtind \ Charles Hs <i -senc.o)s cee us idee te 20843 | 


Langille, Ollie 


Wirtles Majo he Miwon: emcees cee 
MCAS Wallinmin heer teseeeciece as 
Mic Gicone GE AW: hee seeceemare cae eee 


McLane, William R 
Mather, Fred 


Miller, Alexander McVeigh 


Merrick Hon Wiles. 52 ee neneee 


843 


Accession 
number. 


21000 


Millers Hons) Sis. .catenccen seneecm en sees 20881 
Miller yMialtonme.-c-iss- 0 ssieciccaoee etre 21565 
MinickCANOTOwssacetresociceesce Soneee 21458 
Moores WilliampAcs 2220 oscceiecoscricne oe 21980 
Morgan; Honxdohni in semser cee ecee enh oe 21661 
Moritz C elestepces sa ctencecee ccc Gencieeees 21056 
IMOSeL WIPE s occon wa cecne sce ccreunocees 21839 
Mornay OPiS. beisacs co aise secene ct acion amet 21693 
NODrIS Has Beets ce oe Se eee ee eee 21974 
Palmer, Walliambsnees cose cee eee eee 21280 
Parsons, Misses Grace and Maud ........ 21384 
Pilling, James @i-2 cms sis cee see ee cae 21511 
Prindle:'Georce: S's. s.< eee sian sooo one 21744 
Reeds Drs DNomas) desssscscaace teeters 21052 
Reid Si see ines aes ase seis ee soe ecoe 21978, 22056 
Romeyn, Capt. Henry .......-.--..- 21931, 22050 
Ridd|Misswizziessa-.cncosmcceacenecese: 20899 
Schmid puouisidc) SONSe== eee eee seer aoe 20969 
SelinertJolitinet << ccsner veccaerec teenies 21893 
Shindlererau: Zeno sss seeeneece ces ce cae 20988 
Shilplespoamnle lee =cseisceeciee ee eee ae 21594 
Shutt,Col.George W .21647,22049, 22067, 22085, 22139 
rehire) Wynd iN bce ooo oesoononeusasancnanste 21171 
Smithebiubbardihss ss sessceas eee eee 21997 
Smith wWeektns cp cn see ocetssceee eens 21538, 21976 
Stanford Hon uelandsssseeseseeee ose ene 22045 
Starkweather, George B........-.:....... 21281 
Stevens. Miss) Maryscestee- eee seem ae ee 21582 
rehiories 18 (ivy 1D) cones ocorsccobest soncnose 21516 
Sutton;/Miss (Georgie. <---o-ssseeesc-ce-- 21445 
MalblorwHowand a eeema- ote seme sae 21081 
Molson yehomasih-wo- nce sae heasiasnassee 20880 
| Townsend, Charles’ Hi... .22---2-.scse-- 20927 
UWibers@ Bdgart-eseccasmeceece cece 20940, 21303 
Welter. JeaWiee eee ose aad woe esas tc bois 22149 
WiapneryWalliaml=. scLtechcccc seme cates sie 20842 
Wialcott; CiW<.-.=ccwe=suie® sees cccecc ace: 21957 
Ward cohmniD Sen necesesitacicianee ssa 22097, 22125 
Waters Di Ricpa- <cacailtesitomctecce weitere or 21563 
Wieedens Wii) samc? Jains seesieieremenens 21332 
Walliams mlowelli@ oe. 2e esas aee eos eee 21129 
Wimsatt, Richard D.,and L. A. Jubnson.. 21615 
WWOOd ENR sos serocaw cides tale ce maeieseees 21333 
WAC) Ave h oe Oe 1 fa) beam ne cae ae re aise 21057 
Yale College Museum .... .............. 20946 


"s 


tues ee 


iG ue I , 
Treg Re lag AO a 


Pb x ae): REPORT. 


: Page. 

ADDO LEO TMV els. | COLLESpONCenGe Wilbltm etre cas! cine malsisioe) tooo tise Secjcc ae 354 
Aboriginal pottery, review of work in the section of............-.---------- 36 
skin-dressing, paper by Prof. O. T. Mason on .... ..-.-- =.----~--- 553 

Accession list, index by departments in the National Museum....--...-.--. 833 
LOCB ICS pepe ere oes Seite epee aise Sopa eee oe mania 821 

INCCERSTONS NS bhOdes = 5 ee oeietreeiee ole esata Fins) soiSels sieisiehcec lacs Sosa sole igseeis V7 
hoghhowMinseUiIMnase ce sas ees cee. ac Coe eee aioe sien aie teers eee 11 

Aceounts, department of .-........+...------------ Dawe wna. Meroe 28 
Acridiide of North America, reference to a paper on-the...---...---.....--. 380 
Act of Congress relating to Cincinnati Exposition...--.-....-.-..---.------ 155 
INCL AIMNS Wea SCH SySHOll-DETd ss .ce ces Goceeciee cis «aco ce ew asec oe noreasees 119, 143 
Nees Ona, Ac. Sends speclimens mom Braziliees. =. cess sce cic 2s sioaciseee noes MBE 
Ager Dr. Cyrus <=. .-: TRS et er ee ees SERS ae Ae Sane Ree ee a. Bree 27, 282 
assistant curator of oriental antiquities.................... 34 

PREIS I. a aSce oumeto dooce Ee oe re pos anoe teen Goae ceseteesen 743 

POPOL Oletamey sie eee acer cri eenes = des. ace acas eaten aes 289 

AMIS LabimesualeO tbe ViUSeUM:e neces Soom onan oo, tee eine ere emer 23 
AOL Keune Nae Wa Okt Otxs sore = Stes cge ea Sia 3 ss See ee 47 

Agmiralty Islands, spear-heads from... ...- 2-2. ----..s2<0s)sac+ snceenecesee 288 
Adze-shaped scrapers in U.S. National Museum.......... ...-...--. .--.-e 589 
RECOM ALC§C ON CCW ONwalearialem an cateicin sae a rraciee octane Soe Sear eee ee eee ee 5 
PURE MU tUE SYED] VY Ek OU ar hia els eyala (eters atniays nics aie) of aiwie wn o SESE ae 288 
MERIC AMACCOSSION StL OMe <a te eee ay arn aoe eee 2c 2/57 Ab Si einis Suis pees ohoe ete 112 
Stunolocicalaspecumon strom eeanssaeeeere seer cake scemcn eee ee oe 288 

[MGR ECiCAe PIT pee O be ROGI IE Soho Goosto Seno Sac le Hanes GH SES EE Ooe me Meme meee 374, 383 
PRIM ULUATO T CPALUOIOU LO & teeman sila see. oe re eee sini ho alate 141 
sends\ai collection of parasites:-2----2--45-.25..- 115 

represented at the Cincinnati Exposition....... 176 

Secretary of, courtesies extended bythe ..........--.........- 142 

PAN ayy BTC ere ae comisiact ete esate er aa Senile a rare ere ee Olean oa 2 ee 505 
Pevensie eins lw = iweb ls am ein = Sousa 501 
Pom Cave vOMDENeAn = cec sense cate aan one eee eee eee 486 

NUT COE es ee cae eis Ose yal oes Ea Ue CSE Eee Ear ena i ns 508 

JN AGING) SIR CH Be Se0- pe ee or pe eA ORE DMD ACT ode -LeScSe bee DUCE CbEE SECC An aEEe 503, 509 
AMUN ae Roeepac Bebo near bomen ACO moe Coe ESO rear Aone EOE eae nea an meee 509 
ee LSS UR ea ene Eerie Picit gel re ee eC eir ey Soup et ee ae So 511 
Ahumeamea .... --- bee an eee ree Ben aes lt oe See 511 
PATE O CD OC pepe m\ene re a oie Gee ei ae ee ea en a a ie Boas, See 508 
Pee EL SRP CC UL © UCM osu ate ey eine de eee fot oS iin a a oan She 505 
LUN EDS 8 RRO O REPO PASO aO mete otc eelar 16h ots AoE ene Re Ree ae 506 
EN bre ey fa 1 i ee cy ee ee i eats at, Sats a a er 513 
PAS EICI GG rete rater cre ot ten | I CR, RE eS et ek AS 504 
MARCHED Ota 2 nls wae ea Seek eee ES cis Sean oc Soca ost uldod sw xdiees een 507 


$46 INDEX. 


Page 

Ahutepeu........... sisaud Santions ese See eee Boe a RBS ay ae Se ee Roe EOE Roe 502 
Ahutovetore .oss 222 =k a lewcss coe cen eee eee eee ee eee 503 
Alintratnretscce ssp ees. Oe sat Sanaa ete recs, ee ee OE ee ee ae: eee 505 | 

AMWUbOP Ble 2252 she Lass co She Sec es cee sere ee ne ee ae 513 

ASTER bree ps Ses, oin oe Sire Sere ER ee Sa ree et ee 504 

ANSE ain a oi Sk ee Sc ok ee re pens pst tee OE ele ee 509 

Alabama; accessions from ss= 525) acer ae eee ase oe ae REE nee See 113 

Alaska accessions from«.=42222%. 4 ese Oe See ee ee en Boe eee eee 115 

Commercial Coinpany presents a dae Be ee Ms Sam te rie 115 

Knife fron is soe tere ns oS. See ee IS 2s ae ae tee ee eee 286 

Albany Museum, Grahamstown, exchange with ...............--...-------- 53 

Albatross, collections made by the steamer ...............----.------- ee 142 

birds’ eggs collected by the Fish Commission steamer ........---- 363 

elephant tortoises collected bythe: 25 2-2. 222 2e-e2 2 cee eee se ee 420 

mammals obtained by the naturalists on the...--.....-..-...---. 37 

Marine specimens collected yee nee eee e eee eee eee 383 

mesozoic fossils collected by the Fish Commission steamer... ---- 397 

mollusks and fossils collected by the Fish Commission steamer. --- 372 

plants collected during the ernise of the ....-....--- .----.-.---- 399 

porpoise and sea-lion skins collected by steamer.......---....---- 350 

report on insects collected by Fish Commission steamer -...----- 380 

reptiles and batrachians collected by the Fish Commisson steamer 365 

work in the Pacific Ocean accomplished by the Fish Commission 

steamer. ..... Sislecinns Culbiewe) cinisnw aetna oncaine aacens saeeisee eee 384 

Alexandrian Museums 22.6 ses = oe sete So eves eo ne oe eae Seen oe eee eee 428 

AMlen Drees saecrwcissesoscs cise Sasi saee ete nee eee cee sees tee eee ee 38, 71, 361 

Papers Dy sio ec Se sss sce cc aes eee ee ee oe eenoeenioee eee eee 743, 744 

mAulens (Cols i tiev Sect ee soe sek oe a ae ee ream ose ee ee 285 

sends photograph..2-6 =. sss ee.ee secs cease Sa oon ee eee 118 

specimens froma stillwater=.-4s-4-e> -4 ee = eee eee eee 281 

Allen erof.:Harrison, lectunespy 222 2-5 soe aes aie setae ee ee ee 69 

AnMoricn, ACCOssIONS {POM cscccek- = ee ee eee 113 

American aboriginal pottery, department of-.-: -..--. .---=- -. 2-2. -22- seco Py | 

LEPOLbiom whe SechlonlOlk possess sels eee 341 

lions Cheypunia, Ores neo ee ee MAGS E eeOD LOnaaoaten Gese 59 

railand track, origin ofthe. 2.2.5. see choose See eee 662 

Geological Conpress, meetings of the. --...2.---2----2--2 eee ee 70 

Historical Association -- 4-255 oa hea seetse ees eee eee eee 5 

MCC PO fsthe eer eee eee Eee eee 70 

Ornithologists’ Union..-.-.. SS etd Sea ents, ool Sears oN z 360 

publications OMUNCr= sone ee eee : 744 

Society of Civil Engineers, resolutions adopted by the ....--...-- 294 

Ammen, Rear-Admiral Daniel, deposits a carriage used by General Grant--.- 117 

Anahoinangaroa Points. 2226 te. .-23 So sos oe oe se eee ee oe ene eee eee 484 

tower nears) lscoe eco aoe ee eee Soacasas seseosesas 455 

AMA KON AW emer atic see sl cisciss oSecn tet eee eee eee ees RSS ACD Do amesoSs 505 

ANAKEN AID AY o's so-so cee et ao eet een ee see eee eee Eero een 450, 489 

AMASKOMOLALO dense ea beens viva codes ose bn = Mee eine eae eee eee eee 500 

ANBONCTO < Fo asco acest aap) s sais csSs.jocd ose eaten een eee Ee eee ee ee 510 

Amaoraka: ...cs-ceetec ce eos oie aes Sk .cS 2 eee eee eee eee ee eee 501 

Amateka sss2228 sans seeiee a see ee eee les cs Set Societe eee eee eee 505 

Ancient scull-oarsifromplaster Island! 5: --2=2- =. see ee ae eee oe eee 533 

Anvell;. GW 7d. insects reccivedstrom oes. 3. aoe ene eee 3738 

Ancelo; DriSenna, batsreceiveditromes---. ] oan. eee ee eee eee eee 350 

Angle splice-bar 2224.44e35 Ae: ete ee ee eee : 699 


INDEX. 847 

; Page. 

PMN eprom UCtS, iSOCUON OL seis aci-2 <cic coalsclec sis) sawisice sicsciee tees ssssicee 26 

Animals, mounted, exhibited at the Cincinnati Exposition ......-...-...---- Als 
recently extinet or threatened with extermination, by Frederic A. 

UCAS seas eee eee et tite eek ie kl oes oe ee ee 609 

whose skins were utilized by American aborigines, list of.-...----- Hdd 

Annual reports of the Museum, statement concerning the -.....-------.---- 54 

MINOR) MNES oS nd Bea dig SOOO aA eae ee eee ae 511 

PUNO Deere eet yen) ee ep ree Gli t i stinsucuus geome sce meen SOL 

AMpALOpoLopy, International) Comeress Of... 22.1. -tasc- 5-5 ewe aos soe n= ieee 324 

MMP AOLAC ON sranslavlOonwOlenmnaar reece teiasciscete cece Sacase seas eee ese 517,518 

DOW kawiha kos pOLLelyeilOml retrace emai aioe cicceusscis cei. a clsiae ee ciaiete 341 

Appropriations for the Museum, transfer of disbursement of-....-.----.----- 6 

POMBO OG ls OOLS PINECGL = orc Meee enti cs aceecatsees Fee elscatee see eae s 99 

SPOCLINENSSONbpLIMONCMAN GO Meas heehee eee sae eer ee ae ae eae 337 

ALoOntinenkepuplic, collections teomeese: see =. cs2-)-= cle s-51-2 eee aaa 123 

Amiadnesplateancdeproofs Of MW Unand Ses 2. em essen eee ae eee ee tee 303 

Jingle te 22 225 on ban coerce SOCIO eee cee et ae a ene teens eee ee Ae 511 

Aer ON as aCCeSSLONSHLOM =e eee Meets ei eine ere skal cane na ee eee ee eee 113 

einnologicalispecimenssTronil-s--. 225s. Ss aetce- ees cose ease acess 286 

Anmorvgbwildin ges =a settasee tee ais Shake eis ceu skew be sce oo eeenors 107 

Emu omen ion COMecCclOUS =. 2a = iciseessa~ a cedlatos tals seman so eels 22 

Arrcollectionsin Hyrope,arrangcement Of. 22... 20. -2.225-2-- 2-6: ---s2e= 445 

AES AN Oe NGHStrics wdeparhmoniiOmeasss soe seneas st ceces cece eres eecs 26 

ASCII CALLAO CUCU er ee meee see en aaste Nessa ne sore Leos en ee sets ee 383 

ASH OL VVCLORNr allem meen as eer hee Snr © an retntonee cicltincis cals aioe eavemele teins 620 

Ashmead, William H., paper on the Braconide by ..-..--.--.-------s---+ .--cee 380 

AshmoloanevusenmnOxtOrdee cence oee teenie ines eloece incine oaee eases 430 

PIA aC CONSION GEL LOM ee se ee enlace eae See come Pee senta e siccicloe evs awetacaatee nes 124 

AHH MOUND GAL MOG) Ofc sasiscecoteoo se fee nice sepess cites = game teers crs 414 

NSS MN CINGeTALT OM ee one amine rene neyn at Serene oe Ooo nlc nee ee ce ee emacs 288 

ASIC OLR IPOO! expanse BBEC SO AKO Dae ae Onno Se CAGOUMOsOOIsdd ae bHedas dacs 22 

MEI RNCSe RIG. CASES) Ohl: oe Heese creche cnet anes. co ceeesscesenet aoe eee 290 

Ate-a-renga-hokan iti poheraa, song, translation of ........-....-..-------- 526 

Mine Vataririteadib1on, oranslablons Ole ess ccelscceterccls c= - 2 o2 565 oee ese 520, 521 

PANU TEST Oo VV) le rot te ree ep an Boy OE pen LEM Bye) Se Shier ieee = 26, 141 

IG UpI ey hy, Se sacie DaGoEOeK So a AS OSC GaOnBe we SACS COeEoo 69 

PAVOLA ID ype noe ee a ee oe Sorento oes cic aisle Sts Sete 744, 745 

Auckland Museum, alcoholic birds received from the.........----.-..--.----- 388 

birdssskingpiromice see nee ee sate a ties aes cee woul as 357 

collection ofishellstrom(ys aces ees meee ce eects eons 40 

collections: from=thert sa cuss-ceo eee oe neces ose cece ee ae 126 

minerals received in exchange from the. ........---..--- 402 

molilusksireceived tromithes-= sss5ene ace cians nie eee nee cee 372 

OLESHELONT DUO wa se eee oe ee eee Se er ee nee 46,414 

rocks received in exchange from the. .--.---..-..------ 406 

AMsOral asia, ACCESSIONS KOM 1c ;scmee Seater st ain oe Sas ol tniietele < oencrsias ssc 126 

PPE AN h, ACCEHSIONSe MONE r= <p ee ame eens ae ne aaa ani as oe Aaa eS 126 

hiatehoninouy-22 1.2 phon me eager SURES LL N7 ye 2 283 

Australian birds in alcohol fee oan RR ee Shaye Daa skies mace Ssinaees 388 

Museum, alcoholic birds received from the ............-.---- --- 388 

fishes received in exchange from the......-...----. -..- 370 

MUM ELAS TOCELVCCALOMMUNO he se acca alcecie sn eee cline 402 

OLETTECEIVE CLONING eae oie sole aslo sick cise lc crcmcls Coes 46, 414 

SKeleLous OM uae di tMOm UO ame cect se ele lola naval ilove ar 388 


SVAN yFOxXChanPOmwlbN sae ciao esccas ae cenleas a sos 53 


848 INDEX. 


Page. 

AUST, ACCESSIONS TLOMD Caos ase cee nie ccs aataatee See sae ean rene eee 125 
Avery, Dr. W. C., presents birds’ nests and eggs..-... ..=.-.4..-<. cca ohelgeers 113 
nestiandier cs Of aside aces. eee sece eae ee eaee 363 

Avery;,S.r.,.sendsia lithograph ..2-cc 22.6 cones bose te cee else eelee eeeere 120 
Aweto, specimens of, received through Professor Riley....-...-.-.---------- 378 
Ax-handlesitrom,Mastersisland) aass.eetsecia= seal eeeinies eee toe ee eee 5387 
Babylonian seals casts Of. s-n-22-sceeeee asker ace ce ce chee see e eee 290 
BakervAs Bb terret recelvedutromMeseereeee ce cseececen coe fae eee eee 421 
Baldwin Locomotive Works send photographs of Reames. sine mee seee ere 121 
BallankD> sends; modelgontocomotivieres |. sere ee sea aie eee 115 
Banes Cy sends copperamplements esas a= =e aes =a ee eae eee 118 
Baron, ©.f.) humming-bird purchased:froim ec ==). oc a- Soe nsee ae = eee 307 
Barrows, Walter B., insects collected by----.----------=2re---=---=-2 beets 378 
sends matural history collectionse-s2—-ei-eeee eee eee 123 

Bamilettsebldiwcrds sp ap CLs sO year eyes eet eal ae = el ae ee ee eee 745 
Bartlett; Hon Charles, coopenntionyOfsae= 2-55) —. 4) == ee eee eet eee 148 
Je CANOES DYE) bial Mite ooogaanos = s5ecoU. abe oad caUbOooouS HaSaSosSEo, cond aacS 447 
BatrachiaroL, North Americ¢a.abys borin. COpe) cssece. eee nee ereoee 39 
Ba Drs: Giese Seen sere tierce Oe ae Dee was eae ee ne Sees bieeereeios TL 
DAPCISDYseoee we ca eo sce oS e ea ee epee eee eee re Soeernaoat nee. 745, 746 

studies ’chelomians: ccs. Soa ee Soe eee s ee — eee Seeetie eee OO OOO 

tuntlestands terrapins transmitbed apy cesisan reales 421 

Baxter, R.4., ophiohite presented by ---- ---4 ---2\-=-= ae 3 Sc epereisrotiae Mie eee 406 
Bayard, Hon. T. F., transmits photographs of Indians.....-...-..--..---:.. 124, 137 
Beaming-tools of bone in U.S. National Museum...........-......--.-..--- 5E9 
Bean, BartonvA..---. tas aye ta Simla Se oe Ae eae ee Re oe ade ete ee CE Se eee 27,095 309 
Bean, Dr. 1. H., honorary curator of fishes: = aso-- ecoee = oe eee eee nea Sola 
instracteduin photooruphyerees= seas e ee See eee eee 1i0 

Papers Dye soe else be Sse Sak Rojee sere sie heb ice osteo 746 

NG) WO Rok) faao So geanes oboe sSpSSe aaanoo daseotoen or obe Sedo 369 

Beathy J. W., Gems_Obtameditrom: 2 sees ae nee eee oe ee eee Se eee eseaee 402 
Beardslee; Commander L.A.,, contribution from\==-o we-- =e ee eee eee 113 
BeckeriGihy 2s 55s 6a as eo ae ee eee ey Se See Settee see Ree eee 140 
Monographyy soaps ces ese soe Se ee RS Se oie oe 407 

rocks collectedsby 22a. = saeco eke 2 wae Sein ne Ce eee eee 118 

Beckham. Charles WiAckInte ap apers) Dives so—a sas cena ee eee eee eee 746, 747 
Beck awl. mineralsrecelved fromm. seen sce ceee es ao one eee eee eee 402 
Beckwith, Paul, illustrations of uniforms from ----.-2--- 2-2-2 --2-25)-seesee 114 
presents)a) Danishysilverimed alcasa:-t-5 jose ee ee 125 

iBeechey, |Capt:.B. Wiras-ncete sss cem ence se Soc Saseepe ecco alee eee eee 448 
IBehneng) ess ee cet Gees oe aes cee alee eee eee eee eee eee abaleseae afer 448 
Belomm; ethnolocicalispecimens tromyes -==c1- 4 ss 5 eee eee eee eee 287 
Bell, Carey, sends astono ax..-....--------- 3) dre Pint sieiotaays ara (ois eyes hapeeneds 120 
Bell James: sends; rattlesnakes... 2-0 sae ea ee ae eee Bane ciaoe 116 
Bell, John S., lends photographs of counterfeiters..-......----. .--....----. 138 
Bellawalliam.sends: two cameras --- =. a2 = Goa eee ee eee eee 121 
BeluccivsionorJoseph.exchance) witht = sass eee e = aero a eee eee eae eee Hovoeil 
Bement, C.S:, erystallized:azurite obtained from .-seea-----s ese e- s eaeeee x 402 
Bendire;:CaptiCharles qh a. sc cco s2:e sees ose e eee ee eee aaa 
Papers DY -.- 22-260 ee eee eee eee 747 

NOPOLW OF. <.<.-j5. 5-550, <1 gee oe at SOS eS 363 

Berlepseh)) Countehansimoneseesees-eeeiise = eeeer eee pee eee Ae ee ee 38, 71, 361 
DPAPers DY tees ssace seca eee ees TAT 

Berlin, Royal Museum of, antiquities from the.+......--.....--.-..-2------- 112 


INDEX, 849 


Page. 

NESTA ZG bis Mt ae tet te otter orateetc lef ciicois slelelsle's sale seat Gee «chide hae seet Soca tosee 449 
meBbosuenLionas -locomotvenrmovelOt Jo. es. coe aes tecces eee cet eee eee 296 
EDUCA ACHE OLO MY. ONMIDM Olen ast ositelaae Salacen badass sew meee eae 290 
at Cincinnati Exposition ..............-..... 165 

blioonaphiv, listrorspapershin thes .cicccs cc ac ees-cce ce ls sce ece eee re coon. 67 
ObeoheeNationalevinrseunn tor 1889 ess 95 fee ee aoe ae eee eee 737 

Bidarka presented by the Alaska Commercial Company ....-....--....--.-- 118 
POE Lie Mind seAs Cr nmMinerals TeceLrved trom sco. sce Joe see seas cee See ee 402 
Billings, Dr. John S., sends pottery and stone implements....-..----..._--. 139 
Biographical notice of James Stevenson...---..-.--...--- 2-22 2s ee sees anne 187 
PENUIEHONIGH LO fs CR ULIOMUES 55 ceo eeeioeif e- ee eis cee ek cobs dees SS se 15 
STS PALun CNL Lee Soe eee tee ey eee ne mn ner IPDS Ot oe 27 
* arrangement and classification of the collection of .........-..--.-.-- 360 
OXCHAN MCR Ol eo ee ee ioe eae eee se oes wees Sena aces hocetb ace 53 
exhibitjotnat) Cincinnative xpostblonescss. sa55 scene seeeese sree oe ee es 167 
labels forGepantmen tiOfmssc sete esas 2 ccleaner 99 
principal accessions to the collection of..............---. 222-2. .eeeee 357 
REpopwnonguhe Gopartmenb Ofimecss ves saeco sat ciese ae ee eo eee eee 357 
review of work in the department of ...-......-...--...--- Bee erties 38 
specialiresearches by; vhe curatorof -.--.csc— 2-2-5 == es ee ae ee (eee 360 
PirdseOo re. GOPArunent Of .< salad wees cs isct Sc acc Soe ee Sees ee eee 27 
measurementian dsarrangement: Oty sos) 5 «s\n esos see eee aes = 363 
TOPOLUOncthe SECON Ole sseee soos tet eee eee 2 sae See eee 363 

Revie weOlLewOLrkaA ule SeChlOl Ok setae seine von aseneee seas 33 
BeniesroMcatalOrtuesseaeee ese meee eet ces wes eee oa iasteeetaae 18 

Dini Oreueet ate mammals collected-Dy. 202 --seee aso niee cece Cae ee one 354 
collects mammals in Niearagua.-.---2-. 2-2-2... -2:--.2.2 350 

Oubitisengtocesss = heh as cas cette se mn eee ede cake cheers 148 

marine invertebrates received from ---. =----.-.---2--2- 41 

specimens received from’ .--.-.--:.:.-.2..-, ae 381 

reptiles; collectedsbynetee ses eect sae es Oe eae ee 365 

senda: birdsinvaleoholl 222 =~ oe seas... aca ok sci eeeaee 388 

gendeifishes front Nicaragua. 25 |< 2 seee- - -20 se sa cee 369 

ERAHOP PLOWISH... DANCTS;DY¥e-saoaeecicn: sani ee a=. oo agee ect t-te se ekbeie 747 
Bison, papers relating to the extermination of the..-.:..---......-.--...--- 418 
ipiacke Dr. HC. sends sionedmplementist=+. -..oseits= ssi oe ons = Saat eee 116 
APE CINE SISENin Wier mere coco tar are re os mittee ter ea 328 

Bia A. A, senaserystallized hemabiteznec-.,-<- .-e-e----=|---e eo e cee 126 
ledlp igs) IEE LUA 4 OP NE 6S ie eto nicice deoers COS EIG OC OU BOG Ee iDdGL HHad mee pmcisae 286 
Blake, study of mollusks collected by U.S. steamer -...-........-.-.-.-..- 374 
LIRA Daal a OY ots Oe cag See eeeee ne SS ee ene Seer eS Sa are eran eed tbs ie Oe: 448 
Ochs; ELA Z sD AD OLS Yio spot «lata ta lettre ete eee testa ee eae TaN 747 
Boehmer, George H., presents a bronze medal....-.. -- I SO aie oe oa ane 115 
BO an pls, SONOS) POULER Vere s cao aia 3 Naa ee reheat Aa she eet eee 143 
BOHR, FLCO-GlOVOMLOM a= ien aa oie setae ea ean sees eee ets ore 287 
SHON ea OTE eee DID So cio SESE CORA ADOT Gobi ASO SO KS OS OO RCOC BHOUESDE 282, 285 
allusion; toworlke obese 2 Sa se eases. ola fe 34 

SON rs © Selves Sper ares aya ee a 5 een De eDe Be ee ete Celt on ches ohls  e 71, 379 
entomolocicali papers: Dyes ase eet ee ne eee ce news 380 

insects received from:.-2.24-22.5- Eee Tees one ec aa ere 378 

DADOIG Disses ease eee eee ses eS SUS Ts 747 

SCNT LD E ML) AC eS CRLCLS PINNING Bet Gt es reer ee ee arate lo icle elle mieten ee ncc ws 120 
BONS SH NOOks trom Waster sland se acteaso vasce. psoas sess. Sake hess 537 
Bonito god from Easter Island... --....-2.-.----- ss; SEO OK DUO SEDO bStuCaAuain p37 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——54 


850 INDEX. 


Borneo; sandals trom\22 sce. senor eric a eeeee SOs bO0 OS 00F See 
Boston society, oteNaburalsbistonyee soe esse oe eee eee eee 
iBotanicaliseriesiot catalocuesis. = er eae ee eee ele nee eee eae 
Botany, exchanges im deparumert Ole tee ewes teisem ceo =e ee eee 
exhibit of section of, at Cincinnati Seosition J59050 SHecS3 6650 Sone 
labels:for departmentiok tes settee ecieees aime eis onie=e ee eee 
reportion theidepartmenit(Om cee eee == = ieee eee ae eae eee 
reviews ob work insbheidepartmentiOlene--o— eee eee eee eee eneee 


iBoucard, A, birds) skins purchased strom seseiece = eee saab pa eee eee eee 
Borers, h). Ssosends;mineraley.e t= )- a. on. = sed swine steerer oe eck ere 
Bowers, Stephen, sendsistone relics =. ..-2s:..-6-- soo ee eee ae eee 
Bowman.) SAC mineralsimecelvieguLOMbe co. saseer ee eee een eee eee eee 
Boyles C.5B pees see ee ee eae eee Be Sood soos da 35 akon cadb oe pead oSsc 466 
Braconidie, paper by William H. Ashmead ONTHE he seca ce ce seen ace eect 
Brander Williams. 5 <2 :s cos, -eeciseiys oe cieosishiesier ate teidaice seme ee eee emcee 
IBM, WC Gobo oS b oo kee sed nene cegaes 2505 sos saan soNsoD S288 cone deas sods onosse 
Braun Baron, SCUASIMOtCOLIGES =. ome a(o = scree het = slate te kart ener eee eee 
Brazil sacCessiOns from acc wen Ase ewosacistige seiwslver me infe ieee eis ee eee eee 
national museum of, exchange with....-...---.---. ie emotes 
Brazilians bind spRTChase Gyr elissetes sete == oa) ee eee 
Jeremy; lal, VW op SEIMGIS) Bh MO ne coco sans osegos sss 0ssodosS5e5 S250 554505000 50C 
TEAL MNT Ea py TST ONY poeses coca seca beep oo ceno couore oooe sccc beaoase 
iBrezina, Dr. Aristides; exchanv Oawilt hn. case ee eee ee eee eee ee 
sends'a collection of meteorites.=---. ..2---4--6--s-2- 

stones received in exchange from .... .--.......--<-- 

British America, accessions from: ssaee ee eee Saeco) eae einen 
Columbia. accessions fromyace ace i-e' = « sisicles say- sel sen eee ee 
Muséum, exchangenwitth 2a ccse ease o seis s een) eles 
herbarium Of}. 226 2s oiceaielslsisieSetases o lsewe see eee ee 

plants sent to the: 3 Sosa cisicioen asians ee se eee 

Bronze Buddha in the National Museum, paper on the, by Charles DeKay. -.- 
Brooks, Prof. W. K...--. cd ke eg Shieh te OR a clo Eines Dee 
Brooks: /Bhomas. Hisywsendsuseaglion == a4- oss oc1 oe nee ee eee eee 
Brown, A. E., male deer transmitted by s23 fas od Ses So eesti ear ek eee 
Brown, Campbell, sends inigmploments jae 2)ace ace eee eee eee 
Brown, D. R.-C., sends model of Aspen Mountain). 3-—-5 “soe -peg-2) eee eee 
Brown, 8. C., registrar ..---. dng Soesod o3e5e4 do eS Sone cee ose bo coc sec case ooge 
BROWNS Wo IGA O\fioeaced an dces og s6s6 Jo00K6 caso cmos Ssorec Ie roS Sacha soso 
suppliedwithioutht™ 2s. S2 scrote eee 

Bruce, David) insects mamed foraeeas-.)-ceseeee sone eee eee eee 
Bruce = Miss Mi Whe sics. SRB oo oe cats Se ae Seer atta Soe eee eee eee 
iBraner; lawrence -o2ss 22 assess pee eee ee eis See io eee eee eee eae 
paper on the Acridiidze of North America, by .-..-...---- 

Bryozoans catalogued =. <2 c2.6 so. sos so asseiese see a ae eee 
Building and ornamental stones, installation of the ........---.---.-....-.- 
stones labels for department) ofes----eee- = ee eee eee eee eee 
Buildings and labor, operations of the department of........-...----------- 
Bulletin 34 of the National Museum, published-.......--.....--....---.+.-- 
Bualletin’s6iotthe NationalsMuseume 22.5225 >-ese eee ae ee eee eee 
Bulletins of the National Museum, statement concerning the........---.---- 
of the National Musenm, composition of the..-.-..----..--------- 

table lof gee oe ete eis ten. ho oe eee eee is) Seldtclore 
Bull-headed rail... 232225622 = ces ee one d 5 ee ee ee eee eee 
Burch, Millard, presents nighterong: -.,>.0>-<.- ease ces soeeerie ree ees ere 


INDEX. 851 

Page. 

Bureaw of Mounnolory, cooperation) Of thes... .5 soon. ciccnwes seecccue secs seeels 143 
exhibit of, at the Cincinnati Exposition... -......--. 164 

THREES Wind ae Ss Seoccs COdebcon GHECHon og HASSE aoe nn Abs aScinerarcssorern 29 
Cates Wa MWe ets arate asl t Posie Seaieiohwla lane's ok Sheena eos cee ail 

BSCR Sp DMG Ae ete rete ev Selec islateree octane we! layere ete cluer sate: 2o Misa aie Sent eaieets 371 
OMG Mp SOMG UO] sae tals Sa.= Sais soa ae da arnieelee = cel eh cares seston 148 

BMUSUSIOMR SLL OR OVODN OLG as tee etacieiacla ayo tay oc iaral) fanciers ia) ein sta ae ai oie ee 5 
SHEE IATEROS WV ORNS EHHSM DNS ShGe SoS SOo CaS 505 Ae SCOR EHEEBS aaeUBO ees ee etr eer 748 
Butler, Hlmer T.; sends model of Aspen Mountain ----....---..-.......----- 114 
Pailer gi peminerals obvained frome... c= acc os ee salcs sacle cleo ae wer soiaer ee 402 
Buttikoper, Dr:J., mammals purchased from. .22...2 -.2.. 22. 2222 3255-222 350 
Beta pashesuroms Pastels All Ce 2 2 Seersqe ein cetioe hr ceus lee Sone us ones coke: 535 
Pea OENT ara CCESSl OMSPtLO MM tia \ercroehoe cis Seema perec e arclersteraia netsiciate ctepeicy ata) So wre 114 
ChALrM-StOMONLOM 22s wore tees as oasis ene oe ese oe ke eee se SSE 286 
sea-elephant, causes of extermination of the .....-.--.-...-.-... 616 

vulture, threatened extermination of the ---.-.-.....--.........- 630 

RIES Seid IS Cra VE ed 09 9 of: en eee Smeal rae ae 115 
Cammermeyer, Albert, model of Viking ship purchased from-..........----. 126 
Samp bard .onbasterdsland: vs. 2ois5se 28 Sonne ncn ees toc ccnoslces cee cs ee ae 490 
Rye GHsMASheT TSANG paso a0) Fe steno 2s win atas sae S Seti tcs Face tes Boao 488 
Mohican, ondiasberislam dl Sate aeseria ee i a oes Se Ses cere 487 
Wihitney,oncBaster Island) 22-22. 22222 ees sep e Se eee te eee 489 
Bema cleplCOpLeT ay TOM Aa72 22a. ale csay-e ao lsahs 3 op eate so vo eee oe eee 115} 
PeUNmeneu ba br. “SONGS NIGKOL OTC sce ee 5 <a = cc siniee Some ee nie ls 2 cake as) ee 116 
Canterbury Museum, New Zealand, exchange with. -_--.--.:......:--..<---- 53 
Puriacuselevaius trom Central Americas .-.-.<s-sc-- 242-66 sc sess 22 cease cee 354 
BAELOS, Conse CUs LECOLVCG LEOM oo spe ime vein cis ee See wh oan See Baeuteece 378 
Parpenter, Capt.Gas., sends water lizards... 25.022. +. tecs se ssa seee Bo 120 
mpODLCE Cape: Wi: is., OUD SONU tO s.5- 2.0255 eb ace oe bie ecae eke gaat 148 
Barr, Silas, sends minerals’...-...--.--.sss65 -.-.-- UU nese aes SUE ae 121 
Carter, G. W., slabof green marble presented by-...=...-.--. .-----s.s2---- 406 
SEN AOE UB De Da ee ee oes Bi nine ais wee i ale = ieee ae oe 71, 379 
mascolberry,, Mrs., presents) a coffee blecines. .- 3.2. 4-s<.2-25 58sec eee 123 
Wastiron first used for rails in Eneoland .--... 22-2... -0-2-se0 oe Peceeee at $8 657 
TAlSsMAdewN AMEN CA) aa= see eect eeeiee aise oe) 6 aS eke a: Sie eee 676 
BumOEte: BDETICS, LSS 180: eo nae oes Se atas ease sie a> an Be Ieee eee wos 21 
Me MOS AIT OR) 5 oa emote can atem mat iars tyne ois De AEs jah ae ois 15 
DIDS WOR CN sence atk one seen ort. hs eee SoU ES 18 

botanical Series) pa) sh ere sate maa aseare vee stan aS See se ses ee 19 

BLHNOlO SICAL ROULES <5). aaa see a eae) Soe a ed Cera ames i) 

MBN OSs oss cite sPEAiods csmectas Peete tk eRe aye Soule sa nece so 18 

foods andy textileg-et ts. 5. ce emis ety Sa eeeins Ano ae nae 2] 

LOTGRUBY SORIBS tiation soon asoretie  a se a OCR Gee Ue ben 2  ste wats See e 21 

FORA NARGS eres pace a oats oa aay ene tain et Poa ta NNO 20 

Pra HIG AMS see ss ees ale eens Sa ncroe «ik SEP ee 21 

IRBE Chae dseays parr erage oe Mo ee ee eee Ants ee Sm toate a 19 
invertebratedtossilsoe: pogeemian eee eee tenia ween cee Sou 15 
livingcanimalss sce ees ne Seer ae eee eh eaise eee ee ees ws 21 

Aaa ara na oe ete a rer een ee reine eter ee S| ah Cong 17 

TATING AMV ELLGOLAbAs cesses te ee eee see seeks sous cake oe 18 

metal luroical/senlene sessed sass beets! 8. tess Lo oe eee 13 
MING alo SICA SCLIGs ae ee Melsee ea ee. foto ms yecels sn Shaan es 13 

MONS Siesta area eee ee AR AL Ce oasis! rel oie toy, Me 18 


Of he Museum'.-s--<-5 5+ -e= RoE. wee oe ne Ae norent, 7 null Rete 8 


852 INDEX. 
Pag 
Cataloomess ECE Mbp LAM OS eee alo tees alsa aint lee el ee lee eee ee 
reptiles and batrachians, ....--.-.----- HgS82 so eos SSSer co gores 
transportation, and enoineering series 2-25. ose ese tee ae 
Vertebrate series (récenmand toss) eee aan e eee ee rif 
Catlett, OC papers! Dwe-eree- oer eee e eo eeeeeerr ee =e en eta ene 743° 
Cenozoic fossils, departmentlofer on eee sree ee a—- ae oaee eeeeeee 
Census of the collections---.---.--------.--- seiss Sine Seow Sees Gee See ee eee 
Central America, DIrds) skinsm#rom =) se -s-) 2]. Feb eet ose a eee 
Park Menagerie, specimens received from the -_.....----..----.-..- 119) 
Cetaceans, skeletons/ot, obtained =. - 252-22 2- -— eee te eee eee 387) 
Ceylon, ethnolosicalispecimens fron -- ose. a= ee eae eee 288) 
Chachalacas from Fort Ringgold, Texas...--. cle st ese eee Eee e er ee ae eee ite 
@hardlee Ww). Hic s.2c. oe soe kcs pecs ae soe Sanee oes Sone pace eee eee eee ee 29, 11) 
Chandler yProf, Cor. contribulesven SraviN es 2a... ea see eee eee 119. 
(Chapman) Prank Mey papers iD yiessesseee see a ~aae ee eeeeeeeee 7 
Charleston relief-commibteeta case aaes ses seor =e ke eee eee ee eee 
Chase Miss Me) seco hice oe ee oer eee ent eee eee Sere Re eee Eee eee 
Chatard, Dr. F. E., specimen of native silver obtained from...-..-......---- 
Chatards rai oMe >see =e ceets cate ees 6 Seon Stee a ee eee eee 
Phage, Profs TF, exchamee with. 2.) <6 25 s2)0 eee ee ee eee } 
sends collections from Nowe Wealenid Peon een seee 126, 357, 406) 
Cheney, John, proof, of plates engraved DY 222.7 teste eter 


@heney Mrs. BdnaltD\)>:.'o5.2 0. us aene eee ge eke eee eee 
Wherokeeidancelparaphernalia) 22 ss5 Soest ene eae oe Se ee eee ees : 
C@herrie,'(George K., birds’ skins presentediby- 22-2. ----= =-- nce ee ee ee 
Chidsey,'Charles -B.:.sends pottery, 22-4... -- oes. eae es eee eee eee 
Chiltuahua, ergs of cactus wren from). 7-55-22). eae 2 ese nee ee nes 
China; ‘accessions trom =. 46- 2 ee a) Se eae re ee ee eae ae 

ethnolocicalispecimens frome ses oe seen see mee oat ee ee 

religious; Obj echsstromen esse ea eee eons redie Wees Ccicye oe eee 
Chinese minister at Washington presents a “omnis WED fai epee tena see eee 
Chisolim;-Alfred;ssendsia-birdis cit sss a. come sak one sche: cersael aes eho eee ee ee 
Goch wallaves, SHOGIMeNS if LOM ya -cersactee cares aa eee onesies ere ee ; 
Christiania, Zoological Museum/of-- 222.3... 22 22a. teen ee eens == = DOs COTO OnE 
€imeinnati Art Museum, exchange with... -.-. 2.2..-252525 i.e. nee eee eon cee 4S ee 


SX POSsiblon ye = eae ee Ei Few e Pad os Ses 6 
act of Congress a5 Gan to thei2.22 52 eee See oe 155) 
exhibit of mammalsisent to the se-eeesseeeeeae ee 353, 
joint resolution relating to the... -.-.-...-:-....:---- 157; 
report by R. Edward Earll on thev.. 22. 2.22.2... 1-2 149° 
review of Govera:nent >xhibits at the ..-...:......-- 173 
Smithsonian exhibit at the-..-..-..2.---.-- 162 
statement of d?~:uvsement of appropriation in connec- : 
tion With tho 222. eae poe oet eee ee ee eee eee es 153 
Museum of Naturai ''sto) «,, sxchange with eel Rae Bl 337, 
Society of Natural History sends areancen crapienenes ace 120 
specimens sent by the.. .-...-.-.----- 328° 
Gircnlars ofthe wluseum, list of thee. o- seieee= hee eae ee eee eee 59) 
@iviC IMUsSCUMG).s acess Se Secs ee wcwaene ne eeeere nee ee eR SA Oe Sasa 44@ 
@larlk Ac HO ward oges=ccccc- = cscunssick= poet eee eee ee Ee eee eee 28 
editor of Proceedings and Bulletin 22222522222" -.2-- ee = 28; 66 
WAPCIS DY 22250. S-- 6 mccain ce seen ee ene eee eter eee 4G 
Clark, W.G., minerals received from .......--- PE REESE! 2 eet ie 4m 
i 
~ 


INDEN. 


853 
r Page. 
Melarke, Prof. F. W....-- capa 35 AS SGA Dg ES Ee RR ee EMR AO BONE) , 45, 51, 141 
: Papersiy tees ena hata de ach ps a re ea 748° 
LGWOLUO teers eee eee aioe Sach sae | Vaamicte oaiae Setsis sles 401 
BSsied service. Othe sWluseuM)ss2= 22-2). 52.6 ss nee Gs Sao paoce cease de eacee 4,29 
pm Gicci le a ear eae ee Sit 09 38 eT es oe ld oe eee ee ae ee 37, 141 
BP LOR EASUCA N=) Oat ee ett ee ee ince sad So aioe bles Le noe eae aeeeae 298 
(On? SMART te, Goah oeb5 dod coc Cec BER NICODE DHE EES SHC BoC GObiSner Se GCSE 435 
BSE TE CUMMIEU Manan ees annie 1c omnes am oom en et ose nea 655 
Moast and Geodetic Survey [U. S.].----...-.------ A pod tees sce 115, 138 
Cocks, A. H., correspondence WG Nc crete Sewers tei ste sisiers 5 ahs) “1Steti ware oro! seer ete dod 
Body , Hon. W. F., offers to deposit his herd of buffalos.........-......----.-- 421 
presents American’ elkes tose ce a222 coe) occ ees - =~ 47, 123, 420 
BERLGIONLLES CULALO CUCU qo aed as eee male pse ake aleint oem erorereawlometatiog sialna"e= 6 383 
Be Ote uN clem bi pPELIOM Sa. c uss Nae eee see eto ate sm ioe een ae sto ae se Sieors 334 
| Bolby, urnest C.,sends beetles from Venezuela 2-2-5 3. sso - 55 2555 - +e oe 124 
Rese a OIL OIE Varo aay ele tata) tartare tere tots oes = cae im nis Siaie ave Meee oi ee scare rate 431 
AON An Samuel Wends= CLCHIN OSes 3) sc El S55 se waive on) semiewe sain ociee ane 121 
ICOULOUS, ATLaN Cement Ol 52450 = is 2-2 Sw oslo Sake Sota rose neers 22 
Census Olethemecererts ses sateen soee 22 ln(je jaro sense wave sneer 7 
| COUGIIOMNTO LEER er oe cer as ere siele sete Sacto ere ee hapa ects eteions ees 6 
| WICTCASCOLs GHEE tes ee eit ce cio ate nie eee ales alae nies ater stsia: eaten 5,6 
| PLneipalsourcesio£ ther e--- ees. tbe ease ~ eee ee eee 4 
(Collectors? outfits; listiof, sent out durine the year: ----<---. ---.25--- -------- 148 
Meamlatt erot. Rowert.: i. 2ii2 -2cs.ence ze He aE See Sat Teen ener 388 
ollin, Madame Veuve iN , presents bust of Garfield 5 aS See Naat 115 
Serena s™ CUD be em WV ieceoer eee ter eo eae ete = nee meee Weaker be ani bene 27, 142 
Beelbitis; Wik, birds skins; purchased: from.=:-2:-s22-5+ = tt Son ceeiea ose 118, 357 
MNO ACO VaCCESSIONG Ah Mer ce oe ee cies taco wet esinicle ocean eee cemeieene 114 
Bea LOLIN Gs WeOLKYO Le ONG ame, ene aa ae ote o Sota te eee ee Se ods eae Be cee 110 
BEeestoOC WacOn MOE! OL .-ceee ker cks-cals ee eee eee te eee eae 295 
Bromparative anatomy, department-of:2- 225. 2.22256 22252522 22-52 Reel et Py 
| important accessions 3 to the collections of --....-.-- 387 
progress in preparation of the exhibition series in the 
department: ofss sss he ee ee AS ee 387 
reporpon the departmentiofw.. 22-522 s2 22 =e = 387 
review of work in the department of.......-.....--- 42 
PSIG POMMN CTA So oa een ee eee est. Set fon aero aie eet ic cise be coe 677 
BO UUECULCIIO, ACCESSIONS from) 25 soe eos: Ect e eee oe che con bees t csc cence 114 
Sonrad. Prot. AY, Hi. sends: Deyontan fosstls ==) <<. ~--- =e snene scence cece 116 
ook, Mrs-sH.D).5)jr.,) presents a capuchin monkey 3222522222220) S22. cae. 420 
BO OOLMOM Acciacca eases ce cmun He atececerne Schl Reeeee set ace eae. 47, 422 
BO nC Yi. 2 2). oem nnieen eae WSU Ea ee fo ae einen sce melmclne ands dese enn scm 450 
Co-operation of the Departments and Bureaus of the Government..---..-.---- 137 
MUU TOL PA Dpee ese ett ecy. sthan pice eee ah sase ate sst shar stk LeeLee 70, 365, 366 
| DAPCISIDY, cow cose cece wb ce ath eee ermine Ree et Sean ects Chess «c= 748 
| LOpules deMith tOc-5 = atch ees etter staee east eae ta A ey 39 
/Copelin, A. J. W., sends photographs of locomotives...........----.---.---- 116 
Copenhagen, Zodlogical Museum of, exchange with...-.....--..--..----.:-- 53 
{LANSMIPS SNES! sss 555 ssc es ictee ec eesees 125, 369 
Bagdillet): W.., insects,collected Dys.sessancses sees. .25ss225-25405e-- essen 378 
Pometo-Larquini, excavatlonsiat) cass acess sue saee =e occ es Sees Shee s sn zone 326 
Borrespondence BUC TEPOLIS  OUVISIOMLOl peste cere seeks Uses Pees es oases bee 28 
work accomplished in division of.......-..----- 88 


854. INDEX. 
Cory; Charles .B.; papersiby 2.) -secesree soc beseie se ece Sot en ae cee eee 
birds4skinsiexchanged withvsscs.. 2 peters see eee 
Costa Rica sbirds) skins*fromesees ase a eee ia ot eee eee eoeeee 
National Museum) Ofte setae tsne oo os ce Ree e a eee e eater ere 
bitds?iskins presented bi thess2-— sees 
Cox, Mrs. Thomas C., deposits Washington’sshaving-table ......-......--.- 
Cox Ws Vi wsehiek clove wie sae eo ee sett aac crsecicinn Sepa ae seen 
report ou Smithsonian exhibit at the Mariebhn eosin byis-2 
Crawford, Dr. JohnjsMs cooperate Of. s2 se ces 2. es ee eee eee eee 
reference to collections made by =--5 225 4222-- -2-n2- 
Crosby, Prof. W. ©:, rocks received in exchange from) _2 22. --c- 2=-4-4-22-5- 
Cross, C. Whitman, specimens of trachyte collected by.......--..----...-..- 
Crustacean sicatalooued smecte nee easels eee elec ence eee eee eee 
CnlbacOres Troms 225 ced okise ce eee ecb os Macainecelees saciceciee sen een eae eee 
Curators, reports of the 2229. 2cisec= oo seiae joes =. stones see ie See eee ae eee 


Curtice, Dr Cooper, parasites collected byises == ch -ree wn =e eciseee eee eet 
Curtin, perenne EOL) (EGON OE Been oo seeseen OO oo Jado SaaS su Sesame sa50 
Curtis, Wii, eCuUnO Dy eet >see ae ee ae he ee 
Stone objects) brouchtirom: Perm Dy enc- oe ea eaten eee 

Daish, Professor, instructed in photooraplhiy, 222 222 s---ee eee eee 
Dall} Wim; Healy, honorary curator of mollusks=-22-5-—> --2se- 5 --yes- ela Os 
(METOSTS. WN 56 So ae cocees daocas 6 dopeas cosseo Saas dococs oocces 

TEPOLbiOl. = <2) wesicens sesame sielej- Sis eee eS oie ee eee eee 
specialiresearches of :2j20 sj22 2 cece ee Coe See 2 

Dallas John, insectssmamed for. + ..55 62. -sos cee eee eae eee noe 
Dampier, ‘Capt. William 72227 22s26 fees. st se seem seae ne anaes oe ones Sees 
WATCON, “Nelson Hi ssos Ma clotieas ase eee cele ec eeee ee eee ee eee eens = 
Davidson, Mrs. Clara, b-. presents qsabelasss- ceca -5-o-eee eee eee eee eee 
Dawvadson, Ji. C., presents mestiand eees ofa DIG 2.5... -6 = a5 aoe eee 
DAIS ATi NUE Esa sees erscce see isee te ane See ciee cee eee Roe arenes 
Davis Cap tat wi = sos cnieoe ke GaSe he eee Ce ees OE eee eee eee 
Davison, J. li: Papers, by sc eee aace sic wee oe oe ee eee eee eee 
Dawes May. HO os voce ie ee alee aa ede Betas aia Shhoy se tee ee eee ereeee 
Dawson, Hon. N. H.R., transmits historical publications......---..--.----- 
De Kay, Chartes, paper on the Bronze Buddha inthe National Museum, by B 
DB PCTS DY = ate be siase che cedars 2 ceeew ee eeee ees eerie Ste see 

Meland;*AimMags ove ce ot er heh DEN eh Ale eG Se ee eee ee RE 
Delaware jaccessions from: sc ssh cee ee coe eee ee Stee eee Eee eee 
Denmark, accessions tromis-6 sosiesmatae ooo ce eee eee ee eee eee eee 
Department of Superintendence of the National Educational Association, 
meetings o£ thes Sc). Re Spe Se ge eee a rca rr eat 


Derby, Prot. Orville As specimens from )...-.. 2-5 eee es cee eee ne ee 54, 
Development of the American rail and track, by J. Elfreth Watkins... -.-..--- 
IDS wie yar regis -2 == See. oS ccs eee cee oe eee eee pap A Bene aE ay, 
papers by.-.--.. dihete bebe oud eos aaa Cee e Wee Oe aoe ase 
report Of 2.3.5.9 ee EAS eae Saree See Re eee eee erates 
Dezopry, Me weference tos... = - ee ee eee Saye ei cee eas Sea 
Diehl; MaissyACwivs. deposits onlental sealsseoeeeeees Gee ee ee neon eee eee eee 
Diehl Rey IstaelSitas. acess oc en co oe oe Le eee ee ee eee 
Diller Protea oS Aesecs oc 22 cscs See aise see ete See CoC ee eee 114, 
DistrictoL Columbia accessionsaronmmthe- see ee ee eee eee ee een eee 
Dodo; exterminatiomfofiithesc= 262 S2c2S- 3b se ee eo eee ee ee ee eee eee 
Dole. Ce Ai aoe cee eke Te See BS iwc ee aE ee 47, 
Dolphins, examinationior£ theyspecies|\of..-<2. soe sec- ee ee eee cee eee 
. 


406 


383 


110 
141, 383 
748, 749 


363 
119, 143 
447 


141 
729 
753 
449 
114 
125 


70% 


429 
119 
290 


114 
631 


304 


INDEX. 


Wouble paddle from: Master Island. .--.-..2.....-.--- 
Douelass, Mrs. A. ., presents plaster lists. .-- 
ae We Gompanyminenais received: trom The. 2 2s. 2e eee = = aera 

sends stabs cf agatized wood Wats Sei eee Sd Se Oe Reena eee 


POTN GSTLO Nee ae ee eaae eae cane occ has se osinitot ese ccs eraiiee ate eels arae swe 
work accomplished by, the==-- 22-2. --.---5--- s- 

Wreher, Wi. D., erooved ax received from. | .--.-2----- -2 2.- 
Hroneur-srlardy decbirds| purchased trom: -a.-5 22-35-82. oss see ee 
Drew, rank andi Charles) presemtiarSWana.c csc 2-8. sc 5 re ee cae 
nity, CHIPS, Tea TNKS) TIMNVCG OS 5 Goes chohos eseeeete sae daeace Daacooss=e 
PUES KINIS) POP ALO aes sacs nee a lea letn aloe esol San sac elst se he see 3 
rior PAR PADELSEDY ceo aos el esatsa coerce Sate se ne ese cence. S- sees 
Wuplicates, distribution of..-...--5.-.2- 22.20. -- 
PaTaAN eASher BLOW IM .o< =. soos sc) -cise 6 
Amand OHM. 7 acta -tctac soe: SS ia Ae SO ACEO Te OER OSE 
Diirer’s ‘‘St. senate in his Champers. BL ies ict Ea dais a 
Dury, Charles, insects received from. ...-.. -- 
Val wha es INSeCLS CevenminedstOL 22s o seals isa oclsanso sie secieiesich-2= sles selina 
Wryereletta GeOne hun nishessCh ants. «aaa. samiees ees tener <isinereie ae 
Eaha to van ariiki kete tablet, English translation of 
SSeS Soe lire eet ons ela te Wee Sinaia s Boe tae aie lainice ce Git weet eo aeeie cee cles s sie shone 
Earll, R. Edward 


ee ee ee ee 


report on Cincinnati Exposition by 
Early American coal mines 
Easter Island, birds of 

boats 


were eee wee ween = woes coce 
ee ee ee ee er 
ee ee ee i ey 
wee ee He eee eee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee cee mes eee 


GISCON CRY ORT 5. oe sate seae Soetnerese ete eine < cence) ac nial as toeieimae 
division of, among the sons of Hotu-Matua......-...-....-.. 
ethnographic specimens obtained on 
exploration of...-- 
Fishes sO ft ewe eetae sete ein aie Sewn s Stet ate hia cis woe seme reeiniees 
fishing-nets and ropes used on 
HoramObeaes are tae eee tems sale eine Saee oe mee Soa oecce tl aereeee 
genealogy of the tines of 
geological features of 
government of 
RANG WAG OLE ee pea ee mcean see Sate = iaahe a aioe erat cae awa 
mammals of 


ee ee ee a ey 
i er 


paper on, by Paymaster William J. Thomson, U.S. N 
personal appearance of natives of..---- 2-2... 2.2.2... ..---. ee 
POPUlAtIOMOR sso sosee er cose soe 
reptiles and insects on 


i ee i i eae 
rs 


ee ee 


sculptured rocks on 
Scull Set oun Gy Ones aera saat eee ic cco cenctet ode siccieeenine 
stone houses on ..... 
tablets 


ee ee 


855 


Page. 


111 


- 121,329 


358 
421 
378 
105 
750 

50, 51 
303 

36, 286 


472 


856 INDEX. 


Baslerisland,: tidevat 2 2222 Steen oe Eee oiea et oe oon eee aeisae eset eee eee eee 
Villaces'and habitationss0 nesses... oes -e eee ee 
VoOcCabularyeosiss css ce. se eee saat) hale oe este. Ree 

Hasterislanders amusements Ol asec coe = cise iors oe tes oan ote tepseae = ee 

brutal treatment of, by early voyagers.......-....---..--: 
burial of the dead as practised by .-.--...--.--.....--2--.-- 
cannibalismepracticeduby +... 25-5 = ss e e 
dancesiof es shae ss ssee tise 2-oee seed tee eee eee se 
diseases AMON sere = =. se sne erase nce sets pe ese eee 
GLOSS O fee Sea eea = seioctre sia Zee Sa ean cote eee vee eeeetos 
CmploymentkOhaesooee con eae ener e eee a eee 
mats mame ibys: Soto Lae eee ae Rae et ee eee 468 
method of obtamines fire used by —2-2-5-22-- 45 =e ee eee 471, 472 
morals of the.i53-s¢cceec2+=-s22e5- sooon eae ee een a eeebeees 465 
MEM MTONIOL AS eee yeeros are tere eee eens ree 469 
salutation anuse chm On Gees sm.) seaeeseee So eyeoe tener 467 
Sea-birds’ erosimathered iby on oe as ase see eee 483 
SUPETStitions OfsFae ees wewec ee ae age hernia Re eee ee 470 
tattooing Of wes lees Se ee ees eenio Bee ee aeeee 466 
traditionanwresard tothe ono tee. eeee ee eee eee 526 
WEAPONS ands wal AMON oy. scseosacses masts eee eee ee 474 

Hastiman Dry elateandsbilmiC ompanyices.2aeee soca eee ee eae eee 119 

Hehinoderms cataloswed Meas <ocesjases sta pe eens see ee eee ee ee See 383 

Hditornoh rroceedinesiand Bullletiness sess rere 22 ele saree ene create 28 

Mducaona Museums! peste. Geo) ecw ee ee sae eee ee eee ee eee 438 

Hducationpbureauof publications trom thee sac cesses see eee 141 

awards “VinaliN:, presents cayman - 2. ceo cee a ete etaemele set eee or yneis 117 

SCOTS apap) POLSON eae eee sae aie ee a eee ieee 750 

Send siiwoOWOOMerangs es eceemr eee ee arlene Seon eee 123 

TOE PL RE ERISL (0) Ns) si) CVE Se So cia aso) aoe S coco So Saris Sse sees 55 cocy Sas 112 

ethnologicalispecimens from sess. scse-e eae aoe e else Se es 287 
Bagenmarnn, (Caryl, WapOls Wiese nem cine an tee ae ee 750 
typestishes received from) eco ae sae eee ee eee ieee 370 

ilbawerystallized hematite ionic meete 2-0 een ee sees ae 126 

Plectricaliservicelof-the Mnsenmy pe-eee ena eee rere cee eee eee eerste 75 

Elephant tortoise, skeletons of ........ AA EOE Sone Sidg Osan ononed 388 

tortoises .---.--<. BEE SO Oe See UC Ratan OO Sodo uebe cade 43 

Elk, specimens of, presented by Hon. W. F. Cody..-.............--.-------- 420 

Bitiott.D:Gaz-papers: DY 2a. 2: Mecess ose Sele ota sre co rain ee ies ee eee eS 750 

‘llissJ-brank, presents divinowallivators 222 2.=--\sce eee eee eee 142 

BIMMONG IS Wek ee ss ncas Meee Bese ise | eee s ata sacs eee ee ee eee ee 140 
rocksicollected Dyus- tema eens eee cieee meee see eee eee 118 

Hmiplovésiof the Museums listiof 320 -5.5 ses) seas eee eee eee 76 

Bnemecrs:Einslish andvAmerican <- ce -sessern soap sesamiae seve sete ee eee 663 

Hinimineerof propertys. se cose eo incere ale = ete iem mnie eiieicl act eee es 28 

Eneland ethnological specimens from —--- 4-- ese ae ie ia e eeee 287 

English & Co., G. L., minerals received in exchange from ......-....-=.-.-- ~ 402 

Kithniciseries,orranization Of an .22...2-s6--ses soo sear ee ease eos a eee 282 

Kihnocraphic¢wiuseamMs -2 <n... =. wc <> .n sce 2 cnomenes ees Se enee Meee eee eee 442 

Pthnologicalimaterialisent injexchange=-. .- | 25-5466 Goa see eiseeee ee 52 

seriesof catalogues.-...-25. 2.02222 seas eatiles Rreeeaeece 9 

Ethnology and antiquities of Easter Island, The, by Paymaster William J. 

Thomson, UsSieN 2b sess cece donc cece sacs 2s ene Sore a ee eee eee eee ae 447 
Ethnology, department of.-....-...-..<......- Bc ieeemic eee Seeman eaiatces 27 


. INDEX. 857 
Page. 

Biunnolosy, exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition... -.2--...--5 s--ce5 seen: - 163 

labels for departmentiof .....-.:-..-.-- Salsa Sista RS See ee ee ee 99 

REpoOLu ONT ME PAanUMEMb Ob eee. ca cees os oes se ceies Hace el eee 281 

TEVIOW Ol works in department Ofe.. 6). 255 sessacei ae oceans le 34 

DIO PO mACCESS LON Sr TOME corres ae Oe sro s om ai ciarcic sieicnes ave akticiecye ns eRe 125 

European bison, causes of the extermination of the ...........----.-------- 621 

BA ORUN AN LO Lb ee Ve eteta ae nian kane ie hae oe custo eye niSindsotw alee cise eee 114, 116, 369 

DADETS MD Nees as sae eet a oe a aeons ee nie aeeeee 750 

Examination and report, specimens sent for ...-..---..---...----.---- .---- 127 

ECM Os OM SPCCUMG US eer aesce yan toe See eheiais a5) Ja) Seite eet Sc) clown setae 52 

PSE CULLVOLClOn sete aa Soe SSels oceans eeicisemina ao ejr etme enue «des Vee ooe : 28 

Prahibibloni spaces asslon MeN. O face see) yelel= lo-yiow Siete Sin ivreieisio ss 2wyise ners == 22 

Bexploravionsan behalf of National Musewm)----.- 2 jo. 22 sces sie 2 eels n-- 143 

Newfoundland and Labrador in 1887, by Frederic A. Lucas. 709 

Fairchild, Col. Ashbel, pistol and lantern received from..-..----..-.--.---. 123 

Behe AG en. Mauclus ene CalllOnsOfes spec =. Saji once Eeieiclaisioce eo cceionee 123 

HAE Weaunety OAD be SaMeSpe sen, -maoe esse ciste cls cys <paiee teed ci coe eens eee 388 

Balconer., JeeNle presents ANVENOTAVINO ce oe ssc 25 oct) oaley ates ie ies eee 120 

RMI) OHM Transmats bIndsStromeVietoniay B.C. ccc an senacens ose sacle es 359 

Waning ton. O. Cz sends mMineralsi=ascs ses cane cee ee same etenseaecceees 114 

Fat-serapers in U.S. National Museum ........ Sawisictep Sam GC aee eater 587 

BEEROM BETO LAV dbOL acne a. soe aat ine ote eae as ras SE See maaan aate dae Fie 42, 71, 382 

Beaihor Nas tromubasten Islan Geese 1ses> cor see censs Lae pyeSacie bees Sere nase 535 

Heatherstonehaugh, Dr., pottery received from -.....-.2...-:..2--s2.------ 341 

Helsiconcolon (human oreAmerican, S100) spapebOneesa=. «4-2-5 aes 5= Sooo 59: 

Sena Cet tew Ebon Wass Sohmiey nape ayaa reso s lok he lomnersinjee lc er eetse ioe es ne wees 379 

HEC ITUO Wem) Tom Lye ieee te crete ay es eters co ony ars See eR rls ow cians moan odeiea ee enes PH Bla Jel! 

[SEROUS Dy) Ba cab een SoeOSOO OOS SABRE rODBOeRCRGaUEsEaceec 750 

IRS} OOING OP Sacks caeeeg Ss SbUSU UOCOCU GER OSES ane Qounda beSs.ced= 343 

Fetish-board from Easter Island ..................---.--- Be a ar Ceres 536 

Meush-stonesmromiMastendslan die 255 52 so cn 3. eee es cess Sem nie ee beeeyeys 538 

HOW KEN he VWVid LiCl scpic Sars Ss ocien ie aie Ae oa stale Se ee a eps )= cheesiest 42,71, 382, 383 

PA PCLAW Ve eee. ee oa ee wnle 2 = eer e imcieeie wee emis 750 

Holds Gravis ASGN OG: DITUS es mts one eee cles oS oeracin ssa yeemimme susie mpepuae seis ice 117 
BAEStPAMELICAM Taino aie L Lac Kem apa ars Ne iatel ee eretacievap ae a sere Rieke = iain eres ene 67 

Japanese Trading Company, musical instruments, etc., purchased from 125 

Fish Commission [U, 8.], archeological specimens transmitted by the. ..-... 332 

birds?) eros collectedsby the) 2222-2 -s,2- 212 - .-2 se0- se 363 

birdsitransmittedh byaiher j-o2 5 a= teesee cece inate 359 

Cooperationy ote thems se. cents ate peerne sso oe ae 142 

elephant tortoises collected by the -......--...-.-. 420 

represented at the Cincinnati Exposition .....-..- 178 

skeletons of cetaceans obtained from the ...--. ..- 388 

MISHeTICS, BEOUIONT Osa sas ccc mick s tees ess aac ites aioe to ne ege attache name 26 

PEIN OS 7 CLG PPD EUINLG WN Uit O fies = arate meet am ey rors ge em aie tein = ches austen cutie Ser al alone ai 27 

exchan res Oho oe ome. 2 so oe ces me ie ie Se ite oi ere micio cinalene Hsieh tone 53 

report on uheyd epanumMentiObe seas oe wehe ee ae tae onan Snel eal 369 

review of work in the department of'.............--c-2------------ 39 

BOLIOS Of) CatalOmuese te tomer. sees Sots ays eo a aw de Ho SaSE Ee ase 18 

HIS Od: frome BASte Lal aM Oke peta is etee Saat oso spe cian bi ee yteye S ely 537 

Fish Hawk, investigation of oyster-beds by the Fish Commission steamer .- . 385 

ish hooks pM aAciGlo nite SALOU ie sae geese ec S-n> Sesyoe o's essen ovens) oials 533 

iish-net strom: Washer lslan dicm seater ae eis SS ml seps oye ie Snide. 1S aaj cia meer 535 

Rutzgerald, David, presentsnarrow-leadsn-..i.--./= == +374 00sec em cleis ies oe 114 


858 INDEX 
Page 
Bleminge, RB: ii.; sends red foxes 52 aces sick econ = eee eee 420 
Bhi t, Diigo Me 32s soc8it. Ses teccee seine Deacet arses oe ou eee Seen woe eee 26, 140 
onrence RoyaleZoolocicalyMuseumoles:e-eee see eee ease ee 53, 126 
HM orid' a AaCCessiOns tROnsses st acca te oor see oe ears Se eee oe ns eae 116 
Blowers:W Hs: Caicos tec Oe e se See sens eee See eee ae eee ee eee 234 
Foods, section of (229253 450 Soe so ae oe eee Ree Sak co aie ele sect cidtetnam cette Beer 26 
Koods'and textiles, labelsitor/sectionsi@massnsse ee] sce eee eee ee sees eee 99 
series oficataloomese-eeeatere oa ee ee eee eee eee 21 
Foote, A. E., minerals purchased from ...........- Bee Vane cision esters 402 
Forbes Lithographic Manufacturing Company pr ous eine RiVIPGS) weseraecier ii ley 
Horbes;:Profas:-Ay ansectsimamed tor a2 3: {22a\-senye tee ae eee eee eee: on 378 
“Forest and Stream,” reprint of article published in-...-..-..-....-.-.--... 418 
INOLESULY, Sec tlON Ole sy ae ae wisicine ee oe are lee eles Dane emer eyes ese eee 27 
aS al abbr. siscco~ se Saeepeee eee ae iSe-h net LARUE Dae cen Aan 343 
collections ;catalomningvofsthe eases ose eee eee oer 21 
esta blishmentiofesectionofe.s se eeeaaee ese eee ener 27, 343 
formationvofrbhe:sssseceen occ a eee Pee eee eee eee eee 6 
labelsfor thevsns-asisse os cates ase see eee Bae ee eee 99 
PANO Of sss 8-525 Goes see eae ce eee Pos eme ne cole anes 345 
Feporiion-the sechiomors etee essa sae seers 343 
wooknpon het Sessa acto coaieenye Sele cla sates wives 37 
Div isionine)epariment otAcriculturess-seeseeeenes eee eee ee 344 
exhibitsiinstalled ci s.,53.2 23-7222 cote Se set eS oseeds soe eee teens 347 
preliminarysclassiicatlonvOljaariaasaete eee eee eee eee 345 
section, Leasonsmoriestaplishino phe esas en. seta ee eee 344 
Ite oun eal AM 6 G6 She cscs pecs esdc56 cose oss 0nr nb0000 Sasa booS essa cso 6585 43 
SkelOtONI Of ss aes seer cree Se terete rare ae eee seater 383 
TORE Jae O Rese Ne aek eee s6 coon Bo oh co eoc eco 50g HOadoSSowe Sonn ssog adds 105 
ROT) lg poo bom Soe Hoga neldoo Guu an oU Sorbian Saud Bde Dodugooos Beco mpoC'as 29 
death WP sitet eis t oat alee on ee eae a 407 
Fort) Rupert; ethnolosicalispecimens from).22- 2222 5-2--.15526- sssnle= see eee 286 
IDL OUD OS, CE NE TSNINE NG Ooms 5 os pe occo aeccas Son Sen caneSe ce Sosleces bode 27 
review of work in the department of ------..-----..---.------ 44 
RenlesiotecatalOmuesseeeeeeeae eee neE haa e eee eee 20 
HowkesGerard sendsipotterysesa+ ease se tee te te ae ene eee eee eee eed eae 
Rowl-cod trom Pastermslant: sare ctec sesso cans a5). 2 2 enna cee era SSE 537 
TRINGE,, COMIKCUTOMS COTES 6555 dagons eso bos atis Sanoooo so pEisiog GSAS SSSeisSas GEE 125 
Hrancis Missuvil sends lanrolchby pew bel aera. eee m= oes = ane aeis eerie 121 
Dieyceie, (Crs [Bin COENEN EMH Of Sooo bs Shon cos Sao $code sdeooS osssSe ssosccos 329 
iHrescoed:slabsrtromebasten loland seen s— sae er aeleeescce seiaaere see eiecse 538 
Pritsch, 4, sends specimens Of marble 22ssss0 422-5 eee nace en) s ae ee 119, 406 
1 OND} ial Dag Dee essa aetna eines SoMa OSMCm Sou Sere odacoqoUauEE coos SOScde 285 
medicme-stonercolleched’ byiess=seee nes: eae eee == eee eee 143 
Fry, Capt. F. G., skeleton of gorilla purchased from .-.-.--...--.----.----. 383 
Bryer, George C., sends ethnological objects! 2-- 32. 52-1222ce6) see see eer 121 
Hrench Gar. insectsmrecenvedstrom= ssan-s asec sees ates eee eee ee eee 378 
iriendily islands srelics(ofiantiquityQnr- ec.) eee acc aia ee = eee 541 
Mirnitunea nd eixbureswa ppropriation for --—- eee eee eeee aero reese 72 

for the Museum made in the Museum workshops...--.-.-.-------- if 

Galapagos and Mascarene tortoises, probable extermination of the.-...--.--- 643 
Islands, sketches of Elephant tortoises from ......-.....-.-..---.-- 388 
tortoisesifromiuth 4-42 942 -e> -o ee eee eee 142 
POLpoises roms ae ee ee eee eer 750 
skins oftsea lon trom .-c2- see eee eee ee 5 350 


ve ae 


INDEX. 859 
Page. 
ale; Onis Sends bIrds, Nests, and OF08..... 522. sess cose -ocece cee eoce see e114, 363 
CTU PONG EA yc) i RSPR TN Si D0 8 cS a ae ee Oe eee ee ea 750 
RASH EO abscess emer eae ona aa ees ae Peete Misys eb eS tiie 43, 387 
sends a specimen of Sowerby’s whale.............-..- 37,118, 188 
Pas C apis Wy ito b, “ACnOSs a SUMS h 9.5% er rascci Hae) ee Seen os See 120, 138 
Se CLOUD CLOLD Med peter Sey ee a vag Sc Sue eae Ae OS 28 
chief of division of correspondence............---------- 88 
oneMuseumicataloguesyscaae ee sete se a een se eee ee 8 
SpPMs 2adedsto whe, cOulectlOMes aaa oacia sontslsisais fa see ee sere e aeons see re aes 401 
Genealogy of the Kines of Kastor Tsland@s22---- sc. 522-222 es ce occ ose cece 533 
ONOcaleple pALAvOUseee ei ss Roe Ne ee ee eee Moo ee c Seesthe Soeee Lawctere 29 
Geneva, Musée d’Ethnologie in, sends Lacustrian objects ...-.....--..----- 126 
Geographical index of material sent for examinotion and report .......----- 135 
LEV TO We OilsUC COSSIONS TOWEHO! MESO iii) shag eae ee ee ce 112 
Geolopical material, distribution ots 25.22 2e8 tesco Se reel ecient nae as 408, 409 
exchanPe Olas sn sso sede ws tt Sale eee Nae eee ee ea 54 
received for examination and report ...--..-----.---- . 409 
Sunvey, (USS:) cooperation Of the... 2. soa sees setae cee Seee eae eac 140 
fossilayfromythen ss. o2 4h ssa se cece eet ee aereae cree 393 
fossil fishes received from the..............-----. 40, 115 
geological material transmitted by the. ......---- 407 
minerals transmitted: by tlies. a.--)- + ----eees=— = 120, 401 
platinum) received trom: thes. - sos. sess sees Se 122 
NOCKS LEANSMILLEO WON aes) eine ao aietee seine 118 
transmits minerals from®Colorado ........--...-- 114 
pottery and stone implements ...-..-....---.---< 118 
Georcia, ACCOsSIONS) {LOM )s25 -c: oo se) sae) Bas ietaera et See Aone oe fica Siete 116 
evinolocicalispecimens rome so 2. = semecce scm seats enna ieee 287 
Ser iruidy.- COlleCUOMS ILOMEss a taia saree cna oi Saye, te masse a erate a= c Valais isin mare Ree 125 
evuhnorraphic MUSCHMS Iss. ao eee Sk aes soa lee Sale noe ese ee 442 
Shimolog Cavs pecimen tro Ms sas acess eerste eee eee 287 
Garrard, £.,, mammals purchased trom): = 52. oe oe oo Sse ek ner se sisi sale eisiels> 350 
Gabsourals Wis SON Gs Cast Ol TaCOts =a oc sero ssiate es eee oiclet teers Sale eee eee 121 
Sago roi, nenry Ho exchange With. 2. lo. .ocsae Sano wens Seabee!) Socios 53 
skeletonrot seallisemtilysa.-c2e oe at ees < ersten 388 

specimens sent in exchange to -.2..----.----22-.26 338 . 
transmits natural history specimens. ...--......-.- 126 
Culbert. erot, ©. rH. sishessCOllectedsDy...cssctsae cael tee eee Rese ne 142 
Salle Dry 1s. Wiz, PreBents StONG OD [OCIS .o- sro ons cmc cm a sem pemiee ielaelnr Seles 122 
sends stone implementees. sss ss oes reise ace wea es canoe 143 
rE ROOO OTC DADOIG DY «con ac oo nein setct o eee anes orale om wiels tate emene stat eaters 750, 751 
Cuilmaniask roils Crees cars cvoistsee iesieie eine Seloine sbe,cl-= oto, siSoetwisinisysalsin oe aaks oes 290 
IGT el) See cociDO Seno abertene Hee arueecscn concentoaS 69 
Goajira Peninsula Indians, photographs of.... .... ....--206---202-0-20- -2e- 124 
od NIal. ys CALCU. apPeCLenD Vee = seca soot a1 aroe ane separ aio actos stateiciavete 751 
Goodrich, Commander C. F’., photographs obtained through ........-.--.---- 139 
(Goodese Ge LOW, -PUperen Dy. ok tee eee tae OL a new oe esa = oclous to's 751 
presents badges, lithographs, and engravings.--..--------- 115 
eOThe Museums Otte pure Wyss cssoes 2s oes cocis soe. 427 
GS, DLVICL, Way PAVOrS Diego xa be ee ee ae teteias we! a com aos ieior= aalaldeutere nes ac cis 751 
Goss, N.S., papers by ........... Peet a ae Sick oo ois) S aie ee omsin rece) eaaete 71 
MA OSBON DTS SMe Sissies aot eee teenie orale las ne os) bac 8 /co.c ese cca suls sales es 329 
Geneva, Switzerland, exchange with.............-----.---- 34, 52, 286 


Graham, John, sends objects from the District jail ..............-.--..----- 115 


860 INDEX. 

: Page 

Graining-tools in Wes. National Musedine =>. ses ses 4. See eee ree 589 

Grampus, expedition of the, to Newfoundland and Labrador...--...---. ---- 711 

worlot the Kishi Commission schooner: .s25-4 06525 eae es eee 385 

Granier; Hmile,deposits;anl agate asec see cece erent een yase oe ee eee 123 
GramtiBey; Dr. James. 220-2. Ace a eee ee ce bs pe eee 286,292 @ 
collectionsmMrom™t sees emesis = 22, seen eee 146 

sends Egyptian objects .......----- Be Bee eae aS oat 281 

sends ethnological Ob)ectsise=s> 24 2ae Sasser ae 112 

Craphicraxrts, almporbnercollectiomote sees = = canes eres eee ae ee 301 

arrangement of collection of the section of --.--....--..----- 304 

exhibitiof, ab Cincinnatl Exposition: 2c. 222 2-565 -—ee eee 172 

exhibit of the section of, at the Cincinnati Exposition -....... 303 

labels\forthe section-oh. 2352222 = -[o-ce cee eer ce eae eeee 99 

label showing arrangement of collection illustrating the - .--- 314 

list of contributors to the collection of -2.2...----.----.----- 309 

loans for the Cincinnati Exposition to the collection of ......-- 313 

objects purchased: fortheysection ofes-=-2 +---=s2—-- 4-2 aac 302 

report onthe section Ofs -- eee eae eet ee esi eee 301 

TEVie weOtewOlkoim: Section Ol scars eee eeeiee se -beeeeee 35 

SOCHION- OF 2 mesial .2/s soho Sats ee tele 2 Steal Saree BORE he ae 26 

series of catalognes< 2522. (25 secu ds aoe Soe eee 21 

suggestions relating to the growth of the collection of....---. 306 

Great Auk, expedition to Funk Island for bones of the.--.-...---..----- ee 709 

extermination Of the sca cases ae osisasinieee o aoe tice sae eee 638 

Great britain, accessions from. 7S cet chceeeeen ns e-e ee eee 125 

Greely, Gen. A. W., specimens transmitted by .-......-...---.-.---..------ 139 

Green, Loren W., presents skins of Tamias striatus............-.---.+------- 37, 349 

specimens received from = oss esse Feist 2 Soom Meise Se 118 

GreenesCharlesaB. 2-252 chee sactee let c acteise: scene eee os See eee Ene Milaoaee 

Greenland’ ethnolopical specimens) from. 22225 ase ace stots epee ete 226 

Greenivaulits, Dresden. 2.25.2. 5-nis sno se ee Se Sess eee ee eee 435 

Greey, Edward, bronze and wooden figures from .........--..--.--+--+---- 124 

Gretton Bros: photocrapls presented byncs-- een =) eee eae ee eee eee 414 

Grinnel, Hon. W.. F., collection of fabrics from 72-22-22. =s 5 oe teoes case 126 

sends wools tromplingland= 22. pees eee eee 137 

. Grinnell, George Bird, obtains a Rocky Mountain sheep -...---.-.-----.---- 47,421 

Guadeloupe, HSheswroM cas sce = Settee ree eile Se eee ee eee 123 

Guesde, A., birds received in exchange from .---2 5.52.2 Siscccsiescce- oa a2 6 358 

Guesde, Louis, exchanges. with’... %. 52... «0 sssieds se sie ets oe eee ceieas 52, 53 

sends, birds’ Skins = ...cf.j-.0'< no eso Soles eee tee see nee 123 

Specimens Senb in exchange’ 0-2 222. coer eats eee eee 338 

GunleyDT Re Rae sca eters eos iceiciee aatee sas ee eee eee ae eae 391, 397 

EIA COP ean hobo nba ee cosSos cone rn DSabdp ede bosSoosor Geb sac.cosusuesoSac 504 

1520) 2) eee ee eeaeS Soames ane See aan ee Bea S oH Mo sepaoes Secoasasbe 284 

inoue eilir.spaper Dy je lsc sep nein See nee aioe nee eee ee 407 

Haig, George W., stone pestle received from-..---...---.------=----=--=- -- 120 

Hakes, William A., sends pottery and stone objects ...-...-.--...+. .------- 119, 143 

Hamiltons He des Ssendsspobtteryes..22-ses a> eee eee eae eee eens 123, 143 

Elamilton, ave, sendsagplantsc.cthcee. sce cae Ree ee ner een eriena ee raiser 116 

Pa mmonG, HOT: - Walia Aye. 2 So) a /csain Sin oie seine eae ee 442 

iBPananalko veer sane tee corn eee rece eety Cee eer eee Sener ate eee 502 

Hamga-hahtiercc s- 24 --ale =o daeloeele (einmaine os nosis ee Sil 

Han sahohoont §.-c 2p se ieis oe ioe te eeet= Gale ~nln Soe ote tn Oe ee eee reer oe 506 


INDEX. 861 

: 

F Page. 
RUAN ADU ERE Ds ra cee See rar tad aa welche had Sk Saas Sich onan eta oosees Gost ee 507 
ana OML eee: ame neon ute cnet Scat de {Se ete Owed eo? 506 
Plana MBEAN Uns saree nee se sale ao St ds cose Stew Saad be saseer su Ee. 508 
Hangaopuna.......--.---. ES 2O10S SHAS BRON CS5U OSS eae suesoses Skea 506 
UE) 1 oe Se Or Oke ee ee a a Pe ee Be aaah ease saeoe 504 
Bee kD US yeeen Cree eae mes <ee =< acted © ietase tte Oe eee oe nos eee ae 511 
Hanga Pico Bay....-...-. pe eeeiarts ace sem cicletent satan tia batcoele cee we ae rae ae 450 
BAEC eek ies one Re eee RASS ea wt estos sae cle tab walee saree eee EAU) SOON DOS 
CEO ORELE IS eee eee epee tee sate tec vers igs Pl are ihe wet de ee eo ee ee a ene eee 503 
SITES Cea AS 8 Oe Ca a en Se vSjorss aes Sue see 511 
Saab Le OLUL EON eee ae eee 2) are ete eran Srey wea be oe La Eee ce ba ee 508 
"ISAT TE SSS ee ee ne 508 
“ae seas S5nS-55 2200 SUES OSES Sos GeS0 cSEHieS OnbdSa55 Som eSa Besogese oboe 500 
Hae AOOm sees ee nee Hace ear eee eee eens t ly sins (OA ar ce Ie) 505 
Hanga- ous SE ae ae oes eS S mane a rea ee (we serene eee feted Ward SE 509 
Hanks) 2H G: Seri vetals received ote Better ta aa fete ew toate hea lo otal eee 402 
ELaAnden erin d3, SOnds silver printss---.- <2 ase soos. acca PM SP NAL eee ek 121 
PIAL ELOL Aes eee see Re ae eLeh ee ema wee Ate ves Se eh A ORT ee here 510 
PMU PMUI Es Siete at SON Po nee its coe a Sos o Se lain Weston mie foe Peele acim, Snakes 407 
Harper Brothers send illustrations of railway-car ........---...--...------- 119 
act abs: G..spapers DY; cee srs - cre cssettacce os cen eee Se gee saa eae 751 
Harvard College Observatory presents silver prints and slides-.22-- 92...--- 117 
EAS DrOUck ibys Me, SONOS nCIVebCAUREs ose cues ae eee sas aay oe bal cee See, Siecle 121, 421 

paporsiby 2.26 sos. Pe CE) chee eae se eee 751 
EAU Dis ePOtme Alen soo nena lie eicies cies Meret k bieensteal sins oe eee Sunes 27, 282, 291 
PaAperss Ne aa sere ee eRososo SseeCe pab See Bduoas cquneo bese 752 

visits Stockholm and Giveccians Las representative at the 
Kighth International Congress of Orientalists......-... 28 
Havens, Capt. John G. W., sends a specimen of Merlucius bilinearis.......--. 369 
HA wWairans1S! Fs; 4eLN Se tLOMe | hse ese os ke ee ence etre. ote em eee ee Sh ata 
prehistorierremaitiser. so -cunce =o ee ere emis ces ne Oe eee ae 541 
Li LET aN ed Oe Uae Sa SOE eR «mn am A ee nL Laney ER 29 
Ela Wwotul rasmus iSendsOCKS): 22 acess oes ck ca ee Leccce mw eeSeeneies ses 118 
Eayden iM Vverett, lecture Dya me -~c2 ae iow essen = ok eee cc eee eeee pee ee 69 
Pardew. Ps conday imidebala tess 60 Se Steaua noe ene dal ae 117 
ASV GI VV oc clentat = etctcks eaerietne tee reee a toh hoa ds ete i nt tatiana as Rewga oy eee, 397 
Heating and lighting, appropriation fore. 5252 22822 Sis. Seid est ec seeee ao 
BPO VEEL SON. TOPLOC MC ULONIS) Dyna ee aicharet tattle pore ta atalino cl a)siais yo pe ees 282 
Heliotype Printing Company, of Boston, presents heliotypes...........--..-. 117 
Hemphill, Henry, contributions from...--. SOSER SS = HIS LR 40, 41, 114, 372, 381 
LGN OG Wale BWW crater tay stove ia at aa totsteoee tale tonrap for ratofet os oiaa SERENE ch aratctal DASE. 29, 107 
MACnShall Dre wscAx Snes COMETS. Die. mst ut toa rot retnietetoha cele Bae ate encanta sea 142 
Henshaw, H, W., birds received in exchange from ...-......0522-.-22. 3222. 358 
IG Dhaene aeboognoebon codoecabadesehsonsbeacheotaee 69 
BENS LOP bl Os tomes eetsee mies eet owas tetra sreiyiy aoe te crete = 365 
@MEAICINE-StONG Fee seers = se Ste eee we en 114, 143 
ienson; ‘Harry: V.;seuds a pird-trom Hakodater ss .ee2 ses JR e eee 124 
type of Parus palustris hensoni presented by .-...--------- 398 
Herbarium in the Department of Acriculture..-..- --.--.---- --«.-.4--.---< 399 
"Hide-scrapers in U.S. National Museum ..22... 2.2/2 02002. scsee. eee ee lee. 587 
LEEW aren ae DIN Wh Cpe Se ee tos As at 2 eee eee ea See ie eae 322 
LG UME) spake YG Lod hed 0 tea N sl Ope Bey BE CS See A Se ee ae eee epee ete yes 45, 140, 147 
Minerals) COMeckeaDYysacacs f= --- 42 eusleMiscecee ae 401 
Mn CHa HOA alds lie anew GUGINO Ole sacra! <= celui e oman et sMals oe) JAemiee 291 
SONG Lh CAlleG HONS sett at aett ata eee tans mete rine at aictatal ac setweioiniai st aelole, 2 <)aiciats 26 


. 862 INDEX. 


Page. 


EM storical=museums oc. se 5 2 ociod «et Soke eee eee oe eee ee eee eee 444 


Hitchcock, Prof. C. H., contributions received from ---.......---.---. 114, 118, 407,414 7 
Fitchcock, RomyN ese .c ee ee a er ee een eee eee ee ere eee 26 
insects from Japan contributed by.-..-.......--.-------- 378 
marine objects from Japan presented by..---- he Soka 381 
MENON [Dy coooesdo soos gEcS aa Ssccu sera ss0s seoscoS Seo c2aEc. 752 
presents crustaceans and sponges from Japan.--..-.-.-.-- 41 
JSON KOs seameeneesn sucetsosed seus J a52000 senses 5000 559s sc06 Gao5 Sss00 255555 510 
Hohenzollerns, the museum of the.....--..- gies bigs Seed Sebo ese oes eee 435 
Holmes, ‘William sh ws. te Achaea ees nc chee cows cs eee opcieiets tree erueere 21,04, 219, 143 
TAISEN! ON occa edoalsaee obod. Sees Soca SSagn.osea sean dons odoc 752 
POPOLD Ol casas) cess eine a Oe eee eee ee eee 341 
Holtzinger, J. M., insects received from.....-..------...------- Sore peso ncs 378 
Horan, Henry, superintendent of buildings:_-. --..-3.- 2.2.22. 52: soanseee 28, 100 
ion, Iie, (Cryonics) lal 55 pope ocons665 Ss00 dang acacosas Sces ssose sacs Sedo cokes. La 
hlomnada ys iWiruline asa cae = seater 2 See elsciss Se aie eee ee eee COMA CaO OO 
buffalo skins rch Shoe sewn Sobet cease eeten eee 118 
chietstaxa(ermistiaccre eatseee ee see tee see aera 104 
MYVOHY Olssssscac0s sad sc goed oo so es obs sono es ages dho505 0065 417 


ISIE ENG Saeco ce ee S656 Soe oden ons oa selsqcacscs se cqudon eos adds cg 55.6505. U2 Slt 
Heuph> Mrs. 35-1), sendsa baskete: -. 2a .- ean ee ee et eee 123 


Hough, Walter.-......--- See BE ON A A Date Rene Oe 297 
Rene cat Of. Fike ilumination: enllection ho eR? eae ot ORS 
omnes) [cosa sscgse Goc5 Bee arr ron tens Sao aa a atose 752 
presents ethnological objects. ... 22.2252. ie. Sloe seen 115 
study of fire-making, heating, and lighting by-...--....-.. bn) 345283 
Howard, lient: W.Le, Onbil SONb tOr on ome me sere aaise eee me a= eee ieee 148 
Howard, L. O., assistant entomologist, Department of Aeneas ee ee se 41 


AChing /CUrStOL-Oh INSECTS sso s\o-c orem elo son -ee = = ee Sa eo na es, 
MEWOUSION? shits S454 bend o455 das eessese cs st Getcbso esos SOY, WOE GD 


Howard. Mr:, instructed an plhotosraphye—.--- 2: <2. 0.2: seme eee es erm 110 
lowell’ J. WW ., PLOSCR Us MMINGrAIS oe oe elec ee ae oan en re oe ee 402 
IGITPIO Mo sigcas se Slecmode DSBS Us Soedsdcoss bc ceabasae, Saseshcodsusnssocdccdc 505 
ISlURPREYE oo Aa S5 G5 Coed Sa be S666 be sas5 boo Shen eens te es secesa ss sesh foto sscess 510 
Hndson: We H., papers DY <. -s-2 -2-0)ese eee See 2 oe desea oe “ene eee 752,770 
Hinman skulls trom Hastersland jeccrics merase eee eee eee 538 
Hunter, Alexander, gives a conrederate army jacket.........-----.-2--. .--- 122 
Ptinber ON seca cer caset ca «ine cineinwie Sister eaiae eee ere es See ee ee eee 442 
Jeliemmngrny \Walllliaien —Se25b Gade soso coed cco nse See S455 cosh oSes Sécccossdeca ness 442 
Hurlbut, /G. H:, presents woolen fabries.. 5-2: -- =< 2-2. --1-oe sees eee ee 123, 143 
STIS! (CGIGOLS Ot ONC, PO APCES DY emer es ees =e eee ee eee eee 752 
lislilnras) be. eye yy co Sse seooes bo5cda saees: »Hesdinabblinestioee bers 407 
Tlinots “accessions frome. 52a. es< scm aen Sele Ato ee eee ieee ae eee 116 
Illustrations for Museum reports prepared by Messrs. W. H. Chandlee and - 

VWo 1B ly 1B aei es SoBe cos seceans modu oa05 ceo Sogo ood aons Sbos good a5aScsiseooe 111 
imnaves toundion aster dslandte sess - case eet aaa saree eee AC 492 
Imperial Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg ....--.--...---..----- ---.---- 52 

@xehanve withiesssen eee eoss 53 

plants sent to the.......-.... 399 

incised tablets from -Baster Island... 3... 53-5 e eee eee eee eee eee 537 
India collectionsitom err crc eset miele om inn eit ee ane ae ee ee eee 124 
ethnological specimens frou Buds choos ope eeeereee yeaa a ae ee eee 288 
Tndiana;‘accessions from... ocean ike eee eet eee beeen 116 
State: wnilversibyscscca. s22- c: 5 since oo eee thee tee tee eee ere 397 

fossile received from the ,....., e222: ova cesperere 393 


INDEX. 863 


Page, 

Indian seal, two specimens of, received in exchange’ ie atsistrainsinarecien once eee 350 
SELLS ILE GN Td S38 See, SE Ane eS SE ec epee fae er 8 Ae a eR 46 
letterstOmeesee set-piece Suess Se ice ee ee hae aye 29-31 

Mickelexaminedfor jes secee sete cesneee cena ee 415 

Imsect pests, preservation of collection from-...-.: ...-:-.%.......--2-.--2-- 379 
insects, arranrenienb of reserve series Of 2-2-2... ..-2-- so Jeoseeoee = ese 379 
collection by the Albatross, report on the .-............2----<-.---- 380 
department of -,----.--..-. Ssbgeceogescouc qoqccu scoscs aabecdHecade 7 
BeGh an oO lene <meta sae lae acc = oe wk ce ae SSH EE eed ace 53 

exhibit oh aCe mn aciobsx POSLUIOMs a -7-)-/)-\2c\e cies See cee eneel eee 167 
Ppropared 406 the Waris, xpOsitiON.< 2p ce siecon oa <5, foen cea ncance cess 377 
important additions to the collection of..-.-.-.......-.......-....- 378 
MAMEGsOL COMOCLOIS a ye ci ersterecs rete ee Se ee LEO hes cae eee eee 378 

EpPorn On the department Of. 6 ses waters ety Set tee Sees eee =. 2. 377 
researches based upon material belonging to the department of -...- 3380 

review of work in the department of.-...--,...-.-....-..-.--.----- 41 

sent tolspecialiststorideterminablom qs. - = 2 eeeiee seen eee. & 379 
SOLICSOfeCAtaLOOUeBici= ste. aoa oeie see eles Seats alae 19 
Institutions to which Museum publications should be sent, nse ee ieee {aed 63 
Interior, Department of the, codperation of the --.............-..........-- 140 
Internal Revenue, Commissioner of, presents two black bears .--........... 138 
International Congress of Anthropology .-:-..--..-. «2-222 -o5 2-22 002 see 324 
Qrientalists; scope of sia 0-2 52222 a2 ee ee 289 

lervertebprate fossil series Ob catalomues .2/2 05 cs. - coc ~ oe seeaedenee sees sees 15 
EOSSUISE eee cee oo nies cee es Soe See lems atic hele Cae Pe ccceee 27 

HOW ay CCOSSIONA LOUD voice eae cso Soe Stee SSE Eats Goce ed men acre nism MRI Me 116 
sear Ot HORUS Ser aolgn Gees nabsceice CacemrEne SE RSE a Des Beanonoesusanveos oc 653 
Gablypuspy Ole oostcisciocasts ss cee ma arcs ces aisists facets csis tor omnes aoe 653 
BRECON EV Es TERING 12 ote) s)a im anne Scie) Se a eiameeetal = 3 3 eS) sae eae Se eee 656 
POTS DEV) Le AINE Caer ea eepeiae a aein eT pe etyar tie ciorar | eee ne Ee 654 

1nd COSTE ce ae Ie DOE SOS OEE ee EPrints aye 654 

Kpaly, ecchnological specimens from. --. .22. .<--0s2o- 5-225 ou essceeee ce: 287 
APeelMens iro Myre eens arase eyes sain Sele iaks sietalal ah seayerctoy eines) oe oe er e 126 

“SORE Dp SUSE ee OBES eer dier Sono SoS s Dome sere erase ae ro ieiet aie 295 
Jackson & Sharp Co. sends prints of railway-cars ....-.-----...---....---- 114 
Jackson, Wm. H., sends skull of whale....-.....- Dials sae = sean ee NEE ee 117 
MHI ACCESSIONS LOM seers eeiraa see cele nse a cleaemio nes ee ieaae een ee sas 124 
ethnolosicalispecimensifrom --a.-+-seee2 oe oe eee eee cecines ance 988 
Plantsitrontsssec Meco c utes he seeeraee aoe eee tee ee eras snes a encores 399 

PAN Ese VITAS PULCHASCH teeter ales syst nee beeiay- te ooh eee aia jemice i eens ae 358 
jinrikisha, modelot: os. s-ceassonse ons shat seoncee Ss oeleeceeecesae 995 

ER) seam 4500 Goad Colnoes caes os de cn cu pe. Su SoE CS Some DUE ua seas hen oe 295 

ean COs El aHtES> EF ALIB2 Se.) on casero ee See sie Se ok yee iuaa cree eae ee 592 
GECHANGOMW UUs stn owes ses Sao ate eset ete 53 

plants sent tO, thier 2s steane eat cs sack aes 399 

java, Tulus discovered oni the island Of! 32.25. e22- cases seeel segecc~ stele ee 543 
ReTIIS, Os ke, HS OS COMOGLOU, UVrin ce sees crmeri sen caats soy ee sel 2 oe ao 114, 369 
Offer, Of ASSISLANCOULGIN seem cat AAs ot aoe Sere cee ook aes 147 

PAPOER NY neck netee en sear eee Ree ee) 2. Sey ee 730, 753 

SOUNGSISOUU UO ee etn teem eee masters ae ise meee te ee ear 149 

Jennings, A. H., Kirtland’s warbler presented by..........-.-.-.-.-.------- 35e 
eTIneN Cr, OXCHAN MO WLU swerve amie cee are ails cae ayes dichage ucts Sera eke 53 
Jerusalem, accessions from .........-..... Bee reseths Meeicisvat eye) ert e 125 
Jewett, Dr. J. W., sends a collection of drugs - SUNG GREG SEED SUIS Ee Se Der Crm ae 138 
* John Bull” locomotive ...--.. SBOE. Hon S BARES GOI CCE REI RE chee pea ee 296 


dolne Hopians UNIVEMIly sw -cevines tess ev res cs as stvvgeressststdedvuesewas 406 


864. 7 INDEX. 


UM ao sO (hy Pe sossenooo5ed S/AR NP IIE HESS EE MU ee Oa eae 
PAPOLS Dy cesorcltoete Meta je rere peters etal epatcrare oes pense eae 

Johnston, Miss Francis B.; instructed in photography --.--.....--.---.---.. 
John Stephenson Company, sends photographs of street-cars.....-----.----- 
Joimib foxxpuress= == a Sevtgoe Sees ektEe eee ee 
sal ro penne a the ennai and Marietta eepaninon Soke esis 
Jones and Laurhlin Works, photusraphs| of thetss = 22222 --e = ees eee 
Jones, b.J., Mexicali ails recolvedsttOMeas=== s-1= ee pele ae eae 
Jones, (Cole Cr sends pot ler ye eee eo ee ectet aoe tartar te eter ee 
Jones, U.G > specimens sentinexchanee tO. -o-2.- ss. =o a5 ee ee 
Jordan, Prof. D.S - as oi Sieh Sa EIS ela ae Saale eos ce See eee 
Ashes Polleeted tbs vhs Wik Santee i SEU, UE eee eeegere ee 

PATO) Wi SG 5 Cabs sScosusecoemooSase coo once ce 2eiet fees 

brANSINLES Cretaceous fOssilsias ek mecses Seer ome eee 

JIG P.L., aid in department of mollusks ..---- SIS DGS Se ea ee oe arses 
collection from prehistoric graves presented by ..-..----.------ 

Japanese birds purchasediromins.-= 5 se0 4 see ate eee oe 

Koreans birds*purchasedStromes seer. -aise ee eee eee eee 

presents Chinesesbow- and amrowe a. 2222 oes esc tenia eels 

Buddhist rosary and birds received: frome:--22---- --2.55-2~ oo 

Justice, Department of, cooperation of the=-2-.- 222222222652) = ee eee 
represented at the Cincinnati Exposition --.....---- 

Xaver) imag JPEN oo eee cee aoe cee oes Sass edeaso be Sogo cannes soseco sacesencscas 
iQGWURS Sens Bee eRe ee See OS ee Oe Set OS eS OS OSU OSS SoS 
Kanthimmiga sons, birolish= translation 0 ftssoo-es= =e tea ne ee eee 
Kaitee, descendant of last king of Easter Island........-.- Uiotekate Sige Bane eae 
IAN SAS ACCESSIONS SILOM). 2 Soneras ee lis Soe ioe coos ea sao eete ease ce eeeee 
IRA ORO) A ae oe are ein act enna cial oT ene are cmaete BNR Eom amoes one Brera 
eee aD ies Mey RobnNP HNL ES ee ae Se Sead o SDS ores SoS easassS55 Ses sesoes< 
Kellogg, Lt. Col. S. C., deposits a buffalo robe .... .... -.-2... 2252-2 --2 25. - 
skins'of buffalo calf received from 2 so-2e2- o--e- = eee 

RCS Ae) AVA KAU OM IRON Sa Soeingesa0 SaoacO seSbco Lore eSbcopioaSads osaoosec 
Kerns Charies: H;, birds preSenbed iy, vse setatepetnas so yale ehsepeta ten ele Serres 
Kesler, C. W., minerals received in exchange from........-.....-..--2.----- 
Kew Botanical Gardens, exchange with....-..---..-..--- past, Se Sees ee 
Plamtsisentt tOjes-<stees sc aes cee eer eda0 sa25s6 

sends large and varied collections .-.--..:....--... 

Heys.) Csi, SOUS iS LOIS oe ie ere ercter sictalal sare ie late ate Oma Ree eee ee ee 
Kiekhoit,C.,sends alloysitvom Germania c1-sece eee ace se ee eee 
J mai eM oe MONEYS os o oa Shids >= eso ay Hoon seaar Cans Gacees Soon dans coad tee 
Killer whale received from the Royal Zodlogical Museum at Christiania. -_-- 
skeéletonof <0 c.g omcce conte © 26am bed eeice estes =k erie eee eee ts 


King, Maj. W. R., sends photographs of Hell Gate explosion ....-...-.-..-.. 
imines platform, sloulils tromeiher 2een oe ces eee eee ee eee ee ere ier 
KITE INO) Ned pee eA Sees SoAG S Sea eae s cca Dens Doocod ascbU C ojo sas Sloicieseisee 
DOME he So iSe56 bac 500500 CMS pa BS s50.G00 Oo POR COO UU Kboo JS SSeEISSOS 2 a0S.celscn2 
Kirikiriroa-.--- Adelie S niece ise. Wire brtala bee OS wusleeicta wtaatete eis ee alate ors eaten Create 
Katie eiram Gass soos ~ sss tases ee pee ccc eee eee sae ee tees oe eee 
RA Voom Ob IMCS err ecinen: cea. Scere net a nee eee ee eee ete ree 
Know lion; Pte cece cea face eels Races 5S 5h eRe ee ei ee eee eee 
furlough Of J. 12.2): 256 )oeso aS Seah Se ee ee os Bee wee eee 

PAPCLSMDY ie dees we is~ essane + reer Pons os G} nas tre re ee ee ren aioe 

Knudsen, Waldemar wetrels presented by... - 2222s. -e- eee e ee ee eee 
sends petrels from Waid .20 eee eos s eee ea eet 


Knute, Ellingson, sendsispecimens of ores ---- -=--=- a= sens sooo ees baie eee 


INDEX. 865 
Page 
Koehler, S. R., curator of graphic arts -............. See casera doe ew eens 26, 35 
Da DOLSIOVEereeee aries ners saree ee eee ree aoe Se eee 794, 755 
HG MOR soba SssG Sand Sogn ap Ee Cees Soot Se eco eeemetene 301 
Koenig, Godfrey, birds’ ergs received from: ...-.-..-...2.....--20 sees eee ese 122 
Kohn; Gustave, assistance rendered by_--. .-. 2.2... .2cessicssec cecaes cree - 366 
BGQHUSTLOERUDINS perce erexcis = ye as ot See Se ei oes re rN Ee 117 
USOTI@SIIIT, 5066 OSS aS 65 06H 530500 Se 55 SCO ROOTED ORES ME SEIGC eS eRe eee ett ae 511 
UNOMESIGE .Sodds dade be Sehc 0 SSS Seo So Ssy Coo ARR ee AO Me NASA Remap es fa. s J 511 
CRS aU URC SLE OM oo oe ieerersetey sea cteilelnielaveieie cc kaie tele sicie oie onaic eimiaiducioms ee scieie weereetaa ae 124 
DOOKS HOM me weyesarscieise nie aisiaisiet sade Caras Seto oe Sele dd sacks Hause 288 
ROU UUOVMOUNULBIN sac 5 201s faelomnierte o clalcis ters sialon cco cciesceis cocee sa cecie 486 
UNTURS EDA Sea R36 Gabe BSc QOHnOU Gr > Hr Code CS bCOC ARE AEE CEES ae ieee ae eS 511 
UNDGEOMG) Gens DB SCG CO SOO CBE EU SHOR Ce DEED CAP OER DooSGn cotods Dar CRE Emn rE Hse 511 
IS@UBIVER cokd SHSSSNESEY Sena BGgS Chbo SA Sep eGe Resp BEnABOR cna Stee SAA annem 504 
HRC) GEA ope ra ata eistol= lata islets ee mien Sie eis ais civ eine seca tama ites apo are 511 
IM@IZROTIG Sseeer SaCDoD Baa boCr OO Da0 OS DSCC AONESTG ERS p one ce SA oo Sars Bees 449 
Hemi zs Gree ky LOCKS TOCCLVOU COM sre csiseacitc «ote sie nivicioene EP aetee eee eee ne ee oe 406 
BBABDIA FOE ADV IONIAN: BOGUS tories cuic c= Sec cca > SUE Slye nel aber web Bere erei see 291 
preparation Of -.--..--..--~...--3- SSSC50 Sado sobs sdes Seence Sone Ceaae 99 
Mabrador duck, extermination of the’... 2... .:2.. 2-2 22000 25-2 bet oeen~ dace 636 
Breenixy Ah. An oxphance.wibhosa.s a2. 5225 Sees: lie ue souls see cess eee 54 
Lacustrian objects sent by the Musée d’ Ethnologie in Geneva...--..-..---- 126 
Mane ley Erot. OaMuel an. . PAPerswWY 2-5 so chesemiociae sate cicl nessa Acetate aoe 755 
MANIA LO; HAastOriGlAnt) J. taa2-=enieaaels mie ae) iwcao a wots eee nee a 518 
ase Grouse BAY: ose =-~ oes - nie ae 5 Ses 6 S550 esos S5 sono ceso edodSs baa cobsss 450 
CMP OM MMOs Vasa tas ofa ers wi dane SoM an aman aerate salet | sueise iciantoele 449 
MUU Uwe VV ATMLE DIMA el geseh aya eraye iste cy ola way aiaie'= sek ni o= Slayeeisiclc Sores araainy yas aieion sts tases 295 
Lawrence, George N., papers by-.----.------ SECO GORE BOS HOR cE aed Deo Seea 755 
Men collechiomok paleozore tossilsyoe ence seats te oer seniate ce eels see ace se eisee one 392 
ONLOAD ae sere ee ee aie tase ee eet eee ee ce aren Se 40, 371 
Hea, Dr. Isaac; books bequeathed bye sso. oe eines eels Ca sees oc ocean) deer ic 47 
fossils;bequeathedyby,- =. sss 2 shwocen cece ess eee eee ee 395 
Le Baron, J. F., reptiles transmitted by.----........... pasos ee eee 365 
PMB RRECR 3 ert > stot stot oP ue oo eee oe os sae Sein cis R eRe D Ue tae ee teas 69 
Lee, J. Fenner, sends engravings of cattle....-.. EOD AES DASE er ones aa 137 
Peerage tit LCSIOUA, one 2 toe tas oe cee ee telomeres couse aL EA 2 Sl 71, 123, 383 
Brazilian.birds purchased from: -:-2v2s2--.2csec--5----222 358 
Lee, Thomas..---.. SSE Een HO SOO CE RP eo Ace SOnicre Seb 5HS CSC OCU TACs Born ee 123 
Brazilian birds Serehaeed om Pees rie see eLeek as sas 358 
Leidy, Dr. Joseph, papers by.......--....- SPEC G EROS UOCOCA BOs aoe Sou oe 755 
exquereux,.,Prot. Leo, papers Dyjestesencecse sacs ce ponty oon sk soil mee sean 755 
Letter from Assistant Secretary to Secretary relating to Smithsonian partici- 
pation in Cincinnati and Marietta Expositions..............--....---.---- 149 
ioetversiaskingyfor information’, list-Ob scecseseesscseses cence ncee se hee see 88-96 
written on special subjects, arrauged geographically, list of.......-- 96 
Mewis, b. M., presents: birds so scccsasseaeeeascscete teed sus can Cte oboe tack 120 
Mewis; George. A, presenus. 1SNES-- sayeeees eee Pease cedeebe ce ceccs ok Po 121 
Bewis;.VVis i., Guck, presented: by, . 23255 sce teers ce soe ete se tk esse 122 
Libraries in United States, list of, to which it is desirable to send publications 
ae National Museum. 2.54 so2ssace aoe saan ERO Uae e ese kas LUE 216 
MDrATy, LePOrsODLOPeravlOns Ole sass cats see esas tsc oot Leute Coen eee 47 
Breen baler, GW). ccs ease cen aoe SSS oN Ie He Coe ed SUD EGIL BIR: SB igh) 
Life-Saving Service, codperation of the. .... Pet ced ena ea 138 


Kioht-House Board.[U.'8.],, cooperation of the. .cissiclcces cocveeccdaseccc: 138 


866 INDEX. 


Page. 
Light-House Board [U.S. ], presents blue-prints of lights and flames. ..---- 115 
Topi LW IE WON ID) 55 3 3S6 Soc 5 ood solesbao0 ss05 26500 So obo0secdou sesesnSscosses 41 
appointed aid i. .- 30.222 en oeaasee ss. ame ener eHeene 28, 377 | 
anton, Erotyhd wantescese eee eee eens eee eee eee 42, 71, 382, 383 
ON NEW \issco seoacsescceacadoas BOS Ono Sabu poo SEEaee oe 755 
TGISIANISICY fei ce le Bae cee eee eke tae ee ete eo ee lala cite ee cine oe eee ee eaters 449 
Losici nee menaceni ir oxen ean. Hy-5 GaSe BG On Cod boS bucouEEese se cobs 127 
Lists of institutions and libraries enfended to receive publications of Nationa 
IMMUISCUM Ys asc e eater eerie Semieee cette micleineeisiees wate leer seme seste coc 191 
Lithology and physical geology, sleseeinnea Of. a sets osec serccesae eee eee 27 
report on the department of ..........---.- 405 
review of work in the department of.---.-.- 45 
Little Swan Island, subspecies of Capromys from .........-----.------------ Jo4 
IDI in re Ry, CAAA) OVE. oS 55 coos55 code cosnee SoobSe soscoaS bose Sbecec 21 
departmentio fers sae een sere ecien ee Selaee ee eee ete aerate il 
important accessions to the collection of.........---..- eee 420 
INSU cent qUALlers MOL LN Cgsee eases eee ee eerie 422 
labelsforicollection) ofjss--.- 22s 4- co seeeeee Seer 99 
RepoLl onthe deparcomenhy Olsenese il sella ee ee eee 407 
review of work in the department of.........-.-.---------- 46 
Kondon, the Great xhibitionlat, an leas 2s on secsiecee meee eee = = eee 431 
hongiley swine.) IMSeClsICOMecte ds byte ae ere ita eae en eae yee tetas 378 
Lord Howe Island, castsof Meiolonia from..-..-..-2...s..-.+--- <s--------- 53, 126 
onutsiana,caccesslons ALO <.5- s20,<-.22 cise cn a eusinie eienicicincelecicee a eaiee eee eee 117 
Wovett, wdward, exchances witht srcen j-c-ee-eceeecesccetincrine erase eras 34, 52, 286 
sendsjethnologicaliobyjects- se seer seas see eae eee ee 126, 281 
GC ag) EP PAs Te Woss Gave ee rsjneinye Sickone Waiwera swe ee Stale eshte ccna cials su amine 27, 29, 42, 389, 390 
osteological preparator..-.--. Reinicisialesamaecletecisisee te eee eens 108 
paper on animals recently extinct or threatened with extermina- 
LIKI tho Son oIROS a BASEIgS SEH eb 6 DOSOINSOS BAdCORREESeeas 609 
explorations in Newtoundland and Labrador in 1887 by - 709 
PAPEIS DY see eccseie) sia ee = seiat oe ae ato nisteeie eee inalameiser esc aars 799, 756 
statement of osteological work accomplished by..---...----.---- 109 
Ne as; IaeAc. minerals receivedsnomassse. sesscces Sees eee eco eee 402 
ueger, seror Otto; imsectsmamed fore: as. ceee sees een eee eee se eeeeee = 378 
Lyman, H. H., sends specimens of lepidoptera..---...-.------- elses seinsremtee 113 
Ey on Proto Giese ape vac Seva Sacre Sewn e eee cloclee asec lain clo pee ence oe eee 292 
MacGill, T. W., sends specimens of limonite and ore.--.-..-. ais Sete Soe ee See 116 
Minch aan iece: ccxsicetcis oc cst sieae ais conc sais sido ee patetciraieae bees see See eaeeacaee 527 
Madagascar, accessionstromic. 3-0. oocs.e cca aye see see een cee eee TI 
Queen of, objects transmitted by the...-- dee Setdea Sesto eceee 112 
Madreporarian corals, sthudies\of thessoa-2 ee oseeee ease ee eee eee eee ee 382 
Mah atua o25) 2.28 ae ecloec le ncci es ctoae See e s eicinaisar cit olen Semone Se eateries 509 
IMGT 32 a ic\n pore Sia we Beale sam Ges eee asecae eucies SaeE eek see eee eee eee 504 
Mave; ACCESSIONS POM -2t5 tains os Stiees costes cesar coe reece eats ieee 117 
Swedish wooden shoes\from..-- ...-452.-sciees eee eee eee 286 . 
Malcals In@tamsijs 22-0050 0-~0s nodes c-52 cesseeet seep ease eee eee 285 
Mammalexhibitifor Cincinnati Exposition: --e=-- sce kes seeee eee nee eeeee 349, 353: 
extermination series exhibited at Cincinnati Exposition........-.-- 166 
groups prepared for exhibition -....).:\<-<-.5-4-sinas «-iaa-e eee eee aoe 104 
Series Of CatalOGUes)— ace .asecr.- ee oes eae ciecbis acteeeae eas eee lize 
Mammals, additions to exhibition series of. ..-......... .0-...--- ------------ 349, 352 
department Of <23223-- 5 osc en ess Seana eee eeeee Sasa ch ees Hes 27 
exchanges In department ofA. eeenaee ae eee eee eee 53 
exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition......... eccbae cece sseeeee 166 


INDEX. 867 

Page. 

Mammals, groups of, mounted for exhibition ............-...--0.---- -------- 349 
labelstforde partment! Ofer ems -s2c:-setinattaceienanie sass saciiese cise te 99 

MOUNtEd wisObeawsete cs scans noes oe.eciecinclactoe © selele ciamhenee Siaersioae 105 

Offereds to uber MU seme sm sicie sce sacinnie Sone icao eae vale ele eases 421 

TEporn on ihe department! Of. 2.65 ssee)-cece es seesieneeei ease 349 

review of work in the department of......-. Siswtejose ose wemehawes 37 

whose skins were utilized by American aborigines, list of. .-...... 555 
Mamo,causes of theiexterminationio= the... . 225 26.) ce-c sence cena c-cciecdelseee 627 
RV ge ATA Gow Tew Oxsy Bier site eetemaets cists len ateicie oi eciel (oS ehcisiwia edie wists wi ciscloeeciane ante 303 
Ma nN © Ayam lean) neaie sioe Meteieic, 5 2 aietcbasiay emi geysm aieGiel Sle shieiclon Gane oe soccee cows dll 
Manuscript catalogues, system of---.-- Hocd dood bast ogEHSAdeeDEseEcuonD asec 8 
Marae-GOC2N a Use sacle oa oro aos sini sine Se eaeye iar ate siete ees Se se iste ce eva clea Bees 528 
TTY eRe Oe aes ar a ear ep No eae Ee et ee a 506 
Marietta Beyestcrar report on Smithsonian exhibit at the....-.....-.-..-..- 180 
Marine invertebrates, accessions to the collection of .--......--..----------- 381 
collection of, transmitted to the Cincinnati Exposition. 382 

depariment On soa ecteo J s-fscia secre siecle Ue avs ree 27 

distributions fesse 22 bcsoe scoasetss See eel see aoe ee 51 

exhibition! series Of4 22 Jae Si os bose at rece J te Soe ee 382 

exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition-..............---- 168 

institutions supplied with sets of. ...--..-.---.--.---- 383 

report. on theidepartment of. —--:-.)92 250-55 eee ee 381 

review of work in the department of ....-...-.....--- 41 

Series. Of Catalovuesnencscce-s foal: 2 cone ae Ae 18 

Special distributiowtOhessse. eee <ece ele seeee eee 384 
Marietta Exposition, joint resolution relating to the -..-......--...-..----- 157, | 
report on Smithsonian participation in the..--.-.-.--- 149 

Martcon;) Chomas,, sround doys presented. by). 5-28-02 .05 te ces doe tec ocees 308 
sends\ ay birds andi snake eges\c ice...) =e eee is aweeiwe see See 117 

Marsh collection of prints, reference to the.~sss=\-2- sea. +e oe ee eee oe 307 
Wicaralin brOty ON Cetera ae boe- Cp eente Meena Nee soto eee eb tas cee 27, 141, 290 
sends skeletonief cormorantescess sso see sere eee 114 

MRERD AILS GOOTEO: oo - ames ne ro ninas oS de toe aie aw See = a CAR ee geeenioe as 29 
Sendsibirdss2s-scus sessile ee Seo Seu em Renee cle sieece 117 

Martin Ms Henry s<ce rae oe cn ose ee o ote win SESE Seles See ats 2 Soeetroaezicc 322 
Marty, Gustav, exchange, Wiha 2 galas sea jae ormtre of cynic oleae i etincee coece’s 53 
Maryland, accessions irom cme. io - cclsecie oe mine seo ores Bae Coa ree acideceeees utiles 
ethnolocicali specimensyiromes sae eee eee ae eee sa aecacee 287 

Masons jC. 9-, Sends Crystals sscre eee cas ee oe asso se ee ease tees eee ccceace. 120 
Mason, Consul, sends samples of ramie from Marseilles. ......--...----.---- 137 
Mason, Otis T., curator, department of ethnology. .----..-5..--... .----.---- 27,34 
paper on aboriginal skin-dressing by.-.-..-......-..--.-.---- 553 

DAP OLS yee at aratonteecer ern steye iste avert eeted_ peloton cetera 756 

p(s] 1) 0) eee ee ete eee Ste ee eee Ae) ih ee ee ieee 281 

visits ethnological museums in Europe....--....-.---------- 28 

MacsatchuseLts,, ACCOsSlONS ATOM a sorlo nas eet eae ete cate raaees ae ees 117 
FIGMON=Maveh IONS con these eT U Reh Ee ee eat ee asic cw es 286 

NMatdirom Waster lsland ss (2.2 cassie cneseidael sows ele oe theese tao ecco c he ok 566 
NEA GAAS Y Bisa N52 5s ae) aise mist Ioichatotcicrers ranat I> ater infotal oe 2)5 4s NS RULES Eee ee 511 
Materia: Medida, section Ol: jc )oace saree cere eels ee oe SO et 26 
Ja POLS LonisGCuloMm Oboe =p ses ch eke no - ow coecinwsie ce otcnie aoe 99 

Mather, Fred., Mandarin ducks presented by -.--..- ....----.--------. ---- 358 
sends; Mand arin duc kspas sats ee hee ecto = nis oem ere sie a cleus eae 119 

Matthew, G. F., fossils purchased from....-...--. FERS Che TOC EERE Ore 113 


868 INDEX. 


WET Rs), DS Vey be RO one Hapa accgogjenes a boc sogmotass 9085 Shs adoser 
lecture by scsesf-2 522520 c2s> encclteoreteseecee tees 
Mayflower of the Ohio, Thes- te 22-2530 asses sone eee eee sel nee esos eaase ane 
McCormick, ©. Miss 2spascsa cers secs nes sriseeeses ecto feet ee ces ee eee € 
McDonald, Col. Marshall, collections transmitted by -----. ---.------.--<.. 
MeGinnis;, Wim. E1.,-sendsistoneumplememts oasee cs ccs 22. so oe seen eee 
specimens sentumexchanee) tOl--=---= sa = aor eee ae 
McGregor, Alex., specimens of descloizite presented by ..---.-.----..--.---.-- 
McGuire, F. B. and J. D., mollusks presented by .----.-.--------..---.---..- 
presentishells, so s5 5. Sec totecie ae eee 
McGuire, J. C., collection of mollusks presented by the heirs of ......-..--- 
shells bequeathed:by 2222-322 ss02 soos se- eee - 

MeMasters) DG, -specimens received: from = jnasao «ass la ses eae eee =e 
MeMurnrich;-RrobicJic Pod 2 os yee Seal a ee ee EEF PRE AE aa RE 
Mead; Charles, sends arrow-head's 32-2 scness oe cies Se eee ee ee ee aioe eee eee 
Mearns, Dr. Edgar A., sends natural history specimens -..--..----.-.......- 
specimens fromvArizonarcass-2-2-- Ges eseos === 2 acencue 
Medical Congress, meeting of the. ...tetsc2ss 2222) SPOS ade Pea sen see 
Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons --.-..--....---.....-....- 
INUSCWIMS) S262 cases Se aa eos Rete eta aaie we et rem ee erase nines 
Meetings of societies in the National Museum ...--.-...-.....--...--------- 
Meinhold, W., sends skull of Flathead Indian=- 2225 .- 222 -2 202. 2 --- 2-222 ae 
Meiolaus, icasts.0f 2225. ccoctee tg cteeins tess sacs eeiean ser selene leet aslo 
Meiolonia, castsiOf-----22---s.cc2c 426 ‘shaidh os SP A ee a ee 
Meke-Meke Sess so: osetiGicot ses sosne os ss ctnate senses AS oe Be amoneseneees 
STS ESTs Del OP is Fla pees See eae Sse ot one sos nos esp oesa asso cos sons 

birds presented by and exchanged with--...-..-..--.. 358 

collectionsspresented! Dyers sss eee ase eee 141, 142 

DAPELSID Yes ac Sos ste sense rete ae apo ee alone 756 

Sends/a POLrcUupine) so-a ase eee Sie ele tee ee 123 

studiesiofarvicoline Mice Dyesss--e-44---eee = see eee 354 

Merrill: (George -P <2. a5 2eee atric sinc) sas at See eos eee eae eae er aeee 27, 45, 51 

collecting expeditions miade by -2-2-- ©. 22. .-c2--eesceee. 405 

collectsieranite cp ee= pecee= sec ealace= one ee eee aces 122 

gypsum at Hopewell, Nova Scotia .-..-...-.....-.-----.- 113 

MIN OLAS) 2 ein pre taiterer ele Senna Ste te ete 118 

LOCKSiANG (OTES) ccs neteee eel = eee = eee eee ere 120 

field worl: OF 2. 5 <<ssisc-.weaseuytseteseee es oaieeen ee eeteeeie 147 

geological material collected by --.--.---2-2-------- .---- 407 

granite collectedibyaeeseacren ecto ae eee eee eee eee 118 

Papers DYgs-5-.25 SIs sae ea ewoce eee nee eee 757 

Leport Of. a.-u.ecosasasshesse en ssseetiee se ease ae are ewer es 405 

rocksicollecbedyecesen sees see eee eee eee eae 117, 119, 121 

sends geological specimens. .-......<....ss<.eccees ------ 117 

Mesoplodon bidens from coast of New Jersey ....---.-. =... ---.---.---------- 350 

Mesozoic fossils, department of oi 25 2 cc eccje eit else Seen See soe snes 27 

report on the, department Of-=..-eas\s-\s-e eee eee 397 

review of work in the department of....--..-..--2--.-----.- 43 

Metallurgical series of catalogues... ..- . 22-20 ces. ere ees meee ee oer seme eee 13 

Metallurgy and economic geology, department of ......... .----.---.--.---- 27 

review of work in the department of. ...-. 46 

labels for department of.........-.-. 2... 99 

report on the department of..........---. 413 

Metal tracks. .csesicscc ose scelicck soo 2 5ec HES SORE RST ace eee eee eee 692 

Metals, arrangement of the collection of .... .... 2.0. sowees onccee soo -== wenn 413 


INDEX. 869 

Page. 

Mennver We. ,OxCHanoonwl Me oetamiaarate 5) sale aioe aise siascaiaicveiaieiel «cialalac ae oaiciaucaieie 54 
IMexICO; ACCESSIONS ALOM cae) s anata = ola esc ses ae Ee oe Rak vom Ln 115 
Sthmolocics WSpPeciMoOnSs lO Merce e)aseie ie oes scl lalosiant ole eit te siorsiees 287 

Michi vanta CCOsslOns: 1hG Mores -tseemcnciioseeetee sete oeeck sick cose ce de cncineees 118 
Middleton, James D., sends pottery.........----...: roee WEEE BETA sae ee 121, 143 
Miller Alex. MeVeishy sends. Living vipers)... 52506 2s <n1-seeconetsesissloniels 123 
IMGT REVLON licg OF: MORESO US DEBES) tise hia2/2 e'm aja gs ae sarsieie sles wind wicioeer cis, Seite 122, 138, 420 
Millholland, James A., sends drawing of bridge........-.-.------.. 2... -- ile 
Mills, Theodore A., transmits cast of head of President Lincoln.-............ 115 
Millspangh, Dr. T., specimens sent in exchange to........-... 2... --s22-2000 338 
MindeleieWaietOtes san wean ceselleenbens cece eamclek ob Ssidelcei- soasacmasice 119 
sends; pottery. cece comes seco cs ate Sa eee dia caves 143 

Mineraloricall series of cataloomessn ass ec se selene! Sale so ses =< ssa aieel ise 13 
Minerals, department of. -....--- Sertides SATS! ee See ete ep ar aswiSee 27 
exchances (Of. aac seem mceele rie cee Saice so Sek ce iosere Bin reeieaaietn Sater 54 

exhibit of, ab) Cincinnatieh: xpositionc. sees ee ese aes sae eee 169 

principal accessions to the collection of.....-...-.---..-----.----- 401, 402 
report.on:the department; Of pse.sssteren5 asic a-ha Sissel asaasa See 401 

review) or work inthe department) Of... 252-422 -1-oe eee 45 

RBLSLOL IStLib mpd enc lacs concen tee Joaeesen oh ewracte san eee eee 45 
Minnesota, accessions from.......----. Sa acimalekerarsicicreraisralccrae siaralomiss arerererciapetete 1138 
Mississippi, accessions from ..---...-....---.--- Sasha esieiros sscersacevanseiee 118 
etnnologicsl specimens fronts 34 sec -te~ = coels ta ae cna oem eciel a 287 

MISSOURI ACCESSIONSP OM Ress Net icte ies cinavercole mexeiaisiniaiel aiwicininwwcisie cielo eee eee ene 118 
Mitchell ks sa Wiese PLOSE MEGADITAS) ac cist: saisieie ler sciseiasiein a osiele sericea aa eeene 115 
Moaitmbabin = Sacco o5\soccns SR SAS a DOD a Bb as 250 SHOE ron beHaoeaceaeocieces 508 
INI BIS Gece cboecn OOo Corn Ge OEE COED SD eben Ob Cn See BOG ACG Fearne BO OaOoH Ee 29 
INodolers:- works Of thee = eae Ain csinmussisierecicionerse tarred lee Saeed ele etoo steno 104 
SLOB GI 6 Bee Wh rg ME Os er omoeieOo ee nco te Sea AaRNee mee ore noo sacoso6a06 107 
MO Ge SOLar aS ya ee sie, soc cie oye esis usaeiae em eee yee ceys sees see eee 659 
LEDC PUB eb sweaba tees POR SON hob DOs BAC bed FeO en aOR ERE ESE Oseon Bon canes 450 
Mollusk:series of catalooness- 25. tocsn2t pice see es eels cmeicecce cet steacaces 18 
Mollusks; correspondents) of the:curator/ of 2-25, -f.clsc oe seeeeisee se eae face 374 
Cepantmenth oes seve sete etek siete sia Necro slant rere etevaecie ee inte aoe 27 
OXChanG edie a emmys re poke aoeia eee wales tales eA eee nie ata 53 
exhibiboteat Cincinnati xposibione- secs sa-jeee eters nee eee e 168 

labels for department Ofej map. ey aaa eerie teins eee cieoetoe 99 

principal accessions to the collection of.-.........-...----..----- 372 

report on the department, oft 224 3.02 yes ee aocehe ane ease otis 371 

review of work in the department of ........-.-...2....-5-....-- 40 
Mongolia, Buddhis Hook, i7Om) Jc, 2242). Shas ceo se-ca oo Sete oabee ad cheese 288 
Monkeys addedito the'collection ~.. <= -.)2 2 -ceki- see tnic os «= eic'e aiisaastaccuus 420 
MONBIOT cl WOR consis = ee ine acne CHRe RCE ReE eee eee actencebee ee eebioe ee 325 
MONGANA NACCESSLONS MTOM. oc = om cucclesnis waeienteenic meet hemeiant s saan le eciee cess 118 
ethnological specimens, fromcjas sero sci inde es en Sele AU Le Seo 286 
Montandon, Api. exchane uw thin prac eee ears ae cere ee neice eens 53 
sends insects from eastern Europe. .-..-.......-.-------- 126, 378 

MmeaHDOlings: Mie eae ge nae eee or tet recat micros See tks ae sek 322 
MO ONOY, se) BIO CB esoteric ince tector lok tale Riera Lac etane tel siels 119 
Cherokee dance paraphernalia from.................--..---- 281 

ethnolop real speemmensMrompes ces e+. so dec sce se > ces eee = 143 

Outviisentstoyeeesne sei eeccten< Clow kmeces Soni smiateeemariaee 148 

Moorehead, Warren K,, deposits stone objects and pottery .......---..----- 120 


prehistoric objects sentiDy nec = 0a a2ee ssn caus se 329 


870 INDEX. 

Page. 

Moran, Peter in. ascnyrs- cesses oe tee seeeeene-eeeone Seleciselsaasettenenaa saree 36 

presents a collection illustrating the etching process..-..-.-.- 303 

NWorcom,G..frean, coose presented (WYec~.—-eee=— ceeree ee eae eee eaes 38 

Morgan, Senator J. T., monkey presented by .--.-..-----..:-2--.--.2..--.--- 420 
Moritz, Celeste; presents white ats = -—eee- ress re seein seme eee alee ee ere 115 J 

Morocco; Knife frontiecck see ee oe eee ee eae Se ae Le Ee ee ae 28 

Morrill James Ssecsceeeta sae ee eee saeco een ere ee meee pee eee eee 160 

Morse; Prot. Hsu. y EChunem bya aeeee es einee eee ce eiiee See Pee eaten ee east 69 

Mortillet, MaGabriekidetens 2 eeee sou et ae ee ee Be ee eee 322 

Moser; Hieut..J.-b. sbindsipresentedsbiygeeranee eee ese eae renee se eee 358 

collectionsmecelvedstrom)ea-c.epeeere see eee eee eee 147 

marine invertebrates received from ......--..---.---..- 41 

specimensicollected i byiee-sessece see ee eee eee 351 

molluskstiransmicted@byac--jo2= ees eee ee eee eee eee 372 

Outhtisentston ease oasis ao eee eee ee ene ee ae 148 

presents: shells/eaceepeceerec. et errr seer ee eeepc 40 

seuds collections from Cape Sable --...-..--..-----...- 116 

Motuarikt joes \.ac'stescceess:cciceatons baeeradac ne eee neat ah ays thee ae Ae ee 506 

MIG AUK) WH} 12) GAG ado GsCoG0 6 BESOO GOO Bee BbDOBSh6 S6bGoem 6565 S550 GOD Beas GH0G86 510 

Mo tureaissseue pesca t cee eel sees (60029 SOS 6085 686059 5506 5556 5058 Hss6,5056 511 

MOiKuh Ol p25 oct soit ce teae Sekiieds cess oteiwcioe Same ceesteee eco eee 506 

Mo mkuro a ete hace wie wie Socletedmepeieeicn scien ase meee ao ate eee ee ee 506 

Miller; Baron! Hy v.on, sends Anstralian plants/252-22es2e= = 22-2 see eres a eee 126 

Muilloneiiniedrichiaseememacecr Bic catia pedicle wswdStace eosset eee oe eee 284 

Miitler sBroty Bey Miaxeme-isetsemaiacicaionacioseeit essen alesse eee eee eae 291 

Millers < Madonna idatS:2Sistoec. joecass sessces a eee een cose ee paar 303 

Murdoch; John, jJlectunesbycae- eee jee sens aocisce ste -bnie= Soisc ee eee eee 69 

librarian, report! Ofc s-,zccs-csc-seseccecececeeeceneeeeee ee 47 

Papersiby-.Sese- s.225 ccc etisecisee=eeeeissee cet eee eee 757 

Murray, Dr. 'S. P.;, monkey, received fromoe2e- 6 sc owe ee eens e eee eee 420 

Musée a7 Bthnologie Geneva: casscce a: ese oa see epee eee Sates 329 

exchanges with :.>- 2c... sce soe pone eeee teens 52 

Musée de St. Germain, sends bronze implements....-....--..--....--.-..--.- 125 

Muséerdes! hermes) Soe cca cea eeieinicsien/ sae cemisins oe see aie sees aerate 435 

MuseumiappropriatiOnsieec coc => scooters ceca sc cs oases eee Cees 72 

Catalogues S225 5-2 scies coos Co eeeennice sieslge cree aioe maraetgneee eer 8 

collections; classificationiof.--=-+2 .- se. e eee eee ee eee 440 

employ.és; dist of =. -@. 2.6 2 ect eased Fee ee 76 

of Comparative ZoGlogy sends fishes...--........-..-.--.......- 123, 124, 369 

Journalisman Antwerp <2: 22 sin seee ote ee Seen sel eee eee 443 

Natural History, Paris, sends a collection of marbles -....-----.- 125 

specimens of marble received from the.. 406 

Pedagopy an Paris 2-c.-¢ ss ase feoes = cece toe eee eee eee 443 

iPracticalubushi@ulturepecens =e seen ee oPoz/S acetate eee eres 443 

the City of (Paris '...25.04. .c. 22 Seas See eee 435 

significance of the word 22 sa. es oce eee tee eee eee eee 428 

Museums; crow bhvofe2=. 25 222..0d 2 costae eee ene ee eee ee eee 436, 437 

Of Mine Abs: a5 sce esc nee Shc comes Pelecep eee ee eee 444 

Hy Piene es2cee ses cleo nick. cone Bae aS etpaceaee eee ee eee 443 

the;future, scopevofithee. +, 354550 ce eee ee eee 432 

he, by DraG. Brown Cooder se=sss se eeeee eee 427 

organization Ots stesso see cel en bees eee eee aesice 427, 434 

Muti Raw Kawi: 252205 staat best Sect tae Oa See eee eee eee eee 483 

Myer, dsaacysendsicastsion Persian sealesae-- ees eee ee eee eee o-124 

Namie, As: Vaiss acc et cere ie atee oes ec ee eee nee 290 


INDEX. 871 


Page 
Nanteuil’s ““Pompone de:Bellidvre,” proof of .... 2.25 2-056 ccccee coec ce ceee 303 
NAL O RANG Ges os sion ew ee esas. oe ce ace ais Seales eds Sia’s ttrish ns Bate ereersio eto 5U6 
Nar nalsskulliot-sesmecene eae ee ss fone ta sews sence cchae ts ccceca sees veke 388 
Nesta eo Obanic! Gard Ns Olmecere sect sisios. <sss DAsaacicel soso sete os seme ceene wate 52, 53, 399 
National Academy of Sciences, meetings of the..--.........--.0...-.--2-0- 70 
Dental Association, meetings of the..........-... ..2.-.---. ------ 70 
EOE DAUM oot ee ae steal ne Socios S tseeo Nols wi econ. sae Sea aw aaees 20 
Museum, administrative staff of the.........-...-.----. 222. .2ceee 28 
glassifien service @tth6= 2.) - .as5.583.5 see bce eeeee 4 
division of the collections in the .....-.<5.:-:.<:-s-.<:-- 439 
organization and scope of the... =.--....20. .-2-s+---.s2-- 3 
Blatt ots the sass sae ese eee ieee a hese oats soscae aoe 26 

State institutions and colleges intended to receive publi- 
EavionsrOfethe sass cere ae ctee ee ee eee cence ciate 193 
transfer of disbursements of appropriations of me Seiarait 6 
Nativerc olbsdnom)Lasterylsland ace -c beceta can sass eee ee cece caso cecice 538 
Naval Oblanivetshass acca soaseerns see oss Seta ssn eactros sea ee nd Gotan ee ees 281 
Navajos, dotails of skin-dressing among the-.........-.. 2... --+- -2-.---2-- 574 
Naval Academy [U. S.], mounted birds presented by the....---..----..----. 139, 359 
ALChitechuLe aseChi Onl Ole aas ss aaa sores oe ec tenoee eis oe eieee eee 27 
exhibitot, abi Cincinnati Exposition) -sscees6.ssse- sae ee- 170 
NaivveDopartmens. Ccooperation:ofthe =a. .455-- o-oe -eee oes e sae. scae sete 139 
exhibit of, at the Cincinnati Exposition -......-...----..- 174 
NealyOre J. C., sends ethnolocicalliobjectsts. sscscc-s= a2 csen-ee ce ser aeaeee eee 116 
Neckzornamentstrombaster Tslandise-sieo- sea dene se eee +e ese asianeraes 538 
Needlesstromebasternisland:ssa- setiee, sss ela eciesocs eco stelenaeee ss seeoeites 533 
Nevada, rocks from -...--. Si eee oe Ecks srws Tata ee a SE 118 
New Almaden, specimens illustrating the Gniekaiiver industry received from A414 
New Brdneeick, fossils-frontee nos, se peace See on elo le Seen oe eee eee 113 
New Guinea, ethnological specimens from ..-.... -.....-------+---------2-- 288 
Were al Wis les ectcvets Sve s: fei Seis spec ine valiminmemieiewiatels crenata eeeimeter el steheeee cers 415 
New Mepnpetiine, accessions from)... ..-.----- Sitceeiet caaeuc eens eee Baca 118 
IN Gwar) OLSCY,)ACCOSSIONS TLOM ojocciel jo oa slotere einaercierace EE ar Bocniaey cere 118 
Nem lonen Tae Vii-u5-,) fOSSIISILECOWVCO MOM ayer teremtet ro-a-setoars o eaeetreto ee oe 116 
Newman, Rev. J. P., deposits model of a mosque ............-----.-=------- 125 
INGwWall Ox CO, ACCERSIONS AEOMer an easier focweisloine oeieractise Groove a cee aera ee nies 119 
ethnologicallispecimens toms sane cess sale sien seer sacle ees senoee 286 
INGWASOULE Wales; WOOIS MTOM sc smtetos = steciclorsy coe pen cremsle sien oevnicis emia bisarekecicie 126 
INGwWeVOLk,, ACCESSIONS frOMy ss 2 oe eee ese wc cece tome cioroe eee ee aniocteceeees 119 
fOOt-StOV OE ELOMS so = ci serortrereio ss sate emieroe Manis siete Si alaloyala biaictal elwisisiare 286 
lamp bind er=O0x,. ObC-yelOM gece rere nee ieieercteiseoisimicin o otseie ne eisiote 286 
New Zealand, fishes from...-....---. Daeeeewaeninces Seat se abesisictcli hace teaser soe 126 
Sanda lifro nts. dc Gescse sew eae eee Sone ee ae ee eicati a cerettelncre 288 
Niagara Falls, basket from. -- -- FSS SSE hed ese. Cor aco EC SH SAB EarIEes 286 
MDE eA DCE An Bee a5 bond CoS DUB OnU ono SH Ob SAC BaSsded Beod=s caOSO0 Bden 70, 282 
PAVOIS| Dye soe eat see ose ee ae sate atotes arteme ose es iolai 757 
NOrthi Carolinas ACCOSSIONSEPOM y=. occas cn ene el ae Since nese hae ceive fetes anic 120 
ethnolopicalispecimens fromuss 22s eee ceeiec selesoas seis cs) 2387 
NOrtn TU rd OMe lh sOULi tT SOND LOne re see eas tioeia = cise ciin o1o so) nio = ni= cle laialel 149 
NOLWAY 41 SDE CIINCUS) LLOM wan ettetetrecterotatte sist te aie clelietatalnlee slntan/a-c Sareiwine |e s.sisterole = 126 
NGV.2) OCObIA; PY PSUM)ITOM acc wo cciercceeosaec essa as « Mee oo sata neeeees 113 
Oaictord, Miss Ellens lends etchings s-c- terse c(- coe = -veemcse an ow werent 114 
Oberlin College, birds’ skins received in exchange from .-......--..--.------ 309 
PLOREN tA DILdAeSKINGe sss sees es Da ae Sat oes tceel eee 112 


Obsidian spear-points from Easter Island ......-.-----. 12-220. 2250 eeee eo eons 536 


872 ; INDEX. 


Obsidian spear-points, tradition regarding... --..s.- 22.2. s.-00 esses e-sce- 
Oceanicawaccessions from, 5.275 see a eee ee eee eee 
OWats. tae s2es ese ee fae ne ee ne eee ed a ee oy age 
O agg mss. Chilian \coumette se senseaenic aetna eco ae eee eee eee 
Ohio accessions frOM isi 05 foe eee ee a eee ee 


Guinan i Sy Dresentsibuck= ORNs jase eect eer iene ene ee eee 
‘Old Tronsides,” locomotive, mOodelioh Ree $2 Ben os 6c, ees 
Olenellus Zoue, Fauna OEE ROEM rears SAN IEN bt eS Slats Bs eee ee 
Omemialkiliie:. cheeses ee Ae ae ree tn oe bn taht igh oe ta aie Se ener ap Ag 
Oneonepuheai2 ass. sees me ee ree sce Shp See e eee eee Obra Aerts 
Onepulheassecr . ee De hie Sy ieee Se Sc le ee ie 
Ones tenet ee eed ere RB ik ale ar a ake: Pears lear k Shai ah ke ee 
CO TANT OMG Ayers. ice Se hs ee ae ee eS ee epee a Fa ea 
Orenttac. R.. insects) named for ne-cer Serpe ce ceta loin Sae Eee eee 


= transmitted by.-....- Seuss esate moteieecine 2S seers 
outiitsentito esas. sasere BS RO IS aes cee 

presents shellls| see oe Sees Se ee eres ee eee eee 

Ordnance Bureau, specimens received from the .......--........-1---..---- 
Oregon, Jaccessionsittom\<o-icc 2 cess eee iaeSee eee ee eee eee ee eee 
OxientalantiquitiesssectioniOte.qe==-h-ee- eee sete eee eee eer eee eee 
labels forsection oft 32. s.-cat eco: ssekeee eee eee 

reportion section Of ss32 532655: beste sso see Ope oe eee 

reason for establishment of section of........-------:-- 

review Of work in sechionjOfas=-> = 52s seen eee ee 

Origin of Easter Islanders, tradition in regard to the .-.---...--.--------:- 
the-American rail andptrack: 2 sesenacoonee ease ooo ee eee 

Orkney, Islands; mushipith-wieksromescce. esas eee Sac eee eee eee eee 


Orleans; steamboat, model ofthe. - 2 2 52 osc .en eee aoe ce eee seen 


@Onroncowsculptured socks) near se...) asses ceees eons See hea ieee ee . 481 
sketehjOf' 2 5) ae sees eice oe cele cees oe Ca cee eller eset teeta 479 

Stone, HOUSES AL... cece cccmmetec cea ccroiisicseieee hee eee mee 478-401 
Oshornes JW. Soe 2 21 S5Ss eS eS SS Soe ae eee FESS See ee eee se 109 
assistance rendered byieeeece a- fees sec cies eee eee 304, 305 

Oscood, Prof. Howard's... sce eee op ocecewices cnt ce eee ete ee ere 292 
Osteologicalipreparator work ofbhesssosseeee- eee eee eee eee 103 
Osteologist.=s25. ses s28\ eae OL Pee ee eb eees od bes Ree eee eee 29 
Otago University; Museum... 3:3 <-5-5 5. Ascceem sects Se oe ee eee eae eee 53, 126, 369 
Oveues: <sese cess Eeaeeacihene cae Swen CEE Rae cee eee eee Seidtrasautesss 509 
Oven? Dr David ees fas eee Se en Se ee ee 391, 397 
(PAO) 2 asi0k cases nis ce ee teats Soa eee see Cee oe eee eee 510 
Paleozorc fossils, departmentiofe—-- = soe. ene ee ee ee eee eee 27 
lm pontantiaccessions Otc) - ce] ams eee eee eae eee ROG 391 

reporton the department Of-e2-- -assee- ee e- ee eee ee eee 391 

review of work in the department of ....-....------------- 43 
RallasisiCormorant extermination Of the. 5255 0e54. 2 eee eee eee eee 641 
Palmer Edward. spidersicollectedby..-« -sssscee ee eee eee Oe Rae aes 378 
Baer JOSE Dies ce cle Siete oS hn = Se <aja we Gln = 2 wicle" at) RISER Soe ede eee eee 
Palmer,- Wallliamcee sso sees oie i a So hos Meee Penner eee eee 29 
Panama, porpoisesdtromitheireoion of —.-- ---- -5-5=eene eee eee eee 38 
Paparehalw sc a.c ceases oe Bae Boe Samm ee e Se eet ee a 458 
Papaturede: wo sche eae see oe toe ee hc el et ae ye ve oe ee 509 
Papers published by Beers of the Neneenm and other investigators -......... 741 
describing collections in the Museum, list of -.-..-...----..---.. ----- 425 


INDEX. 873 

Page. 

Parker, Dr. T. Jeffery, sends New Zealand fishes.....-..--......--.--------- 126 
PaAnisy al abomica) MUSeMIMBiMes =~ = soo. 2 se eceeecwlein= cle mn esic wees === 442 
Museum of Natural History in, exchange with ...._ .......------.--- 54 
Parsons, F. H., pottery Bsa feat’. eke RSE as en eer hat eee 341 
Parsons, } Manan Grace and Mande, ce hea pants SPIGA Se este 47, 122, 420 
Patent Office [U. S.], cooperation of the .-...----- .--.-----... -------5-- = - 141 
Peabody Museum, Cambridge. ---....-.---.-------------- Me SE eR ee oS Hoot 285 
exchaneewilthss..-- sss s< oa FEE Oe mee 34 

Pile, ID wiG Cs oue nto teccand coca tdoo boos Hoeigee se spoaedsoboecmerchacnoiaocc A5, 140 
TOCKAICOllectedaDyeEaseee ns ane et eaie en selanins Salas cnelakenine 407 

specimens of wood opal collected by -.---.---------. -------- 402 

Pearce, Richard, presents minerals ..---.-------- BROOMS HAD AM OS OOS OE IOOr 402 
PORE Ey Ulm) 2 Aare hes eno coceeo coccro Goud BE ooaeConnpisnp sen conoue iene 675 
Peck, James I .....-.------- ---- ---- +--+ 2-2 = won ene ee ee et ee ere eee eee 383 
egal dnniny Bre Sho Nogeendmosdoodsoss Cepoeroosona Gab aboasobonoocdcecacaspoc 46, 121 
collection of petroleum made by-.-----.---.----.---- ---- 413,414 

ipeebles, De Bruce, Sends pith orrushee oss: 2 cice see sean Sele ee ciel 126 
TE STiGGly TRG sh [bistecee sae dono doSbad BEbesn Soabon bes Bueno acpenacEneqEsce 45, 140 
MINeEas COMECbEOUD ye semasae tee see enae tee ee leet 120, 401 

Pennsylvania, accessions from. -----...2. 22-2. -sse. 2-222 .ecen- ---2 2-523 120 
shaving and splint matches from........-------------------- 287 

ardido bay. DOtOLy, 10M (2-52 -- wei as das sweves om! ae > ce ee selena orm ecr 341 
henkins wero G-H. sends SbOne OD|CCIS associ sais acin sae = ear = ellen 121 
Peery tHarry, instructed 1m taxidermy...-.0.-s22--2-----<< +2720 --2247 > 5" 106, 110 
Pom isola ks Rea ei minrey 5 Boast Sas 55 Seens Anespaneseoo ueEsoT Sop seOsSe 117 
Persia yebanolosicea li Ob] CClS MOM am.ciaee: = lta «net vatale anf sola tate i= elmo =  ==1=)aa 124, 288 
Persian astrolobe obtained for the Museum .-..:-:-......-22--...---.---s-- 291 
SOD Choe Sees etre eee aoc OP eb ir bate bee AERA AS MSE eae Coote 290 
EGmdi@rh Ih MMO NAG) sob cea sos5n5 case ods G60> Saedeses Saco eatin cs socd a5eo0s 318 
TES, WHOOP WOERKOM ace cabo cada ooo pote Coe Eeoees pene psc eou nee cocba5 123 
aie, OWN) PN GOR acoso = Sects ees see ane eae aswies Jo cee = emcee eet 291 
Phelps, Albert I., fossils from ...-.. ....-- ------ .----- +--+ +--+ 2-2 ---- 22-2 393 
SEoL Rh ES DSS Be SB Res a ER Oein eC ORe SHOR O ne Chins asia aera Saar ohebrr 458 
EDS LOS ae Se ee ee ee see oro odor Base Sa UCe en ee Baan ae ecm ose 123 
Photo-Engraving Company .-.. .-.- .22. .--20- --- 0-2 - ooo = 2 eee econ 36, 303 
Bhniecrapner, Work Gf [h@l es escettce. sense ns a2 Senne oe enw -=- 9 -- ae ean 29, 109 
Photography, exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition ......-------.------------ 171 
Photogravure Company of Boston presents phototypes --....-------------- 13% 
Pickering, Prof. EB. C -.-2 .-..- .2.200 2 -- 92 eee oe 2 eee ee ee eee ee nee ee 109 
Pierce, E., correspondence with -..----.-----.----- ---- --++ 2-22 2-002 ------ 354 
Pigments from Easter Island ...--......,-----------+ e-- eee eee eee eee eee 538 
Pilsbry, Henry A., papers by .---.. ...-.- ------ ---- --2 222 oo ee eee ee eee eee 757 
Pintard, E. L., deposits a file of the ‘‘ Philadelphia Photographer” .-..---.- 120 
Piantsiadaed: touphe NeLvaniumMisas seer ee eres = eine oie aera ae arte tala ella 399 
duplicate sets of, distributed... .. 05.0... 22-2 ns oe oe ee oe os ene ee 399 
Platform, general plan of construction of ..-.....---.---.----------++----+- 502 
IM qedaetnin eRe PUR Nh oon ce toh onsen e060 Be eeon caoc Boas Hopoud boboee 497 
Heoikcen b lalusiesostce eee aera oeine Seta nels aape eek aleeisisic sieie'a2 ann siele'nini= 490 
Police ands pu Dic COMPONG = sae ise nto mee ere siaiatne tea iwin'= afaice = )enl= 1 ~'~inloi=ininje 100 
Pols, Otho C..sends, birds’ eg @shli.) co tees wlec scam = eine c- - ee 22 2s aslo wo 116 
Polynesia, collections from --..-. ---- ee aE Seas sok calc alot aaa 127 
Oly hesianL accel eOLO Mya. seer telat wee anistee cen 's => o o\nine gee siniaie so n = 538 
Poa lneut. Charles, W.\. 22) s..-canas eo peckene «au lace= eae ns as5\ enna sean ne 114, 399 
Porpoise caste, repaired, list Of. - 2 ee -oesene ews clo='vas os o)-eme ds =----2s2----~ 105,106 


874 INDEX. 


Post- Office Department, cooperation of the) 4-255----o2- sess =. 2s eee see sees 


exhibit of, at the Cincinnati Exposition........--... 

Bost, Weve Hol, cooperatloniOlie ese ect et eee ee eta eee ee 
GiE.; rocks and ores:SenltstOmsoe sees ce soca te ee ee eee 

Potato fetish from master Uslandes seep peemere-ce ee see eee tee eee eeee 
Potter, Rev. J. l., sends suit of Mohammedan priest-.......--...-...---.-- 
Pottery, American aboriginal, report on the section of.----........--.-..-.- 
Poussie, Oreo ste sete te Sade ieee aed Par oe DORI 3a io Sern erate eevee erate 
Powell, Maj. J. W., coopermion OREN A ae er aie Giles hols Reo p sea cine eee 
prescnisteet of harpysearlesassac moses meee ae se sce eee 

sendspottery trom New Mexicoses= tae sieeeie eae 

Powell, Prof Wi. Bs, lecturetbyicase< <cioss to oos See eee Se eee eee Eee 
BEAN cise CO. MeSSISy Ligaen eae ee i eesec se ase Bog onctiah soseecoqsossose- 
ipract-wN-k-.presentsia corundumverystalieccesa reece nee seer e eee eee ee eee 
Prehistoric anthropology, departmentofs.---ses- aos soe eee eiecee noe eee 
exchanges in the department of..........--...... 

exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition .-............ 

importance of Ghe science Of. ..s5s—. 555s eee 

report on’ the departmentioters-c-eee eee -enee oe ae 

review of work in the department of. ...--....-.- 

Preparators, work of they oc css a. = Sais as Se Seca ae ee nee eee 
Preservation of collections, appropriation for the .......5..22-.....-2.-.-- 
Brestony a0, lavas presented Dyern. case -emese nae ce eee eee eases eres 
Price sWalliam! Wi-; presents bindsep ost .o-s4 es eee eee see ee ete eee eee 
papers, Dy. 2225s copie Sows te occ ms wenaee Ree ee eae nee 

Prints; collection Of ces c2%.. Sek sea cae Bee ees Seba ee eee eee eee eee 
Proceedings of the National Museum, statement concerning the -.........-- 


Rroperty, suppliesand accounts. .---. --seeeeieee eee eee eeeee Cees sete 
Protozoans catalocued!.2--2accadcs=5 sem we eeemre eae eee sees eee ee eee 
Protzman, Miss mma =.=. ss2se° wet icek eee See asia ede eer eee ame 


Provincial Museum, Victoria, B. C., birds received in exchange from.....--. 
BURP AU 2h seo aes wets one nee nae ciemaeaiawebcecec sce wee eee eee eee eee 
Publication fund, :histoty, of these ---emee eee eee eee eee eee ee eeeeeee 
Publications eises 42 S22eeoseseend bec. saee Leet meee ees Beee ee a ee ee eee ano 
of the National Museum during 1888—89........ -.-..--..------ 

in 1889 (bibliographical notices) ....-- 

State institutions and colleges intended 

tolmecelvere-ssse-es Sei eeae eee 

Buma,food-of thes. 25-2... asc ce nas tee eee wince eee eee ieee Senate 
geographical distribution ofetheee-seesse-o eee ee eee eee eee 

habits of ‘the. 2... 885) ..05 2. = ce: eee ee se ee eee ee eeieeee 

the; omAmerican ion; by, Hrederick We rueeess-s—see ses eee 
Binahoas oes se. wal eoee cee ee hd eat aess Ue Re ae Bele eee eee 
Bunakape o<ssciececs Bess Hes fees tons ee bee tee eo eeies at olen eee eee 
Punamutarsee? os bec Se Soe ee Pe eerie eta erat Ie rete oat ere 
uncellAN a a essais see ec sae Se ied Se See ee ee ee oR re 
Putnam Professor 8" W sa22 sce eo cng toot anaes eee eee 
Quartermaster-General of the Army, courtesies extended by the...-.....--- 
Quatrefares Dr ewe petee ae os os te Sacto sare oer ee eee 
Queen Charlotte Island, ethnological specimens from .....---...--..------- 
Quinn, Wi. Mi sendsa collectioniot turtles).--=-—-4-s6 +252 aes 
Ragozin, Mme. Zenaidie Av. - cone. e coke See's ache eine eee eee 
Ragsdale, George HH, correspondence with. ---4---e- -ee eee eeeeee 
collections received fro mess -eeece ene eee eee ee 

“Rahway,” locomotive, bellioftesa sagen cee Ses eee ee eee Ree eee eeeeee 


406 
113, 363 


Co Asterd 


dod 

36 

58 

72 

383 

123 

359 
506, 511 
60 


Page 
AIC TROD Acres soem eemisteinece ce te ccanisicaa a) Sacisee ces sacs osiaceess Gace sers 705 
peallenollecew lu byD ASG sese eees hcec ee Scere sone ec oa coe ase ee ee see eae 666 
GRA GUTEN CONGO MNCAMeCLIG Rea ses ea. = saccc kote c cet eae cae est canes oheeoee 671 
Dadcdunino ch Gwar aaesieseas sce. osm eee aieseos wees ee ereeseeeeese 679 
ERR TN ap Ore ee rapes aren Slee ee eteteic is aa.o/s «5 Sceraelnwicisisic.ooe slais esses aeaersneeane 451, 452, 477 
LED, TEODOR Sep eee = ore eat a ae a Ten aisewyosiale eaiatie 451, 452, 492, 493, 494 
MKC m Pe ONAN AS eee Meee eee. hs Sao kha se wa cdon Guacen catete seaceermeenes 323 
ANSON MW win OXCNANCO Willem cimccicras cise cece cae cetcaccmeeeue sens 52, 339 
Earns NU terse erate eee = crete er teier WictciAaiciatacinis J osiereeaiee maa esas ae ceeieeee 453 
ASC Dee re OXCUAN CON Ls ene aie ete siecle sa scicic) niece casei as canmeceaee 53 
atlibpunler MISS Mcndt mace aces acteceeiece 6 SSE RCS OBS E ROO e es CR EE oe 3892 
UPON DUMAPRIC HAL ee et ye ste eee ae ce ceusios ce sone peal Gasman one) soc c ets 27, 41, 71, 142 
PAPSLS! DY saeeiteems etnccise scenic (ea tee cee acm isiaee 758 
POPOLU OL cece ene cen sae cocesat ees came aa eeee eases eee 381 
REGEN ants GeparbmMent Obs ack oo. oe esse eo ec o eee Sas eecicceescia si ciase 27 
Beries Of Catalogues Telaung tO:...<. --2.2-.)-s0ce)- a= aos Seems 19 
ecd bret nomas; Je. Presents DITOS..5-..-cc san coe = saree eee saeco eee eee 118 
RECN OR yeAN OC SUOLAW On see seeks aoe eee ea Sse wcieciets Se ee ee aya eS 28 
Rewer bon. Oot fH. ores recelved frome s.s cscs. 225 sess ss see ee eee 46, 123, 137, 414 
hembprandis aC hrist/ breaching seas wees 2ae% acme cre ears aa eal= secretes 302 
Renaissance, effect of the, on art collections - ........-.-...-.--. SoRlaserrehrets 430 
LOMO A Mayan et a cteyaiale ope siacae ome sees aes eclectic ieee oil 
Report on Smithsonian exhibit at Cincinnati Exposition -..--...---..-.----- 154 
Ze pOLIs Oleh CURALOLS ase eee ian sere oe cee Sok a, (an ein suse ee sea orate 279 
Repilessand batrachians, department) Of... esse] - - =: oe eee oe eie cee 27 
Teport) Gn the depakumMent Ofass oe -=el eee eeeeee 365 
review of work in the department of .....---..--- 38 
HeLIes Of Catalog Uehsese sien ccc se careeies eaten 19 
whose skins were utilized by American aboriginees, list of. .-...--- 560 
Hevenue Marine Service, cooperation of the----c.-.--=5 -2-ces-=c- seaecseee> 138 
Review of work in the scientific departments ....-....... ..-2-- osec---- =e 34 
Rev Drak. DILGS Purchased MOMs. 2. oo actos sein a aisje as neater erate yor one 1255,359 
Reynolds, E. R., stone implements purchased from ......-..........-------- 125 
Hnouersland. tCCessiOns tromMy sane soe se) cae See oe eee eee cca Jee tire * 121 
Richardson, ©. Is. COLrespondence with s5..0-ccsccscceeliscecne aseeee = scisees 354 
hiehmond. Charles Wis, papersiWyens o- 2s. teas se cewaccseccnasce seme aecose 758 
fuigksecker, I. M., msects purchased frome. sees sce. sass case aoe ae coe Se 378 
AO Way; MODE bes on sacs ae ocle ease cm cece weeeniag Sena s nan tes oe Sears 27, 38 
PBPCLSI DY. oa soon cee Ses ose sees Seiwa cee See aortic aaa 758, 759 
TOPOLb Ol ss sk sacs esas es al ae aed mall wane ean sane een ares 357 
sends DindstsSKINse sect osee sola see eo see e ere coe 115, 116, 117, 122, 359 
hicby,. James, presents:model of car-wheelss2) 22222. t<. 22. cae - seen ce teenie 118 
Ripht-whale; skeleton of, parchased-s252-- 22 scscs2<2 soos: ase sce ese aaee eee 387 
Taye Or CHATIOS IV sscne). = sce a mas ae eee eete as ages acca ceaade canes aaa es | SL tal 
PAPCIN Dyes. coos meas ct seca occes soe eseteces sacececces 759-769 
TOPOL OLS: cre chat ee eee ce Se eee rae ers ioe aoe Gees 377 
hin gery. b.. presets) APANese| DITGHe=- =e etee seca socy cae eno aes Saas sssce 124, 359 
Rives, Hon. A. L., sends pictures of Samoan scenery aud life .-....---.-.-.-- 137 
ihobinson; Lieut. War, DITds) presented Dy ene se ass == Anes o> cee seee womens 359 
DSPCLS Dyae cee tare coe ta oe cnie we cciccc ecscile ss nese 769 
hocs,<Lirso y Acusti,-oresipresented'byse-a2- .sesc2 can essen acces ce eens 414 
HOG CoOlecion, Arrange montOmulor= see sats ee es fase a oeem te ance owes aces 410 
Rockhill WoW... explorationsinebnibe Dy. s2---. os2csr-t ccc. =toetoataeces 146 


FOLOLEnce LOOX PlOLAtlONSIOliee. . occ caceees mace ececlccee sacs 98 


876 | INDEX. 


Rockhill, W. W., offers to obtain specimens from Thibet ............------- 


sendsispecimens) tronielhibetes see = eee eee ae 
Rocks, historical:series:O£: 22: cc cet ise een ote ae ieee ae eee eee 
principal accessions to the collection of. -_=.-- ..-.-.. -..- .-...-..---- 
sources of accessions to the collection of. -.-. -....-----.--- 
Rocky Mountain sheep obtained by George Bird Grinnell ..---..--.---.---- 
ihosceyeen,, Admirali2-22)22-sei-— = iS a See Se ee ee een onde Lee 447, 448, 449, 462— 
olledaron rails: antroductioniotasssa-eeeeeeseeee see eee eee ee 
Rollin, Mia... See cS ee Serene o beeote eis nine SS SISOS See ees 462 - 
Romeyn;, Capt, Henry, sendsninancvanimals ses seca = eee eee 113, 421% 
Roumania, insects tromts sa errs 2 ee socio. s ieecinc ete oe ae Oars 126" 
Rowland ethonras,bindsspurchasedstro Misses === ees eee ee eee 359 
Royal Botanical Gardens at Seebpore sends mounted plants .-----.--...---- 124 © 
iE thnolocicalsMusenmiotiserlinerss- sesso eee eee ee eee 34, 52, 286 
iderbarinm, Kew, Pnolands yess reece: ee seen ee Pee eee eee 52 
AoologicalsMuseum ofblorenGeressm ees a ee es aeene ee ee eee 383 
pends: birds) skins-.-20- === eee 358 
fishesit. 2s. vcseeoee eee eee 370 
mammals and bats.....--..--.-- 350 
reptilespt easy eases are nee 365 
IRMMSey/siSteCAMVORL =sse)aecee= es eaeeiescen eee fete gleeces seen seamen 298 
ISIMMNEA EVO 6 = seco soos sobcne Ses que psoeas Bosese c5S050 So5005 ca95 aa5se0 cooSse 511 
PRUE 08) a5 po- oF sale oie SoS eisas aajisten =e seb hele mosis sisjo se ines tees Selene oes sees 509 
Russell, Prof. I. C., geological photographs, prepared under the direction of- 407 
oubfitisentiboscc: koocses Se cee SCR eee ee ores arenes 148 
reference to\explorationiof-~ 22-5 sss5~. soe ere ae ee ee Y8 
rocks, soils; andiclays collected by >= -+-4-2---22-- es o== 407 
Rugsiavspecimens fhOM seer seeer sae eee eae eee eee BBGn COS0S% 126 
Rust, Halbert, stone and bone implements from .........-...----2..-.-..e-- 330 
Ii t6 IDI OO MLN Sees ene eos eee Sees oaecom san Cape sn aaa Homecd etiss goat 2, 70 
Ryland; Rev. hs, sendsspecimens....2-< he fan eae kee eeee ete pees 122 
Rytina, or Arctic sea-cow, extermination ofthe == — 22-22-4252 see essse =e 623 
Sadigavanteloper as. seeanas see ee esi ae oy ree ee Fane ee ae 353 
Salmon eas A .o22 5 Ose 2 wee aibn eeems es were ecese esas case ee eee omnes 454, 460 
DF E.,uransmits,a collection of parasites: =. 2-2. -s2ses> see eee 141 
Salvin Osbert! : 2252s 228 soesocs el soceca twee es ke ee ee ee ee 38, 71, 361 
PAPETS DY soho 5 2 ast Senet s she hose n eet eee eee ee eee 769 
Sandwich Islands, ethnological specimens from <~...2-.-.2....-5-.-=------- 288 
Sandusky, locomotive, model Gf . 5. 5 25552 4225522525 sas aieesee eee 296 
Santiago deiCuba, manranese ores frome. ces = aoe aia eee 414 
Saturday lectures list obs aeece = sis ase eee eee een Feb come Sreaaeer 69 
Savannah; steamship). -2o. 0 sss des sina eee iclesisayseeis les acjesoneeeeeeeeseeas 298 
Saxton jengrayinoamachin@ sass) eiacae eae see Set Sent: 308 
schanrtsh. 1. sendsskeletoni of birds se 2 ae .see saosin 12] 
Schedule of classified service in the National Museum .-...-....--..--.------- 32 
Schmidhoffen, Herr von, Tschusi, Zu., exchange with..-.....-.-.-.--.--.---. 53 
Victor Ritter, Tschusi, Zu., birds received in exchange from. . 359 
Scientific departments, personnel of the. <= ose. -2e=) see le eee eee 26 
review Of work in the: sss. oe eee eee 34 
societies to which Museum publications should be sent, list of .--- 64 
staltofthe Museum ) s22. 0062 4-6 soe.2 -eneeeee ee eee See eee 26 
Sclater, DrisPilisa icc os cee chee.) is ase eee ee EEC eae 38, 71, 36L 
PAPETS Diy eee ae eae ee ses ee ee eee ieee eee 770 
Scotland, ethnological specimens from ..-... .... <2 - 2-222 se5 tages oe 287 
pithvof Tosh ttrom passer sees ee eee see eee ee eet 126 


INDEX. 877 


Page 

Eeoptlinra We, presen tssillk(GOCOONS) camera ces sles oes cece aace cece eet eee anne 124 

SIME a SOC elVOUsi holes = a osee Sarees a te etoe he Se ace ee oe 402 

PeovillManutacturmers@ompany, mau. tes. 25. sec cicees cecwcce econ ccce pene 110 

PLesenisiCAMeLraste sea. sce es aaa sees 119 

(VIP: S62 Se eGo CEE Ec St Ree es SN ate Eee, Sia enc en aR 681 

Sea-birds’ eggs gathered by Easter Isianders.............-..-......2-2-2-0- 482 

Secret Service Division, Treasury Department, codperation of the.....-...-- 138 

BoetuiOn a llbraclen steer ie nite as aoe, sisaweeece a Lt eee eA Se 48 

eee Pte Ft Nl RONGN LOSSIIS rear e agen cine mate Ss asbet «aaiscn ate cate uee 122 

enna, Aneelo, Songs Muropean Dats--<. Jase. ce- one sec ws cncces scecce nwa 126 

Sennett, George B., papers by .---...----- de coos nebo Bodo sede cancoasaseedES 770 

Reman lecollectiomol prints. ae =e ee ee nes secretes ose cane Sena sccc uae] 307 

BHolbyeron Company, presents minerals|2-s- 2) sss sess soos so sccc.s occ esos 113 
specimens representing the smelting of pig iron re- 

cetvediirommthertté.- 5-557 ceecsseeee eee tee Seis 414 

Sherman, Hon. John, minerals received from... ---; 2. - -s222-2-6 -soece cons 402 

eeeEE LeU eee OE ieee hat repaints cain ale arse eeinemyeen es sae arene 284 

COLOLISUAE Ie Ee meee Scene soe seas eas cee oe Ree aeene 110 

Shofar, of ram’s horn, presented by David Sulzberger ..-.-..----.........-- 125 

Pesto ue Wr: be Wiss DITG, Preseupede Wye. t 15-20). soe oe oo crc cases secre eee 359 

collechionsipenbibyesncn cosmo eae oes tae eee ee eee 139 

COTFESPON GEN COWL sci. ciate aloe se ates eta ee ieee 354 

OutlibisentOse sentient es oe see e cee 148 

PAPCLSW DY eee sess whe ote coe ad oe See See eee cares 770, 771 

presents a specimen of Hesperomys truei.----..--------. 37 

BpeerImens TEcehved from ves, J22 sche ccf seks cane ese 119 

Se aIR be CE EAN ECA IIUNG Nip aaa telat cle ele enna a ota ataeral tase = x! oxen len sim eee eerie 35 

Japanese kaco- obtainedubyeece=---csessssas ee eee ener e 295 

SAGO man O Lap Kae a rcleyaioye als mieininisielnraia =| =e iace oe ate Sictalaietee tie aoe nie ae See eee eee 70 

ao ltr: WW. 5 PLOSOIUS! a SUAKG YS Goss oat cscs etee's soe sae pe clece anaes s 122 

WOO Tab TECelVed MrOM nyse noel. 2. oe Sea mecemaeeioc 421 

Peau ne -BUOM A TLOM te ea tafe e celan ee acento ae aa ee se a asco een eee os 288 

Sicard, Commodore M., specimens obtained through..--.....-....--....---- 139 

Signal Office (U.S.) Chief of, deposits a Secchi meteorograph .--....----.-- 115 

COOPeELavioniomuhbess ses pee se ee ene wee saels Ste cones 139 

PuUNnpson Charles! LOrrey, Papers Dynes. oe seisors cece Se seic sen wacede sacle ssses. 771 

Bice reshnological specimens trom-=- ss" sen sects soa seis oe Saeis oes sce cies 286 

Skin-dressing among aborigines in countries other than North America. ---. 580 

thesInGians 2 oss sacoc coo ee once ne pees eae dea ees 566 

SPP Lalani PIN S-jOMb a=. os tose swen cals oes a eee Soce se cides Sao - ee Seow eee 698 

PANU PO raSald ergon, Presents MiNeLalsee assets ee se ce bees cee eecers 119 

PREMIO E SOV) ee reels) ross Se ae dont er sete acta aaits au oe ee noe elect - 29,421 

PHOtLOCTApPhOL se asec eee Cer eee eee Reet teen Saaeee tee 109 

Smith won weap Me sends; bindas nc] ac Seana cc meee ete meee sate co acree selene 122 

Smith, Hubbard l., monkey received from -:22.5--+-2 .s--2- -cocce sees sees 420 

Smith, John B., monograph of the Sphingidwe of North America by -...-.--- 380 

DADEISIDY Rama eaten ota See ee oe Tonto cleat oe cc tr Tifa 

TESIONAULOD Ola ses seater ie ee ee aes ohne cowencclaeee 28, 41, 377 

(SCUOLA eA WO) et Sot CRP Pe erence ciel ee ee ro oe als Roe see 42,71, 382 

Smithsonian exhibit at Cincinnati Exposition, review of the...-....-.----- 162 

peseae) SUURGU HI 22 - ojee ae te ete ase Oe eee I ee cals woe as oe yee ee 435 

Somianies mInGeOUin es, Ole accers sae ers oases ees Mesias hae oad sauce ct 69 

SOGGLDOLOR SPO fe sacs k it aa a a ne ee eee FET Ee riomane 323 


HONialravex termination, Ol. Uhes some cece ntae paee eS LRACe oe Soddiceardesaastaaas 631 


878 INDEX. 


Solomon) Island, adze-blad es from recite ate = tele alee a ale wl wale nei 
Solomons, Miss Aline, presents Egyptian scarabs, ...--.---..--------------- 
Sommerings pheasant, presented by T. Ringer ..---.---.-.----.------------ 
Souths America) aAceCesslOms frO Wise se eee ee ele oe ete late ereearoe (te 
ethnological specimens rom 2 ~ =~ oan eee ime ee eee 
Sonia! anole pe GOSS VO US le UN ee eel 
Sowerby’s whale, skeleton Of -.2. 22-5 2-- 6 wn eee oe woe penn nnn aie nen 
SYOCMTNE Oli 6 Sas se okoo os s4odcuss canes sedeedesic Seccetec 
specimen of, received from New Jersey coast.---.----.---- 
Space assigned to Smithsonian exhibit at the Cincinnati Exposition ....... : 
Spainhour, Dr. J. M., presents specimens of asbestus..-...--.--.------------ 
Speel, Fred, sends a toad-fish....-----..------.----- ---------+ +--+ +--+ ---- é 
Speer, R. P., insects received from..-...--..----.---- ---- +----+--52 ---5 == 
Sphingide of North America, monograph of -..----...---.---------. ------ a 
SjomaGig, ing 0S hs series Vis) Gees -oos cass cose oos5nssses Ses csoscnocer ae 
Splice-bars-... ---- .----- --- 222 2222 2 wenn one we a a ene ww ne wee 
Sponges catalogued ---- ~~. - ne coe ea en oe oe ee 
Spoon-billed sandpiper, presented by T. Ringer ......-----.----.---------+-- 
Stabler silaroldvbe send sia hanwiess cesta eee tee ae eae eee ea eter 
SPIT RGl CANES) COMMING loo S5 S5hobs cascob ee mabe USageon sesesn oesecocsnos 
Stanford, Senator Leland, presents a prong-horned antelope.....----.----.-- 
Siyp@anlostes. pose eeeeee = oe oes cote Sate Se eee ine ele o eee eect neea 
State, Weparbmentiot, cooperabion Obes ss. saclone el seee sere ae me \eaiaeeieae 
exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition.--.--....-.....----- 

transmits ores and (coals 222-0 = -css5--ce ee - = eee 123 

fSueerans}, Itty ID Cscccscsae sasqhess cetaoose5he0 e556 bosde soca co soanSacooge. 27,40, 141 

adjuncticuratonofem olluskispaes tse aoe eae aeeaee 371 

paperonishellimon cys byesee= ee e= areas een eee sere et 374 

DAVOEUS WAY coobocieeanososss doo cbanopasss oSa5ecacceczes cece 771 

SHEATHS, Mio Ale, Ouliaohy BEN WO So66 doe condo aSco no ocoUsoasoe sosbesnssana sé565 148 

stcelimail sir olledhineAmenic aera. i. scissor ERE PE OO aS AOL BOSE 683 

Steel Street Railway Company of Johnstown -... -- Leticia Soh Reece Ss seers 297 

Steinmeyer,Dr. F. A., paleolithic implements received from...--.......---- 330 

SHE OG ID yes IOC Ph AA See Sabo caeoon sha gees Soom aco mASODUD baGOGe Suse esac 27 

appointed curator of reptiles and batrachians ..--... 28, 39 

HIDES ON eatoessesceed coed sarees bevaas sSacse FoSes5c 771, 772 

e continues his work on Japanese ornithology...--. ae 38 

report of ...--- Jonesss 6c G55 Seco asec bast ascesco05 Saas 365 

studies in Japanese ornithology by-.---..----.--..--- 360 

Stephen: Alexanders M. papers Dy cee. acme elas ocecte ae ake cine = eee ieee ee 772 

Sterki, Via Papers DY. <=. cematsos a «ceci ans = acs emia eee se Seeman eee err 772 

Steuart, C. A., assistant superintendent of buildings -----..-.....-....-..-- 28 

Stevens; Prancis' soeccce so asenicei soem wsivicee ein cserl se cele eee eae eet 296 

Stevens’ rail insAmeri¢aiess. a 53h cee tases ssc seer oe tee Re eee eae eee 672 

Stevens michardiGe sk a2Gack.s sek Sas a aesioid om sto sele see Seeks See eee eee 298 

Stevens’experimental locomotive, model Of.) 2 pos .seee= aoe eee eee eee 296 

Stevenson, Col. James 223); foc concen detec acleeee Dee e eR eee eee eee 119 

biographical notice of: 3225-2. saceoee see eee wee oes 187 

presents specimens from Arizona. ..-- ...--.----.----- 113 

sends\ pottery.--: = =n seco Mere ease see eee eae 143 

Stevenson, Mrs. Matilda C., Pueblo pottery from --....--...-.-..-----...---- 281 

Stevenson, Prof. J. J., petroleum specimens received in exchange from ...--. 414 

Stevens? rail firstirolledin America in 1845. --22e ea ecee = eee eee ee eee 673 

In MULOPOts< 2s ee eae se ecks iis conic acne eee eee eee nIE See 687 


INDEX. 879 


Page. 

StGermain, museum Of, exchanges Wilth=...--4....<i.cesesstbe ce ceisst lence 52 
SONS Zes frome Aste SIAN C= sacra sas onae etcee hose 5s cake tne dastintc oak 537 
HSNO MrOMebias Ceres anda sasse. 22. ase) cae gene n cee eee 537 
HEAT OPEC ManhONS ANG «a2 cl 6 Soc '- wa 5,55 <l4/n amatsnianine 2atcioe nm ezeaees 5385 

MiLoP LOMAS UCL ES aM Ue se a: Gye es ok syste a et eae anion eee EEO 537 
Stone, Livingston, sends specimens of fungus-..............---...---+------ 120 
SLOMOPANGSI SOM Dee ee & Anise Seo ais tks ose eotea clare Seieereee 330 

Stone, Mrs. E. J.,sends map of Washington and other objects. ........-.-.-- 114 
siereoscape:presented biy- ceo. 3). = Leet. oo} oo Sa eee 110 

Stoney, Lieut. George M., sends ethnological objects.... ......-.....-2 222... 113 
Storage-cases for study series of mammals........-......--..----.---- +--+ 351 
Stoughton, T. M., slab of triassic sandstone obtained from .......-..--..-... 407 
Sen SphVvONe O SCAT «one a seqe eat eecveciaciane cae cts oro Semele aeteit gam hese cee keer 292 
Birodewio- Senas stone implementseses sss os oso ee oto nee seem 222s. =. 116 
SIMGIGINUE! eager be CCC BECO BS SH GOD — Sho CBO N CB SCeOUpG she OSC n or Aabet oat eceae 70 
SUZ) Lh CO TENG MI dIISe he COO IS OoRe BOE BOE OREOECOE AD eE Oe aoe Bees erEranes 54. 
rocks recelvedan Oxehaneel trom... -)2.25. ceive ess -5-255sa cones 406 
Sillabercery Davids presenus a SlOraric ac a2 tes Asc sere else acne ee ciae eee 125 
RSMVZceT Tere) 2 DCN} Gree cee tte en te See Fs ea ge Se Se ony Bre rt Meee: ee a 285 
Marine specimens TeEColved LOM a-keeesse eee ee eee See ee 381 

sends a specimen of. Vespertilio longicrus-......!...---.-.-.-. 37,350 
ethnolosicalobjectse----1--54--iscas ce ante see eee 113 

MATINEE UOVOLbCDIEALOS is. 2am eee ee se eee eee ae nee 41 

BPSeMBENS SPM nO yeri ss cae cic sa ae ene Sen tees Seaiotsiewnioe 281 

CGE Ue IE Se Bead Soe asec s Sea e ees oe ne CEOs Bee ee ose ee eee i 29 
0 QITLMG chee sett esos bo. Seis SASR Sob eee Sa ee hoe Be ee ineop eee es sennee 707 
Switzerland oacustrian. Objects troms sas = ss a0 esse ss) ac < seen sse8 oascleolaes 126 
Sydney, wools transmitted by U. 8. Consul at..---. Bas ose meee Ane. ss erseeieee 137 
Symonds, Lieut. F. M igen Meee RT Sey tate Fe ne eet (cme an ee 450 
Raunlcioicatalopueentnies, I Scc—16S0 sane iseenctee== cence see eee iecetee cee 21 
aor Howard, Sendsa tOlbOlse iam -mce ans) set- Soe loaner eee oe 117 
Tablets, examination of, on Easter Island ....----..------<--..----- Hea, 2 2 oh 513 
Tele y cc ccce soon dae Pema DIRUOeDS coos Uecue cemse reus esucdescasth wdeauelsaeebe 500 
UA INTE cee See coon Bee oboeSe Os ecigr Beco seemee Bote ece ose or esp er Mae saan cecsoe 511 
TRO UIRENG) GoSp ba beDOeeCeEs Cao coc Case pEoD pboode Booeeronerar Kone BeapEoBeecore 509 
Panks tor storage of alcoholic specimens.--- - 3-22. = =- sce sec ses oes cece ck 351 
IMINDE cncn Codecobbecsdhecsese coon Sect Soon cenoconc doco bose shee cee Saoeeoae 511 
fatooing implements from’ Easter Island’... -. 2... <2 2-Gesatices 5b siscs toe 2k 538 
TURTLE, COBDS eR et oS O50 060 DOG 000 Sao BOS He Co hes AEB OSE ERC AE Oe SaaS Hee 504 
Paunt, ieut. H..H., instructed im photography. =... -...-2-.....------.---- 110 
taxidermy anes seco ces csscrecsstcreeesi see 106 

oOutfitisentitiort sss asce ty seeaae oes oe pet secs sets nee 148 

reference to explorations|of..3 --. .--.----..--2. 52-25 98 

Tavera, Chevalier Schmit von, presents a map of Hungary.......-.....--.-- 125 
lax dernuists|s4-\452= 2 aan idd 2 SSS, chiens sete cia sacs, oie = ofa cae aoe ee 20, 104, 106 
MaylOT, WTy JiaiS.; SENdS) POUCrY. 224 Josue as ele ae etanea sss em ccreeScce o2 occas a6 113, 143 
Taylor, William, flint implement received from. ..-.-..----..-.. Fe eer ee 332 
INSULUCLEAUIn baxidermiy eeen sss ease Se. oll ase cls see’ 106 

sends a stone implement..--.-...--.: pe aoe clientes 121 

GRINS coud coms ced ccbestec Seon races pe ccoopES eau cues bce beog aeeO Re euleboree 453 
SIS IRTIGE 1) PPLE Sy PRAMS DE DUOCE OM cea a lee eae 3 a ao Sm mino lo orc, nna eee 399 
ERG TBO bal T Bee jae mye alae a) ser aels iat fasis 2 wlan avis alata? one cnn om 506 
PRO ain OAGUCIiy were seen a ters ean ate ee ara alae ale ay Sn ios ate aoe tale ae = wisi sins 509 


PRET UCM OL Usa- = ars niopeeieta ce eens See tele oe stbal tte a L(SSSTE Eis Oss walacme ce 511 


880 . INDEX. 


Page. 
Tennessee; accessions from) 5. -)s2.. 2 -cse~ -- ee ectceae swine s aE a sor iose, 1213 
Te PitowWe Henna, or Master Island, paperion ye: sesso +e 2 see ee ee see eee 447 
ALOUONI I Bee eR RE RE Re Gis Se riino Som. coo EoD oud Sbeb Hood cabo egasa0 Lédaso débt4e 505 
MEXas;<ACCOSSLONS:LLOM ()q ses eesevstele iars sole lole ed Settee telecine Eee ae > aoe See 121 
Textile industries.......-.. SE A eas Sere arse psec cies weteeare 26 
Theatrical museum sins Pavis esate soso eae eee o clsee ee eee See eeee 443 


The development of the American rail and track, by J. Elfreth Watkins. - -. 651 
The Ethnology and Antiquities of Kaster Island, by Paymaster W. J. Thomson 447 


The Museums of the Future, by Dr.G. Brown Goode:.--..------2222-- 22... 427 
The Pama or American: Lion; by Prederick Widrue=--- 22s. .5- sce ona noses 591 
Thibet, ethnological specimens from. .......-.--...---.------ see eee 124, 281, 288 
Mhompsony.C.cA..ssendsiarstoner CaLving cose a ects seat ea ete eee erento 118 
Rhompson,Colphranksswar-relie received trom. as-c.t- see ee eee eee eetenacer = 122 
Mhomson Paymaster Williams)... Wiss Ne) Paper WY co see aee elas emeninee 447 
Mhurstony Gen. GP. sends povuteryrecccaer--- ee eo see tee eeeeeee eeee 121, 143 
PRVeStO fame balls ios Soe si larsioisie aloe Sate urciocrerate era ee rae eelelet herons al erro sates Sep eee 690 
WYO O Cec raterevoic clot tol ta etaralcreacwwerencicte ta cetetatceiet cia clere/atretete ate Sateen etatC  ter et ete 690 
Tiffany & Co., ivory figures purchased from..--....---.-.-- SogS0ad550 pAOSSS 124 
minerals purchased froma... --1.c sos eee ee eee eee 402 
watches purchased fromms- os ee oes ees een eee ee eens eee 119 
Tiflis, Museum of Natural History in, sends birds’ skins ......--.....------- 126 
Miletish; destructionsof thesis ene occu See Oe nee tere ene ae eae eee 647 
Alton James). Senaspottenye case 01 cee er cece see ee ere eee ee seoe eee 117, 143 
MOkalOr aescere occas ere Se se esac ce eres See ae ee eee ee eiaee ehiceie gs ais cies 506 
KokyoriducationaleMuseninessso-seeeoeee ee eee reee ee eee eee Cee eee ee 44 
plants)from the: 2222) oo osecccos ee eee eee ee eee 125, 399 

specimens of Dryobates namiyei received in ex- 
change fromthe ------ 222-32 ieee eee eee 359 
Falson; Thomas H., sends anmeapie <2. jocjeemseetacmen one erent eee 122 
WOWSSArIKI <2 a wass oe secs oes Secs Sein a ee eieet oe toee aes Sook Sone eee 490, 507 
MapMMang ON = 222 = ac Secistn a sie sates 210, = Sale e come eree oes ee weenie ee eee 284 
Mowmsend iC harles E252 isc iciceuciesisrrceeereeen te etal eee erate ere ena eee 123 
Brazilian’ birds purchased from +e... --co-6 eee eee See 358 
Mammnialsicollecteds by sa- 1-5-1 o ine eee ee ieee 354 
INONKeyareCelVeGerOMeeeeee ee eee eee ee eneeee 420 
Hownsend,) Drs Taylor ausect collection Ofe-s2eee ssc eesti eee tee eee eee 142, 378 
Eranslavlons ot Master slanditabletsieecere.ses ec eee eee eee ee eeee eee ee =e 517-526 
Eransporvation and engineering .s.2/o seo seen eee eee eee ee 26 
exhibition series in section of.............- 299 

exhibit of section of, at Cincinnati Exnosi- 
WON EAS SoG sHoce Risin cuales) Sere ieee emer 169, 293 
important accessions to the section of --... 295 
labelsiforidepartmentlofeesseem ae see eee 99 
Treportfonuthe section Ofte se esse eee eee 293 
review of work in section of....-.-.-.-...- 35 
series of catalocuesic.2 seem eee eee tees eee 21 
storage and distribution of duplicates..-..-- 50 
ireasury, Department, cooperation Of =-e-. eae eee | eee ee eee eee eee eee ee 137 
exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition ..--.....-....-- 175 
Trevithick’s locomotive, modelof.-\.<. 0. -Sccen cece ee eee ee eee 296 
roe, Prederick Wereseras--< Sy f5gS 5504550 cane web os aaa eee 27, 42 
paper on the puma by.... - pinieorc:d te ieferuioininte write Ort eee eee 591 
PAPOUSAD Yi Sisesier acto krey~ 2 cds Bho ee ee eRe CREE eee 72 
presents mainmals, snakes, and insect§ -...-.-6sssesss5- 161 


a a a ia 


INDEX. 881 

Page. 

True, Frederick W., report on comparative anatomy by................----- 387 
MAM Mals! DY sasaa  Ssckeeet ines = Scie 349 

Tschusi zu Schmidhoften, Victor Ritter von, birds’ skins received from. ..... 125 
PENN VOU Aiea ate ec ras ae icine senna Sass nae BEG DOO ORE CSCS Da nD DESO MES OO ace 506 
SRM SUP ALA pate ms tts foarte ee ao cielo soe Saarcleienlare Se Seed E Sens waee® 504 
RECS LRG ACLO-pichULe iON = vaso se)- oso fei. acl oie ho) 3e~ Soc ee oes se eaneee 288 
TKO YE MCOOLdISh COSUUMGNILOM samen; ict selsan ose Sao ss chee cme eeeEeaee 283 
ATRL “he LSS 2 Ss SES 55 cE SASS SEN GOATS SE IE yp tee ey See ca 415 
iNorner: Werk. tossileishes collected Dyia.- «sccm scose «ssw cic= coe acces ates 115 
SIRO types iets ete tonite oiaets ee ae eit cine ee es fia eels eis eisee esc tls ccisiele seis seec 509 
Tuumae-Keke...--. RACER OA AO DIGE DOG can pH OR CSh Ce BARRE eae ee Sp ooor 527 
Der eee Oar. PEOSCOs LAD DIGS meester e ete aieic/aamiose sce seaces 122 
Lee eee ye ea eee a oe ae em eh ee ee oe cine einen Saticine ps cisioss cece ~ secs 509 
ike HOnry, INSOCtS TECCLV.CG TLOWiec: sais ig Swine) Swcicl am ete ere Ses eae Se see eb aes 378 
Wnited States, ethnocraphic museums in the... <2 .---- 2c 3 -nc- cnn cee woence 442 
important accessions trom the)... --- 2-7. ss0.- see sss so eee -2 113 

Mirmeisy, skin'and bones.of .sea-lion from)... 2... 2.2 «22s esecscicosesses So 123 
WISIN IEE INVER, Soba Bebotno coin cH COU DSUNCD ROC OCCO GOBCH OOn chore DDeSatescs 504 
MAMI re sate nce set sta asc SES Sein nic SE Sha Si ocistels tise Sarbcje Sic arsia}snieauisic cis sales lero’ 450, 453 
IM AOC Ota apes ciasaee een ae cites sccae Shee cxsaciel cas <isisiiniee Je oosenosact 506 
ADIN Od leealere sims sta as = Secs c recs stan Lees cic. sine ome lsses + sMelsicce sexes 508 
Vancouver Island, ethnological specimens from ........---.---.--.----- see 286 
Van Dyke, E., alcoholic insects received from...... ...2 1-2. --2- see -eee woce 378 
Rese Cr CORE reset eae enn iainjaealarie ao Sense arava aoe es 27, 44, 141, 142 
appointed honorary Curators 2 02-:s5- 2 <-- y.--5 6-s2n-. see 28 

POEL ESE as ce noocbo DSC eDo CE CE GEES He Cae aterm ens Cae 

: PE) nO) teioc BoecseSeGAnenOUL’ 5 Ooe Seb paoUe bse Jee seoaes 399 
MeneanOli ACECEBIONSIEOM =<. 2405 eo cis Cotes: ine Salou Javan aE aa 124 
PEUINON te ACCESSIONS TOMI amen eee ates ee cies sete ras Seis ccinle iniole alate we oe 121 
SRRORU DE ME OUs Ae Wires (nn arte ate ok aici aloes pei Seise Aes oc ac, onesie ene ocean Ae wal noee 
BIOETGUEALO 1OGS1S 22. cise os oom clacts 2's Jas tae a be cae dais Wave's osiu.5- cin ase oe Re o's 27 
Lousiliseries Oh Calalocuesien aces sake eee aaa eee soieie es eres 17 

mow. b-, sonag- othnolosieal Objects <—- 5 -) sass =<... n0i9 «ac eciesceeeccen eee 116 
Vienna, Royal Imperial Natural History Museum of ..........---.-.....-.-- 54, 125 
Viking ship, model of, purchased ..... Se aahse eh tcateet custaacts cite eens 126 
WIDE TOD! SSA Sep S Bea An poe Gocn hon Soo BESO Or le te neee AEE ieee acai eae ae eae 512 
nPEGET ,ACCOSSIONS ATOM = ofaie ao teeming taste tina Sass seem Iai Sa teiee siete a o.c 5s 122 
Subnolocicalispecimens, (LOM sees a2 nase eae nee eae eels sees 287 

Pieters Curing Imaugurahion SeasOn’.- -< - oo :c oe me Sse eeimetm cecirie mead oo 5 
to the Smithsonian and Museum buildings.-..-...................2.- 67, 68 
Vouchers for expenditures for furniture and fixtures, list of. ......-.. eielce 84-86 
heating and lighting, list of. 522.2552. .2s6-< 7 

preservation of collections, list of............- 77-84 

WV AULOD UM ON Olio oater nino a ee aeiele oe oacine + ac seen eayee ceismiee seize ac Seele doe cease 447 
Wakefield, M. M.,sends an owl.........-....- Soo pie pso poe ESC Oso SOUR IGEE 122 
IY EUG COT DRS Ses OA ASCO Go SOTiCUGa > Habu RECO CEDOOCe Dan oe pceen Beer 27, 43, 140, 141 
PO UELIS? OM eRe AGO OSC GEE AE Sting abise SeOED A! oe Cee acer emeys 773 

EEPOLUO fe cteso else rs ele, teres rein woah tiatd ays Sete ciciscat ioe secon 391 

Nialkor,, COMMOMOTE Ne) Gases asisiooleisteaare sales eee a clnte armee nice bose ce By 
MAU ACOsd | DIGS PUTCHASCO MOM acme cs ciwdetionlsc ces coni4 Gee sies vo ects tease 359 
Dyalletirom: Master: Island: fits. cece aoe seteee techie tale siow eo ee vee Sa Sekws 536 
Walrus, causes of the extermination of the Atlantic and Pacific species. .... 618 
- Wapiti, specimens of, presented by Hon. W.F. Cody ...-...-......---...---- 420 
War Department, codperation of the .... ...... “eodecmaoocsogeend ScOdocoD ce 138 


H. Mis. 224, pt. 2-56 


882 INDEX. 
War Department, exhibit of, at Cincinnati Exposition...........c222...---- 
Ward jHeyAe soe. Seren dcaseS dueauraces HaUGoU, codoUn gobs ouoUdbud bencdeocode 
mamma sspurchasedeiromear ss see eee eet ee scene ae ener eee eee 
sends in exchange skins of Indian seal. .-............-.---202--- 
skeleton of whale purchasedstrom™:-s--.5- 22 sees eee seen eeeeeeses 
Wiard>J..Vi.,.sends stoneimplementssse eee=-= 1-2 ae aes) = eee eee eee ere 
Ward, John T., monkey-faced owls received fromé<.02.te eee eee 421) 
Ward, Lester F ne oeo ceo056 265500 Sabb esgo Stes cS HOSS CooO DoS SSOSaesS6 ssoned 27, 44, 141 
DAPCES Disc steer see eae taialaiel emia s oeeeisee i ee eee 773-775 
Wiarren,) Dra Bot, birdsipresembeds Dyrecitaseecesaeeiee so eeeee ae ee eeeeeee 359 
WEISS) hy 555406 So50no pooaas ceeceulono oso nua Coun cone cacE 775 
Washington, D.C., ethnological specimens from.....-.......-.--.-----+ 2+ 287 
Washington, Lawrence, objects which belonged to George Washington, re- 
COlVOO MOMS so seco sds sede ocle Gewlec ese jac stose toe ne Seether 122 
Washington, State of, ethnological specimens from. ...-..----...---..--.--- 286 
(State) accessions from..........--..---.---- SSOC OSODOSOOOSOE a 122 
IWIATABSESS 525)200 so coe soe cs ceteee Ces aemenee ons Seana ee cea eten ee ce eae ae Senee 383 
Watkins, J..dlfreths 22 5 j.225s sare aa eine wae Sesle Ce ee sec one eee eeeeee 26, 290 
curator of transportation and engineering -...--.-...... 35 
engineer of property +225 sosssesaa oo ss oo See eee aoe 28 
paper on the development of the American rail and 
track, DY 22 g.s se ssed de eds 55sec sce dacsscceeseesemee 651 
Papers Dyic-o- s- soe See ee nee se eee eee ee eee 775 
report) Of.227 2-57 SCO DI RGIS OSD ROME MOB OSES. GanG Ces 293 
Wayne, Arthur T., cross-bills <pnehoged fom. Slogisiee Neeice nee eeeiemer ees 359 
Webb, F. W.. ocbhn socaee ceecde Fac oUo Hosa Sane Sdae Gobo Sedo os cesecodcas PER, BOP 
sends Deommenne of Trevithick’s engine and so. ~eeeisuee 125 | 
Webster, E. W., shells received from-----.-.---.---- =) = 2 eo ee ne ames | 
Webster, G. W., mollusks received fev See case encom ee oes One eee 373 
Webster; Prof. E. M., insects named fore: s.-s22 => a2 ssicsee Soeacee ee ere ee 378 | 
WeedW.H.:cun.t-se-ieteekes-scetenseess eee ees oe eeeee eeeome Ee 140° 
WieedenW.'C..2.23-2 53 sack acoesesss = Sc eae cose bee ese clens sleet ene eee 47 | 
keeperioflivinevanimalssensseseo cee ee ence ee seeeeee eee 422. 
Weeleker=--5--5-:-: sosce Sonoda6 S606 Sone Hose cose. consesosSs 284 
Wells, J. Grant, ee eeeeis queen ie Sp BBE IS0B0 DADS GOOD eco nboS aces Gane 359 
Wells, (Prot.sH. 14. mineral receivedsrom.-)- =-- == = sos = eae serene eee 402 
Western Reserve collection at Cleveland ...-.. ..2. ..-. <<. =... 32-2 ---- =< 285 
West Indian seal, causes of extermination of the....--.......-..---.---..-- 614 
West Indies: ‘accessions trom then. e > teow js sees ae meee eee 123 
DVOSb IV ano TMI ACCESSIONS mi ONIN ceo ee aerate tetera eo ee elm ote laa eee eee 122 | 
ethnologicalspecimens f0Ml >-.---)ssccseceeeass See ase s 287 
Whaites, Edward P., presents a memorial medal ..-..-.-..--...---.---.---- 122 
Wheeler, Charles L. R., sends cast of stone knife.............----..--------- 143 
Wihitcomb:& Co., Messrs.*Wi.H 2222 -e see pea cence ae eee eee eee 36 
CIPbiOL cece cee ean as eee eee ee 303 
White, Wri GACs cas sec tacicswercctlsepieminiee els een enieees ere See mae aeeee 27, 43, 141 
papers by .2<<25ccesth ence see see soeceee neater eee 775, 776 
TOporwol so. 31. s-rsetswiesioetee ieee eee eee eee 397 
White, JicJis,,mollusks'collected by .--2ccsa- see eee s eee eens 373 
shells received from 22 3 ciscen oe ee ee eee eee 40 
Wihitheld <:J.8E.,papersiDy---s2 cas. - ace eee eee eon eee eee eee 756, 776 
Whitten, Dr. w. A., sends specimens fon an: Indianlerave-s-----eeesecesecs 281 
Wilkinson, E., forwande aibiTd seg. 3 22s co ees ee ene eee 113 
Willcox polieeuen of minerals withdrawn ...-....... ve eccer vcceen cneeesece 45 


: INDEX, 883 
; Page 
Willcox, Joseph, fossil shells presented by ..--.. £260. 0h. sce ce cew wncues cece 40, 41 
3 minerals received in exchange from. ..............------< A402 
Beles: satin Gow, impression Of, 2-22 .256. 22. foes. toe. ees 303 
SeiRaitis: Dy, MHMOTAIN PRESeTILEU Domne, =< 2h sg oe eaeasesls 2 ael ee oe Se oes 402 

= Williams, Dr. G. H., rocks received in exchange from ...........--:.--.s.-- = 406 
Williams, Lowell C., presents prairie dogs ..... Eee ee Serle eee ao eee = 115 
Sithrams) Calcot; expediuom, Ofc ~~ 2 ces covincese cose soo enaeseetsssewe cece 144 
LGUMENU VRRP DOR Olt. << wins ciceen occ e ce noah ee sceeeee 144-146 

; Lefrereuce toe xploravions Of<; (= joes. 3c eco. oe ee 98 
- Williamson, George, sends stone implements..--..-.....-.2..2-22..2------ 2 117 


SRpEUE SCORE Lech S om Miwate ate eae seine ea sacs oo wcities Se ters caee es cons 5. kee 379 
petite Mays GMAELOS eee iai el e aeteeiant leiels niareinjo ste ae ea aien ceisere sens s2cis'e sae 285 


VASO Mere Minerals LOCOlVeUmrOMe menace ae assim eae seleeeeieeinn vaiclcietiee 402 

0 UE od BSCS a eae Seer oreo 65 SCRE Go Se IHS eOUC EA AINe = See Se eroe Be 27 

[DA PRNGY WY 5.356 Soar Gee SUI EOMISHe CIEE Gee seeHibeC Cedars 776 

presents archzological objects ....-.....-..-.-....----.120, 121, 333 

THTNOT AS ensatls sa, Sho S= oS cice Seay eaten Sen eee 125 

LG) OUTROS SSS Se Seo SA IE A I I OE se eS Ese 317 

VISIESTMUSCMMA) TMs LILO POsese cis et catia aot mee mere eae ee 28 

HIOUMASMNS OMIOs Sa se anise hee Sa Saneesee c 147 

SRHUEHGINN Cork. BPCCIMONS COMI Yr sa ca ects eon c's Cn be cioe Rats aa oeee nee 328 

Winona, State normal school, collections from ....,....--..-----.-22-+.---2- 118 

Sviaxnslow, A.C. presents key’of U.S: Treasury 2:32.55 00-208) Jake ee: Soc 114 

Wisconsin, accessions from ........:--...- SooaceOoooaEs HHUS boss aooG caSEOE 123 

PALeub POOMETANSA LOM = eae sec wien ones S516 eee 2 Seales 287 

Wittfield, William, presents specimens of Florida muskrat..-.............. 37, 349 

SteieeeTa ry OCK=| OUULG tee a= ee = oes ose Gn elo cial aie sa 5 win See hae ces ceeen cen e 698 

© Ghubs/trom waster (sland, <2. o5.0'< 35 octets sooece tees sates es Seas A 535 

images trom Paster lsland’-. 2. < sce. .-actens sesso Oe ee ae gee ee 534 

RAPER CHURIO PUR a ainaler vy mena '= an al aataaclelmaeaig Selo ces nee sencse eens 383 

eT eae NG oereie = ola lee oem aeln| = ec cee cece ceee eee SeencEm ssa Godan: coNaae 54, 406 

VOnunens.© PK presentsh Manuals <i. sete scictascey lave seen cael soci eee ee 116 

MCR ET OOOH Wick We sists os Seer ctac inet nia ciate = oe! sali toh ee ieee ain eo eee Sc 119, 339 

Wortman, Dr. J. 1., birds’ skeletons lent to_.-. --.--.- 2.250... 25.025. 8 52 

presents zoélogical specimens .......... Pct ese eeee 115, i39 

Wright, James C., sends cast of a stone bear.... .... .-2. - 2-2 eee eee eee eee 333 

DyyOMIMe, ACCeSsSsiONA Troms =! s- 5 52 oe Ass 2s wou «)o oe Oo wales SECO RAR ee or 123 

Yale College Museums, turtles and terrapins received from the_............- 421 
Yarrow, Dr, H. C., resignation of......... BIBoS HBO boboaaceccoc AUaoeeSeaEes 28, 3 

SONAS-ANCAHLIONY DOW lisssa sce secrocse Se eee ere so Fee 114 

ahead otiawordhshs. 22 to. 2h. cece ee 117 

Yeates, Hon. Jesse J ..... A rice CBSIEOGECS Sado SEEG PG ped HUESIEoOU BoLuiscoe BaoE 820 

PREE NER VV LE ROME oie Stara aya erect were ee ten ieee aot Nate se ea twee Satan 27 

assistant curator of minerals .................0.----ce-see 403 

earn EO- MIA KIS, BOUTON it. sooo Ste eins Soe ronnie weave seme e ut oe 282 

Hann, Henry, Wansmits plece Of COvVSeL..--- cc eec es eos sc sccceeee Sees cee 114 

ONIN | O:) ELS POCUINEng Set IM OXCuanee LOmeceee erase anf oee tee Gece secs 339 

Meledon, LOsGiC 7, transmits DILGS, SkITIG eseaimasee ecto ce ee eee eee cece ee 113 


Zodlogical Society of Philadelphia, specimens received from the.. .. ..37, 120, 124, 350 


APPENDIX E. 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY IN THE 
U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


By GEORGE P. MERRILL, Curator. 


INTRODUCTORY. 


_ The history of the National Museum may be said to date from the 
year 1846, when, by act of Congress, the custody of the ‘“ National 
Cabinet of Curiosities” at that time deposited in the Patent Office 
Building was transferred to the Smithsonian Institution. This act pro- 
vided that “all objects of art and foreign and curious research, and 
all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogical 
specimens belonging or hereafter to belong to the United States,” and 
vhich were then in the city of Washington, should be delivered to the 
Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, and together with new speci- 
mens obtained by exchange, donation, or otherwise, should be so ar- 
Tanged and classified as best to facilitate their examination and study. 
y a subsequent act* the National Museum became the authorized 
place of deposit for all objects-of natural history, mineralogy, geology, 
archeology, ethnology, etc., belonging to the United States or collected 
y the Coast and enon Survey, the Geological Survey, or by any 
ther parties for the Government of the United States when no longer 
eeded for investigations in progress.t 

- The amount of geological material which was thus brought together 
Brior to 1876 was small and extremely varied. It consisted mainly of 
the collections made by Prof. J. D. Dana and his associates during 
the Wilkes Exploring Expedition in 1838~42; by Professors Newberry 
and Blake during the Pacific Railroads surveys in 1854~’55; by the 
surveys west of the one hundredth meridian under the direction of the 
Engineer Corps of the Army, and the U. 8S. Geological Survey under 
direction of Dr. Br. V. Hayden. There were, besides, various small col- 


~ * Passed in 1857. 
+The organization and objects of the National Museum, Proc,, U. 8S. National 
useum, 1881, 


Zz REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


lections, including a series of 300 specimens of typical European rocks | 
and minerals obtained in 1864 from Louis Saeman in Paris; a similar : 
series of 148 specimens received from the Royal Mining School of Frei- 
berg, Saxony; another small series collected by H. Engleman in Mon- 
tana, and still others collected by Dr. B. Powell from the vicinity of 
Hot Springs, Arkansas, by D. D. Owen in Wisconsin and Minnesota, 
and other miscellaneous materials from seattering localities.* 

The Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876 afforded Professor 
Baird the desired opportunity tor procuring a large amount of material 
illustrating the mineral resources of the United States, and laying the 
foundation for the department of geology as it now exists. After the 
close of the exposition this material, prepared under the immediate 
supervision of Prof. W. P. Blake, together with the extensive collec. 
tions donated by foreign governments, was stored in boxes for several 
years, awaiting the completion of the new building. This was finally 
effected in the summer of 1881, and, with the appointment of Dr. George 
W. Hawes as curator the year previous, may properly be said to begin 
the history of the geological department of the National Museum. 

At the time Dr. Hawes entered upon his duties as curator he also 
assumed charge of that branch of the Tenth Census relating to the. 
quarrying industry of the United States. To this work he gave almost 
his entire attention, and the present collection of building and orna- 
mental stones is largely the outgrowth of his exertions in this direction. 
Dr, Hawes’s connection with the Museum was, however, too short to 
allow the department to become fully organized, and at the time of his 
death + matters were still in a state of great confusion, owing to the 
large amount of material that had accumulated and the extent of the 
work undertaken, but necessarily uncompleted. The extensive collec- 
tions received from Philadelphia at the close of the Centennial Exhibi- 
tion in 1876, above referred to, were still unpacked and unassorted, 
as were also those received from the various United States geological 
surveys that existed prior to the present organization. 

* Prior to 1873 there were no paid assistants whose duty it was to look after these 
collections, and it is fair to assume they suffered accordingly. Up to this time it had 
been the custom to send all duplicate materials to Professors Newberry and Egleston 
at Columbia College, New York City, where they were made up into sets for distri- 
bution to various institutions. Some 22,000 specimens are reported as having been 
sent out in this way. In 1873 Mr. F. P. Endlich was appointed assistant in charge 
of the mineralogical collections, and continued to serve until 1879: Up to the close 
of 1379 the total number of duplicate specimens sent out was as follows: 


Specimens. 
HOSBIIS so saees sais sts See = deme cine memes eer ncesicee aaaeae . 10,518 
Minferalsvandirocketeen. ..2\ 232 sce ee eee eee 21, 407 
Packages(ofantusorialiearthe-.- aciecicclecneeeceleseesee se = 1, 928 


33, 853 
t Dr. Hawes died at Denver, Colorado, June 22, 1882. 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 3 


To the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, the Tenth Census (1880), and 
the various United States geological surveys and exploring expeditions 
the department is largely indebted for whatever material it possessed 
prior to 1882. The time since the death of Dr. Hawes and the organ- 
ization of the three departments of- mineralogy, metallurgy, and lithol- 
ogy and physical geology from the one department of geology as it 
then existed, and the very recent reconsolidation of the departments of 
metallurgy, and lithology and physical geology into the one depart- 
ment of geology has been too short for the complete elaboration of the 
plan here proposed.* 

In the division of the various collections comprised under the head of 
geology in its broadest sense, as given below, regard has been had 
mainly to convenience in rene rntion and arrangement of material 
in a manner most readily accessible for study and reference. We thus 
have for our main divisions as below: 

§ Physical and Chemical Geology. 
2 Paleontological Geology. 
These are then subdivided as below: 


{Department of Minerals, F. W. Clark, U. S. 

Physical and Chemical Geology. es Geological Survey, Honorary Curator. 

| Department of Geology, George P. Merrill, Cura- 

(Ge tor: 

{ Department of Tertiary and Recent Inverte- 
brate Fossils, W. H. Dall, U. S. Geological 
Survey, Honorary Curator. 

Department of Cretaceous Invertebrate Fossils, 
C. A. White, U.S. Geological Survey, Hono- 
rary Curator. 

Department of Paleozoic Invertebrate Fos- 
sils, C. D. Walcott, U. S. Geological Survey, 
Honorary Curator. 

Department of Vertebrate Fossils, Prof. O. C. 
Marsh, New Haven, Connecticut, Honorary 
Curator. 

Department of Fossil Plarts, L. F. Ward, U.S. 

l Geological Survey, Honorary Curator. 


The paleontological section as given may strike one at first thought 
as cut up unnecessarily, as cumbersome from the very multiplicity of 
its divisions. Such an arrangement has at least the advantage that 
each curator is afforded complete control of such material as he is es- 
pecially interested in, and is not hampered with the care of a great 
amount of other matter; whatever may be the effect of such diffuseness 
upon the Museum as a place of exhibition, there ean be little doubt re- 
garding its benefits to the specialist. 

Of the seven divisions mentioned above this paper has to do only with 
the second, that designated simply as the department of geology, and of 
which the writer is at present acting as curator. 

In administering upon such a department one is at the very outset 


Paleontological Geology .-.. --.-- 


*This change’ was effected in October, 1889. 


4 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


confronted with the old ‘question as to whether the energies of the 
officers are to be directed toward getting together a systematic series 
of specimens arranged for study alone, or a show collection arranged 
behind glazed doors and properly labeled for the instruction and edifi- 
cation of the general public. This is a question that has been discussed 
since museums began, and is perhaps now no nearer settlement than 
ever. I find the specialist almost wholly inclined to the first view, and 
willingly acknowledge that were I working for merely my own gratifi- 
cation should adopt that plan. 

It is to be doubted, however, if there exists a more thoroughly selfish 
elass than that of the confirmed specialist. Looking at matters from 
the standpoint of his specialty, interested only in its advancement, and 
perhaps, in only too many instances, in his own aggrandizement, he 
demands not merely that the public contribute towards his support, buat 
that they receive in return nothing but his published results, which are 
presumably intelligible to not more than one person out of every ten 
thousand the world over. 

tecognizing that not merely do the public have rights in this mat- 
ter, but guided by a far loftier ideal, that of educating the masses and 
arousing an interest in natural phenomena, it was early decided to 
strive and so arrange the collections of the Museum as to meet the 
wants of both classes. We thus have an exhibition series arranged 
and labeled for the general public, but at the same time accessible to 
the student and specialist, and also a study series stored away in draw- 
ers for the exclusive use of the latter class and to which the general 
public have no access. 

First, as to this exhibition series. The plan of treatment adopted has 
been essentially the same as that given by Professor Geikie in the 
latest edition of his Text Book of Geology.* This not merely on account 
of the general excellence of the work, but because of the fact that it 
seemed best to conform, so far as possible, to some authoritative work 
that is accessible to the publie. 

In following out this plan the idea advanced by Assistant Secretary 
Goode in his annual report for 1881, that a museum should consist of 
a collection of labels illustrated by specimens has been ever kept in 
mind. Otherwise expressed, I have striven to build up the exhibition 
series on the plan of a profusely illustrated text-book in which the speci- 
mens themselves form the illustrations and the textis furnished by the 
labels. 

No object has been intentionally exhibited merely on account of its 
beauty, rarity, or as a curiosity, a method of treatment which may well 
be relegated to the dime museums and cabinets of the relic hunters. 
Each, intended to illustrate some special point, forms a part of a more 
or less extended series tending toward the elucidation of the earth’s 
structure and history. 


* Text Book of Geology, second edition, 1885, MacMillan & Co., London. 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 5 


OUTLINE. 
SECTION A.—SYSTEMATIC GEOLOGY. 


Considering geology not merely as a science treating of the compo- 
sition and structure of the earth, but as one which comprises as well 
its origin aud history, one whose aim it is to “ trace the progress of our 
planet from the beginning of its separate existence through its various 
stages of growth down to the present condition of things,” the section 
begins with a consideration of: 


I. THE EARTH IN ITS COSMICAL ASPECT. 


In this first primary division the earth is represented as a planet and 
compared with other members of the solarsystem. This is, of course, 
done only by means of models and illustrations of various kinds. 


Il. THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH—GEOLOGY. 


This second primary division, which comprises the science of geology 
as ordinarily understood, is divided into four subsections, each of which 
is capable of further subdivision. These subsections are: 

I. Geognosy: A consideration of the materials of the earth’s sub- 

stance. : 
il. Dynamical and Physiographical Geology : The agencies and meth- 
ods of geological change. 
Ill. Structural Geology: The architecture of the earth’s crust. 
IV. Stratigraphic or Historical Geology. 


SECTION B.—ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 


This section treats the subject from a purely economic standpoint, 
and in it are exhibited only such substances as are of value either in 
their natural condition or on account of the useful materials they may 
be made to yield. It is divided into two subsections, viz : 

I. The Geographic Series. 
Il. The Systematic Series. 


6 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


SECTION A.—SYSTEMATIC GEOLOGY. 


IL—GEOGNOSY: A CONSIDERATION OF THE MATERIALS OF THE 
EARTH’S SUBSTANCE. 


Under this section are shown: (1) the sixteen more common elements 
which, in their various combinations, are estimated to form about 99 
per cent. of the substance of the earth’s crust; (2) the minerals 
which, resulting from these combinations, go to make up rock masses ; 
and (3) the rocks themselves. All the substances required for these ex- 
hibits are of such nature as to admit of their being readily utilized. Not 
even the fact that an element is a gas, both colorless and tasteless, is- 
to be considered an obstacle, since a glass jar of hydrogen, though ap- 
parently empty, is, if properly labeled, as instructive as though the 
substance itself were tangible. In the collection of rock-forming 
minerals, the specimens are selected not for beauty or fine crystallo- 
graphic development, but ordinary forms, both crystalline and massive, 
are shown in all their principal varieties. The collection is divided into 
(1) primary minerals, or those which formed at the time of the consol- 
idation of the rock, and (2) secondary minerals, or those which have 
formed since its consolidation, and are due mainly to decomposition, 
hydration or solution and re-erystallization. The individual labels 
further state whether the mineral is an essential or accessory constituent, 
and of what class of rocks it forms a part. 


The following shows the form of label here used: 


APA PER: 
Composition: Phosphate of lime. 
Crystalline System: Hexagonal. 


Common as an original constituent in granular 
limestone, syenite, gneiss, mica, and hornblendic 
schists and occasionally found inserpentine. Oc- 
curs also in slender, colorless , usually microscopic 
crystals in many igneous rocks of all ages, such as 
granite, basalt, andesite, diorite, and diabase. 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 7% 


More rarely it occurs Massive 1n deposits of con- 
siderable extent and is mined for commercial 
purposes. 


In the rock collection the samples are as a rule trimmed with a ham- 
mer into sizes approximately 34 by 44 by 1 inch, this form having 
been found most convenient when everything is taken into considera- 
tion. This rule is not, however, inviolable, and both size and shape are 
allowed to vary when the character of the rock necessitates or renders 
this advisable. Care is taken in all cases to procure so far as possible 
fresh and characteristic materials and that no specimen shall show 
abrasive marks from the hammer or other agencies on its exposed sur- 
face. © 

Advantage has here been taken of an opportunity to bring together 
as large a series as the present facilities will allow of such rocks as 
have been the subject of the close methods of scrutiny adopted in mod- 
ern petrography. It therefore happens that certain groups are repre- 
sented in greater profusion than their geological importance seemingly 
warrants. The system of installation is, however, by no means inelas- 
tic, and when these other groups shall in their turn receive the attention 
they merit a place can readily be made for them by substitution, or 
better yet by an expansion of the entire series. 

In the arrangement of the exhibition portion of this collection the 
curator is at once confronted with one of the most unsatisfactory prob- 
lems in modern petrology, that relating to classification. The rapid 
strides which this branch of the science is now making render any 
system likely to be adopted of only provisional value, and what is 
written to-day may by the time it appears in print be so far out of date 
as to be more than unsatistactory. However readily one may classify 
a series designed for study only, he is, with his exhibition series, at 
once reminded that each specimen, selected with a definite purpose in 
view, with an eye to geographical as well as geological distribution, 
must be called by a definite name, and placed in a definite position in 
the series. 

Whatever mental reservations the curator may have can not be made 
to appear on the label, nor, indeed, is it desirable that they should. 
livery teacher must long have recognized the fact that in the beginning 
no student should be confronted with all the uncertainties of any 
problem. Such a course tends only to confuse and discourage. It is 
best at first to treat of matters as apparent certainties, and when the 
student shall have sufficiently progressed the uncertainties will grad- 
ually unfold of themselves. 

So in arranging this petrographic collection the curator has, in his 
classification, indicated a simplicity which perhaps does not actually 
exist, a system which aimed to be not so complicated as to confuse the 


8 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


public, nor so simple and indefinite as to excite the contempt of the 
specialist. 

As at present arranged all the rocks forming any essential part of 
_the earth’s crust are grouped under four main heads, the distinction 
being based upon their origin and structure. Each of the main divi- 
sions is again divided into groups or families, the distinction being 
based mainly upon mineral and chemical composition, structure, and 
mode of occurrence. We thus have: 

I. Aqueous rocks.—Rocks formed mainly through the agency of 
water as (a) chemical precipitates, or as (b) sedimentary beds. Having 
one or many essential constituents. In structure massive, laminated, 
or bedded, crystalline, colloidal, or fragmental ; never giassy. 

Il. Molian rocks.—Rocks formed from wind-drifted materials. In 
structure irregularly bedded; fragmental. 

Ifl. Metamorphic rocks.—Rocks changed from their original condi- 
tion through dynamic or chemical agencies, and which may have been 
in part of aqueous and in part of igneous origin. Having one or many 
essential constituents. In structure crystalline, bedded, schistose, or 
foliated. 

IV. Igneous rocks.—Eruptive. Rocks which have been brought up 
from below in a molten condition, and which owe their present structu- 
ral peculiarities to variations in composition and conditions of solidifi- 
cation. In structure massive, crystalline, felsitic, or glassy, or in cer- 
tain altered forms, colloidal. 

The following shows the type of labels used in this series: 


MICA SYENDTLE. 


GALLATIN County, Montana. 38,600. 


Collected by GrorceE P. MERRILL, 1886. 


MUSCOVITE-BIOTITE GRANITE with 
accessory TOPAZ and a LITHIA MICA. 
STOCKSCHNEIDER, in the Erz-Gebirge, Saxony. 
2041 OT: 
Obtained from B. SturTz, 1884. 


PYROXENITE; Websterite. 
Near Werster, Jackson County, North Caro- 
lina. 38,832. 
Gift of H. J. Brppe, 1887. 


Quartzite [Novaculite]. 
Leicu River, Victoria, Australia. 28,321. 
AUSTRALIAN CENTENNIAL COMMISSIONERS, 1876. 


NoTr.—The inclosing a name in brackets, as [Novaculite] in the last form, indi- 
cates that such has gone out of use, or is a local or popular name of little value and 
not generally accepted. 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 9 


This collection is at present arranged in eight of what are known 
as standard sloping table cases, and comprises some 1,600 .specimens 
divided approximately as follows: 

Aqueous rocks 350 specimens; Aolian rocks 20 specimens; Meta- 
morphic rocks 300 specimens, and Igneous rocks 930 specimens. For 
further details regarding classiiication, kinds, and localities represented 
reference must be made to the handbook and catalogue of this exhibit 
as it will appear in the Report of the U.S. National Museum for 1890. 

Tkis petrographic collection it has been found advisable to precede 
by four small exhibits illustrative of (1) structural features, (2) color 
variations and their causes, (3) specific gravities as influenced by com- 
position and structure, and (4) the variations in chemical composition. 

It is the object of the first, or structural series, to explain the mean- 
ing of sundry terms in common use among geologists, but whose exact 
meaning is not always understood by the publie at large. Such a col- 
lection really forms an illustrated glossary, since the meaning of each 
term, as *“‘ porpbyritic,” *‘ cellular,” etc., is shown by means of a specimen 
in which the structure is the most pronounced characteristic. This col- 
lection is supplemented by a series of twelve enlarged photomicro- 
graphs showing the structure of rocks as revealed by the microscope 
and seen in polarized light. 

In preparing these transparencies, a small chip from each rock was 
ground so thin as to be transparent (from one five hundredth to one 
six hundredth of an inch), and then after being mounted between thin 
slips of glass was photographed through a microscope and between 
crossed nicol prisms. [From the negatives thus prepared further en- 
largements weie made by means of a solar camera, the final print being 
on glass and twelve inches in diameter; that is, that portion of the 
stone which is in reality about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, is here 
made to appear one foot in diameter. 

These illustrations were then painted by hand, the artist taking his 
colors from an examination of the section itself under the microscope. 
The colors of the various minerals are not, therefore, in all cases the 
true colors of the minerals themselves, but rather the color they assume 
when after being cut at different angles with their optic and crystallo- 
graphic axes they are viewed by means of polarized light. Such colors 
are thereforesomewhat misleading at first, but are rendered necessary for 
the purpose of identification and to bring out sharply the lines of sepa- 
ration between one mineral and another and thus show the structure 
and composition of the rock. Owing to the thinness of the section it 
would appear in ordinary light, @.e., light not polarized, nearly color- 
less or with only dark flecks and faint tinges of color here and there. 

In the second, or color series, an endeavor has been made to arrange 
the rocks in five groups, showing (1) rocks colored by carbonaceous 
matter; (2) rocks colored by free oxides of iron; (3) rocks colored by 
the prevalence of iron rich silicates; (4) rocks the color of which is due ~ 


10 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889, 


in part at least to structural features and the transparency of feld- 
spathic constituents, and (5) rocks the color of which is also in part due 
to the physical condition of the various constituents, but more particu- 
larly to alack of carbonaceous matter, iron or other metallic oxides. To — 
this series is appended another showing the changes in color due (1) to 
the bleaching of the carbonaceous matter; (2) to the leaching out of fer- 
ruginous oxides by organic acids; (3) to the oxidation of iron protoxide 
carbonates or sulphides; (4) to a like change in the iron rich silicates, 
and (5) to a change in the physical condition of the constituent min- 
erals, mainly the feldspars. 

It is not necessary to here enlarge upon the third and fourth of the 
small series mentioned above, further than to say that the difference 
between the apparent and real specific gravity is rather strikingly 
shown in three contiguous glass jars each partially filled with water. 
The first contains a piece of pumiceous obsidian, which, buoyed up by 
its numerous vesicles, floats readily at the surface ; the second contains 
the same pumice, but sufficiently pulverized to admit the water into its 
vesicles. The fragments, therefore, sink to the bottom, as does the 
compact nonvesicular portion of the same obsidian in glass No. 3. This 
series is described in detail in the handbook above referred to. 

Aside from the collections described above as forming the exhibition 
series, as illustrative of the mineral aggregates forming any appreciable 
proportions of the earth’s crust, there are in the department, stored 
away in the table cases, many collections, designed primarily for study 
only. These are so arranged as to be accessible to the student on ap- 
plication to the Director of the Museum and on presentation of proper 
credentials, if such be deemed necessary. The collections thus stored 
are classed under the head of the study series. In preparing and 
arranging this series it may be well to state that it is made up largely 
of such materials as have somewhere and at some time been subject 
to investigation. Each specimen, after trimming to a size approxi- 
mating 3 by 4 by 1 inch, has a number painted on it in oil colors, and 
which refers to a written catalogue, in which is given whatever de- 
tailed information regarding its source and nature may be in posses- 
sion of the department. They are then placed in pasteboard trays, 
accompanied by written labels containing the same information as 
given in the catalogue, and placed in the drawers of the table cases. 
Material which is designed for the study series is, if of a miscellaneous 
nature, distributed through the collections in a systematic manner, cor- 
responding to that adopted for the exhibition series. Collections which, 
like those from Leadville and the Eureka District, to be noted later, 
represent systematic work upon rocks of a definite area, or which have 
been studied as a group for the elucidation of some particular problem, 
are kept intact, in order to best serve the purposes of the investigator. 
Characteristic rocks have in some cases been selected from these col- 
lections for exhibition purposes, but the individuality of the collection 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 11 


is in no case allowed to become destroyed. The more important collec- 
tions in this study series are mentioned below : 

Systematic study series.—This collection comprises some three thou- 
sand specimens of miscellaneous rocks from all parts of the globe, classi- 
fied systematically as in the exhibition series. 

The Leadville collection.—This comprises some three hundred and eighty 
eruptive, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and ores as collected and 
studied by Messrs. 8. F. Emmons and ©. Whitman Cross, of the U.S. 
Geological Survey, from the vicinity of Leadville, Colorado. It is a 
representative collection of the material described by the above-named 
authorities in Monograph xii of the U. S. Geological Survey, J. W. 
Powell, Director, and entitled “ Geology and Mining Industries of Lead- 
ville.” A characteristic series of the rocks and ores has been selected 
out and placed upon exhibition in the section devoted to economic ge- 
ology. (Catalogue Nos. 68801-69540 inclusive.) 

The Washoe collections.—These collections represent the work done 
by G. F. Becker and colleagues in the Washoe District and Comstock 
Lode, Nevada, the results of which were published in Monograph ut of 
the U.S. Geological Survey, entitled ‘* The Geology of the Comstock 
Lode.” They have also been the subject of investigation by Messrs. 
Hague and Iddings of the Geological Survey, whose results are embod- 
ied in Bulletin No. 7, U.S. Geological Survey, 1885, entitled ‘¢ The De- 
velopment or Crystallization in the Ingeous Rocks of Washoe, Nevada.” 
The collection is in part duplicated. There is first a series of 198 spee- 
imens typical rocks of the region in sizes some 4 by 5 by 1 inch, and 
second, the main study series in sizes about 15 by 1 by 14 inches, and 
comprising 2,064 specimens. (Catalogue Nos. 24001-24198 inclusive 
and 70691-72754 inclusive.) 

The collections of the Fortieth Parallel Survey. —This comprises some 
three thousand specimens of eruptive and sedimentary rocks collected 
by members of the Fortieth Parallel Survey, under the direction of Clar- 
ence King in 1867~73. The eruptive rocks of the series were described 
by Prof. F. Zirkel in Vol. vt (Microscopic Petrography) of the Reports 
of the U.S. Geological Expiorations of the Fortieth Parallel. (Catalogue 
Nos. 20301-23398 inclusive.) 

The Hawes collections.—These comprise some 350 specimens eruptive 
and altered rocks representing in part the work done by Dr. Hawes in 
connection with the New Hampshire surveys as published in Part Iv, 
Vol. 11, of these reports. It also includes the small fragments de- 
scribed in his paper on the Albany granites and their contact phenom- 
ena. (Am. Jour. of Science, 1881, xx1, p. 21-32; Catalogue Nos, 29628- 
29290.) 

The Pacifie Slope quicksilver collections.—These comprise several hun- 
dred small specimens (mostly 4x6 em) rocks and ores from the quick- 
‘silver regions of the locality above noted, as collected and described by 


12 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


G. F. Becker and colleagues in Monograph x of the U.S. Geological — 
Survey, entitled Geology of the Quicksilver Deposits of the Pacific Slope. - 

U.S. Geological Survey collections.—F. V. Hayden in charge, The i 
various collections made by the surveys under the direction of F. V. 
Hayden, mainly from Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, 
Idaho, and the Yellowstone Nationai Park. These comprise some 1,200 
hand specimens of eruptive and sedimentary rocks. Much valuable 
material is missing from these, having been lost or destroyed prior to 
1880. . 

Collections from surveys west of the one hundredth meridian.—The col- 
lections made in 187179 under the direction of Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, 
U. S. Engineer Department. These comprise some 680 specimens 
which, though but little studied by modern methods, are, with those of 
the Hayden surveys, kept together for purpose of reference. 

Pigeon Point collections.—These comprise 400 specimens, illustrating 
various contact phenomena, as occurring at Pigeon Point on the north 
shore of Lake Superior, and as described by Prof. W. 8S. Bayley in a 
forthcoming bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey. 

Menominee Valley and Marquette River collections.—These comprise 
354 specimens illustrative of the dynamic metamorphism of eruptive 
rocks, as described by Dr. G. H. Williams in Bulletin No, 62, U. 8. Geo- 
logical Survey. 

Alaska collections.—These comprise some 250 specimens miscellaneous 
rocks collected mainly by W. H. Dall in 1866-68. 

Missouri.—A series comprising,!14 characteristic rocks from south- 
western Missouri, as collected and described by Prof. E. Haworth. 
(Catalogue, Nos. 38628-38741, inclusive.) 

Bear Paw Mountain, Montana.—A small series of eruptive, metamor- 
phic, and drift rocks from the Bear Paw Mountains, collected by Dr. A. 
C. White and J. B. Marcou in 1883. (Catalogue, Nos. 28666-28743, inclu- 
Sive.) 

St. Gothard Tunnel.—A series of metamorphic rocks, comprising some 
80 specimens received from the Swiss commissioner to the Centennial 
Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876. (Catalogue, Nos. 37495-37574.) 

Commander Islands, Coast of Kamtschatka.—A small series of the 
characteristic rocks of these islands collected by Dr. L. Stejuiger in 
1882-83. (Catalogue, Nos. 37937-37972.) 

Australian collections —A series of some 355 rocks from Victoria, 
Australia, as received from the Australian centennial commissioners 
in 1876. (Catalogue, Nos. 28121-28475.) 

Brazilian collections. —An interesting series of 269 specimens of erup- 
tive and metamorphic rocks received {rom the governmental geologist, 
O. A. Derby. (Catalogue, Nos. 69759-70027.) 

To the extent that facilities have permitted, thin sections for micr6- 
scopic study have been prepared from the rocks of both the exhibition 
and study collections. At the date of writing the number of these 
slides amounts to some 4,000. 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 13 


IIL— DYNAMICAL AND PHYSIOGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY. 


Under this section are discussed the agencies and methods of geo- 
logical change. It is of course impossible to represent these agencies 
in actual operation, and we must confine ourselves to a display of 
results which the labels explain. In this section are placed those 
objects illustrative of (1) Plutonic or hypogene action, under which are 
included (a) volcanoes and voleanic action, ()) earthquakes, (c) secular 
upheaval and subsidence, and (d) hypogene causes of changes in the 
texture, structure, and composition of rocks; and (2) epigene or surface 
action as illustrated by the destructive and constructive or reprodue- 
tive action of the atmosphere, water, and life in its various forms. 

(1) Plutonic or hypogene action (Geikie, pp. 178-294).—Voleanoes and 
volcanic action are illustrated by a small (2 feet 44 inches square) model 
of Vesuvius and Monte Somma, Italy, and which is accompanied by a 
collection illustrating the character of the ejectamenta. This includes 
the lavas of 1651, 1760, 1855, and 1872; ejected and altered blocks of 
limestone (73965, 72966, 72968, and 72969); ashes, sand, and dust, in- 
cluding the pumiceous materials such as overwhelmed Pompeii (73149) ; 
decomposed ash from the crater of 1872 (72988); lapilli from the cone 
of 1880; hematite with chlorides of iron, copper, potash soda, magnesia 
(72993); cupriferous sylvite (73032); sulphur and other sublimation or 
solution products. Under this head is also exhibited a fine example of 
the siliceous cones built up by the geysers of the Yellowstone National 
Park (35590); the calcareous cones sometimes formed by hot springs 
(10809), and a diminutive cone of a mud volcano from the same region 
(12879). The varying character of volcanic ejectamenta is shown by a 
remarkably fine series of basaltic lavas in large specimens from the 
now extinct voleanoes of Ice Spring Buttes, Utah (35371-35374), and 
the Hawaian Islands (35849-35851), including a cake of lava dipped by 
Dr. Judd from the crater of Lua Pele (12823); and by acid compact and 
pumiceous glassy lavas (obsidians) from Mexico (35780) and the Mono 
craters, California (29630 to 29631). 

There are also numerous smaller specimeus from Vesuvius and other 
active volcanoes. The fragmental material ejected (Geikie, p. 186) is 
illustrated by ashes and sand ejected in 1883 from the volcano on Bo- 
gosloff Island (37034); by pumice dusts which, when blown from the 
vent, are often drifted long distances by the winds (37207); lapilli, such 
as frequently make up the volcanic cones (35535), and quite a series 
of bombs, including specimens from the Auvergne (39130); the Hifel 
(38755); Brazil (69988); the Hawaian Islands (70568); a pumiceous 
bomb from Vulcano on the island of Lipari exhibiting the so-called 
bread-crust structure (73163); a large flattened bomb picked up one- 
half mile from the crater at Ice Spring Butte (35373); a typically elon- 
gate globular-shaped bomb from Mount Trumbull in Arizona (70586), 
and two peculiar basaltic bombs with large angular inclosures of gran- 
ular olivine (70585) from the same region. The exhibit is supple- 
H. Mis. 224, pt. 2——-57 


14 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


mented by a series of photographs of the extinct voleanoes about Mono © 
Lake, California, as taken by Mr. I. C. Russell (70320-70328), ‘ 

The non-voleanic igneous injections lend themselves less readily to 
exhibition purposes owing to the size of the materials. Among the 
more interesting objects now displayed are the basic trapdikes cutting — 
coarse granite from Auburn and Norway, Maine (35964 and 35520), and 
the small kersantite dikes cutting crystalline limestone from Franklin 
Furnace, New Jersey (39041). The character of the material thus 
formed may be best comprehended by reference to the specimens in 
the rock collection proper. 

The subjects of earthquakes and secular upheaval and depression can 
be treated only by means of models and illustrations. The scheme has 
not as yet been worked out in detail. 


HYPOGENE CAUSES OF CHANGES IN THE TEXTURE, STRUCTURE, AND COMPOSITION 
OF ROCKS. 

(1) The effects of heat-—-Among the more interesting and instructive 
objects here exhibited attention may be called to the series illustrating 
what is known as contact metamorphism, 7. ¢., rocks which have been 
changed or metamorphosed from their original condition by the heat 
and the incident chemical action of intruded igneous rocks. This series 
at present includes limestone in contact with a dike rock (39042) and 
rendered white and coarsely erystalline thereby; clay changed to por- 
celainite or porcelain jasper (3899) ; chalk rendered hard and almost vitre- 
ous by the same agencies (39121); an argillite indurated and changed 
to a bright red through the heat of burning beds of lignite (70675) ; 
and a considerable series of sedimentary rock from various European 
localities (principally the Vosges and Harz Mountains) which have been 
altered to the condition known as fruchtschiefers, knotenshiefers, horn- 
stones, spilosites, etc. (See Geikie, pp. 564 and 565.) The dike of ker- 
santite in contact with zine ore from Franklin Furnace, New Jersey 
(39105), is peculiarly instructive, the heat having been sufficient to fuse 
the ore at point of contact. In specimens 35932 and 35933 are shown 
argillites from Nahant, Massachusetts, which have developed in them 
greenish oval spots due to incipient crystallization caused by the pro- 
trusion of a large mass of trap rock (diabase) shown in specimen 35931. 
Specimen 36767, from near Deckertown, New Jersey, is a shale indu- 
rated and banded by the intrusion of a large mass of nepheline syenite 
in the vicinity. 

(2) The effects of compression, tension, and fracture.—A record of the 
movements which have taken place in the earth’s crust is kept by means 
of the folds and faults developed. It is obviously impossible to show 
these forces in actual operation, but something of their character and 
force may be learned from an examination of the few specimens here 
exhibited. The first to be noticed is a wax model made and presented 
by Mr. Bailey Willis, of the U.S, Geological Survey (73180). Layers 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 15 


of wax of different colors and consistency were first laid horizontally 
on a board and weighted down by means of bird shot placed on the top. 
Pressure was then applied from the direction of the two ends (the right 
and the left) when the mass passed through the various stages shown 
in the photographs and finally assumed the shape in which it is now 
exhibited. 

Although a mass of rock may seem to us firm and unyielding, it is 
nevertheless susceptible of undergoing just such a crumpling and fold- 
ing as has this wax model through the long continued compressive and 
shearing force which from time to time has manifested itself in various 
parts of the earth’s crust. A few examples of such folds and crumplings 
or contortions are here shown, and a larger, more varied series may be 
found under the head of structural geology. Attention may be called 
to the contorted gneisses from Brandon, Vermont (39818) ; Sherburne 
Falls, Massachusetts (38124); Stony Point, New York (38746), and 
Norway (70422), 

Such a force does not always result, however, in the production of 
folds, but as is now well known may be productive of a foliated or 
schistose structure. 

Interesting examples of such results are shown in a series of specimens 
from Slatington, Pennsylvania (70104-70107 and 70266-70267). To 
fully appreciate this exhibit it must be remembered that the slates were 
originally formed as fine sediments laid down on a sea bottom, and that 
the cleavage whereby they split up readily into thin sheets is due 
wholly to subsequent pressure (see Geikie, p. 288) and is in no way con- 
nected with the bedding which may cross it at any and all angles. In 
the specimens the bedding is indicated by the dark bands and the 
cleavage is plainly shown cutting across it. 

In certain of the samples the material of these dark bands seems to 
have lent itself less readily to the compressive force, and may be ob- 
served to have puckered (specimens 70104 and 70105) or even to have 
broken and fauited repeatedly, as in the block No. 70266. 

All rocks are not equally tough or elastic, and as may readily be 
imagined do not always show similar effects under the action of the 
same forces. Many brittle rocks are shattered into innumerable frag. 
ments under a shock or such pressure as would be productive of far less 
striking results on tougher materials. This shattering effect is shown 
in the collections by the polished slabs of limestone breccia from Algeria 
(69574). The fragments in this case have been reunited by the cement- 
ing action of infiltrating water carrying lime and iron oxides in solution 
and form thus our richest and most prized marbles. 

Other interesting indications of great pressure and strain are shown 
in a series of indented and crushed pebbles. The large quartz pebble 
from Silesia (13048) is peculiarly interesting, having been broken re- 
peatedly in two directions and one portion pushed over the other for a 
distance of a centimetre or more, Yet the parts have so firmly reunited 


16 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


that the pebble is today apparently as strong as ever. Still other — 
effects of pressure and shearing are shown in the broken trap-dikes and 
veins of serpentine in the crystalline limestone of Smithfield, Rhode 
Island (69560-69572), and the foliated structure of certain gneisses. 

The phenomena of jointing, produced by a sharp shock or an abrupt 
fold, is illustrated on a small scale by a specimen of gneiss from Cape 
Elizabeth, Maine, in which the rock is divided at intervals of a few 
inches by rifts as sharp as though made by a lapidary’s wheel. Other 
peculiar forms of jointing are shown in shale from Cambridge, Massa- 
chusetts (70590), and slates from Carlton County, Minnesota (26488), 
Joints in igneous rocks and other specimens illustrative of the phe- 
nomena on a larger scale may be found under the structural series. 
(See p. 28.) 

The movement of a mass of rock along the line of a joint gives rise 
to what is known technically as a fault. Specimens illustrative of this 
feature and suitable for exhibition purposes are as a rule difficult to ob- 
tain owing to their size. Nevertheless it occasionally happens that 
good examples may be had on a scale sufficiently small for exhibition. 
In each of the cases exhibited the amount of displacement was slight, 
and is readily determined by the bands of various color by which they 
are traversed. In these instances, as is not always the case in larger 
rock masses, the faulted blocks have become reunited so firmly that the 
fault would scarcely be suspected but for the fact that the color bands 
are no longer continuous. (Specimens 72869 from Montana and 20809 
from Nevada.) 

The slipping of one mass of rock over another along a line of fault 
give rise to smooth and striated, often highly polished surfaces known 
as slickensides. These are shown on massive magnetite from New 
York State (37039); anthracite coal from Pennsylvania (70660); and 
the wall rock of silver mines in the Reese River district Nevada (31638). 

(3) The metamorphism of rocks.—The subjects of the metamorphism 
of rocks by the heat of injected volcanic masses has already been 
touched upon (p. 14), as has also that form of change produced by move- 
ments in the earth’s crust and resulting in a schistose foliated or brec- 
ciated structure (p.15). There is one other form of change, however, 
which can perhaps be best illustrated here. This is the change known 
as mgtasomatosis, a process of indefinite substitution and replacement. 
The details of this process are admirably shown in the series illustrat- 
ing the origin of serpentinous rocks. 

Serpentine, it should be remembered, is essentially a hydrous silicate 
of magnesia, consisting, when pure, of nearly equal proportions of 
silica and magnesia with from 12 to 13 per cent. of water. The massive 
varieties occurring in nature are, however, always more or less impure, 
containing frequently from 10 to 12 per cent. of iron oxides, together 
with varying quantities of chrome iron (chromite), iron pyrites, horn- 
blende, olivine, minerals of the pyroxene group, and the carbonates of 
lime and magnesia. 


: 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 17 


The reason for this great diversity in composition lies mainly in the ~ 
fact that the serpentine rarely if ever occtirs as an original deposit, but 
is always secondary, a product of alteration of either eruptive or sedi: 
mentary rocks rich in such magnesiaii iminerals as olivine and the non- 
aluminous pyroxenes. As, however, these rocks rarely consist of pure 
magnesian silicates, but carry in addition lime, alumina, and various 
metallic oxides, these constituents separate out during the process of 
change, and recrystallize in veins, streaks, and blotches as calcite, dolo- 
mite, magnetite, etc., thus producing the common Variations in color. 

The theory long ably advocated by Dr. Hunt to the effect that the 
serpentine occurring intercalated with beds of schistose rocks and 
limestones resulted from metamorphism of silico-magnesian sediments 
deposited by sea waters is now very generally abandoned, and it is 
doubtfulif the substance ever occurs as an original deposit even in the 
eozoonal forms.' 

The following analyses will serve to illustrate the change in compo- 
sition which takes place in the conversion of (1) olivine and (It) py- 
roxene into serpentine. 


I TI. 
Se ee ee II. 
7 a Ded Weak d | 
Per. et.| Per ct | Per ct. | Per et. | Per ct. 
SMC Me eteaine ae ko aaa cin asad ealcea awe oecine cise sce tiseoamcealemtcisles 41.32 |. 42.72 | 54.215 | 42.38 43. 48 
WB SUIB ENED: (oR an pao SEE BUDEO DeSONOS HOBEOS dSatoe > coSbudsSASecoE 54.69 | 42.52 | 19.82 42.14 | 43.43 
Sao SS Fea Sa an ee Po Dial eose oe (Saas 
MIR ART i. oe OR epee ee oe erage 0.28| 0.06| 0.59 | 0.07 }........ 
INERT IR SS eS a ee ye Ga an DSO Br de BED Ee OE OF CAB eS sera e oa beseeroe actasion 0. 20 0:97? [eeseeeee 
MOLLOUS ORIG Cian a = Soainc ac sect e ee sae Se aace alse sao ea 2.39 PRP || Pz) OO? | aeene ‘ 
\ Ee soot aaa web a tase eg sapere ScCcbnESanbeacabe: Mecrpp ae 0520) | 137339) | Orit 14.12 | 13. Of 


(a) Olivine, Snarum, Norway; (b) serpentine derived from the same; (¢c) pyroxene, 
Montville, New Jersey ; (d) serpentine derived from the same, and (111) the theo- 
retical composition of serpentine. 


This change, it will be observed, is, in the case of the olivine, simply 
a process of hydration—an assumption of some 13 per cent. of water. 
In the pyroxene the process is more complex and consists of a loss in 
silica, of all the lime which crystallizes out as calcite, and an assumption 
of nearly 14 per cent. of water. 

In the series exhibited the derivation of serpentine from a pyroxene, 
as indicated in analysis 11 above, is admirably shown by the suite of 
specimens from Montville, New Jersey. In the large mass placed out- 
side the case the gray core of pyroxene may be observed covered with 
a thin crust of serpentine and traversed by large and small veins of the 


1 The reader is referred to ‘‘ British Petrography,” by J. J. H. Teall (Dulan and 
Company, Soho Square, London), p. 104, for a most excellent historical sketch of this 
subject. Also to Becker’s report on the quicksilver deposits of the Pacific Slope. 
Monograph xu, U. 8. Geological Survey, p. 117. 


18 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


same substance, the process having been arrested before completion. 
The same condition of affairs is shown in the smaller specimens num- 
bered 39038, 39101, 39110, and 69195 in the case, several of these having 
been cut and polished to better show the various stages. In many 
instances the calcium set free has erystallized out by itself in the form 
of calcite of a blue gray tint. The exteriors of many of the nodules, it 
will be observed, are grooved and striated like glacial bowlders owing 
to expansion and consequent crowding in the process of hydration. 
(See original paper ‘‘On the Serpentine of Montville, New Jersey,” in 
the bound pamphlets on the table.) Serpentine after pyroxene is also 
admirably shown in the large polished block from Thurman, Warren 
County, New York. 

Serpentine after tremolite is shown in specimens 70131, from New 
York, and in specimens 70114, 70115, 70119, 70121, and 70122, from 
Easton, Pennsylvania. The least changed rock is shown in specimen 
70122, and the different stages of the alteration are indicated in gradual 
change in color from light gray, nearly white, to greenish colors. 

Serpentine after a peridotite is Shown in specimen 70137 from the 
Lizard, Cornwall, England, and in the deep, bright green rock from near 
Texas, Pennsylvania (70160). Serpentine after pyroxenite is shown in 
specimens 38478 and 38471 fronry Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, 
the first mentioned being the fresh enstatite rock, while the last is the 
impure serpentinous product to which it gives rise. Serpentine after 
pyroxene and replacing calcite, giving rise to the mixed serpentine, cal- 
cite, and dolomite rock, ophiolite, is shown in specimens 70082 to 70084 
from Morian, Essex County, New York. 


From Piutonic or hypogene, we pass to (11) Surface or epigene action, 
in which section are displayed materials illustrative of the destructive, 
constructive, and reproductive effects of the atmosphere, of surface 
water, and of life in its various forms (Geikie p. 301 et seq.) 


AIR. 


Pure dry air, as stated by Professor Geikie, has but little effect upon 
rock masses, and it is only through the aid of dissolved moisture and 
temperature variations that its efficacy as a geological agent becomes 
apparent. Nevertheless, there are certain phenomena which, although 
it may be of slight geological importance, are sufficiently interesting to 
find a place here. 

Effects of lightning.—Under this head are exhibited an interesting 
and instructive series of fulgurites or lightning tubes. Specimens of 
tubular form like those from Illinois (35905), New Jersey (39313), South 
Carolina (37414), Florida (38312 and 73263), and Maldonado, South 
America (38852), are formed by the lightning striking in loose sand, 
the heat of the flash being sufficient to fuse the sand, and thus form on 
cooling the frail glassy tubes shown in the specimens. When lightning 


strikes on solid rock the more common resilt is a mere superficial — 


. 
: 
, 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 19 


- fusion, although occasional holes of slight depth are formed, as shown 
in specimens from Oregon and Armenia.* A more complete descrip- 
tion of these may be found in the bound volume of pamphlets on the 
table.t 
_ Effects of temperature variations.—As is well known, the usual effects 
of heat upon any material substance is that of expansion, and of cold 
contraction. In countries like the arid regions of the West the alterna- 
tions of heat and cold are often so great as to produce very marked 
disintegration and exfoliation even in the toughest and most solid of 
rocks. The results of such disintegration are not of such a nature as 
to lend themselves readily to exhibition purposes. In the specimen 
shown (a compact andesite from Madison County, Montana), the entire 
mass of rock has on the surface become by these temperature varia- 
tions broken into blocks of but a few pounds’ weight each, and the sur- 

face of the ground on the neighboring slopes is everywhere covered 
with small chips thus flaked off with beautiful concave and convex sur- 
faces, as may be observed in the specimen. The high plateaus and 
mountain tops in this region are invariably covered by loose débris in 
the form of thin sheets of but a few inches or many feet in diameter 
which have been thus flaked off. 

The effects of wind.—The geological action of the wind is due mainly 
to (1) its efficacy as a transporting agent, and (2) to the abrasive effects 
of the transported substances. Its efficacy as a transporting agent 
can be shown only by an exhibition of the material transported and by 
photographs. 

Of chief interest in this exhibit are the fine volcanic dusts, such as, 
after being ejected from the volcanic throat, are drifted by winds, it 
may be for many miles. Specimen 35800 was gathered at Tryssil, on 
the coast of Norway, in November, 1875, having been blown by the 
wind from Iceland. No.36974 is a product of the eruption of Krakatoa 
in 1883. This dust fell at the rate of an inch an hour on board the 
ship Beaconsfield while at a distance of 800 miles from its source. No. 
38588 is from a bed not less than 6 feet in thickness, and which occu- 
pies the bed of a now extinct lakein Gallatin County, Monanta. The 
photograph shows the thickness and position of this bed. Other 
samples shown are from similar beds in Nebraska (37023, 37024, and 
38545) and Nevada (77206). Of the coarser materials thus drifted atten- 
tion may be called to the gypseous sand from near Fillmore, Utah. 
This, as described by Geologist Gilbert, is first formed as minute erys- 
tals on evaporation of the water of playalakes. Subsequently the winds 
sweeping across the dry lake beds gather the sand into drifts. 

The siliceous and calcareous sands in arid regions or along sea and 
lake shores are often thus blown into huge drifts or dunes, which them- 


* The gift of Mr. J. S. Diller, of the U. 8. Geological Survey. 
tOn Fulgurites, Proc. U.S. National Museum, 1886, p. 83, and Fulgurites or Light- 
ning Holes, Pop. Sci. Monthly, Feb., 1837, p. 527. See also Geikie, p. 303. 


20 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 


selves travel slowly across the country, burying everything which hap- 
pens in their path. The shell sand shown in specimens 20255 and 20256 
from the island of Bermuda is thus blown up from the shore, and like 
huge drifts of snow has buried garden, woodlands, and even houses. 
Photographs illustrative of the sand dunes of the Lake Michigan region 
are also here included. 

The abrasive effects of material transported by the wind is often | 
manifested in a highly interesting and instructive manner. It can be 
readily understood that sand sharply blown against any stationary ob- 
ject would have a tendency to wear it slowly away, a fact which is taken 
advantage of in the artificial sandblast used in glass and stone cutting. 

In many sandy regions, and particularly those where dry winds prevail 
a considerable portion of the year, this abrasive action becomes notice- 
ably conspicuous. 

Under this head are here exhibited a small series of rocks thus carved 
and polished. The most curious of these is the conglomerate (20472) 
from Nevada, into which. the natural sandblast has drilled irregular 
worm-like holes. Others of interest are the beautifully polished spece- 
imens from Montana, collected by Dr. A. C. Peale and G. P. Merrill, 
(Nos. 38575, 70602), and also the grooved basalt and peculiarly etched 
pebbles from Arizona (Nos. 37200, 38828, and 39094), collected and de- 
scribed by G. K. Gilbert while geologist of the surveys west of the one 
hundredth meridian. Here, tov, is exhibited a large plate of glass from 
a light-house on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. During a heavy storm this 
became so abraded all over its exposed surface by windblown sand as 
to be no longer serviceable, and to necessitate its removal (No. 35537). 
This series is supplemented by photographs copied from Gilbert’s re- 
port on the geology of the region west of the one hundredth meridian. 


WATER. 


Water as a geological agent acts both chemically and mechanically. 
The chemical processes involved are grouped by Professor Geikie (p. 
317) under the heads of (1) oxidation, (2) deoxidation, (3) solution, (4) 
formation of carbonates, and (5) hydration. In nature it frequently 
happens that any or all of these processes are going on at the same 
time in a rock mass, the general result of the combined forces being 
spoken of as weathering. In the exhibits one or more typical illustra- 
tions are given of each of the processes working alone and a larger 
series illustrative of the more complex process of weathering. 

Oxidation is illustrated by argillite (73267), in which the iron oxide 
has segregated in zones of varying color, giving the rock a beautiful 
banded structure. 

Deoxidation is shown by sandstone (18927) colored brown by iron 
oxides, but from which a portion of the coloring matter has been leached 
out by organie acids. 

Solution by a fine block of linrestone fluted by the action of rain 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 21 


water running down the face of the cliff (70588), and by blocks of gyp- 
sum eroded by similar means (35590). 

Many rocks show the effects of solution unequally, owing to the un- 
equal hardness and solubility of their various parts. Thus the lime- 
stone from Bear Paw Mountain, Montana (28724), is strongly ribbed by 
siliceous veins from between which the calcium carbonate has been dis- 
solved. Similar phenomena are shown in specimen No. 37635. 

The formation of carbonates is carried on in such a way as not readily 
to be shown in a series of this kind. The specimen exhibited is an 
eruptive rock in which many of the silicate minerals have undergone 
decomposition, giving rise to an abundance of carbonate of lime or eal- 
cite. 

Hydration by itself can be best illustrated in the conversion of olivine 
into serpentine (see p. 16), and is also shown in the derivation of gypsum 
from anhydrite, but the change in appearance is, in the latter case, 
searcely suificiently marked to be appreciated. Hydration accom- 
panied by oxidation, whereby the entire mass of substance falls to frag- 
ments, is well shown in the pyrite-bearing coals of Virginia, and hydra- 
tion accompanied by the production of carbonates by the pyrexene 
altered into serpentine. 

The general destructive effects of weathering are shown in an inter- 
esting series of fresh and decomposed granitic rocks from the District 
of Columbia, in which may be traced all gradations from the compact 
fresh rock through specimens more or less kaolinized and oxidized to 
soft pulverulent material, upon which plants may be grown. The prin- 
cipal changes that have taken place being, aside from a physical disin- 
tegration, an assumption of water, a removal of the alkalies potash 
and soda, and a conversion of the combined iron oxides into free hydrous 
sesquioxides, whereby the rock has charged from a gray to a bright 
umber red. Other objects of like nature here displayed are residual 
clays from the Southern States, as described by Mr. I. C. Russell in 
Bulletin No. 51 of the U.S. Geological Survey.* The exhibit is accom- 
panied by a few specimens and photographs, showing spheroidal and 
other types of weathering common to various rocks. 

Water percolating through the superficial portions of the earth’s 
crust dissolves certain constituents either directly or sets up a series of 
chemical changes resulting in the production of soluble compounds 
which are gradually removed to be deposited elsewhere or perhaps 
carried down into the ocean. Nearly all spring waters are hard, owing 
to the amount of mineral matter contained by them, while rain waters 
are soft owing to the absence of all mineral matter. By the dissolving 
pewer of water are formed the numerous caverns so common in lime- 
stone regions. By the deposition of mineral matter held in solution 
are formed a variety of products, some of which are very beautiful. 


*On the Subaérial Decay of Rocks and the Origin of the Red Color of Certain 
Formation. 


22 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 


Among these, which may perhaps be properly grouped under the 
head of constructive and reproductive effects of water, need at present 
be mentioned the exceptionally fine series of stalactites and stalagmites, 
mainly from the Luray Caves of Virginia; the beautiful siliceous and 
calcareous sinters from the geysers and hot springs of the Yellowstone 
Park and the peculiar imitative calcareous tufas from Lake Lahonton, 
Nevada, as collected and described by Mr. I. C. Russell, of the U. S. Geo- 
logical Survey. Besides these are many specimens less conspicuous for 
their size, but none the less instructive. Among them attention may be 
directed to the agates which were deposited from solution in the cay- 
ities of trap rocks. In the specimen from near South Boulder Creek, 
Montana, is shown a small agate still in the cavity which it formed. 
Other solution products are the rock salts from New Iberia, Louisiana 
(38461); Stassfurth, Germany, and the cale tufas coating leaves and 
stems of plants from Soda Springs, Idaho (39136). 

This series is supplemented by photographs of the tufa deposits 
about Mono Lake, California, and the geyser and hot spring deposits 
in the Yellowstone National Park. 

Running streams carrying fine detritus act ina mechanical as well as 
chemical manner. in this way are formed such curiously eroded forms 
as the granite bowlder from Craftsbury, Vermont, in which the finer 
grained portion has shown greater resistance than the upper coarser 
part (70099). Objects of this nature are as a rule too large for exhibi- 
tion as specimens, and recourse must be had to models and illustrations, 
Here, then, attention may be directed to the large model of the Grand 
Cation of the Colorado River, and also the ten panoramic views of the 
same placed high against the north wall of the range, as well as the 
transparencies in the windows on the south side. 

The transporting and constructive power of running streams is at 
present indicated in the series only by a few vials showing the amount 
of mineral and organic matter contained in a litre of Potomac water 
during a season freshet. This part of the exhibit has not yet been 
worked out in detail. The transporting power of ocean currents is 
shown by a small collection of seeds cast up on the beach at Palisadoes 
Plantation, island of Jamaica, a part of which are quite foreign to the 
island, and by fragments of pumice from the volcano of Krakatoa, but 
which were found floating on the surface of the water at a distance of 
1,315 miles from their source. There is need of more material here. 

The mechanical action of waves as displayed in the undermining and 
breaking down of rocky cliffs can be shown only by models and illus- 
trations. A small amount of space is, however, here given to a series 
illustrating the resultant product of such action. 

The material selected comes from Cape Elizabeth, on the coast of 
Maine. The cliffs on the shore are composed of finely fissile schists 
which are traversed by numerous veins of quartz. The continual ham- 
mering of the waves from the open Atlantic causes the schist to slowly 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 23 


disintegrate and fall to the foot of the cliff, often in pieces of consid- 
erable size. The quartz veins being hardest and toughest remain intact 
until the last and often protrude some distance beyond the surface of 
the schist as shown in the large specimens No. 39036. 

Once at the foot of the cliff the fragments are alternately thrown upon 
the beach and dragged back into thé sea by each successive wave and its 
return undertow until gradually reduced to the pebble form. All 
stages in the process are shown from the angular fragment as it fell 
from the cliff to the resultant oval pebble. It will be observed that 
owing to the fissile nature of the schist its pebbles are always 1n the 
form of a greatly flattened oval, while those of the massive quartz are 
more nearly spherical. But of whatever character the material the 
normal shape of a beach formed bowlder or pebble is oval, and this for 
the reason that the wave action is a dragging rather than a carrying 
one; the stone is not lifted bodily and hurled toward the shore to roll 
back with the receding wave, but is rather shoved and dragged along. 
Gravity tends to hold the fragments in one position so that the wear is 
greatest on the side which is down, and this in itself would cause them 
to assume an oval or fiattened form even were they spherical and of 
homogeneous material at the start. 

At the end of this series is put a sand composed of admixed coarse 
and fine fragments of shell, schist, and siliceous particles, and which 
was obtained at low tide further out from the shore. This may be re- 
garded as illustrative of the material now forming as stratified deposits 
at this point of the coast. 

Geological action of ice.—Materials illustrating the destructive effects 
of freezing water are for the time being not separated from those illus- 
trative ef the general process of rock weathering. Here are grouped 
only objects relating to the phenomena of glaciation as produced by 
modern glaciers and during the glacial epoch. 

The exhibit begins with a series of photographs taken by Mr. I. C. 
Russell, of the U. 8S. Geological Survey, showing the existing glaciers 
on Mounts Dana and Lyell, in California, and the morainal embank- 
ments near Mono Lake (70279-70301). There are also shown scratched 
and scarred pebbles from the Dana glacier (37206) and a sample of the 
finely pulverized rock from the foot of the glacier at head of Parker’s 
Creek, near Mono Lake (37234). A similarly formed sediment is also 
shown from a glacial stream in Greenland (38856). The work of the 
ice during the glacial period is shown by grooved, polished, and striated 
stones from several localities. Among the more striking of these atten- 
tion may be called to the following: A large slab (30 by 48 inches) of 
grooved and fiuted limestone from Kelley’s Island, in Lake Erie (38534), 
and others from St. David’s, Ontario (72833 and 72834). These are the 
slabs figured on pages 194, 195, and 214, Seventh Annual Report United 
States Geological Survey for 1885~86. There is also a slab (26 by 30 
inches) from Rochester, New York, showing strive in two directions, 


24 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


and numerous smaller specimens of smoothed or scratched rocks from 
the New England States and Greenland. . 
Forming a part of this series are also photographs of the glacial 


potholes at Archbald, Pennsylvania (38294), and of alarge drift bowlder 


on the northern end of Deer Isle, Maine (37413). There are also smaller 
views showing fields covered with drift bowlders. 


LIFE. 


The collections illustrating the destructive effect of life in its various 
forms are at present writing sadly lacking in desirable materials. A few 
poorly selected stones bored by mollusks (No. 29644-29649) and a fria- 
ble sandstone riddled by the holes of a hymenopterous insect (37641) 
constitute about all that is worthy of mention. The constructive effects 
are better shown by the diatomaceous earths (37429), marls (36850 and 
70034), shell limestones (35814 and 37749), chalk (36013), guano (69281), 
and the peats and coals (36826). 

The method of formation of a coral island is in this series shown by 
a small collection illustrative of the geology of Bermuda. The exhibit 
begins with a collection of the more common corals and shells of the 
island, and which by their disintegration have furnished the bulk of the 
materials of which the islands are composed. These include bottles 
which, having lain for two years in the water, are covered by a growth 
of millepora aleicornis, and which illustrate the rapidity of the coral 
formation. Following these are specimens of the corals and shells 
common to the neighboring waters, and the fine calcareous sand which, 
resulting from their disintegration, is thrown by the waves upon the 
beaches, dried, and drifted inland by the winds. Following these are 
the rocks which result from the consolidation of these fragmental mate- 
rials, a consolidation brought about by the dissolving action of water 
on the calcium earbonate of the shells and- a redeposition of the dis- 
solved materials at greater depths below the surface to form a cement 
binding together the grains. Following these are the soils and residual 
clays; surface and weathered rocks illustrative of the characteristic 
roughness of the coast; stalactites and stalagmitic masses resulting 
from the deposition of dissolved lime in the numerous caverns with 
which the island abounds; the exhibit closing with a series of rocks 
foreign to the islands, but which occur occasionally as small pebbles, 
having been drifted from other sources, and presumably entangled in 
the roots of trees. For most of the materials in this collection the 
museum is indebted to Prof. William N. Rice and the late Dr. G. W. 
Hawes. 


IIl.—STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY: THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE EARTH’S 
CRUST. 


Under this head are displayed stratified rocks showing (1) stratifica- 
tion and its accompaniments, as forms of bedding, surface markings, con- 
cretions, and such other illustrations as lend themselves readily to 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 25 


exhibition purposes; (2) joints in both stratified and massive rocks ; 
(3) inclination, strike,and dip of rocks (shown only by models and 
photographs) ; (4) curvature, cleavage, distortion and dislocation, and 
other modifications of the primary arrangement of the earti’s crust; (5) 
igneous rocks as a part of the structure of the earth ; and (6) veins and 
vein materials. 

Many objects are here displayed of precisely the same nature as under 
dynamical geology, in the one case illustrating the methods by which 
certain structures are brought about and in the other the structures 
themselves. The text-book arrangement has not here in all cases been 
strictly adhered to, as not being quite adapted to our purpose. 

(1) Stratification and its accompaniments.—(a) Formsof bedding: This 
department of the exhibit is at present sadly in need of suitable mate- 
rial. The few specimens at present on hand are small and poor, and 
need not therefore be further noted here. 

(b) Surface markings: These are shown in their several forms as 
below: 

Wave and ripple marks are shown in the two large slabs of Potsdam 
quartzite from Keeseville, New York (58758), and the Devonian sand- 
stone from Pike County, Pennsylvania (27014), Several smaller slabs 
from various localities are shown in the cases. To appreciate these it 
must be remembered that the rocks were lain down in the form of fine 
sand in the shallow water of an ancient sea or ocean, and which by its 
oscillatory movement formed in the sand the ripples in the same manner 
as they may to-day be seen forming on almost any sandy lake or sea 
shore (Geikie, p. 470). Through the gradual sinking of the earth’s 
crust the markings once formed became covered by other sand and thus 
preserved until thoroughly solidified, raised above sea level, and made 
available to the quarrier, all the slabs shown being obtained in the 
ordinary process of quarrying stone for building purposes. ‘ Ripple 
marks are often made by the waves over the finer beach sands where 
they are low and partly sheltered, and also over mud flats. The flow- 
ing water pushes up the sand into a ridgelet as high as the force of the 
wave can make and then plunges over the little elevation and begins 
another, and thus the succession is produced. The height and breadth 
of the intervening space will depend on the force and velocity of the 
flowing water and the ease with which the sand or mud is moved. Rip- 
ple marks may be made by the vibration of waves at depths of 300 or 
500 feet.”—(Dana.) | 

Mud eracks and rain prints: Like the ripple marks the mud cracks 
denote shallow water deposits. Laid down as mud, the beds while still 
soft were exposed by the receding water and dried, cracking irregularly 
just as the fine clayey mud on the bottom of shallow pools may in any 
dry season be observed todo. Subsequently the water rose once more 
and washed fresh sand into the crevices formed. The elevated ridges 
shown on the large slab of Medina stone from Knowlesville, New York 


26 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


(72959), and the smaller slabs from Hummelstown, Pennsylvania (27055), — 
are then but casts in sand of these old cracks (Geikie, p. 471). The — 
rain prints shown on the small slabs of Triassic sandstone from New — 
Jersey indicate that the stone while still plastic was exposed to the pelt- 
ing action of a shower, the drops leaving their imprint in the soft mud. — 

Footprints: It has not infrequently happened that animals wading in — 
the shallow water left footprints in the mud to be covered and preserved 
in the same manner as were the cracks and ripple marks above referred 
to. But few of these are shown here, since the subject belongs more 
properly to vertebrate paleontology. Onthelarge slab pinned against 
the south wall are two consecutive tracks of the Brontozowm giganteum 
(H), a huge reptile estimated to have been at least 14 feet in height 
and which inhabited the Connecticut Valley during the Triassic period. 
The smaller slabs pinned high against the east wall show tracks of 
Brontozoum validium and Sillimanium, and Anomepus cuneatus. Qn the 
small slab from South Hadley Falls, Massachusetts, are shown the mud 
nests of tadpoles, Batrachoides nidificans of Hitchcock. 

A large slab of Potsdam quartzite from New York showing faintly the 
trail of a marine mollusk (Protichnites Loganus), made as he crawled 
slowly over the soft bottom of the Cambrian ocean, serves further to 
illustrate the conditions under which these rocks were formed. 

Coneretions : The peculiar tendency which atoms or particles of like 
matter often manifest in concreting or gathering in concentric layers 
about centers is shown by a large and diversified collection of concre- 
tious. Ashere arranged these are divided into two groups, as follows: 
(A) Primary concretions, formed contemporaneously with the rock in 
which they are found, and (B) secondary concretions, or those which 
are due to segregating processes acting subsequent to the formation of 
the rocks in which they are found. Each of the groups may be subdi- 
vided accordingly as the concretions were formed as chemical precipt- 
tates or are but aggregates of mineral particles bound together by an 
interstitial cement. 

(A.) Primary concretions: (a) chemical deposits and (bd) mineral ag- 
gregates. 

Under (a) are here included the chalcedonic nodules found in lime- 
stones (Specimens 38434, 38435, and 37603), the pyrite concretions, such 
as No. 39053, and the clay ironstones, such as Nos. 12890 and 37303; 
these last are often found to have cracked interiorily on drying and | 
consequent shrinkage, and the cracks to have become subsequently 
filled with carbonate of lime. On being cut and polished such often 
form beautiful and unique objects, as shown in the specimens from 
Kansas (12890), Indiana (25100), and New York (39129). To such forms 
the name Septarian nodule is commonly given. Here also are displayed 
the fine odlitic and pistolitic concretions such as those of Bohemia (36096 
and 36097), Hungary (36099), Cache Valley and Salt Lake, Utah (35305 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 27 


and 35379), and Lake Lahonton, Nevada (35378). Concerning the occur- 
rence of these last Mr. Russell writes :* 

“Among The Needles the rocky capes are connected by crescent-shaped beaches of 
clean, creamy sands, over which the summer surf breaks with soft murmurs. These 
sands are oodlitic in structure, and are formed of concentric layers of carbonate of lime 
which is being deposited near where the warm springs rise in the shallow margin 
of the lake. In places these grains have increased by continual accretion until they 
are a quarter of an inch or more in diameter, and form gravel, or pisolite, as it would 
be termed by mineralogists. In afew localities this material has been cemented into a 
solid rock, and forms an odlitic limestone sufficiently compact to receive a polish. 
No more attractive place can be found for the bather than these secluded coves, with 
their beaches of pearl-like pebbles, or the rocky capes, washed by pellucid waters, 
that offer tempting leaps to the bold diver.” 

Such forms as these may or may not show a nucleus. It seems safe 
to assume that such a nucleus at first in all cases existed, though it may 
be in microscopic dimensions only. A shell nucleus is shown in the clay 
ironstone concretion from Kansas (73454), and fragmental nuclei of 
siliceous sinter in the concretionary nodules from the geysers of the 
Yellowstone National Park (12888). 

Under ()) are shown concretions composed of mineral particles in a 
finely fragmental condition, and which have as in the last case segre- 
gated contemporaneously with the formation of the material in which 
theyoccur. Here are included a series of clay concretions from the head- 
waters of the Connecticut River (38425); from the Yellowstone Lake 
(12895) ; and from various beds of brick and potters’ clay in New Eng- 
land. In certain of these the presence of a nucleus is plainly evident, 
those from Orono, Maine (36965), having formed about stems of grasses ; 
those of Jefferson County, Tennessee (38357), about small shells.t 

The secondary concretionary forms (B) are likewise susceptible of sub- 
division on precisely similar grounds. Under the head of chemical de- 
posits would come such forms as flint nodules in chalk (56012) and the 
agates formed in cavities in trap rock (69569). Such do not in all cases 
show a concentric structure and might perhaps be better termed secre- 
tions than concretions, and classed with mineral veins. Under the 


* Geological History of Lake Lahonton, a Quaternary Lake of Northwestern Nevada, 
Monograph x1, U. 8. Geological Survey. 

"The manner in which concretions of this nature are formed was shown in a very 
interesting manner a few years ago during the process of the work of filling in the 
so-called Potomac flats, on the river front at Washington, District of Columbia. For 
the double purpose of raising the flats and deepening the channel gigantic pumps 
were employed which raised the sediment from the river bottom in the form of a very 
thin mud and forced it through iron pipes to the flats, where it flowed out spreading 
quietly over the surface. The material of this mud was mainly fine siliceous sand 
and clay intermingled with occasional fresh water shells and plant débris. As this 
mud flowed quietly from the mouth of the pipe and spread out over the surface the 
clayey particles began immediately to separate from the siliceous sand in the form of 
concretionary balls, and in the course of a few minutes these would grow to be several 
inches in diameter. Such, owing to the rapidity of their formation, contained a large 
amount of sand and shells, though clayey matter predominated, 


28 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


second head are included such forms as thesandstone concretions shown ~ 
from Arkansas (37600) and New Jersey (38761 and 38427). These are 
due not to original deposition in concentric layers, but to the oxidizing — 
and leaching action of meteoric waters acting on nodular inclusions of 
iron sulphide, or possibly carbonates. The oxide thus formed segre- . 
gates in zones, and by its cementing action binds the sand grains to- — 
gether leaving the central portion, formerly occupied by the pyrite, either 
empty or partially filled with loose sand; such forms are shown intact 
and broken in halves in specimens 38427 and 37004. 

A zonal banding or shelly structure closely simulating concretionary 
structure is common in rocks more or less weathered and decomposed, 
but which is due not to original deposition or crystallization of mineral 
matter about a center, but rather to the weathering of jointed blocks, 
the various chemical and physical forces acting from without inward. 
This is here illustrated in specimen 38570 from Montana (see also under 
head of Rock-weathering). 

Still another form of concretion due to segregating forces acting 
together with pressure are shown in the so-called cone-in-cones (38838, 
39122, and 39175). 

(2) Joints.—_Jointing on a sufiiciently large scale to be appreciable as 
a structural feature of the earth’s crast can well be shone only by pho- 
tographs and models. Here are exhibited a few isolated examples of 
jointing in both sedimentary and igneousrocks. Special attention may be 
called to the large basaltic column from the Yellowstone National Park. 
The exhibit is at present meager, and is supplemented by a few photo- 
graphs. Jointing in granite and illustrating its utiity in quarrying is 
shown in a photograph of the Red Beach granite quarries near Calais, 
Maine (73457). Columnar jointing in voleanic rocks is shown ina pho- 
tograph of “ Rooster Rocks, ” on the south shore of the Columbia River 
near Portland, Oregon (73458); in a view near Mount Davidson, Cali- 
fornia (38283); and two views of the Regla Cascades in Mexico (38301 
and 38305). . 

(3) Inclination, strike, and dip are subjects as yet scarcely touched 
upon. From necessity these phenomena can be illustrated satisfac- 
torily only by means of models and photographs. HKmmons’s sectional 
model of Leadville and vicinity may be referred to here. 

(4) Curvature, cleavage, and distortion are quite well illustrated in 
the series of distorted gneisses and schists shown in the cut and pol- 
ished slabs from Auburn, Maine (39059); Brandon, Vermont (39018) ; 
New York (39124); the roofing slates from Pennsylvania (70104-70107), 
and the crushed pebbles already referred to under the head ot ‘“ Effects 
of pressure.” The sharply foliated schists from Dutch Island in Narra- 
gansett Bay are also worthy of mention (38608) as well as the large slab 
of curved slate showing junction with shale (specimens 70102 and 70103 
from Pennsylvania). 

(5) Igneous rocks as structural features in the earth’s crust must on 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 29 


account of the large scale on which the work has been carried out be 
shown only in models and illustrations. Gilbert’s stereogram of the 
Henry Mountains is one of the most striking objects now in this series, 
though attention should also be called to Diller’s models of Mount 
Shasta, California; Becker’s models of the Washoe district, Nevada; 
Dutton’s models of Mount Taylor, New Mexico, and the High Plateaus 
of Utah. 

(6) Veins.—Professor Geikie treats the subject of veins and vein 
formation under three heads: (1) Mineral veins, (2) Eruptive veins or 
dikes, and (3) Segregation veins. 

For the present the known eruptive veins in the collections are 
grouped with the non-volcanic igneous ejections as dike rocks, and here 
we have to do witb only the first and third of the above divisions. The 
term vein is used by the above authority to designate “any mass of 
mineral matter which has solidified between the walls of a fissure. When 
this mineral matter has been deposited from aqueous solution or from 
sublimation, it forms what is known as a mineral vein. When it has 
crystallized or segregated out of the component materials of some still 
unconsolidated, colloid, or pasty rock, it is called a segregation vein.” 

Simple as such a division may seem it is not always easy, or indeed 
possible to ascertain from a simple examination of the specimens to 
which of the two groups they may belong. Asarule the mineral veins, 
which appear to correspond to the fissure veins of other authors, are 
separated by sharp and well defined walls from the country rock, and 
may, and often do, show a well defined banded or comb structure as 
shown in the quartz and rhodochrosite vein from the silver mines at 
Butte, Montana (38566), and less distinetly in that composed of ruby 
silver and other silver sulphurets together with rhodochrosite from the 
Reese River district, Nevada (15136). The segregation type is less dis- 
tinctly marked, the vein material being welded to the inclosing rock 
owing to the mutual protusion of* the component materials. This type 
of vein is quite common in granitic rocks and is wellshown in the large 
specimens from Rockport, Massachusetts (38757) and Auburn, Maine 
(39057 and 39058). 


IV.—STRATIGRAPHICAL OR HISTORICAL GEOLOGY. 


Under this, the fourth subdivision, is considered the chronological 
succession of the geological formations, the rocks being arranged ac- 
cording to the order of their deposition or ejection. From this series 
fossil forms will to a considerable extent be excluded as belonging 
more properly to the department of paleontology. Oniy a few of the 
more characteristic forms from each horizon will be shown. 

As at present contemplated the main idea is to show that the same 
geological forces have been in operation and rocks of the same general 
nature been in process of formation from the earliest time down to the 


H. Mis, 224, pt. 2——58 


30 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 
most recent. This collection is now so far from complete that nothings 
more need be said regarding it here. 

There are, however, two smaller and less comprehensive collections 
in this subdivision that should be mentioned. The first of these is a 
series of some 250 specimens, in sizes about 5 inches square, repre- 
senting the characteristic rocks of the various geological horizons of 
New Hampshire, as described by State Geologist Hitchcock and Dr. 
George W. Hawes, in Vol. 1m of the final reports on the Geology of 
New Hampshire. This is accompanied by a proportional column pre- 
pared by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, and showing on a scale of 1 inch to 
1,000 feet the relative thickness of the stratified rock formations of the 
State. 

The second series is a valuable stratigraphical collection of Canadian 
rocks as prepared by officers of the Canadian Survey for exhibition at 
the Centennial Exposition in 1876. This comprises 854 specimens in 
sizes about 3 by 4 by 1 inch. 

The following is a complete list of the models or relief maps now on 
exhibition, many of which have already been referred to: 

(1) Yellowstone National Park. Scale, 1 inch = 1 mile; horizontal 
and vertical the same. Modeled by E. E. Howell. Issued by Ward 
and Howell. Size, 4 feet 74 inches by 5 feet 54 inches. 

(2) Elk Mountains of Colorado. Scale: Horizontal, 1 inch = 1 mile; 
vertical, 1 inch = 2,640 feet. Modeled by W. H. Holmes. Size, 2 feet 
2 inches by 3 feet 8 inches. United States Geological Survey. 

(3) Mount Vesuvius and Monte Somma, Italy. Compiled by Thomas 
Dickert. Size, 2 feet 44 inches by 2 feet 44 inches. Issued by Ward 
and Howell. 

(4) Geological model of Switzerland. Size, 11 by 24 inches. 

(5) The Washoe District, Nevada. Scale, 1 inch = 1,666 feet or 
1:20000; horizontal and vertical the same. Geology by G. F. Becker, 
U.S. Geological Survey. Modeled by E. E. Howell. Size 2 feet 54 
inches by:3 feet 3 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. 

(6) Leadville, Colorado, and vicinity. Scale, 1 inch = 800 feet, or 
1:9600. Geology by S. F. Emmons, U.S. Geological Survey. Modeled 
by E. E. Howell. Size 2 feet 74 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. 

(7) The same in sections. U.S. Geological Survey. 

(8) Gulf of Mexico. Scale, vertical, 1 inch = 1,000 fathoms; ratio 
of vertical to horizontal, 0,03. Size, 23 by 32 inches. Issued by Coast 
and Geodetic Survey. 

(9) The Yosemite Valley, California. Scale, about 4 inches to 1 
mile. Horizontal and vertical the same. Modeled by E. E. Howell 
from surveys by King and Gardner. Size, 2 feet 5 inches by 4 feet $ 
ineh. Issued by Ward and Howell. 

(10) The San Juan Mountains and mining regions. Scale, 1 inch = 
1 mile, or 1:63360; vertical scale three times the horizontal. Modeled 
by T. W. Eglostein. Size 44 by 34 inches. U.S. Geological Survey, 
Capt. George M, Wheeler in charge. 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMEN? OF GEOLOGY. 31 


(11) The Grand Canon of the Colorado of the West and cliffs of 
southern Utah. Scale, vertical, 1 inch=5,000 feet; horizontal, 1 inch= 
2miles, Modeled by E. KE. Howell. Size, 6 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 7 
inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. 

(12) Eureka District, Nevada. Scale, i inch=1,600 feet or 1:19200; 
horizontal and vertical the same. Geology by Arnold Hague, U. S. 
GeologicalSurvey. Modeled by EK. E. Howell. Size, 5 feet 2 inches by 
5 feet 64 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. 

(13) Uintah and Wasatch Mountains. Scale, vertical, 1: 126720; 
horizoatal, 1 inch=4 miles, or 1: 253440. Modeled by E. E. Howell 
Size, 4 feet 54 inches by 4 feet 5$inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. 

(14) Mount Taylor, New Mexico. Scale, 1 inch=1 mile; horizontal 
and vertical the same. Geology by C. E. Dutton, U. 8S. Geological 
Survey. Modeled by E. EK. Howell. Size, 4 feet 35 inches by 4 feet 34 
inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. 

(15) Henry Mountains, Utah. Scale vertical and horizontal the 
same. Geology and modeled by G. K. Gilbert, U. S. Geological Survey. 
Size 3 feet 104 inches by 5 feet 24 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. 

(16) Stereogram of the Henry Mountains, Utah, showing the form 
the country would haveif the eroded portions to the top of the Cretace- 
ous were restored. Vertical and horizontal scale the same. Geology 
by G. K. Gilbert, U. S. Geological Survey. Size 3 feet 105 inches by 
5 feet 34 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. 

(17) High Plateaus of Utah. Vertical and horizontal scale the 
same. Modeled by C. E, Dutton, U. S. Geological Survey. Size, 4 
feet 9 inches by 4 feet 10 inches. Issued by Ward and Howell. 

(18 and 19) Mount Shasta, California. Horizontal and vertical 
scale, L inch=2,500 feet. Geology by J.S. Diller, U. 8S. Geological Sur- 
vey. Modeled by Victor and Cosmos Mindeleff. Size, 3 feet 4 inches 
in square. 


SECTION B.—ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. 


Under this head is comprised a large and important exhibit, or series 
of exhibits, selected to illustrate the economic aspects of geological 
science and the extent to which the resources of the mineral kingdom 
have been utilized by man. 

The collections are arranged to show (1) the nature and variety of 
the mineral resources of the United States and (2) the nature and va- 
riety of the more interesting and important useful ores and minerals of 
the world at large. In these collections, as in those of systematic geol- 
ogy, the specimens with a few exceptions have been selected with the 
idea of showing as truthfully as possible the average qualities of the 
material and its mode of occurrence. Care is taken, of course, to pre- 
sent clean and freshly-broken surfaces whenever possible, and, while 
exceptionally fine and beautiful materials are by no means excluded, 
and indeed gladly accepted as rendering the exhibit as a whole more 


32 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


attractive, still the typical average material as found at the mine or 
quarry is deemed of first importance. 

The size of the specimens in these collections from necessity varies 
greatly, and whenever space will allow regard is had to the individual 
characteristic of each sample. When the material is massive and hom- 
ogeneous throughout the standard adopted is about 5 inches square on 
the face and some 2 inches thick. It is obvious, however, that such 
sizes are not applicable to all grades and kinds of materials, and in the 
exhibits may be seen specimens varying from less than an ounce to 
over 200 pounds in weight. Material in form of a powder is as a rule 
exhibited in bottles of from 4 to 10 ounces capacity. 

The following list will serve to give an idea of the character and va- 
riety of materials here to be exhibited though, unfortunately, the ar- 
rangement of the exhibition space is not such as to enable us to carry 
it out in a manner as systematic as might be desired. 


(1) Stones used for purposes of building or ornamentation : 

1. The erystalline siliceous rocks, both massive and schistose: Granite, syen- 
ite, diabase, gabbro, diorite, liparite, trachyte, basalt, andesite, gneiss, and the 
erystalline schists. 

2. The calcareous rocks; Limestones and dolomites, both marbles and com- 
mon varieties ; alabaster. 

3. The serpentines and verdantique marbles. 

4, Fragmental rocks; Sandstones, conglomerate, breccia, and clay slate. : 

4. Minor stones used for decorative work. (See Gein collection.) Precious 
serpentine, jasper, malachite, agate, etc. 

(2) Stones used in the manufacture of cements, mortars, ete.: Limestone, both hydraulic 
and the common varieties, gypsum. 

(3) Natural abrading and polishing materials. (a) Materials used in the massive 
form: Grindstones, whetstones, grits, and pumice. (6) Materials used only in 
pulverulent form; Quartz sand, garnet sand, crude topaz, pumice dust, emery 
and corundum, black diamond (bort). (¢) Polishing powders: Infusorial earth, 
tripoli, rottenstone, chalk, ete. 

(4) Natural fertilizing substances. (a) Phosphatic and alkaline: Apatite, phosphatic 
sandstone, phosphorites, guano, greensand, bone phosphate, orthoclase and 
salts of potash. (b) Calecareous and carbonaceous: Limestone, marl, gypsum 
muck, and vegetable mold. 

(5) Sulphur and salts used in chemical manufacture. 

(6) Fictile materials. (a) Clay for brick, tiles, stoneware, potter’s and pipe clay, 
(6) Kaolin, porcelain clays, and feldspar. (¢) Glass-making materials. (d) 
Graphite for pencils and crucibles. 

(7) Detergents, pigments, adulterants, mineral lubricators, etc. 

(8) Ores of the precious and baser metals; gold, silver, platinum, iridium, osmium, 
aluminum, copper, zinc, lead, mereury, iron, manganese, tin, nickel and cobalt, 
bismuth, antimony, arsenicum, chromium, cerium, cadmium, tellurium, uran- 
ium, ete. 

(9) Useful substances of the carbon group. (a) The coals; anthracite, bituminous, 
and cannel coal, lignite, peat, jet. (b) Asphalt and allied substances ; asphalt 
bitumen, paraffine, elaterite, ozokerite, amber, and other fossil resins. (c¢) 
Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons; crude petroleum, lubricating oils, illumi- 
nating oil, naphtha, benzine, paraffine, natural gas, ete, 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 383 


According to the plan devised the exhibits of this section form two 
independent series, which, as may readily be understood, are in part 
duplicates of one another. These two series are (1) the geographic 
series of ores and useful mineral substances and (2) the systematic series 
of similar objects. Owing, however, to the present lack of proper room 
and cases it has been found necessary to group the materials comprised 
in this section under three heads, and inasmuch as they must so remain 
until a new building is constructed or a balcony is placed around the 
walls of the southwest court it will be best to so describe them here, 

These three series then are: 

First. The collections of building and ornamental stones. 

Second. The geographic series of ores and other useful mineral siub- 
stances. 

Third. The systematic series of ores and other useful mineral sub- 
stances. 


I.—THE COLLECTION OF BUILDING AND ORNAMENTAL STONES. 


Under this head are included such stones as are of value in theit' 
natural condition for structural or ornamental purposes. Artificial or 
artifically colored materials are excluded. The nucleus of this collec- 
tion was formed by the materials received from Philadelphia at the close 
of the Centennial Exposition in 1876. By far the larger portion was, 
however, collected during the investigations connected with the Tenth 
Census in 1880, though many important additions have since been made 
in keeping pace with recent developments. This exhibit comprises 
mainly materials from the United States, though foreign materials are 
by no means excluded, and indeed particular efforts have been made 
toward procuring such as are imported into the United States. 

The specimens of this collection are as a rule cut in the form of 4-ineh 
cubes, the various faces of which are finished as follows: Polished in 
front, drafted and pointed on the left side, drafted rock face on the 
right side, rock face on the back, and smooth sanded on the top and 
bottom. Stones not susceptible of a polish are merely smooth-sanded 
on the front face. The collection is at present arranged by States in 
fourteen floor upright and one wall case on the north side of the west 
south range, while larger specimens occupy twa large pyramids in the 
southwest court and special bases wherever they can in our present 
crowded condition be placed to the best advantage. 

This collection now comprises upwards of three thousand specimens 
and has been described in detail in my work entitled ‘“‘ The collection 
of building and ornamental stones in the U.S. National Museum: A 
handbook and cataiogue.”! The following figures relative to the num- 
ber of specimens may, however, be here given: 


! Rep. Smith. Inst., 1885-86, Part u, pp. 277-648, 


34 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889 


UNITED STATES. 


No. of | 
Locality. speci- Material. 
mens. | 

Alabama ees casa aoeeeaees 13 | Marbles, limestones, and sandstones. 

INSAD NOY psen5e5a6 sSeoosconccac 4 | Limestones, and sandstones. ‘ 

IAT KAM GAs Ses aosieset eee 5 | Limestones, quartzite, and syenite. ; 

Califormages sec a=eee eons 33 | Steatite, marbles, granites, basalt, sandstone, and volcanic tufts. 3 

Coloradoee es soceeee ere eee | 26 Tinie stOnes: granites, diorite sandstones, quartzite, and rhyolite 

uff. 

Connecticut <2 5.-25-225eoee | 66 | Marbles, granites, gneisses, diabases, sandstones. . 

DakOta, 2352 so no ee eee eee. 2 | Quartzite. 

Delaware .:225:5-<e eee = 2 | Gneiss and marble. 

District of Columbia.....-.. .- 1 | Massive steatite [soapstone. ] 

OTIC aera eas tate ee 6 | Shell and oolitic limestones, phosphatic sandstones. 

(CCHS Ho SroemeSbsedoossane0 10 | Marble, granite, gneiss. 

dao eet iees See eee 2 | Sandstones. 

UMIMOIS Se = seie wiz yaaisia wiaets co a/as 59 | Limestones, dolomites, and sandstones. 

It GbE Ceara Geectane seosaresc i 53 Do. 

indian lerriioryeessseeee see 1 | Limestone. 

TOW oe e koe aoe eet Ae 141 | Gypsum, limestones, dolomites, and sandstones. 

Woansasin jets cates ee caeehnee 63 | Limestones, dolomites, and sandstones. 

Mentuckyi.ascecsacnce ce ace 70 | Do. 

MOWISiaN aie tase cee eee 3 | Sandstones and quartzite. 

Migine tase esc ecieeinoeswacee 70 | Serpentines, granites, gneisses, syenite, diabase, and roofing 

| slates. 

Marylandis-cPae sec seeceet 53 | Steatite [soapstone] serpentines, granites, gneisses, marbles, 
sandstones, and roofing slates. 

Massachusetts ...:...-...--- 117 | Steatite [soapstone] serpentines, marbles, granites, gneisses, 
quartz porphyry, diabase, melaphyr, and sandstones. 

Michi Cane. -seeee eee eee 19 | Limestones, granites, gneiss, sandstone, roofing slate - 

IMINNGSOLA)- 25 cca as teectsices 54 | Dolomites, limestones, granites, quartz porphyry, diabase, 
gabbros, sandstones, quartzites, roofing slates. 

Mississippi -cis<scisee'=/-2 =ins. cise 5 | Limestones and sandstones. 

Mi ss0UTicceercs ceee.cnsccesce 93 | Marbles, limestones, dolomites, granites, diabases, sandstones, 
and quartzites. 

iMiontan sees ecne acca cae 5 | Marbles and granites. 

INebraskarn.vsseccennisecis «se 6 | Limestone. 

INGV AS =o cco ce.ceere snc seis'a/5\° 5 | Andesites, sandstones. 

New Hampshire-............. 56 | Steatite [soapstone], granites, gneisses, quartz porphyry. 

NON id CLSOY se teae pr ceenceese ae 50 | Ophiolite, marbles, dolomite, gneisses, granite, diabases, sand- 
stone, conglomerate, slate. 

No waNlexi CO seesee eeciecer 10 | Gypsum, pumice, rhyolite tuffs, sandstones. 

ING Wa OLkKsoass caeeieee oeeeeee 150 | Verdantique marbles, marbles, limestones, granites, dolomites, 
gneisses, norite, sandstone, quartzites, and roofing slates. 

North! Carolina) sos.es-scee see 83 | Steatite, marbles, limestones, granites, gneisses, quartz por- 
phyry, sandstone. 

OIG Ss Fie seers eisws eee eee oor 222 | Limestone, dolomite, and sandstone. 

OveTONn Meceracis saves le erence 4 | Diabases, basalts, and sandstone. 

Pennsylvania.....- Paso aricts 231 | Serpentines, limestones, dolomites, marbles, gneisses, quartz 
porphyries, diabases, diorites, sandstones, conglomerates, 
and roofing slates. 

Rhode Island... -52..------- | 21 | Granites and gneisses. 

South) Carolina -<~~2<2-ss-c~. 13 | Steatites, limestones, and granites. 

TONNGSSCGsseceecieaseesccecee| 72 | Marbles, limestones. granites, gneisses, sanéstones, conglom- 
erate, and roofing slates. 

TOXAB se wwine chda de ce de ceoe eee 31 | Limestones and dolomites, marbles, granites, diorites, sand- 
stones. 

Witahs .cvtaecosee ese nceeceeee 8 | Limestones, granites, and sandstones. 

Vermont. 2esesteo scoot aces 231 Steatite [soapstone], serpentine, marbles, granites, and roofing 
slates. 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 


UNITED STA TES—Continued. 


35 


No. of 
Locality. speci- Material. 
mens. 
WARSI ccc us ce ewer cccsisses 39 | Steatite [soapstone], marbles, limestones, granites, gneisses, 


diabases, sandstones, and roofing slates. 


IWiGSHAVAR DUNS -scelecei= inc 10 | Marbles and sandstones. 
Washington ............ sae o: 2 | Sandstones. 
WIGKIQ OETA 35 {56 ceeesaroes ose 54 | Dolomites, gneisses, granite, quartz, porphyry, sandstone, 
. quartzites. 
AWaOMNIN henner eeicien ces ee % | Granites. 
FOREIGN. 

Canada ....-... Sieecceec. 2 oat: 23 | Granites, sandstones, roufing slates. 
IBSEN Mae eames cece oe = 2 | Coral limestones. 
IMGxICOwene <ceserenscesseses 135 | Gypsum, marbles, volcanic tuffs, andesites, basalt, ete. 
South America.......----.---. 12 | Marbles. 
1ipeyss biG Snes acennodeouerace 30 | Serpentine, marbles; roofing slates. 
MCOU ANC ets memes ete snes 20 | Granite and sandstones. 
INOMWAY Ses e sec cedeea sc ccs 1 
Swedenleeca: vacsscc% cee: scc< 1 
Austro-Hungarian Empire--. 133 | Marbles, limestones, and granites. 
PU NSeTIG Gessner oa a seve oie teens 88 | Marbles. 
German Empire....-...-...--- 46 | Marbles. 
SWAtZOMIANG Ge cercc - seas 1 
Galva se anos eae cece eee 87 | Marbles, granites, travertines, etc. 
GNGSCO. ss acscoshccoe cm s-ssee= 1 
Spain and Portugal..-....-.- 190 | Marbles, limestones, granites, voleanic rocks, ete. 
AVM CAecasee Sap eeoseeeuesen 15 | Marbles, antique porphyry, granites. 
PROTO - jace octane 2650 tae aie 1 | Marble. 
QUIN ea as conse eee ee ae sie ete 6 | Granites, voleanic rocks, and tuffs. 
Wore ae derminccaeice 5 <= aes = = 4 | Serpentines and Verdantique marbles. 
JAPAN Sees Se ote oc ate 33 | Marbles, agalmatolite, ete. 
IRTISSI AP seine sere cies isin eles 14 | Quartz porphyries, jaspers, ete. 
PCM STEM Meant actie dais che as 13 | Marbles, sandstones, and granites. 
Hawaiian Islands..-........-. 1 | Limestone. 

Total®? vse esse os) tale 3, 134 


The following shows the form of label used in this series : 


BIOTITE GRANITE.—A fine, light-gray granite from 
the quarries of J. Hawkins. 


Gastonia, Gaston County, North Carolina. 


Collected by Prof. W. C. KErr, 1883. 


27.621, 


MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE |[MARBLE].—A fossil- 
bearing Devonian limestone used for interior decora- 
tions, and known commercially as ‘Madrepore Mar- 


bless 


Cuartes City, Iowa. 
Gift of J. S. Trice, 1886. 


38,465. 


36. REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Il.—THE GEOGRAPHIC SERIES OF ORES AND USEFUL MINERAL SUB- 
STANCES. 


In this exhibit, which is confined to the limits of the United States 
with a possibility of extension so as to include Canada and Mexico, the 
materials are arranged on a geographic basis, 7. e., by States. The idea 
in mind is to give the publican opportunity to learn almost at a glance 
the character of the mineral product of any particular State or region. 
The exhibit is confined to the wall cases extending entirely around the 
South West Court. 

Entering this court from the West South Range the series begins 
immediately upon the left. 

The following statement is given relative to the arrangement of this 
collection and its present condition. 


I—APPALACHIAN REGION. 


(1) Maine is represented by some 28 specimens, comprising 20 iron 
ores, associates and products, 2 samples infusorial earth, 1 of quartz for 
making sandpaper, 2 fertilizers, 1 brick clay, 1 tin ore, and 1 of lime- 
stone for making quicklime. 

(2) New Hampshire by 7 specimens, comprising 1 specimen each of 
gold, silver and lead, lead and zinc ore, and 3 samples of schist for mak- 
ing whetstones, and 1 of mica. 

(3) Vermont by 39 specimens, comprising 12 iron ores, 14 samples pig- 
ments (ochres), 4 refractory materials, 2 of schists for whetstones and 1 
each of copper, zinc, and manganese ores, kaolin, and sand for glass- 
making. 

(4) Massachusetts by 28 specimens, comprising 14 iron ores, associates 
and products, 3 samples infusorial earth, 3 of emery rock, 2 of sand for 
glass-making and 1 each of fire clay, soapstone, copper-lead, lead, cop- 
per, and nickel ores. 

(5) Rhode Island by 4 specimens only, of which 2:are coal, 1 lime- 
stone for quicklime, and 1 of titaniferous iron ore. 

(6) Connecticut by 6 specimens, of which 3 are iron ores, 2 copper and 
1 lead ore. 

(7) New York by some 100 specimens, comprising 80 specimens iron 
ores, associates and products, 5 of slag or mineral wool, 2 graphite, 2 
tale, 2 dolomite used in generating carbonic acid for soda fountains, 1 
each of kaolin, abrading material, refractory material, limestone, gas 
coke, fulier’s earth and silver-lead ore, and 2 samples petroleum. 

(S) New Jersey by 67 specimens, of which 40 are iron ores, 8 iron- 
zine ores, § zine ores, 8 clays, 1 zinc and manganese ore, and 1 green- 
sand marl. 

(9) Pennsylvania by 150 specimens, of which 101 are iron ores, asso- 
ciates and products, 12 copper, 2 copper-iron, 7 zine, 2 nickel, 1 nickel 
cobalt, 3 chrome-iron ores, 1 each abrading material, massive tremolite, 
asbestos, mica, magnesite, 2 gas coke, 10 coals, and 5 petroleum. 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 37 


(10) Delaware is at present wholly unrepresented. 

(1i) Maryland by 81 specimens, comprising 69 iron ores, associates 
and products of which 47 form a very complete illustration of the Muir- 
kirk furnace, 2 copper, 2 gold, 1 manganese, and 1 chrome-iron ore, 2 
siliceous sand used in mortars, and 1 each of steatite, mica, limestone, 
and shell marl. 

(12) Virginia by 106 specimens, comprising 36 iron ores, associates 
and products, 24 ores of gold, 11 of gold and silver, 9 of zine, 5 of lead, 
3 of manganese, 6 of tin, 2 of copper, 2 specimens pyrite, used for mak- 
ing sulphuric acid, 2 of rock salt, 1 each of gypsum, soapstone, kaolin, 
infusorial earth, asbestos, and allanite. 

(13) West Virginia by 28 specimens, comprising 16 iron ores, asso- 
ciates and products, 10 of coal and 2 of petroleum. 

(14) North Carolina by 97 specimens, comprising 40 ores of gold, 3 
of gold, silver, and lead, 1 of lead, 4 of copper, 3 of gold and copper, 
2 of gold and silver, 1 of gold and iron, 7 of iron, 2 of chrome iron, 7 
of nickel, 1 of manganese, 4 samples corundum, 3 of muscovite, 3 of 
garnet rock, 3 of phosphate rock, 1 asbestus, 5 refractory materials, 4 
of steatite, and 1 each of graphite, barite, and pyrophyllite. 

(15) South Carolina by 18 specimens, of which 6 are ores of gold, 6 
of iron, 1 of manganese, 5 are phosphates, and 1 asbestus. 

(16) Georgia by 50 specimens, of which 27 are ores of gold, 1 of 
gold, silver, and lead, 2 of gold and copper, 1 of gold and zine, 4 of 
silver and lead, 2 of lead, 2 of copper, 11 of silver, 3 of iron, 3 of man- 
ganese, and 1 each of asbestus, corundum, and clay. 

(17) Alabama by 42, of which 4 are iron ores, associates and prod- 
ucts, and 1 coal. 

(18) Florida by 18 specimens, all phosphates. 


II.—MISSISSIPPI VALLEY REGION. 


(19) Michigan is represented by 110 specimens, of which 50 are ores 
of iron, 54 of copper, 2 copper-silver, 2 silver, and 1 each of glass sand, 
and gypsum. 

(20) Wisconsin by 11 specimens, comprising 7 iron ores, 2 lead, and 
1 each of gold and manganese. 

(21) Minnesota by 16 specimens, all ores of iron. 

(22) Ohio by 20 specimens, comprising 10 ores of iron, 3 coals, 2 sam- 
ples fire clays, 2 of sandstones for grindstones, 1 of gypsum for making 
land plaster, and 2 of petroleum. 

(23) The Dakotas by 22 specimens, of which 5 are gold ores, 4 silver- 
lead, and 12 tin ores, 2 are coals, and 1 a quartzite used for street pave- 
ments and general building. 

(24) Illinois by 15 specimens, comprising 12 samples coals and 3 of 
petroleum. 

(25) Indiana by 14 specimens, of which 3 are coals, 5 abrasive ma- 
terials, 3 iron ores, 3 clays, and 2 petroleum. 


38 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


(26) Iowa by 5 specimens, comprising 4 samples Dubuque zinc ores 
and 1 specimen gypsum. 

(27) Nebraska is almost wholly unrepresented. Two samples of fine 
pumice dust from Orleans County are all the materials at present in the 
collections. 

(28) Kentucky by 26 specimens, of which 20 are iron ores, 2 zinc ores, 
i barite, and 3 petroleum. 

(29) Tennessee by 33 specimens, of which 29 are iron ores, 2 zine 
ores, 1 barite, and 1 petroleum. 

(30) Missouri by 198specimens, of which 64 are ores of lead, 49 of zine, 51 
ofiron, 2 of lead and copper, 8 of copper, 6 of zine and lead, 1 of copper- 
lead, 2 of nickel and cobalt, 2 of gold, 1 of manganese; with these are 
2 samples each of coal, tripoli, lithographic limestone, 5 of barite, and 
1 of marcasite. 

(31) Kansas by 21 specimens, comprising 14 specimens of-ores of zine, 
2 of lead, 1 lead and zine, and 1 specimen each of marcasite, rock salt, 
limestone for making whiting, and pumice dust. 

(32) Arkansas by 20 specimens, of which 2 are lead ores, 1 zine, 1 
copper, 1 antimony, 1 manganese, 7 iron, 4 are of novaculite, showing 
the rough and manufactured material, and 1 each of coal, brookite, and 
steatite. 

(33) Indian Territory. At present wholly unrepresented. 

(35) Oklahoma. At present wholly unrepresented. 

(35) Mississippi. At present wholly unrepresented. 

(36) Louisiana is represented by 7 specimens, of which 6 are iron ores 
and one rock salt. 

(37) Texas by but 8 specimens, of which 6 are iron ores, 1 copper ore, 
and 1 coal. 

III.—ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION. 

(38) Montana is at present represented by 231 specimens, a large 
proportion of which are ores of the precious metals. From Deer Lodge 
County there are exhibited 19 specimens gold, silver, and copper ores ; 
from Lewis and Clarke County, 62 specimens, of which 26 are silver-lead 
ores from the Ten-mile district, the remainder being gold, silver, and 
copper eres; from Silver Bow County, 44 specimens of silver and cop- 
per ores, mostiy from mines in and about Butte ; from Meagher County, 
4 specimens silver, copper, and lead ores; from Jefferson County, 29 
specimens gold, silver-lead-copper ores, and tin ores; from Madison 
County, 30 specimens gold and silver ores, and 1 of pumice dust; from 
Beaver Head County, 42 specimens gold and silver ores. 

(39) Idaho by 110 specimens, as follows: Owyhee County, 56 speci- 
mens gold and silver ores; Alturas County, 30 specimens gold, silver- 
lead, and mercury ores; Caster County, 13 specimens silver, lead, and 
copper ores; Boisé County, 5 specimens all gold ores; Lemhi County, 
6 specimens gold and silver-lead ores. 

(40) Wyoming. At present wholly unrepresented. 

(41) Utah by 313 specimens, as follows: Beaver County, 40 specimens 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 39 


silver-lead and bismuth ores ; Summit County, 11 specimens, all silver 
and silver-lead ores; Piute County, 3 specimens silver-lead-copper 
ores; Fremont County, 1 specimen coal; Juab County, 3 specimens 
silver-lead ores; Millard County, 1 specimen each sulphur and silver- 
copper ore; Weber County, 1 specimen iron ore; Utah County, 2 spec- 
imens iron and silver-lead-copper ores; Tooele County, 95 specimens 
silver-lead and silver-lead-copper ores; Salt Lake County, 134 speci- 
mens silver-lead and silver-lead-copper ores; San Pete County, 2 spec- 
imens gypsum; Washington County, 6 specimens silver ores; Iron 
County, 5 specimens iron ore and 2 specimens antimony ore; Wasatch 
County, 1 specimen silver-lead ore; Morgan County, 2 specimens iron 
ore; Emery County, 1 specimen of ozokerite; Uintah County, 1 speci- 
men each Wurtzilite and Uintaite. 

(42) Colorado by 428 specimens, of which number 267 specimens are 
eruptive and sedimentary rocks, ores, and vein materials, as collected 
and described by Messrs. Emmons and Cross, in Monograph xtt, U.S. 
Geological Survey, entitled “The Geology and Mining Industry of 
Leadville.” The remainder of the materials are divided as follows: 
Lake County, 14 specimens silver-lead ores; Gilpin County, 21 speci- 
mens auriferous pyrites and silver-lead ores; Boulder County, 59 
specimens, including telluride ores of gold and silver, silver-lead ores, 
and auriferous sulphurets; Clear Creek County, 10 specimens silver- 
lead-zine and copper ores; Pitkin County, 1 specimen copper ore; Park 
County, 9 specimens silver-lead ore; La Plata County, 13 specimens 
silver-lead ores; Ouray County, 1 specimen silver ore; Fremont County, 
6 specimens silver-lead and copper ores; Summit County, 4 specimens 
silver-lead ores; Jefferson County, 9 specimens auriferous pyrites, 
copper, and silver-lead ores; Gunnison County, 6 specimens silver-lead 
ores; Pueblo, 1 specimen zine ore; Custer County, 6 specimens silver- 
lead and iron ores; Las Animas County, 1 specimen iron ore. 

(43) Arizona by 60 specimens, of which 2 are lead ores, 2 silver-lead, 
2 silver-lead-copper, 6 silver and copper, 36 copper, 2 copper and mer- 
cury, 6 silver, and 1 each of gold, chromite, infusorial earth, and barite. 

(44) New Mexico by 28 specimens, of which 6 are gold ores, 16 silver, 
4 copper, 1 lead, and 1 chrome iron. The exhibit includes also one 
specimen of the so-called “riccolite,” a serpentineous rock used for orna- 


mental purposes. 
IV.—PACIFIC SLOPE REGION. 


(45) California. This State is at present represented by 207 speci- 
mens of various kinds, as below: Butte County, 18 specimens placer 
and vein golds; Mariposa County, 10 specimens quartz-gold ore; Inyo 
County, 13 specimens quartz-gold ore; Calaveras County, 13 specimens 
quartz-gold ore; Yuba County, 5 specimens gravel and placer gold ores ; 
El Dorado County, 1 specimen silver and 6 gold ores ; Nevada County, 
19 specimens quartz and gravel gold ores; Mono County, 1 specimen 
silver-copper ore; Tehama County, 1 specimen sulphur; Santa Bar- 
bara County, 1 specimen each asphalt and gypsum; Lake County, 9 


40 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


mercury ores; Del Norte County, 2 copper ores; Placer County, 21 
specimens auriferous sulphurets and placer-gold ores, iron ores and 
limestone; Amador County, 13 specimens quartz and sulphuret gold 
ores and 1 copper ore; San Diego County, 2 specimens gold and copper 
ores; Sonoma County, 13 specimens mereury ores; Tuolumne County, 
11 specimens placer and quartz gold ores ; Santa Clara County, 4 speci- 
mens mercury ores; Tulare County, 4 specimens gold-silver and copper 
ores; Los Angeles County, 1 specimen graphite; San BernardinoCounty, 
5 specimens silver-lead-copper, 2 antimony and 2 mercury ores; Monterey 
County, 1 specimen mercury ore; Kern County, 6 specimens gold, sil- 
ver, and antimony ores; Sierra County, 5 specimens quartz and gravel 
gold ores; Fresno County, 4 specimens mercury ores; Napa County, 
6 specimens mercury and 1 chrome iron ore; Shasta County, 3 speci- 
mens gold and silver and lead ores; Colusa County, 1 specimen gold 
ore; from island in San Francisco Bay, 1 specimen manganese. 

(46) Nevada by 444 specimens, as follows: Lauder County, 50 speci- 
mens, of which 44 are the beautiful ruby silver ores from the Reese 
River district and 6 the copper ores of the Battle Mountain district ; 
Storey County, 76 specimens, mainly from the various mines on the 
Comstock lode; Esmeralda County, 32 specimens silver, silver-lead and 
gold and copper ores, also native borax and 1 specimen ulexite; Lyon 
County, 4 specimens copper ores; Washoe County, 12 specimens silver, 
lead, copper, and mercury ores; Nye County, 57 specimens silver, lead, 
copper, gold, and sulphur ores; Humboldt County, 33 specimens, silver, 
lead, nickel,and cobalt ores and native sulphur; Eureka County, 34 
specimens gold, silver-lead, lead and copper ores; White Pine County, 
50 specimens silver, lead, and copper and iron ores; Churchill County, 
1 specimen each silver and copper ore, borax, and native sulphur; Elko 
County, 30 specimens gold, silver, silver-lead, and copper ores; Lincoln 
County, 53 specimens silver-lead, silver, copper ores, and 1 specimen 
ehaleanthite ; Ormsby County, 5 specimens silver-lead, copper, and iron 
ores; Dougias County, 2 specimens iron ores. 

(47) Oregon by 28 specimens, of which 17 are gold ores, 3 silver, 2 
copper ores, 4 iridosmine, and 2 coal. 

(48) Washington. This State is at present wholly unrepresented. 

(49) Alaska by 22 specimens, comprising gold and silver and nickel 
ores, coal, and graphite. 

THE DOMINION OF CANADA. 


Following the usual geographic divisions, the exhibit is arranged 
by provinces as below. The representation is meager, and but for a 
prospective increase would be scarcely worth setting off from the sys- 
tematic series. 

The province of Ontario is represented by 43 specimens iron oresand 
associates, 5 gold ores, 1 copper, 3 copper-nickel, and 1 nickel ore, 2 
specimens massive appatite ; Quebec by 1 specimen iron ore, 1 of apa- 
tite, 1 peat, and 2 asbestus (fibrous serpentine); British Columbia by 
1 specimen coal and 1 of a fossil resin; New Brunswick by 2 specimens 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 41 


coal, 1 of albertite, and 1 each of pyrolusite, stibnite, barytes, and 
gypsum ; Nova Scotia by 2 specimens iron oreand 1 of manganese; Queen 
Charlotte’s Island by 2 specimens coal; Newfoundland by 1 specimen 
copper ore. 

MEXICO. 

The various States of the ltepublic are represented as follows: Sonora 
by some 50 specimens gold, silver, lead, and copper ores and coals ; 
Chihuahua by 14 specimens silver and copper ores ; Durango by 9 spec- 
imens silver, tin, and iron ores; Pachuca by 5 specimens silver cres ; 
Mexico, 12 specimens silver and iron ores, sulphur, and clays; Zacate- 
cas, 17 specimens silver and copper ores; Jalisco, 1 specimen each of 
iron ore, zine, copper ore, and barite; San Luis Potosi, 1 specimen each 
of tin ore, sulphur, and gypsum; Aguas Calientes, 3 specimens ; Vera 
Cruz, 1 specimen pumice; Pueblo, 1 specimen mercury, 1 manganese 
ores, and 2 specimens onyx; Oaxaca, 13 specimens silver, lead, copper, 
tin, and iron ores, Goals, and gypsum. 

As may be noticed by a perusal of the lists given above many impor- 
tant localities, both within the limits of the United States and beyond, 
are quite unrepresented. It is to be hoped that friends of the institu- 
tion will be sufficiently interested to contribute the desired materials. 

Concerning the large quantities of foreign materials previously de- 
scribed as forming a portion of the geographic series of this exbibit 
little need here be said. This for the reason that these collections will 
shortly be thoroughly overhauled, the better class of materials worked 
into the systematic series, and the remainder stored. A great deal of 
this present exhibit can have little interest to the general public and 
must give way to a better class of material. 

The following shows the form of label in use in this series: 


ILVER AND LEAD ORE.—ARrcGENTIFER- 
ous GALENA with Pyrirz, Brenpg, Quartz, 
and Mica. From the mines of the Warren 
Silver and Lead Company. 
Warren, Grafton County, New Hampshire. 30,176. 
Gift of WARREN SILVER AND LEAD Company. 


RON AND ZINC ORE.—Franxiite, 
ZinciTe, and Wittemire with Catcire. Used 
in the manufacture of spiegeleisen, and of zinc 
oxide for paint. 
BuckwueEat VEIN, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey. 


12,264. 
CENTENNIAL ComMISsSION, 1876. 


42 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


IIL—THE SYSTEMATIC SERIES OF ORES AND USEFUL MINERAL | 
SUBSTANCES. : 


This series deals with the same class of materials as are comprised in — 
the geographic series, but differs in the method of arrangement, and 
further in that it is not limited to localities in the United States. Much 
of the material here shown is naturally duplicated in the geographic 
series, but owing to its grouping it conveys quite a different lesson. 
As an illustration of this, attention may be called to the collection of 
nickel ores. In the geographic series, ores of nickel as they occur in 
the United States are shown in the State exhibits of Massachusetts, 
Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Missouri, Nevada, Oregon, and Alaska. 
In the systematic series these same ores are shown, but grouped to- 
gether in such a way as to be readily compared with one another, and 
also with others from it may be worldwide sources, as for instance 
Canada, Sweden, Norway, Prussia, and New Caledonia. 

This series further differs from the first mentioned in that with each 
of the principal metals the ores are supplemented by collections illus- 
trating its method of extraction and the various by-products involved. 

This collection, comprising now some 4,000 specimens, was inaugu- 
rated under the direction of Mr. F. P. Dewey, formerly curator of 
metallurgy, and has been described by him in a handbook entitled 
‘“ Preliminary Descriptive Catalogue of the Systematic Collections in 
Economic Geology and Metallurgy.” This will appear in Part 11 of the 
Smithsonian Report for 1889-90. 

While the arrangement of cases adopted by Mr. Dewey has been 
completely changed and much new material added, particularly from 
foreign sources,' still the general scheme at time of writing is practi- 
cally the same, and may be briefly outlined as follows: 

In the ease of each metal the series begins with an exhibit of the 
principal minerals of which that metal forms a part. The specimens 
were selected to show so far as possible each mineral in its perfection 
The next step is a series of ores selected to show the material and its 
associated minerals as actually mined. Following these is a third series, 
showing the various stages in the processes of concentration, when 
practiced; and finally a fourth series, representing the processes of ex- 
tracting the metals from the ores and converting them into useful forms. 
These collections include the ores, fuels, fluxes, and all other materials 
entering into the operation, and samples of the final as well as the 
numerous waste and by-products. In this manner are exhibited the 
metallic ores of gold, silver, copper, iron and steel, cobalt, nickel, zine, 
lead, tin, mercury, and aluminum, while many of the more rare or less 
important are exhibited in specimens only, as is the case with manga- 
nese, chromium, antimony, and bismuth. A fine series of alloys is also 
exhibited under this head. 


1Mr. Dewey had limited the collection wholly to minerals from the United States, 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 43 


Under the head of non-metallic minerals are shown a variety of useful 
mineral substances, including sulphur, the salts used in chemical man- 
ufacture, gypsum, grinding and polishing materials, asbestus and its 
application, miueral fertilizers, fictile materials, and the natural carbon 
compounds, as already noted. 

It is not necessary to go into greater descriptive detail here regard- 
ing this series, as reference can be made to the handbook above men- 
tioned. The following summaries are from a previous publication on 
the condition of the department’. Changes and additions since made 
have necessitated numerous alterations. 


A—METALLIC MINERALS, 


The mineralogy of gold is illustrated by 29 specimens. Of these, 28 
represent free gold, and one sylvanite. Of the free golds 10 represent 
placer gold. 

This series begins with a well-crystallized specimen that is only 
slightly water-worn, and continues through various degrees of rounding 
. toa well-worn nugget, weighing an ounce. Fifteen specimens represent 
quartz gold, beginning with crystals in a cavity in fresh quartz, and 
following through various steps of crystallization of the gold and de- 
composition of the matrix to anatural alloy of gold and silver in wholly 
decomposed material. 

Two specimens of crystallized auriferous pyrite represent sulphuret 
gold, and a single specimen represents auriferous slate. 

The gold ores are divided into placer, quartzose, sulphuret, telluride, 
and fusion ores. Beside the placer golds in the mineral series, 5 speci- 
mens illustrate hydraulic gravels, varying from characteristic samples 
to a very rich specimen containing several flakes of visible gold; 9 
specimens, in addition to the quartz gold in the mineral collection, illus- 
trate quartzose ores. These begin with very pure white quartz and 
follow through increasing amounts of other minerals, particularly sul- 
phides in the quartz, to specimens containing large amounts of pyrite, 
chalcopyrite, galena, and blende. The quartzose ores graduate insen- 
sibly into the sulphuret ores, and the two really form one series. 

The 10 sulphuret ores begin with pyrite and quartz and run through 
to pure sulphides; decomposed sulphides follow, and the series closes 
with 2 specimens of mispickle. Five specimens illustrate the telluride 
ores from Boulder County, Colorado. 

The extraction of gold from its ores is illustrated by 3 collections, 
The operation of the hydraulic process is illustrated by 9 specimens 
from the North Bloomfield gravel mine, Califorina; the stamping and 
amalgamating of sulphuret ores by 7 specimens from the Bobtail mill, 
Blackhawk, Colorado, and the extraction of gold, silver, and copper in a 
complex operation by 15 specimens from Balbach’s Newark Smelting 


'The Department of Metallurgy and Economic Geology in the U. S. Nationa] 
Museum, by I’. P. Dewey, Trans. Am. Inst, Engineers, Vol. x1x, 1890, 


44 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


and Refining Works, New Jersey. This collection is interesting as 
showing the refining of copper and separation of the precious metals by 
the electric current. 

The application of gold is illustrated by 11 specimens showing the 
manufacture of gold leaf. 

Seven specimens illustrate iridosmine. Of these, 4 show the original 
sand, and the gold dust, iridosmine, and black sand separated by wash- 
ing. ; 

The mineralogy of silver is illustrated by 36 specimens, including all 
the ordinary silver minerals. The silver ores are divided into milling 
and smelting ores; these again are subdivided into free milling and 
roasting milling, and silver smelting and silver-lead smelting. A few, 
such as leaching ores and argentiferous copper ores, do not fall into this 
classification. Thirteen specimens illustrate the strictly free-milling 
ores, or such as readily yield to stamping and amalgamation. These 
earry mostly free silver or cerargyrite. Twelve specimens illustrate 
free-milling ores which require the use of chemicals in the pan; of these 
8 are charac teristic ores from the Comstock lode. Ores requiring roast-- 
ing before milling are illustrated by 5 specimens, and a complete series 
of 19 specimens from the Ontario mine, Park City, Utah. Besides 
some general charac teristic specimens, this includes a section along the 
fifth level and two sections across the vein on the sixth level. 

The extrac tion of silver from roasting-milling ores is well illustrated 
by two collections made by the former curator. The first, comprising 
30 specimens from the Ontario mill, illustrates every step in the process 
from the time the ore is dumped upon the grizzly until the bullion is 
shipped by express, and the tailings are turned to waste. The second 
collection represents in the same full way, with 17 specimens, the opera- 
tion of the Moulton mill at Butte, Montana. 

The treatment of argentiferous copper ores is illustrated by a collec- 
tion of 32 specimens from the Argo Works, Colorado. This collection 
is particularly valuable on account of the assays and analysis accom- 
panying the specimens. 

The mineralogy of lead is illustrated with 14 specimens of sulphide, 
sulphate, and carbonate. Silver-lead ores are illustrated by 57 speci- 
mens. This series begins with roughly crystallized galena, showing 
the characteristic cleavage, and follows through several varieties of 
galena to the beginning of decomposition, resulting in cerussite and 
anglesite. The association of galena with other sulphides is well iilus- 
trated, and a large collection of characteristic samples of cerussite 
closes the series. 

The smelting and refining of base bullion is illustrated in collections 
from the Colorado smelter, South Pueblo, Colorado; the Cheltenham 
Works, St. Louis, Missouri, and the Kansas City Smelting and Refin- 
ing Works, Argentine, Kansas. 

The collection from the Colorado smelter coutains 59 specimens, 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 405 


including a full suite of the ores, fuels, and fluxes used, the bullion 
and slag produced, and a variety of by-products, matte, speiss, flue- 
dust, accretions, etc. The value of the specimens in this case has 
been greatly enhanced by the large amount of information kindly fur- 
nished. The course of the operation has been fully described and plat- 
ted. Nearly every specimen is accompanied by a careful and complete 
analysis. Numerous photographs show the disposition of the works. 

The refining of base bullion is illustrated by a collection of 18 speci- 
mens from the Cheltenham Works. The smelting of a charge contain- 
ing a large proportion of oxidized ores, using iron to reduce the sul- 
phide, and the subsequent refining of the base bullion, are illustrated 
by 13 specimens from the Kansas City Works. 

The southeastern Missouri lead region is well represented by two col- 
lections, one containing $0 specimens from the St. Joe Works, and the 
other 29 specimens from the Desloge Works. These are particularly 
interesting as illustrating two distinct methods of separating the galena 
from the limestone, through which it occurs disseminated. At the St. 
Joe Works the crushed material is delivered directly to the jigs with- 
out any sizing, while at the Desloge Works sizing is very carefully done. 

A series of 28 specimens illustrates the smelting of galena with the 
recovery of the fume as a white paint at the Lone Elm Works, Joplin, 
Missouri. 

The application of lead is illustrated by 11 specimens showing the 
Dutch process of making white lead. 

The mineralogy of copper is illustrated by 22 specimens. Ail the 
ordinary copper minerals are shown. The ores of copper are divided 
into metallic, oxidized, and sulphuret ores. The metallic copper ores 
are very well represented by collections from three characteristic Lake 
Superior copper mines, ‘ mass,” “amygdaloid,” and ‘ conglomerate.” 
The mass mines, in which copper is found in large masses, are illus- 
trated by a collection of 51 specimens from the Central mine. The 
amygdaloid mines, in which the copper occurs disseminated through a 
soft amygdaloidal melaphyr, are illustrated by a collection of 61 speci- 
mens from the Osceola mine and 21 specimens from the Osceola mill: 
The conglomerate mines, in which the copper occurs disseminated 
through a tough felsitic conglomerate, are illustrated by 61 specimens 
from the Delaware mine and 17 specimens from the Delaware mill. 
These Lake Superior collections were made with great care for the 
Museum by special collectors. 

The location of nearly every specimen within the mine was carefully 
noted, and the collections include many complete sections. The smelt- 
ing of the separated copper is illustrated by a collection of 17 speci- 
mens from the C. G. Hussey Works, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and 11 
specimens from the Lake Superior Native Copper Works. Taken alto- 
gether, these seven collections, with 219 specimens, form a complete 
illustration of the Lake Superior copper industry, 

H, Mis. 224, pt. 2——59 


AG REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Oxidized and sulphide copper ores are shown in the collections from 
the various smelting works. The smelting of oxidized ores for © 
pig-copper is illustrated by 14 specimens from the Copper Queen 
mine; and the refining of this pig to ingot is illustrated by 19 speci- 
‘mens from the Ansonia Brass and Copper Company, Ansonia, Con- 
necticut. The smelting of sulphide ores is illustrated by eight collee- 
tions. The older form of the process is illustrated by 12 specimens 
from the Vermout Copper Company, Ely, Vermont; 23 specimens 
from the Schuylkill Copper Works, Phonixville, Pennsylvania; and 
14 specimens from the Union Mining Company, Ducktown, Tennessee. 
A newer form is illustrated by 8 specimens from the Orford Works, 
Bergenport, New Jersey, and a modification involving a long roasting 
of the matte in a reverberatory furnace, is illustrated by 34 specimens 
from the St. Genevieve Works, Missouri. The smelting of sulphide 
ores containing silver for the production of a rich matte. is illustrated 
by three collections from Butte, Montana. 

Reverberatory smelting is illustrated by 16 specimens from the Mon- 
tana smelter and 10 specimens from the Parrott smelter. Shaft-fur- 
nace smelting is illustrated by 11 specimens from the Bell smelter. 
The treatment of copper ores by the Hunt and Douglas wet process is 
illustrated by 14 specimens from the Schuylkill Works, Phenixville, 
Pennsylvania. 

The application of copper is illustrated by 18 specimens, showing 
more particularly the rolling of copper. 

Seventeen specimens illustrate the mineralogy of iron. The direct 
extraction of iron from its ores is illustrated by 14 specimens from the 
Rogersfield mine and Belmont forge, New York. A large number of 
interesting photographs of the works accompany this collection. The 
manufacture of crucible steel from puddied bar is illustrated by a com- 
plete collection of 28 specimens from the Crescent Steel Works, Pitts- 
burgh, Pennsylvania. 

The manufacture of Bessemer steel is very fully illustrated by a col- 
lection of 74 specimens from the South Chicago Works, taken by spe- 
cial collectors. This collection begins with the ores, fuels, and fluxes 
used in the blast furnace. Starting with a given charge the metal was 
followed from the blast furnace through each stage of manipulation 
until the rail was rolled, 2:20 minutes after the metal was tapped from 
the blast furnace. Samples were taken wherever possible. To this 
systematic illustration of a blow are added many general specimens, 
particularly a full series of refractory materials. The smelting of mag- 
netite with a mixture of anthracite coal and coke is illustrated by 19 
specimens from the Crown Point, New York, furnace; the smelting of 
a mixture of several (six to eight) different ores with anthracite and 
coke, by 16 specimens from the Warwick furnace, Pottstown, Pennsyl- 
vania; the smelting of very sulphurous and cupreous magnetite from 
a single mine with a mixture of anthracite and coke, by 18 specimens 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 47 


from the North Cornwall furnace, Lebanon, Pennsylvania; the smelt- 
ing of limonite with coke, by 16 specimens from the Longdale, Vir- 
ginia, furnace; the smelting of hematite ores with a mixture of bitu- 
minous coal and coke, by 20 specimens from the St. Louis Ore and Steel 
Company, South St. Louis, Missouri, and the smelting of fossil ores 
with coke, by 17 specimens from the Roane furnace, Rockwood, Ten- 
nessee. 

To the iron collection is added a selected number of specimens show- 
ing the results obtained by Kirkaldy, of London, in his classic investi- 
gation of the mechanical properties of Fagersta steel. 

Manganese ores are specially illustrated by 4 specimens. 

Nickel and cobalt: The mineralogy of nickel and cobalt is illustrated 
by 4 specimens and the ores by 18 more. These include samples of 
smaltite from the historic locality of Chatham, Connecticut; nickel- 
iferous pyrrhotite from Dracut, Massachusetts, and the Gap mines in 
Pennsylvania, Canada, Alaska, Norway, and Sweden; silicate ores 
from North Carolina, Oregon, and New Caledonia; arsenides and de- 
rived arseniates from Missouri and Nevada. The application of the 
two metals is illustrated by 43 specimens. 

The miueralogy of zine is illustrated by 33 specimens. Among these 
are some very fine specimens of crystallized blende from Missouri. In 
addition to these, the ores are represented by 13 specimens. 

Much blende associated with galena and a little pyrite oceurs in a 
gangue of chert in southwestern Missouri and southeastern Kansas. 
The dressing of this material to separate the blende and galena is illus- 
trated by 29 specimens from the South Side mill, Galena, Kansas. The 
extraction of zinc is fully illustrated by five collections. The Glendale 
Works at St. Louis, Missouri, reducing a variety of ores, are illustrated 
by 22 specimens. The Joplin Zinc Works at West’ Joplin, Missouri, 
smelting the separated blende from Galena, Kansas, are represented by 
16 specimens. The Rich Hill, Missouri Works, smeiting the Joplin ore 
and using a Siemens gas furnace to heat the retorts are illustrated by 17 
specimens. The Passaic Zine Works, Jersey City, New Jersey, are rep- 
resented by 31 specimens. These works treat the complex zinc, iron, 
and manganese ores from Franklin, New Jersey, and produce ‘spelter, 
oxide of zinc, and spiegeleisen. 

The mineralogy of tin is represented by a single specimen, but the ore 
collection includes specimens from nearly every locality in the United 
States, not excepting the original tin discovery at Jackson, New Hamp- 
shire. All the principal foreign localities are also represented. The col- 
lection numbers some 50 specimens, and to these are added 6 specimens 
of metal, reduced from the ores, among them a small bar smelted from 
the Jackson ore in 1840. This is undoubtedly the “first tin ever 
smelted in America.” 

Antimony is represented by specimens from California, Utah, New 
Brunswick, Portugal, Australia, and New Zealand. 


48 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Chromium is represented by specimens of chromite from all the prin- 
cipal locations in the United States and many foreign sources. 

Bismuth is represented by 2 specimens. 

The mineralogy and ores of aluminum are illustrated by 10 specimens 
of cryolite, corundum, and beauxite. 

The extraction of aluminum by the Frizmuth process is illustrated 
by 20 specimens, and its application by 22 specimens, metallic alu- 
minum and its alloys, as prepared by the Pittsburgh Reduction Com- 
pany. A : 

The mineralogy and ores of mercury are illustrated by some 40 speci- 
mens from domestic and foreign sources; 13 specimens are added to 
illustrate the mine and works at New Almaden, California. 

Under the head of the general use of metals is shown a large series 
of alloys described by Mr. Pearce in the Transactions American Insti- 
tute of Mining Engineers, Vol. x11, p. 738, and illustrated by 12 speci- 
mens; the manufacture and utilization of brass, by 28 specimens; that 
of soft alloys, babbitts, solders, ete., by 41 specimens; and that of type 
metal, by 17 specimens. Welsh tin plate is represented by 15 speci- 


mens. 
B.—NON-METALLIC MINERALS. 


These are illustrated as follows: 

Sulphur by 10 specimens, and the manufacture of sulphurie acid by 
5 specimens. 

Abrading and polishing materials are shown by a fine large series of 
some 200 specimens novaculites, schists, and sandstones in the rough 
and finished state for sharpening edge tools.* Two columns of grind- 
stone as prepared by J. E. Mitchell of Philadelphia may be noted here. 
Each column stands some 7 feet in height, one composed of 9 and the 
other 13 varieties of grindstones, laid flat, one on another. The stones 
are cut toa scale, being 12 inches in diameter,and each 2 inches of 
thickness representing a diameter of 12 inches in the finished stone as 
actually used. That is to say, stones which in the column are 12 inches 
thick are for actual use made 6 feet in diameter, the thickness remain- 
ing the same. All principal varieties both foreign and domestic now in 
use in the United States are represented. The exhibit further com- 
prises 40 specimens corundum and emery both in lumps and in pulver- 
ized form, commercial sizes; 10 specimens of quartz for sandpaper; 5 
specimens tripoli; 5 specimens infusorial earth ; 15 specimens pumice, 
in the rock form, pulverized, and as fine dust, the product of explosive 
volcanic action ; and 29 specimens illustrating the manufacture of em- 
ery and sandpaper. 

The occurrence of asbestus is shown by a large collection comprising 
some 60 specimens from world-wide localities. The application of as- 


*Mainly the gift of the Pike Manufacturing Company of Pike Station, New Hamp- 
shire. = 


PRELIMINARY HANDBOOK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY. 49 


bestus is shown by 40 specimens.* Sixty specimens show chlaracter- 
istic forms of the various phosphates and other mineral substances 
used in the manufacture of fertilizers. 

Fictile materials are illustrated by some 60 specimens, including all 
the usual varieties of clay and kaolin. 

The native compounds in which carbon forms the chief constituent 
are shown in a series of some 500 specimens, which begins with pure 
carbon in the form of diamond and graphite, and follows through coals, 
bitumen, and petroleum, ending with natural gas. 

In this series the most important collections are those of anthracite 
coal from the Kohinoor colliery of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal 
and Iron Company, and the very extensive collection of petroleum, 

‘which includes varieties from all the principal localities of the United 
States, with a very complete illustration of its technology. A few for- 
eign localities are also represented. 

Maps showing the geographic distribution of the ores of iron and 
mercury, of coal, salt, petroleum, and bituminous matter accompany 
this series. It is hoped to add to these others showing the distribution 
of the precious metals as well. A table in each of the exhibition halls 
is Supplied with books descriptive of the collections. 

The following show the form of label used in this series: 


PETROLEUM AND ITS DERIVATION PRODUCTS. 


RUDE PETROLEUM.—Dark  greenish- 
red; specific gravity on sample collected 
une, 1885, 473° Baumé. 
J 5) 47 


Well No. 12, Lot 3,194, Howe, Forest County, Pennsylvania. 
59,789. 


Collected by S. F. PeckHam. 


From well in third Sandstone of the Petroleum Measures ; 
sand here 15 feet in thickness. Oil in sand; depth of well 
1,655 feet; drilled 1883; torpedoed. Yielded 1,950 barrels of 
oil on first day of flow. 


THe APPLICATION OF GRAPHITE. 


XRAPHITE.—For making pencils; contains 
from, 5-143 10 17.082 per cent. of ash. 


Dominion of Canada Plumbago Company, Buckingham, Prov- 
ince of Quebec, Canada. 51,012 


AMERICAN InstiTuTE Mrininc ENGINEERS. 1885. 


* Mainly the gift of the H. W. Johns Company, of New York. 


50 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1889. 


Owing to the already crowded condition of the exhibition halls it is 
the present intention to hold the strictly metallurgical portion of the 
exhibit within its present limits, while the remaining portions will be 
expanded indefinitely. This means a general rearrangement of the 
crude materials, excepting those portions needed to illustrate each ! 
metallurgical process. It is now expected that this work of rearrange- _ 
ment will be begun as soon as the contemplated new floor in the south- 
west court shall be laid. It is therefore not impossible that the work | 
will be well under way by the time this paper shall appear in print. 


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